The Size of SectorsCountry Primary Secondary Tertiary
China 38% 46.9% 43%
Iran 25% 31% 45%
Mexico 13.7% 23.4% 62.9%
Nigeria 70% 10% 20%
Russia 10% 31.9% 58.1%
United Kingdom 1.4% 18.2% 80.4%
United States .7% 20.3% 79%
What assumptions can be made from this graph?
Hunters and Gatherers
• Followed game and seasonal plants.• Left little imprint on the land.
• Two Major Migrations:– Eastern Africa to Australia, the Middle East,
Europe, and Asia– Asia across the land bridge to the Americas
The Neolithic Revolution was the drastic changes that
occurred when people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.
The Neolithic
Revolution
Increase in Reliable Food
Supply
Rapid Increase in
Human Population
Job Specialization
Larger Gender Differences (Patriarchal)
A divide between
nomads and settled people
Seed planting is the production of plants through the planting of seeds where vegetative planting is where new plants are created from
existing plants.
Origin and Diffusion of Vegetative Planting
Vegetative planting probably started in Southeast Asia with crops such as the Taro and Yam as well as the banana and palm. The first domesticated animals were dogs, pigs, and chickens.
Origin and Diffusion of Seed AgricultureWestern India
Northern China(Millet)
Ethiopia(Millet and Sorghum
Southwest Asia(Rice)
Eastern Hemisphere
The Columbian Exchange is when products began to be
exchanged between the western and eastern
hemispheres.
What is an example of where a crop in the western hemisphere became important in the eastern
hemisphere?
The Second Agricultural Revolution began in Western
Europe in the 1600s. It intensified agriculture and promoted higher yield per
acre.
Enclosure Crop Rotation
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
Industrial Revolution
Refrigeration
Fertilizers, Weed Killers,
Pesticides
Subsistence Agriculture is most prevelant in LDCs and
produces no surplus. Commercial Agriculture is the production of surpluses with
the intention to sell.
Differences
Subsistence Commercial
Low percentage of farmers.
Use Mechanized Tools
Huge Farm Sizes
Higher percentage of farmers.
Use Hand Tools
Small Farm Size
Intensive Subsistenc
e
Yields Large Amounts of Output Per
Acre
Found in Large Population
Concentrations: East and South
Asia
Dominated by Wet or
Lowland Rice
Labor Intensive: Large number of people, low
capital
Shifting Cultivation
“Slash and Burn”
Agriculture
Found in Rain Forest Zones: Central and
South America, West Africa, Eastern and
Central Asia, Southern China, Southeast Asia
Involves farming large plots of land until nutrients are depleted and then
moving on.
Involves Intertillage:
Growing Various Types of Crops
Major Crops: Millet, Sorghum,
Rice, Manioc, Sweet Potatoes,
Yams, Beans
Pastoral Nomadism
Nomadism: The practice of
moving frequently from one place to
another
Herders follow their herds
from pasture to pasture.
Central Eurasia, Arabian
Peninsula, Sudan, North
Scandanavia
Sheep, Goats, Camels, Cattle,
Horses, Yaks
Grain Farming Locations
The United States: Winter Wheat
• Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma• Planted in the Autumn, Ripens in the Summer
The United States: Spring Wheat
• Palouse Region of Washington, the Dakotas and Montana• Winters too severe for Winter Wheat
Other Countries
• Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, and the United Kingdom
Livestock Ranching
Def: The commercial grazing of
livestock over an extensive area.
Often practiced in arid or semi-arid regions
Includes much of the Western US, and the Pampas
(prairie) of Argentina
Mediterranean
Agriculture
Def: Agriculture located on
Western coasts, with mild winters and dry summers.
Grown through horticulture
(growing of fruits, vegetables and
flowers)
Olives, Grapes, Fruits,
Vegetables
Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
Def: Agriculture that relies on heavy equipment to grow
bulk amounts of fruit and vegetables
Also known as “truck farming” because truck
means to barter.
Located in Southeast
US
Apples, Asparagus, Cherries, Lettuce,
Mushrooms, Tomatoes, etc.
Plantation Farming
Def: Large farms that
specialize in one or two
crops.
Found in Latin America, Africa,
and Asia
Called “Cash Crops” because
they make money for their
owners.
Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco,
Coffee, Rubber
Von Thunen’s Model demonstrated the way that rural land use changed as a
person moved outward from the center of a city area.
• Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products such as garden vegetables and milk.
Market Gardening and Dairy
• Towns from Von Thunen’s Day were surrounded by a ring of trees used for construction.
Forest
• Crops that are less perishable.
Field Crops
• Required a lot of space.
Animal Grazing
• Transporation costs became to high for profitability.
Outside of these rings:
Long Term Observations of Thunen’s Model
• His model is still applicable to Organic Food Growth.
• His model is applicable for understanding Broad Patterns of rural land use.– Farmers in areas away from major markets are less
likely to grow perishable items.
Rural Settlement Patterns:
• Dispersed Settlement: Individuals living in farms that lie far apart from one another.
• Nucleated Settlement: Villages located close together with relatively small agricultural fields.– Hamlets: Small clusters of buildings– Villages: Slightly Larger buildings.
• A practice where all land falls to the eldest son.• This results in land parcels that are large and controlled individually.
Primogeniture
• Used in the US to encourage settlers to disperse evenly across the Midwest.
Rectangular Survey System
• Natural Features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.• Used on the US East Coast
Metes and Bounds System
• Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads or canals.
• One example are plantation plots of old Southern plantations.
Long-Lot Survey System
History
Modern commercial agriculture through mercantillism.
Mercantillism: Private companies were given charters by the crown to conduct trade.
The Third Agricultural Revolution
• Began in the late 20th century.• Characterized by the industrialization of
agriculture, biotechnology, and the Green Revolution.
The Green Revolution involved the practice of using
higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers to
increase production.
Praise
• Agriculture now outpaces population.• Nitrogen-based fertilizers increase farm
productivity.• Scientists continue to invent new food
sources.• Higher productivity reduces dependency on
imports in places such as China and India• New Irrigation have increased crop yields.• Agribusiness has increased the productivity of
cash crops
Criticism
• Poor countries cannot afford the machinery• Farmers in poor countries cannot afford the
fertilizers – which also can lead to groundwater pollution.
• Many fishing areas are over-fished.• In Sub-Saharan Africa, population is still growing
faster than food.• Irrigation has led to serious groundwater
depletion.• Agribusiness means that land is devoted to raising
one crop.
Impacts
Erosion
Changes in the Soil Content
Depletion of Natural Vegetation
Chemicals in ground
Water