Unit Three: Global Interactions(1200 – 1650)
As a result of the Crusades, there was an increase in trade.
Following the Crusades, global trading networks were established.
Japan & Geography
Archipelago (a chain of islands)Japan is 85% mountainous
Japan has been protected from invasion by the Sea of Japan (ex. Mongols in the 13th century)
Japan & Geography
Japanese rely on terrace farming and the sea for food
Japan lacks many natural resources
“ring of fire” (volcanoes & earthquakes in the Pacific).
Early Traditions in Japan
Patriarchal (male dominated)
Heavily influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism
Filial Piety (respect for elders)
Shintoism
Japanese pray in Shinto Shrines
Shintoism (ancestor worship, Kami {spirit} & respect for nature)
Shintoism has been a unifying force in Japan
Korea as a bridge for Chinese ideas in Japan
Many fundamental aspects of Japanese life were borrowed from the Chinese via Korea (ex. Character Writing, architecture {Pagoda}, Buddhism, Confucianism)
Selective Borrowing
The notion that the Japanese borrowed foreign ideas that met there needs (examples. Confucianism, language, tea ceremony) and blended these ideas with their own original traditions to create their unique culture.
Early Japanese History & Feudalism
There has been only one imperial bloodline in Japan tracing its roots back to the Yamato clan prior to 500AD.
Heian Period700 – 1100 AD
A celebrated period in Japanese history where the imperial court lived in elegance.
The emperor ruled with real power.
Shoguns(1192 – 1868)
Overtime the emperor lost real power to the military commanders
A shogun was a top military commander who assumed actual power in Japan. The emperor was a figurehead.
Social hierarchy in Japan
Samurai – followed the code of the bushido (code of conduct for warriors)FarmersArtisansMerchants (the lowest class according to Confucian values)
Comparison to European Feudalism
Both societies had a rigid class structure with the warriors as the upper class and an emphasis on social order.
Both societies had a code of conduct for warriors (Japanese Samurai – Bushido, European knights – Chivalry)
The landed nobility controlled the daily lives of those living on their property in exchange for providing protection for them.
Tokagawa Shogunate(1600’s – 1868)
This family line ruled Japan in relative peace for 300 years.It followed a foreign policy of isolationism.
(Japan was not opened to trade with the outside world again until the 1853 visit of American Commodore Matthew Perry). Cultural advances during this time include haiku (Japanese poetry)
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan, ruler of half the known world, in 1260 A.D. established an official alphabet for his empire.
He intended for it to serve all the languages from Austria to Korea--to unify his vast Mongolian Empire
Impact on Central Asia and China
The Mongols were superior horseman and were able to conquer most of Asia
Mongols& Russia
The Mongols controlled Russia from the early 1200’s until 1480, during which time Russian contact with Europe was limited.
Ibn Battuta
World traveler from Morocco. He first visited Mecca, then proceeded to the far east. The records of his travels helped historians.
The rise and fall of African Civilizations
Ghana (800 – 1000 AD)
Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD)
Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD)
All three kingdoms maintained trading networks across the
Sahara desert The main export was gold, which made each kingdom wealthy, and provided them with the conditions for cultural and intellectual achievement.
Located along trade routes
One similarity between the Ancient African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is that all of these kingdoms were locatedon major trade routes in Africa.
The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrate that advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region
Ghana(800 AD– 1000 AD)
Controlled gold-salt trade routes in West AfricaViewed king as semi-divineHigh status held by womenInfluenced by Muslims
Mali(1200 AD– 1450 AD)
Expanded influence over gold-salt trade.
Emphasized peace and order
Mansu Musa - great Mali emperor
Mansa Musa
Mansu Musa - a great Islamic emperor who went on a famous hajj to Mecca calling attention to the great Mali Empire
Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning
Islamic scholars traveled from around the Muslim world to study and teach and the University of Timbuktu.
Axum
East African trading kingdom located along the Red Sea
The Axum were descendents from African farmers and Arabian traders
Songhai(1450 AD – 1600 AD)
Largest West African stateControlled trade routes in West AfricaMuslimSet up efficient government and bureaucracyThe Songhai were defeated by people using European weaponry
Commercial Revolution
There was a basic economic change.Europe went from self-sufficient manors to establishing global trading networks that relied on capitalism.
Trade grows
Goods from east are in demand (silks and spices) in Europe
Towns grow as commerce increases.
Trade fairs and towns
As monarchs collected tax revenue from business people, the monarch grew stronger and nobles lost power (the Kings no longer relied on the nobles for defense because they were able to hire professional armies with the newly collected taxes).
As Trade increases
The power of kings increases
The power of the nobles decreases.
A middle class grows
Feudalism is weakened
New Business Practices
Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies emerge.
Banking grows
Insurance industry grows (insurance helped to reduce the risk of investors).
Hanseatic League
An organization of northern German business people who bonded together to protect their business interests
Hanseatic League
To protect shipping, they addressed piracy issues and built lighthouses in the Baltic Sea. They successfully set up monopolies in various industries in Northern Europe.
Trade GuildsA guild was a type of trade association.Guilds would protect the interests of its members by ensuring high quality, regulating prices and provided social services for its members.
Expansion of the Portuguese Spice Trade to Southeast AsiaPrince Henry’s School for Sailors
A major innovator of his time.
Black Death
One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague.
It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.
Black Death
One - third of Europe’s population died as a result of this plague.
It was transmitted by fleas on the backs of rats.
The Renaissance (1350-1600)
Renaissance means a “rebirth” of culture and learning in Western Europe.
Renaissance - A rebirth in learning
Driven by the spirit of questioning (learned from the Ancient Greece and Romans - the “classic civilizations”)
Renewed interest in the individual.
Emphasis on art and literature.
Creativity in the arts was encouraged
The Renaissance begins in Italy
The Italian peninsula was a center of trade.
Center of Greco-Roman culture.
Center of the Catholic Church.
Renaissance citiesCity-States such as Florence and Milan grew rich in trade between Europe and The Middle East.
Characteristics of the Renaissance
Humanism
Questioning Attitude
Interest in Secular, or non religious worldly, matters.
Rise of a wealthy middle class ($)
Great achievements in the arts.
Humanism• Humanism was an intellectual movement where
people began to focus on life in the present, which was in contrast to the Middle Ages' focus on the after life.
• Humanism also stressed the importance of the individual.
• This movement was the driving force of the Renaissance and is reflected in the period's artistic, literary, and scientific achievements.
HumanismChallenged the
traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and medieval thinking.
Humanism stressed the importance of education, with the study of ancient Greek and Roman texts becoming the learning standard.
In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism wasan appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement European Renaissance: Question 1 of 15
Individual Achievement
Lorenzo de’ Medici
A wealthy and powerful merchant from Florence.
Used his wealth to become a patron of the arts.
Medieval Art(before the Renaissance)
Artists depicted subjects in an unrealistic, two dimensional style to indicate the importance of the soul over the body
Characteristics of Renaissance Art Three dimensional (
Illusion of depth)
realistic
lifelike
influenced by Greco-Roman culture
Leonardo da Vinci-He was a Master painter in the old
style who was also a gifted Engineer, Architect and
Researcher;
Leonardo da Vinci The ideal “Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be the true Renaissance man.
He had an interest and talents in many fields.
Machiavelli
A political philosopher.
Authored The Prince. This handbook advises princes how to remain in power
“The end justifies the means”
Leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals
1455 -Development of the Printing Press
Invented by Johann Gutenberg
Allowed for the rapid spread of ideas.
Effects of the Renaissance
The philosophy of humanism brought about a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church (European Renaissance: Question 5 of 15)
The questioning spirit led to the Reformation and the Age of Exploration
Protestant Reformation1517-1650
To protest = To object
To reform = To change for the better
The Protestant Reformation:
Protested practices of the Catholic Church.
Reformation
Catholic church lost power as people converted to protestant religions.
New religions included: Lutheranism and Anglicanism.
Reformation
King and Princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Vatican and supported the protestants as a way of escaping the power of the Church.
Underlying causes of the Reformation
The Renaissance, led people to question the authority of the church and place greater faith in human reason.
The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent the power of the pope in their countries.
Underlying Causes of the Reformation
Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury, or the lending of money at interest, created opposition to the Catholic Church among members of the new middle class.
Resentment of the tithe (10% tax).
Corruption within the Catholic
Martin Luther In Wittenburg Germany Martin Luther posted a list of complaints against the catholic church called The Ninety-Five Thesis, or questions for debate.
Luther condemned the church Luther condemned the
Catholic for :
Selling indulgences
Nepotism
Its interpretation of the Bible
Indulgences
Indulgences were pardons for sins that could be purchased.
It equaled paying for forgiveness.
Interpretation of the Bible
Martin Luther believed that faith alone guaranteed salvation (afterlife).
CalvanismBased on the teachings
of John Calvin.
Predestination- only those chosen by god would get salvation.
1. Moral lives
2. Hard Work
3. Simple lives
Henry VIII Henry was not a true reformer, yet broke from the Catholic Church and the pope.
When denied a divorce Henry issued the Act of Supremacy and created a national religion for England.
Religious Wars Religious differences led to 100 years warfare.
Protestant England engaged in a naval war with Spain.
Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648)
Results of the Reformation
New Religions
Religious Wars
Greater power for civil authorities
The Counter Reformation
The Counter ReformationCouncil of Trent -An attempt to stop the spread of Protestant religions
The council confirmed church teachings and
instituted reforms such as ending the sale of indulgences.
Results of the Counter Reformation
The Inquisition - Church courts that had the power to execute those convicted of being heretics.
The Index- a list of books Catholics were forbidden to read
Loyola
Results of the Counter Reformation
Religious persecution against non-catholics (ex. Jews and Muslims in Spain)
Despite these moves the Counter Reformation was unable to restore the former membership,power and prestige of the church.
Results of the ReformationReligious diversity
- England was Anglican
- Much of Northern Germany
was Lutheran
Religious disunity as evidenced by a number of religious wars.
Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses were a call for
a) religious revolt against the German princes
b) reforms within the Roman Catholic Church
c) greater papal authority
d) crusades to spread Christianity