UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UN
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Survey on Land A
dministration S
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Survey on Land Administration Systems
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Designed and Printed at United Nations, Geneva – 1406087 (E) – September 2014 – 1,226 – ECE/HBP/180
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Survey on Land Administration Systems
UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2014
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NOTE
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
This publication is in English and Russian only.
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Working Party on Land Administration (WPLA). The lead authors were James O’Boyle, the Working Party Bureau representative from Ireland, and Michael Milligan, of the UNECE secretariat, with assistance from interns Lucrecia Bertelli and Michele Castiglioni. Christina O’Shaughnessy edited the report. Maps were created by Margus Roll.
ECE/HBP/180
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Foreword Sound land administration helps people to secure property rights for their homes. An efficient land market encourages investment and economic growth. Just like its houses, its social institutions and its industry, a country’s unique land-administration institutions reflect its history and priorities.
This report by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was developed by the Working Party on Land Administration. It is part of a series of in-depth studies by the Working Party, which has also produced publications on topics such as informal housing and fraud in electronic land-registration systems.
The study presented here is the result of a survey to gather comprehensive information on countries’ land administration systems. This includes the efficiency of their services, the use of e-technology in their services, the security of their data and their ability to recover data and services in the event of a disaster, to name only a few of the aspects covered. Twenty-five countries from throughout our region participated, allowing us to present information on land administration systems in northern, western, eastern and southern Europe, Mediterranean island countries and Asia, including the Caucasus and Central Asia.
The study has three main objectives:
To provide information for the use of government officials, researchers and other stakeholders.
To allow member States to benchmark their own progress in developing land administration systems by comparing them with those of other countries.
To provide a snapshot of progress in land administration and allow comparison with the information presented in UNECE’s 2005 study, Inventory of Land Administration Systems in Europe and North America.
This study shows the great diversity of land administration systems in the UNECE region. It also shows commonalities. Perhaps most strikingly, since the 2005 study, more map and register data has become available freely and electronically, and more services are processed online. This means that public institutions can provide services more quickly and at less cost. It also stimulates land markets by increasing the information available to buyers and sellers of homes. The digitization of data has also increased the ability of land institutions to recover data in the event of a data loss.
I would like to thank the Working Party, who coordinated this study, as well as the Governments who provided resources for its development, in particular, Ireland, which led the study. I would also like to thank those Governments who have dedicated time and resources to answering our survey and thus contributing to this report.
It is my hope that this study will assist policymakers and authorities to improve security of tenure and the efficiency of land markets. The information in this study will serve as a guide and a reference point for the UNECE as we continue to work to help countries use their most valuable resource, which is land.
Michael Møller Acting Executive Secretary
United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeMichael Møller
Acting Executive SecretaryUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe
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Contents List of figures......................................................................................................................................v List of tables.......................................................................................................................................vi List of abbreviations .........................................................................................................................vi Introduction and background...........................................................................................................1
I. System of registration...........................................................................................................2 Land ownership .............................................................................................................................2 Registry organization ....................................................................................................................4
II. Coverage of registration.......................................................................................................5 III. Online availability and electronic access ............................................................................7
Access to online register .............................................................................................................12 IV. Status and security .............................................................................................................15
State guarantee ............................................................................................................................15 Protection against maladministration ..........................................................................................17 Business continuity .....................................................................................................................18 Customer charter and customer satisfaction ratings....................................................................20
V. Taxes and charges..............................................................................................................20 VI. Inspection and registration fees ........................................................................................23 VII. Speed of registration ..........................................................................................................24 VIII. Activity ................................................................................................................................31 IX. Complexity and automation...............................................................................................36 X. Elements of register and cadastres ....................................................................................37 XI. Efficiency............................................................................................................................39 XII. Gender equality ..................................................................................................................40
Key data and conclusions ................................................................................................................40 Electronic information and registration.......................................................................................40 Disaster recovery.........................................................................................................................40 Taxes and charges .......................................................................................................................40 Inspection and registration fees...................................................................................................40 Speed of registration....................................................................................................................41
References .........................................................................................................................................42 Annex: Questionnaire Text and Responses ...................................................................................43
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List of figures
Figure 1. Participating countries ..........................................................................................................2 Figure 2. Basis for recording ownership of land..................................................................................3 Figure 3. System of registration...........................................................................................................4 Figure 4. Area of land registered .........................................................................................................5 Figure 5. Prevalence of informal settlements.......................................................................................7 Figure 6. Online availability of maps...................................................................................................8 Figure 7. Online inspection of title register .........................................................................................9 Figure 8. Boundary inspections online ..............................................................................................10 Figure 9. Online applications for copies of titles ...............................................................................11 Figure 10. Digitally certified extracts ................................................................................................12 Figure 11. Transactions fully processed electronically......................................................................13 Figure 12. Access to land register......................................................................................................14 Figure 13. Access to land register......................................................................................................14 Figure 14. State guarantees of title.....................................................................................................16 Figure 15. Titles guaranteed by title insurance ..................................................................................17 Figure 16. Inspection by independent ombudsman ...........................................................................18 Figure 17. Time needed to recover title registers in event of data loss..............................................19 Figure 18. Time needed to restore full customer service in the event of a loss of records................20 Figure 19. Average dwelling size (m2) ..............................................................................................22 Figure 20. Average price of average dwelling (thousands of euros) .................................................22 Figure 21. Registration and professional fees for property transfer ..................................................23 Figure 22. Fees for an inspection of the title register and map..........................................................24 Figure 23. Fees for the registration of transfer of title (euros)...........................................................25 Figure 24. Title records instantly available online.............................................................................26 Figure 25. Time needed to obtain a certified extract of register ........................................................27 Figure 26. Time needed to register a mortgage, charge or hypothec.................................................28 Figure 27. Time needed to register change of ownership ..................................................................29 Figure 28. Time needed to record a subdivision or change in ownership over part of a parcel ........30 Figure 29. Average time needed to process an application for property registration ........................31 Figure 30. Transactions that are transfers of dwellings .....................................................................33 Figure 31. Transactions that are transfers of subdivisions.................................................................34 Figure 32. Transactions that are registrations of mortgages, charges or hypothecs ..........................35 Figure 33. Transactions that are transfers due to death of the owner ................................................36 Figure 34. Total number of ownerships on title register....................................................................40
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List of tables
Table 1. Number of actions required for land administration services.............................................37 Table 2. Percentage of countries with registers with certain features................................................38
List of abbreviations
EULIS European Land Information Service
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
ROD Registry of Deeds system
ROT Registry of Title system
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
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Introduction and background
Land registration, administration and mapping form the basis for the management of every country’s most valuable resource – land. These functions straddle the public and private sectors to varying degrees in different jurisdictions. Authorities often operate through partnerships with the private sector, such as through public-private partnerships or outsourcing. Nevertheless, in the 56 countries of the region covered by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the control, regulation and operation of land management is generally a public-sector function.
This publication presents an analysis of land administration, land registration and mapping systems in UNECE member States. In the private sector, competition and the competitive marketplace are the engines for innovation and improvement. By comparing land administration systems worldwide, the publication aims to substitute for these forces by encouraging continued improvements in what are, primarily, public-sector agencies. This can help to stimulate economic performance and innovation, improve registration systems and promote universal standards of good land administration.
Other studies and reports have been undertaken to define and compare various aspects of land registration and administration. These include the Multilingual Thesaurus on Land Tenure, produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2003), and the Glossary of Terms for the European Land Information Service (EULIS 2013).
This is the second comprehensive survey of land administration organizations conducted in the last decade by the UNECE Working Party on Land Administration. To prepare the Inventory of Land Administration Systems in Europe and North America (UNECE 2005a), a questionnaire had been sent to member States to gather information in four fields: the organization of institutions and government responsibilities; land and title registration; cadastral and topographical mapping systems; and land use recording systems.
For the present study, a questionnaire was sent to UNECE member States to gather updated and additional information on these topics. This questionnaire emphasized, in particular: data availability to the public; ease of use of land administration systems; the efficiency of land administration organizations; fees and charges; and the security of data. The data collected are for the year 2011.
The remainder of this publication provides an analysis of key data from the questionnaire. The questionnaire itself and the country responses are included in an annex. The data presented are based on the countries’ responses to the questionnaire. Results should be interpreted with the understanding that different countries may have interpreted some questions in different ways. Also, changes may have taken place since 2011.
Many of the comments that countries made are reflected in either the text or the appendix. These comments help to illustrate the difficulty in comparing the systems of different countries when definitions, laws and procedures vary. Most comments that appear in this publication have been paraphrased.
Figure 1 shows the 25 countries that participated in this study: Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (England and Wales). Not all countries responded to all questions.
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Figure 1. Participating countries
I. System of registration
Land registration systems operate throughout the world. These systems are the legal basis for recording ownership and other legal rights tied to land. An efficiently functioning land registration system provides the groundwork for secure property transfers, a secure mortgage market and citizen protection and, consequently, promotes social stability. The effective operation of land and title registration systems is therefore fundamental to successful market economies.
Land ownership A total of 10 respondents have land administration systems based on a civil-court registration system (Figure 2). There is no obvious geographical pattern for the use of a civil-court or non-civil-court registration system.
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Figure 2. Basis for recording ownership of land
Two respondents (Bulgaria and Estonia) have systems of land-recording based upon local or customary rights. In Israel, rights that were acquired before the enactment of the 1969 Land Law (under Ottoman, British mandate or Israeli registration) and were still in force in 1969 were not abolished by the Land Law.
UNECE (2005b) indicated that good practice includes the recognition that customary or local rights may exist outside of the formal legal system of recording. Nonetheless, it also pointed out that, in certain situations, land reforms which extinguished customary and local rights could help streamline the mechanisms of land transfer. While such land reforms are often out of the purview of land administrations, local or customary rights are not always confusing or in need of streamlining by locals or customary practitioners. Reforms that abolish such rights can create more confusion in the transition to new forms and procedures and in the land registries who oversee title transitions. For example, land rights informally passed down within a family or distributed by community leaders may be stable, and the transition to national norms may meet local resistance.
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Only a few countries make use of private title insurance. Malta is the only country that affirmed that they have a land administration system supported by private title insurance. In those countries without private title insurance, titles are usually guaranteed by the State. For example, in Belarus, it is possible to ensure against some risks of title transfer, but this is not obligatory. The court can order reimbursement to affected parties due to mistakes made by the property registrars; this reimbursement is paid out of a special fund created for this purpose.
Registry organization Countries vary in their use of Registry of Title (ROT) or Registry of Deeds (ROD) systems (Figure 3).
Figure 3. System of registration
Germany has a system of registration based on two separate public registries: the Grundbuch (Land Registry) and Liegenschaftskataster (Real Estate Cadastre). The Grundbuch is maintained under the authority of civil courts and its legal base is the federal law; the Liegenschaftskataster is maintained under the surveying authorities of the 16 States of Germany.
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Israel has had a Torrens-title system of registration, wherein a register of land holdings guaranteed by the State guarantees a title to those included in the register, since 1920. There are still parcels in which title has not been settled, which are registered either under a register of deeds system or not at all. Registration of title is a condition to the proprietary right to land.
In Italy, the main system is a register of deeds, but in some small areas in the northeast, title registration is by parcel identifier.
II. Coverage of registration
Figure 4 show that 17 countries (74 per cent) have registered more than 80 per cent of their land area and, of these, 8 have registered 100 per cent of their land. The countries with the greatest land coverage are in Central Europe and Scandinavia.
Figure 4. Area of land registered
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Armenia reports that the land registry contains most private titles to lands, and that most unregistered lands are State-owned. Malta reports that private land registration is allowed only in certain registration areas. Registration is, in some cases, more complete in urban than in rural areas. Spain reports that about 2 per cent of all properties are unregistered, most of which are in rural areas.
Eleven respondents have no informal settlements in their jurisdiction and the remaining 11 have less than 20 per cent of their titles held in informal settlement arrangements (Figure 5). There is no discernible geographical pattern with respect to jurisdictions that recorded informal settlements, although they tend to be more prevalent in countries that had centrally planned economies; eight such countries record informal settlements. Nonetheless, countries such as Austria, Belgium and Denmark also record informal settlements.
“Informal settlement” here refers to property used for habitation where the occupier has not established legal title. Some respondents reported different means of differentiating between the concepts of “informal settlements” and “unregistered property”. For example, in Belarus, all titles are invalid if not recorded in the registry, and in Bulgaria, informal settlements represent only a portion of properties not registered. In the Netherlands, all properties are registered; however, as inheritances are not automatically updated in the registers, current land rights could be considered unregistered.
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Figure 5. Prevalence of informal settlements
Informal settlements may be made up of a society’s most vulnerable populations, whose access to valuable public services is restricted. If land administration agencies participate in the registration or administration of informal settlements, this can help to ensure the protection of informal tenants.
III. Online availability and electronic access
Respondents were asked a series of questions regarding the services that are provided online by land administration agencies.
A total of 17 respondents make all of their maps fully available for inspection on an online basis (Figure 6). This represents significant progress since 2005, when only 30 per cent had their map fully digitized and online (UNECE 2005a).
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Figure 6. Online availability of maps
Most countries with all maps digitized are located in Central and Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic.
As might be expected, the online availability of maps correlates with the online availability of title inspection. For 7 respondents (Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Serbia and United Kingdom), 100 per cent of title register inspections are done online; for another 7, more than 80 per cent are online (Figure 7).
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Figure 7. Online inspections of title register
Figure 8 shows the percentage of boundary inspections available online.
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Figure 8. Boundary inspections online
Six respondents process all applications for title copies online (Figure 9). Four respondents process more than 80 per cent of such applications online. In four countries, applications for title copies cannot be processed online. An “online application” is one for which the application is made, paid for (if a fee is payable) and submitted to the land registry electronically and does not require any paperwork to be filed.
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Figure 9. Online applications for copies of titles
An extract of the register is “digitally certified” if it is issued by the land registry in electronic format and no supporting paper document is required or issued. Out of 24 respondents, five process all extracts freely and electronically, while three process more than 80 per cent freely and electronically (Figure 10). In seven responding countries, extracts of the register cannot be produced freely and electronically.
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Figure 10. Digitally certified extracts
“Electronic registration” implies that all registration documents are submitted only electronically and that all registrations are made in an electronic register. Electronically submitted documents can be digitally signed or scanned versions of paper documents.
Countries vary significantly in the degree to which they register property electronically (Figure 11). Of 24 respondents, six jurisdictions process all transactions electronically and seven do not process any applications electronically.
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Figure 11. Transactions fully processed electronically
Access to online register
In 70 per cent of respondent countries, the register is available for inspection by citizens (Figure 12 and Figure 13). That is a slight improvement from 63 per cent in 2005 (UNECE 2005a). The six jurisdictions that do not afford full access to all citizens were spread across the region, not concentrated in a single geographical area.
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Figure 12. Access to land register
Figure 13. Access to land register
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Several countries made clarifying comments regarding the availability of data online:
Belarus. Online access is open to citizens in the form of an abstract, whose form is specified by legislation. Information on the property, including titles and liens, is open to all, but information on specific people is restricted and, in some cases, available only to the property owner and the authorities. Online access to the register is available for a fee. Cadastral maps containing data on property units are expected to be made available electronically in 2013.
Bulgaria. All citizens have the right to online inspections for their own property only. Croatia. Cadastral (at www.katastar.hr), land book (at www.pravodudge.hr) and map (at
www.arkod.hr) data are available online. Inspection is possible without extracting certified extracts. Registration online is not possible.
Denmark. The cadastral register and map data are kept in the same spatial database. All maps are digital and all inspections in the cadastre are carried out online, but for historical information paper records must be used. The title registry is open to inspection by all citizens for a fee, except for the property owner. The cadastral registry is free to access, although the use of map information is restricted. Cadastral archives are not available in digital form. Certified copies of title registers and cadastral maps are not given online, but extracts can be made from the title registry private land surveyors can issue property maps with certified information. All changes in the cadastral registers and maps are based on digital data provided by private land surveyors after inspection by the cadastral authority, and all transactions in the title register, such as a change of ownership or the registration of a mortgage, may be carried out digitally and automatically.
Finland. The land register is open to all citizens but the extracts are not free of charge. Germany. The title register is linked to the real estate book but not the title register. When the
Authoritative Real Estate Cadastre Information System (ALKIS) is implemented, this will also be linked to the title register. This system will incorporate the functionality of the cadastral map and book in one system. Implementation of ALKIS is scheduled for 2014. In addition, under Article 133 of the German Land Registry Act, a web-based procedure is available for accessing information from the land book if permission is given by the Supreme Court. More information is available at http://www.grundbuchportal.de.
Malta. No online facilities yet for customers. A person seeking information on a particular piece of land applies to the registrar. Within eight working days, an official reply is provided stating whether the property is registered or not. If it is, the applicant is provided with a certificate of title. Also, in Malta, the map base for registry records are not based on a cadastre. Records are based on plans prepared by architects and the Government does not check all plans with site inspections.
Netherlands. The information given refers to deeds rather than titles, as Netherlands does not have a title system. About 99 per cent of digitally certified extracts of the register and map are processed electronically. In some specific cases, a paper version of the extract is requested by the court.
Romania. Data on applications submitted and registered in the cadastre and land book registration bureau are available. The country is exploring the possibility of publishing online the inscription-transcription register.
Spain. Information is public for those who express a legal or legitimate interest.
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IV. Status and security
State guarantee A “guaranteed title” entitles the citizen to compensation from registration authorities for any losses incurred as a result of errors found on the register. Governments guarantee at least some titles in 79 per cent of respondent countries (Figure 14). This is similar to the level in 2005 (UNECE 2005a).
Figure 14. State guarantees of title
In a few countries, some titles are guaranteed by commercially provided title insurance, although this is not the case for the majority of titles in any respondent country (Figure 15).
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Figure 15. Titles guaranteed by title insurance
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Protection against maladministration In 18 countries, systems of land administration are subject to inspection by an independent ombudsman (Figure 16).
Figure 16. Inspection by independent ombudsman
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Business continuity “Disaster recovery” means the recovery and restoration of computer services (or paper records) in the event of a complete computer system or paper record loss. Figures 17 and 18 show the expected time to restore customer service or recover records in the event of a data loss.
In some cases, the ability to restore data and records varies. For example, countries such as Denmark, with only historical records not being digitized, could restore modern records very quickly, but paper records perhaps not at all.
Figure 17. Time needed to recover title registers in event of data loss
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Figure 18. Time needed to restore full customer service in the event of a loss of records
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Customer charter and customer satisfaction ratings The extent to which land registries use customer satisfaction surveys varies widely: 18 per cent of respondents do not ever issue customer satisfaction surveys, while 59 per cent issue surveys yearly or more frequently (Figure 19). Furthermore, 54 per cent of all respondents have their surveys verified by external auditors.
The survey requested the frequency with which evaluations were done by the land registry. Cyprus indicated no answer, because customer satisfaction is evaluated by external inspection authorities. Similarly, Israel noted that surveys were done by a private company.
Malta made the following comments on the questions on “status and security”:
A title becomes guaranteed by the state within 10 years from registration. There are no specific time frames for the loss of titles or maps, but backups exist. Customers are provided with customer care forms to fill out, so that the process of feedback is
continuous. Monthly performance reports are produced, which are reproduced in the annual report submitted to the
Government.
V. Taxes and charges
Fees collected from property registration support the provision of public services to customers. They can be channelled into the Government budget or that of the land registry. The ability of registries to levy charges and taxes has taken on new importance as many jurisdictions face budget cuts following the economic downturn and the slowing of European property markets.
The size of dwellings and the value of property in a given jurisdiction affect the extent to which land registries can raise revenue. Figure 19 shows the area of an average-sized dwelling in an average-priced suburban area of the largest city of the country, and Figure 20 the average price of such a dwelling.
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Figure 19. Average dwelling size (m2)
Figure 20. Average price of average dwelling (thousands of euros)
There are stark differences between post-socialist and other countries. In post-socialist countries (Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Serbia), the area of an average dwelling in an average-priced suburban area of the largest city is 66.5 m2 compared to the 92.4
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m2 average among all responding countries. The average price of such a dwelling is €83,160, or €1,251/m2, in
post-socialist countries and €174,200, or €1,885.3/m2, for all respondents.
The form in which taxes are levied on certain types of properties reflects specific regional or national histories, economic contexts, and legal frameworks in each country. It can also encourage certain types of property transactions compared to others.
Of 22 respondents, 14 do not charge different taxes or fees for existing dwellings and new dwellings, or between existing property owners and first-time purchasers; 3 differentiate only between existing property owners and first-time purchasers; 1 differentiates only between existing dwellings and new dwellings; and 4 differentiate both.
Different countries have different capacities to produce revenue based on the stability and strength of their property markets, suggesting that what might work as a fee system in one jurisdiction might not in another with a different social attitude towards indirect taxes and a different economic climate in the property market.
The average total registration fee (including land registration fees and all professional fees such as legal, notarial and survey fees), paid by both the seller and the purchaser on a transfer of the ownership of an average priced dwelling, is €3,440.7.
Figure 21. Registration and professional fees for property transfer
Figure 1. Registration and professional fees for property transfer
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VI. Inspection and registration fees
Fees for an inspection of the title register vary across the region. In Armenia, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Malta and Serbia, no fee is imposed for the inspection of the title register; England and Wales, Denmark and Belarus charge the highest fee, €20. (
Figure 22).
Figure 22. Fees for an inspection of the title register and map
Fees for the registration of transfer of title vary from €2,100 in Denmark to €7 in Belarus (Figure 23).
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Figure 23. Fees for the registration of transfer of title (euros)
Since 2005, land registries in Sweden, Ireland and Croatia have turned increasingly to government finance, whereas registries in Cyprus, Finland, Latvia and Serbia have relied more on fees (UNECE 2005a). These changes could be the result of changes in administrative structure, a decrease in government tax revenue or a decrease in property values and transactions from which fees and charges are levied.
In Estonia, most of the fees described in the section were variable.
VII. Speed of registration
It benefits lending institutions and their clients when there is a land administration agency that can quickly extract, register, and process information on titles, parcels and charges. For example, if mortgages, charges or hypothecs are swiftly registered, controversy over the priority of charges can be more easily avoided. Thus, increasing the registration speed can contribute to securing or guaranteeing titles for citizens. Figure 24 shows that, in most countries, some or all title records are instantly accessible. The median time to obtain an officially certified extract of a title register (Figure 25) or map/cadastre is less than five days.
Some member States, such as Georgia and Romania, indicated that expedited processing was also available for these and other services. Germany and Serbia noted that processing times could vary between different offices. In some cases, processing time depends on the private sector and is not always predictable. Serbia noted that, to record a subdivision of a parcel, the processing time depends on surveyors, who are mandated by law to complete the task within 30 days.
Figure 23. Fees for the registration of transfer of title (euros)
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Figure 24. Title records instantly available online
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Figure 25. Time needed to obtain a certified extract of register
The median time to register a mortgage, charge or hypothec (Figure 26) or to change the ownership of a full parcel (Figure 27) is also less than five days. The median time to register a change of ownership over part of a parcel (Figure 28) is between five and ten days. Finally, the median time to process an application for an update of the register is between five and ten days (Figure 29).
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Figure 26. Time needed to register a mortgage, charge or hypothec
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Figure 27. Time needed to register change of ownership
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Figure 28. Time needed to record a subdivision or change in ownership over part of a parcel
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Figure 29. Average time needed to process an application for property registration
The increased digitization of the mapping, cadastral, conveyancing and registration services described in this report has rapidly sped up the processes of land registration. Nonetheless, it is critical to ensure that the digital environment does not create additional security issues.
Denmark made the following comments related to the speed of registration:
Neither the cadastre nor the land registry provides certified copies of extracts of title registers. The time to register a change of ownership does not include the time taken by a private land surveyor,
who must make sure that the subdivision can be carried out according to physical planning or other restrictions.
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Germany made the following remarks:
According to the German Federal High Court of Justice’s ruling IIIZR 302/05 of 11 January 2011, the land registry has the obligation to process applications as fast as possible, and the Government can be liable if the procedure takes too long.
The development of e-conveyancing will continue to improve processing times. All paper land books have been scanned and are used in electronic form only.
Latvia made the following remarks:
It is assumed that “land registry” corresponds to the Latvian Zemesgramata, “Title register” to the Kadasra teksta dati and “map authority” to the Kadastra karte.
Relevant laws include the Land Register Law and the National Real Estate Cadastre Law. Finland made the following remarks:
To register the ownership of real estate in Finland, it normally takes less than 20 days, excluding some more complex inheritance cases or cases which involve regarding international companies.
An application for land registration usually takes less than 10 days. Nevertheless, for some more complex cases applications can require specific documents, which may imply more time.
The Netherlands noted that electronic updates of the register take only seconds. When the register must be updated manually, this is done within 24 hours. Spain noted that the time for complete registration was six days, if the title had no problems indicated by the registrars.
VIII. Activity
The features and current trends in individual property markets directly affect the proportions of different types of activities that land administrations must register. Registering mortgages, transfers and transfers of parts of parcels make up the bulk of the land administrations’ work. Activities processed by land administration agencies tend to be (based on median responses): transfers of dwellings, 41-60 per cent; transfers of parts of parcels, less than 20 per cent; registrations of mortgages, charges, or hypothecs, 20-40 per cent; property transfer due to death of the owner, less than 20 per cent. Figure 30, Figure 31, Figure 32 and Figure 33 show in more detail the types of activities processed by land administrations.
As with many aspects of land administration, differences in definitions and procedures can make it difficult to compare results. For example, in Belarus, as subdivisions and property transfers are handled separately, it is difficult to know when a subdivision is caused by a property transfer. Finland noted that in that country, apartments in condominiums are not registered as real estate in the cadastre. They are treated like shares in private companies, which register the shares and their owners.
In Figure 30, Latvia’s answer (8.4 per cent) includes only apartments.
33Survey on Land Administration Systems
33
Figure 30. Transactions that are transfers of dwellings
34 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
34
Figure 31. Transactions that are transfers of subdivisions
35Survey on Land Administration Systems
35
Figure 32. Transactions that are registrations of mortgages, charges or hypothecs
36 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
36
Figure 33. Transactions that are transfers due to death of the owner
Most transactions are transfers of property from one owner to another. The total number of mortgages, charges and hypothecs registered was somewhat lower than expected. This could be because of the slowdown in European property markets in 2011 (year for which data were collected). It is likely that there were many more of these transactions in the years before the crash in property prices.
37Survey on Land Administration Systems
37
IX. Complexity and automation
The relative ease or complexity with which land administration services can be completed affects how the public perceives and uses the land registry. The complexity of registration can also encourage or discourage certain types of users from using land administration services. For example, where more complex manual procedures are required, people without legal training might be discouraged from initiating their own requests for land administration services. On the other hand, the use of manual rather than electronic transactions can result in reduced cases of fraud and identify theft.
Though results varied across countries, the median number of activities was two or three for each type of activity, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Number of actions required for land administration services
Mean response Median response
Manual registry interactions for the investigation and registration of title for an existing property’s transfer
2.08 2
Manual registry interactions for the investigation of title for a new development’s transfer of part of a holding for new development
3.75 3
Manual State interactions for investigation and registration of title for an existing property’s transfer
2.975 2
Manual State interactions for investigation and registration of title for a new development’s transfer of part of a holding for new development
5.32 3
How many interactions with all land administration agencies are required to investigate and register a title for existing property?
2.84 2
How many interactions with all land administration agencies are required to investigate and register a new property?
4.77 3
38 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
38
X. Elements of register and cadastres
Having a multipurpose property register with a diverse set of capabilities has many advantages. Firstly, most registers are based on a spatial visualization of property in the country. Centralizing the registration of land uses, ownership, environmental status, or ecological conditions could provide a boon for policy and research aimed at better understanding the complex interactions between ecology, regulation and industry.
Furthermore, it is important to give users access to more information as European land registries attempt to increase interoperability. One stumbling block to interoperability is the unique social, cultural and legal frameworks that exist in each country. The ability to access a wider range of information on rights, statuses, improvements and utilities could make working with a land registry easier to a user who is used to a system from another country.
So far, European land registries have focused predominately on ownership, burdens and rights affecting land. But, as digital registry maps become more multi-dimensional, so too does their capacity to expand their links to the wider range of social phenomena related to property. Table 2 shows how common certain features are in land registries.
Table 2. Percentage of countries with registers with certain features
Type of feature in electronic system
Ope
rate
s and
reg
ulat
es
Ope
rate
s onl
y
Reg
ulat
es o
nly
Eith
er d
oes n
ot h
ave
this
feat
ure
in
elec
tron
ic fo
rm o
r do
es
not o
pera
te o
r re
gula
te
Boundaries and extent of property 56 16 28 0
Index to lands 48 16 20 16
Ownership of property 56 16 28 0
Mortgages/charges/hypothecs 52 12 28 8
Rights and burdens affecting property 48 12 24 16
Short term tenancy agreements (less than 3 year agreements) 20 4 12 64
Address gazetteer 40 8 20 32
Postal code 20 8 16 56
Community or small area registers 5 0 16 80
Occupiers of lands (as distinct from owners) 24 4 16 56
39Survey on Land Administration Systems
39
Planning permissions for development 0 0 20 80
Building permits 12 0 24 64
Land use 32 16 20 32
Building register 36 12 20 32
Land valuation register 24 8 20 48
Purchase price of property on sales 32 12 16 40
Land taxation liability and payments 0 0 12 88
Building energy efficiency rating 4 4 16 76
Building preservation orders 4 4 16 76
Heritage properties and buildings classified for special conservation 16 4 12 68
Archaeological status 20 4 12 64
State lands 40 12 20 24
Water rights 16 8 20 56
Fishing rights 4 4 12 80
Air rights 8 0 12 88
Geological/seismological information 4 0 20 76
Flood information 8 0 12 80
Carbon trading 0 0 12 88
Environmental status 8 0 16 76
Public use 12 4 24 60
Unused lands 16 8 16 72
Census and population statistics 8 0 28 64
Mining rights 8 8 16 68
Inland waterways (canals, lakes, etc.) 20 8 12 60
Utilities (gas pipes, electric cables, drains, sewerage, telecommunications networks, etc.) 20 8 16 56
40 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
40
XI. Efficiency
As the role of the public sector evolves, the resources, organization and goals of public services change. In some countries, these transformations might mean increased workloads in land administration and land registration agencies. However, the implementation of electronic and automated systems, and a slowdown in property markets, has also eased or changed the workloads of many staff. Figure 34 shows the number of property ownerships in each respondent country.
Figure 34. Total number of ownerships on title register
Providing efficient services for the public should not interfere with the assurance of title. As the public sector has faced increased pressure to reform in the last decade, it is important to secure titles efficiently, even in the face of bureaucratic, financial and staff changes. Since 2005, progress has been made to efficiently promote electronic registration and title certification.
41Survey on Land Administration Systems
41
XII. Gender equality
No responding jurisdictions reported any gender inequality in the access to land registration or land administration services, except Israel, which noted possible exceptions when Sharia law was applied in that country.
Though gender equality is assured before the law related to property, further enquiry might be made into conveyancing rules and norms, and whether these or other regulations might provide de facto asymmetry with regard to land registry access. Future studies should examine the gender of those making applications to determine who uses land registry services. Additionally, studies could look at how land administration agencies can compensate for gender inequalities in other areas.
Key data and conclusions This section summarizes some of the most important data and conclusions from the study. Since the last thorough inventory of UNECE land management systems (UNECE 2005a), land administrations and land registries in the European region have undergone divergent and varied changes. This is due, in part, to the volatility in property markets and world of finances in recent years. Public-sector reforms have affected some administrations more than others.
Nevertheless, we find general trends across the region. For example, in most jurisdictions, online services have become more accessible. This brings both the potential to expand the public function and breadth of the registry and new risks to security and confidentiality in electronic systems. Countries make decisions concerning which processes should remain manual and which should be expedited through online access. There are more and more features which land registries can capture and display in the digital environment.
Electronic information and registration The digitization of land registration information and the provision of online information and registration services have advanced significantly since 2005. In total, 17 out of 23 responding jurisdictions have 100 per cent of their maps in digital form and available online. In 14 jurisdictions, more than 80 per cent of title inspections are carried out online. There is still room for growth — only 20 per cent of jurisdictions process all transactions fully electronically, while 32 per cent do not process any transactions on a fully electronic basis.
Disaster recovery Partly due to the transition from paper-based to digital offices, there has recently been significant progress in implementing disaster recovery plans across the region. In the event of a disaster, 17 out of 22 respondents could restore title registers and maps within 48 hours. For countries where all records are digital, and sufficient backup systems exist, recovery could be much sooner.
Taxes and charges The area of an average-sized dwelling located in an average-priced suburban area of the largest city in the 23 responding jurisdictions is 92.4 m2. The average price for such a dwelling is €174,200 (based on 22 respondents), while the average total registration fee (including land registration fees and all professional fees such as legal, notarial and survey fees) paid by both the seller and the purchaser on a transfer of ownership for an average-priced dwelling is €3,440.7 (based on 21 respondents).
42 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
42
Inspection and registration fees The fee for an inspection of the title register ranges from €0 to €20.4 in 23 responding jurisdictions, with an average fee of €5.3. The survey revealed significant variations in fees charged for registration services across the region. For example, only in some jurisdictions were fees charged for the registration of a mortgage or charge based on the value of that mortgage.
Speed of registration Instantaneous access to land title information is now available in 16 jurisdictions, while the average time to obtain an officially certified extract of a title register cadastral map was less than five days for all responding countries.
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43
References
EULIS (2013). European Land Information Service. Glossary of Terms. Available at: http://service.eulis.eu/ eulis20/home#glossary
FAO (2003). Food and Agriculture Organization . Multilingual Thesaurus on Land Tenure. Rome. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/x2038e/x2038e00.pdf
UNECE (2005a). Inventory of Land Administration Systems in Europe and North America. Fourth edition, London. HM Land Registry. Available at: www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/ Publications/landadminsystems.inventory.ed4.pdf
UNECE (2005b). Land Administration in the UNECE Region. United Nations. New York and Geneva. Available at: www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2005/wpla/ECE-HBP-140-e.pdf
44 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
44
Annex: Questionnaire Text and Responses This section presents the text of the survey as it was sent, as well as summary information about responses received.
A. General definitions and clarifications
This survey relates to activity during the year 2011 and all statistics should relate to that year.
Where a particular date is required, the date applied should be the position as of 31 December 2011.
“Actual” means that the material is evidential based and is supported by verifiable statistics.
“Estimated” is to be used where verifiable statistics are not available but a reliable estimate can be provided.
Please note the following:
“Applications applied for on-line” at 3.4 means that the application must be made electronically, paid for electronically (if a fee is payable), submitted to the land registry electronically and not require any paper application in support.
“Associated support work” means staff involved in the delivery of information services, support of ICT, data cleansing, map update work and all other such support work required to maintain the registers and maps together with the support staff in administration in the organisation such as Human resources, Finance and Corporate Services.
“Boundary or boundaries” means the legal boundary to property as defined by vector information on a map.
“Days” mean working days.
“Digital map” means a map held in electronic format recording boundary information at accuracy levels that are suitable to support land administration requirements for recording title boundaries with precision. Such maps would have underlying topographic details of relevant physical features and be linked to the geodetic framework.
“Digitally certified extracts of the register” at 3.5 means that the certified copy is issued by the land registry in electronic format and no supporting paper document is required or issued.
“Disaster recovery” means having a capacity to implement a plan to recover and restore computer services (or paper records) in the event of a complete computer system or paper record loss.
“Fully electronically processed” at 3.6 means that the application for registration is made on-line, the fees are paid on-line and all of the processing is automated or automatic with no paper required at any stage of the process.
“Informal Settlement” means property used for habitation where the occupier has not established legal title.
“Land administration agencies” means all agencies/persons of the State or on behalf of the State (including but not exclusively the land registry) that are typically required to provide
45Survey on Land Administration Systems
45
information, certification, permission, surveying or registration services in relation to a purchase/sale of property.
“Land Registry” means the agency/agencies with responsibility for the registration/recording of title, ownership, mortgages/charges/hypothecs, surveys (if appropriate) and boundary mapping and includes Registry of Deeds or the national cadastral agency, where appropriate.
“Manual interactions” at 9.4 excludes processes or interactions that are fully automatic or automated. This would exclude any processes where applicants have immediate electronic access to all of the records or facilities required to perform the procedure.
“Map” means a map with a scale that is suitable to support land administration requirements for recording title boundaries with precision. Such maps would have underlying topographic details of relevant physical features and be linked to the national geodetic framework.
“Non-registered” means a title that may be legal but is not recorded in the office of the land registry. This includes cases where documentation has not been submitted for registration or where documentation has been submitted but registration is delayed in the land registry.
“Ownership” means the ownership of a single title. A single ownership may comprise a number of owners or a number of parcels or both.
“Overall agency costs and fees” at 11.4 means the fees relating to the agency/agencies involved in the registration/recording of title, ownership, mortgages/charges/hypothecs, surveys (if appropriate) and boundary mapping and associated information services and includes any costs for PPP arrangements.
“Parcel” means “a single area of land or more particularly a volume of space, under homogenous real property rights and unique ownership”.
“Surveys” at 6.7 only relates to statutory surveys conducted by or directed by State authorities in connection with the sale and purchase of a premises.
“Title(s)” means the legal title to land. Land also includes a volume of space. A single title relates to the ownership of a particular property. A single title may be composed of one or more ownerships and may be formed by one or more parcels. There may be different layers of title to one parcel, in which case each title layer registered in the land registry should be counted as a separate title.
“Title registers” relates to the legal title which may, but does not necessarily, include the map. “Title registers” includes the registers of land, ownership and interests against land and the boundaries map and also includes cases where these are not all held on a single integrated register.
“Total operating costs” includes direct and indirect costs, such as charges for PPP arrangements, notional costs for rent to the State for premises and liability to the State for pensions of retired staff.
“Transaction” means all actions of the processing and registrations effecting a change in the register in the land registry/cadastral agency in respect of a single application such as a transfer of ownership and recording of any associated rights contained in the transfer deed. Each transaction such as a transfer of ownership, or a mortgage/charge/hypothec, or a cancellation of a mortgage/charge/hypothec should count as a single transaction, irrespective of the number of actual registration changes required.
46 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
I. Sy
stem
of R
egis
trat
ion
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
1.1
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
25
(1
00 %
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
)
1.2
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
civ
il co
urt r
egis
tratio
n?
10
(40%
) 15
(6
0%)
0 (0
%)
1.3
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
on
loca
l or c
usto
mar
y rig
hts?
2 (8
%)
23
(92%
) 0
(0%
)
1.4
Is y
our s
yste
m su
ppor
ted
by ti
tle in
sura
nce?
1 (4
%)
24
(96%
) 0
(0%
)
R
egis
ter
of T
itle
B
oth
regi
ster
of T
itle
and
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
By
parc
el
iden
tifie
r B
y tit
le n
umbe
r N
O R
SP
1.5
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
2
(8%
) 6
(24%
) 11
(4
4%)
5 (2
0%)
1 (4
%)
47Survey on Land Administration Systems
1.
M
ost a
spec
ts o
f con
tract
ual l
aw a
re c
arrie
d ou
t by
a no
tary
, who
giv
es n
otic
e ab
out a
ll as
pect
s of c
onsu
mer
pro
tect
ion,
cre
ates
the
draf
t, in
form
s all
parti
es a
bout
the
cons
eque
nces
and
cre
ates
the
trans
fer d
eed.
2.
D
istri
ct c
ity ju
dges
are
em
ploy
ed in
stea
d of
lice
nsed
con
veya
ncer
s.
3.
All
liste
d pr
ofes
sion
s use
info
rmat
ion
from
Kad
aste
r, bu
t onl
y th
ose
indi
cate
d gi
ve in
put f
or th
e up
datin
g of
regi
ster
s.
1.
6 W
hich
of t
he fo
llow
ing
prof
essi
ons o
pera
te in
the
area
of l
and
adm
inis
tratio
n an
d of
thes
e, w
hich
of t
he p
rofe
ssio
ns a
re re
gula
ted
by re
leva
nt la
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n le
gisl
atio
n?
A
rmen
ia
Aus
tria
B
elar
us
Bel
gium
B
ulga
ria
Cro
atia
C
ypru
s D
enm
ark
Engl
and
an
d W
ales
Esto
nia
Fin-
land
G
eorg
ia
Ger
man
y1
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
Regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Not
arie
s
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Solic
itors
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Land
Sur
veyo
rs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Land
Age
nts
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lice
nsed
C
onve
yanc
es
X
X
X
X
X
X
Esta
te
Age
nt/R
ealto
rs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Prop
erty
Val
uers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mor
tgag
e B
roke
rs
X
X
X
X
X
To
wn
Plan
ners
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ir
elan
d Is
rael
It
aly
Kyr
gyzs
tan L
atvi
a2 Li
thua
nia
Mal
ta
The
Net
herl
ands
3 R
oman
ia
Serb
ia
Spai
n Sw
eden
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Not
arie
s
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Solic
itors
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
La
nd S
urve
yors
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Land
Age
nts
X
X
Lice
nsed
C
onve
yanc
es
X
X
Esta
te A
gent
/Rea
ltors
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pr
oper
ty V
alue
rs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mor
tgag
e B
roke
rs
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tow
n Pl
anne
rs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
48 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
II.
Cov
erag
e
10
0%
> 80
%
61-
80%
41
- 60
%
20-
40%
<2
0%
0%
NO
R
SP
2.1
Are
a of
land
regi
ster
ed -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of th
e te
rrito
ry o
f th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n is
regi
ster
ed in
the
land
regi
stry
? 8
(32%
) 10
(4
0%)
3 (1
2%)
1 (4
%)
2 (8
%)
1 (4
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
2.2
Unr
egis
tere
d pr
oper
ty -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of a
ll tit
les
is h
eld
unde
r non
-reg
iste
red
arra
ngem
ents
? 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 3
(12%
) 13
(5
2%)
7 (2
8%)
2 (8
%)
2.3
Info
rmal
settl
emen
ts -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of a
ll pr
oper
ty ti
tles
is h
eld
by w
ay o
f inf
orm
al se
ttlem
ents
? 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 11
(4
4%)
11
(44%
) 3
(12%
)
49Survey on Land Administration Systems
III.
O
n-lin
e A
vaila
bilit
y an
d E
lect
roni
c A
cces
s
10
0%
> 80
%
61-
80%
41
- 60
%
20-
40%
<2
0%
0%
NO
R
SP
3.1
Ava
ilabi
lity
of s
patia
l inf
orm
atio
n on
line-
Wha
t per
cent
age
of ti
tles
on th
e di
gita
l map
is in
dexe
d by
way
of
a lin
k to
the
title
regi
ster
s?
17
(68%
) 0
(0%
) 2
(8%
) 1
(4%
) 0
(0%
) 1
(4%
) 2
(8%
) 2
(8%
)
3.2
Inde
x m
ap to
title
s - W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
title
s on
the
digi
tal
map
is in
dexe
d by
way
of a
link
to th
e tit
le re
gist
ers?
17
(6
8%)
1 (4
%)
1 (4
%)
1 (4
%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
1 (4
%)
2 (8
%)
3.3
On-
line
insp
ectio
ns o
f th
e tit
le r
egis
ter
- W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
insp
ectio
ns o
f the
title
regi
ster
s is
mad
e on
-line
? 7
(28%
) 7
(28%
) 5
(20%
) 1
(4%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 4
(16%
) 1
(4%
)
3.4
On-
line
insp
ectio
ns o
f the
map
/cad
astre
- W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
insp
ectio
ns o
f bo
unda
ries
on th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre is
mad
e on
-lin
e?
5 (2
0%)
5 (2
0%)
3 (1
2%)
4 (1
6%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
4 (1
6%)
2 (8
%)
3.5
On-
line
appl
icat
ions
for
cop
ies
- W
hat
perc
enta
ge o
f ap
plic
atio
ns f
or c
ertif
ied
extra
cts
of t
he t
itle
regi
ster
s an
d m
ap/c
adas
tre is
app
lied
for o
n-lin
e?
6 (2
4%)
4 (1
6%)
3 (1
2%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
5 (2
0%)
4 (1
6%)
1 (4
%)
3.6
Dig
itally
cer
tifie
d ex
tract
s of t
he re
gist
er -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of
digi
tally
ce
rtifie
d ex
tract
s of
th
e tit
le
regi
ster
s an
d m
ap/c
adas
ter i
s pro
cess
ed p
aper
free
and
issu
ed e
lect
roni
cally
?
5 (2
0%)
3 (1
2%)
2 (8
%)
2 (8
%)
2 (8
%)
3 (1
2%)
7 (2
8%)
1 (4
%)
3.7
Elec
troni
c re
gist
ratio
n - W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
tran
sact
ions
on
the
regi
ster
is fu
lly e
lect
roni
cally
pro
cess
ed?
6 (2
4%)
3 (1
2%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
1 (4
%)
5 (2
0%)
7 (2
8%)
1 (4
%)
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
3.8
Acc
ess
to o
nlin
e re
gist
er -
Is
the
regi
ster
ope
n to
citi
zens
to in
spec
t on
an o
nlin
e ba
sis?
16
(6
4%)
7 (2
8%)
2 (8
%)
50 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
IV.
Stat
us a
nd S
ecur
ity
10
0%
> 80
%
61-
80%
41
- 60
%
20-
40%
<2
0%
0%
NO
R
SP
4.1
Stat
e gu
aran
tee
of ti
tle -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of a
ll tit
les
in th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n is
gua
rant
eed
by th
e St
ate/
land
regi
stry
aga
inst
loss
fro
m fr
aud
or e
rror
?
16
(64%
) 2
(8%
) 0
(0%
) 1
(4%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 5
(20%
) 1
(4%
)
4.2
Title
ins
uran
ce -
Wha
t pe
rcen
tage
of
all
title
s in
the
ju
risdi
ctio
n ha
s a
guar
ante
e of
titl
e ba
sed
excl
usiv
ely
on
com
mer
cial
(i.e
. non
-Sta
te) i
nsur
ance
?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
1 (4
%)
3 (1
2%)
19
(76%
) 2
(8%
)
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
A
E
E E
E E
A
A
E E
A
E 4.
3 C
ourt
Prot
ectio
n -
How
man
y ca
ses
are
take
n ag
ains
t th
e la
nd
regi
stry
, in
clud
ing
the
num
ber
of
deci
sion
s of
the
lan
d re
gist
ry t
hat
are
appe
aled
to
the
cour
t?
Stat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
ca
ses
per
100,
000
trans
actio
ns p
roce
ssed
dur
ing
2011
. 'E
' sta
nds f
or 'E
stim
ated
'. 'A
' sta
nds f
or 'A
ctua
l'.
216
30
8 1
100
1,50
0 10
0 0
500
311
13
1
Germany
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
E
A
A
NO
R
SP
A
A
A
E E
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
E
4.3
Cou
rt Pr
otec
tion
- H
ow m
any
case
s ar
e ta
ken
agai
nst
the
land
re
gist
ry,
incl
udin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
de
cisi
ons
of t
he l
and
regi
stry
tha
t ar
e ap
peal
ed t
o th
e co
urt?
St
ate
the
num
ber
of
case
s pe
r 10
0,00
0 tra
nsac
tions
pro
cess
ed d
urin
g 20
11.
'E' s
tand
s for
'Est
imat
ed'.
'A' s
tand
s for
'Act
ual'.
See
note
1 12
5-
62 N
O
RSP
15
49
50
2
3 N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
50
1.
One
to th
ree
deci
sion
s of t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rt pe
r 100
,000
tran
sact
ions
; zer
o co
mpe
nsat
ion
case
s.
2.D
oes n
ot ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt c
ases
whe
re th
e R
egis
ter i
s a fo
rmal
par
ty in
the
case
.
51Survey on Land Administration Systems
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
4.4
Prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t mal
-adm
inis
tratio
n - A
re a
dmin
istra
tive
actio
ns o
f the
la
nd re
gist
ry o
pen
to re
view
by
an in
depe
nden
t Sta
te O
mbu
dsm
an?
18
(72.
2%)
7 (2
8%)
0 (0
%)
<1
Yea
r <6
0 D
ays
<20
Day
s <5
Day
<4
8 H
ours
N
O
RSP
4.5
Dis
aste
r Rec
over
y - W
hat i
s th
e tim
efra
me
requ
ired
to re
cove
r a ti
tle re
gist
er a
nd m
ap
in th
e ev
ent o
f the
loss
of t
he ti
tle a
nd/o
r map
reco
rds?
1
(4 %
) 1
(4 %
) 1
(4%
) 3
(12%
) 17
(6
8%)
2 (8
%)
4.6
Bus
ines
s co
ntin
uity
- W
hat i
s th
e tim
efra
me
requ
ired
to re
stor
e fu
ll cu
stom
er s
ervi
ces
in th
e la
nd re
gist
ry in
the
even
t of a
tota
l los
s of t
he ti
tle a
nd m
ap re
cord
s or p
rem
ises
? 1
(4%
) 1
(4. %
) 3
(12.
0%)
5 (2
0.0%
) 13
(5
2%)
2 (8
%)
3
Yea
rs
2 Y
ears
1
Yea
r <1
Yea
r N
EV
ER
N
O
RSP
4.7
Cust
omer
Cha
rter
and
cust
omer
sat
isfa
ctio
n ra
tings
- A
t wha
t int
erva
l doe
s th
e la
nd
regi
stry
com
mis
sion
per
iodi
c cu
stom
er sa
tisfa
ctio
n su
rvey
s?
1 (4
%)
5 (2
0%)
7 (2
8%)
5 (2
0%)
4 (1
6%)
3 (1
2 %
)
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
4.8
Inde
pend
ent
verif
icat
ion
of r
epor
ts a
nd r
atin
gs -
Are
lan
d re
gist
ry
perfo
rman
ce re
ports
aud
ited
exte
rnal
ly?
17
(68%
) 7
(28%
) 1
(4 %
)
4.9
Inde
pend
ent
verif
icat
ion
of r
epor
ts a
nd r
atin
gs -
Are
lan
d re
gist
ry
cust
omer
satis
fact
ion
surv
eys a
udite
d ex
tern
ally
? 13
(5
2%)
11
(44%
) 1
(4 %
)
52 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
5.2
Ave
rage
pric
e of
dw
ellin
g -
Wha
t is
the
cur
rent
av
erag
e m
arke
t pr
ice
(Qua
rter
2 of
20
12)
for
the
purc
hase
of
a dw
ellin
g su
ch a
s de
fined
in
ques
tion
1 ab
ove?
(F
igur
e in
EU
R 1
000)
15
300
70.7
1 N
O
RSP
50
96
40
0 35
0 20
0.6
450
250
30.6
52
Germany
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
5.2
Ave
rage
pric
e of
dw
ellin
g -
Wha
t is
the
cur
rent
av
erag
e m
arke
t pr
ice
(Qua
rter
2 of
20
12)
for
the
purc
hase
of
a dw
ellin
g su
ch a
s de
fined
in
ques
tion
1 ab
ove?
(F
igur
e in
EU
R 1
000)
1753
192
NO
R
SP
3404
28
28
46.4
5 N
O
RSP
23
1 30
70
25
0 23
06
1.
Bel
arus
indi
cate
d an
ave
rage
pric
e of
USD
90,
000.
The
pric
e in
dica
ted
has
been
cal
cula
ted
conv
ertin
g U
SD in
to E
UR
with
the
pres
ent d
ay (1
2/11
/201
2) e
xcha
nge
rate
(U
SD 1
= E
UR
0.7
858)
. 2.
G
eorg
ia in
dica
ted
an a
vera
ge p
rice
of U
SD 3
6,00
0 to
42,
000.
The
ave
rage
of t
he ra
nge
amou
nts t
o U
SD 3
9,00
0. T
he d
ata
in th
e ch
art i
s the
ave
rage
pric
e co
nver
ted
into
EU
R w
ith th
e pr
esen
t day
(12/
11/2
012)
exc
hang
e ra
te (U
SD 1
= E
UR
0.7
858)
. 3.
Th
e nu
mbe
r is t
he a
vera
ge o
f the
rang
e da
ta ‘1
50-2
00’ w
hich
was
orig
inal
ly g
iven
by
Ger
man
y.
4.
Italy
indi
cate
d an
ave
rage
pric
e of
EU
R 3
,400
/ m2 . T
he p
rice
indi
cate
d ha
s be
en c
alcu
late
d m
ultip
lyin
g th
is d
ata
with
the
aver
age
area
of d
wel
lings
in It
aly
by th
e sa
me
offic
er (1
00m
2 , rep
orte
d in
que
stio
n 5.
1).
5.
Lith
uani
a in
dica
ted
an a
vera
ge p
rice
of E
UR
580
/m2 . T
he p
rice
indi
cate
d ha
s bee
n ca
lcul
ated
mul
tiply
ing
this
dat
a w
ith th
e av
erag
e ar
ea o
f dw
ellin
gs in
Lith
uani
a by
the
sam
e of
ficer
(80m
2 , rep
orte
d in
que
stio
n 5.
1).
53Survey on Land Administration Systems
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
5.3
Purc
hase
Tax
- W
hat i
s th
e av
erag
e le
vel
of n
atio
nal
/ fe
dera
l ta
x th
at i
s pa
yabl
e fo
r a tr
ansf
er o
f the
ow
ners
hip
of
an
aver
age
pric
ed
dwel
ling,
as
de
fined
in q
uest
ion
5.2?
(%
ca
lcul
ated
on
th
e va
lue
of
the
dwel
ling)
a. F
irst
time
purc
hase
r of
an
exis
ting
dwel
ling
Non
e 3.
5%
0%1
10 –
12.
5% o
f the
pur
chas
e pr
ice
(or e
stim
ated
val
ue,
if hi
gher
) 0%
0
%
(tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p)
EUR
25,
160
No
VA
T ch
arge
EUR
2,
100
b.
Firs
t tim
e pu
rcha
ser
of
a ne
w
dwel
ling
Non
e 3.
5%
0%
10 –
12.
5% o
f the
pur
chas
e pr
ice
(or e
stim
ated
val
ue,
if hi
gher
) 0%
0%
(tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p),
23 %
(val
ue a
dded
tax)
V
AT
incl
uded
in th
e pr
ice.
EUR
25,
160
10%
out
of t
he
15%
C
AT
is
retu
rned
EUR
2,
100
c. E
xist
ing
prop
erty
ow
ner
purc
hasi
ng
exis
ting
dwel
ling
Non
e 3.
5%
0%
10 –
12.
5% o
f the
pur
chas
e pr
ice
(or e
stim
ated
val
ue,
if hi
gher
) 0%
5%
2
(tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p)
EUR
25,
160
No
VA
T ch
arge
EUR
2,
100
d. E
xist
ing
prop
erty
ow
ner
purc
hasi
ng
new
dw
ellin
g N
one
3.5%
0%
10
– 1
2.5%
of t
he p
urch
ase
pric
e (o
r est
imat
ed v
alue
, if
high
er)
0%
5%
(tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p)
23%
(val
ue a
dded
tax)
V
AT
incl
uded
in th
e pr
ice.
EUR
25,
160
VA
T is
cha
rged
for
seco
nd
dwel
ling
EUR
2,
100
1.
N
o ta
xes a
re le
vied
for a
pur
chas
e if
ther
e ar
e no
t oth
ers i
n a
five-
year
per
iod.
For
two
or m
ore
purc
hase
s in
a fiv
e-ye
ar p
erio
d, a
n in
com
e ta
x of
12%
is p
aid,
rega
rdle
ss
of w
heth
er it
is a
new
or e
xist
ing
prop
erty
. 2.
Pa
id o
nly
on th
e va
lue
of la
nd, w
hich
is, o
n av
erag
e, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 25
% o
f the
tota
l pric
e.
54 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan 5.
3 Pu
rcha
se T
ax -
Wha
t is
the
ave
rage
lev
el o
f na
tiona
l / f
eder
al ta
x th
at is
pay
able
for
a tr
ansf
er o
f th
e ow
ners
hip
of a
n av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g, a
s de
fined
in q
uest
ion
5.2?
(%
cal
cula
ted
on th
e va
lue
of th
e dw
ellin
g)
a. F
irst t
ime
purc
hase
r of a
n ex
istin
g dw
ellin
g 3%
1
EUR
40
2 +
25
(sta
te
fee)
0%
0%3
3.5%
of
the
pric
e of
the
dwel
ling
0%
NO
R
SP
3%
of th
e pr
ice
+ EU
R 3
36
0-
76 E
UR
b. F
irst t
ime
purc
hase
r of a
new
dw
ellin
g 3%
EUR
40
+
25
(sta
te
fee)
NO
R
SP
0%
3.5%
of
the
pric
e of
the
dwel
ling
0%
NO
R
SP
4%
of th
e pr
ice
+ EU
R 5
04
0-
76 E
UR
c.
Exis
ting
prop
erty
ow
ner
purc
hasi
ng
exis
ting
dwel
ling
3%
EUR
40
+
25
(sta
te
fee)
1.6
%
0%
3.5%
of
the
pric
e of
the
dwel
ling
EUR
4,6
90
(7%
on
purc
hase
pric
e in
exc
ess o
f EU
R 1
25,0
00)
NO
R
SP
10%
of
the
pric
e
0-
76 E
UR
d. E
xist
ing
prop
erty
ow
ner p
urch
asin
g ne
w d
wel
ling
3%
EUR
40
+
25
(sta
te
fee)
1.6
%
0%
3.5%
of
the
pric
e of
the
dwel
ling
EUR
4,6
90
(7%
on
purc
hase
pric
e in
exc
ess o
f EU
R 1
25,0
00)
NO
R
SP
10%
of
the
pric
e +
EUR
504
0-
76 E
UR
1.
In th
e U
nite
d K
ingd
om, a
tax
on tr
ansa
ctio
ns k
now
n as
the
Stam
p D
uty
Land
Tax
exi
sts
and
is li
nked
to th
e pr
oper
ty s
ellin
g pr
ice.
Thi
s ta
x is
a p
erce
ntag
e of
the
final
tra
nsac
tion
cost
, and
is
paya
ble
by t
he p
urch
aser
. The
tax
is
diffe
rent
for
com
mer
cial
and
res
iden
tial
prop
ertie
s. Fo
r re
side
ntia
l pr
oper
ties,
the
rate
s ar
e as
fol
low
s:
£125
,001
- £2
50,0
00, 1
%; £
250,
001
- £50
0,00
0, 3
%; £
500,
001
- £1,
000,
000,
4%
; £1,
000,
001
- £2,
000,
000,
5%
; £2,
000,
001
and
over
, 7%
. 2.
In
Est
onia
, acc
ordi
ng to
the
Not
ary
Fees
Act
, for
an
aver
age
dwel
ling
of 5
1 m
2 , of a
n av
erag
e m
arke
t pric
e of
EU
R 4
40/m
2 , and
a tr
ansa
ctio
n w
hose
val
ue is
up
to E
UR
22
,440
, it a
pplie
s a fu
ll no
taria
l fee
of E
UR
41.
50 (~
EUR
40).
Esto
nia
indi
cate
d th
e nu
mbe
r 40
itsel
f. 3.
If
the
time
perio
d be
twee
n th
e pu
rcha
se a
nd sa
le o
f a p
rope
rty is
less
than
2 y
ears
, the
sel
ler m
ust p
ay a
n in
com
e ta
x of
12%
on
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e pu
rcha
se p
rice
and
the
selli
ng p
rice
if an
indi
vidu
al. F
or e
nter
pris
es, t
he V
AT
is 1
8% fo
r the
tran
sfer
of p
rope
rty.
55Survey on Land Administration Systems
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherland
s
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 5.
3 Pu
rcha
se T
ax -
Wha
t is
the
ave
rage
lev
el o
f na
tiona
l / fe
dera
l tax
that
is p
ayab
le fo
r a tr
ansf
er o
f th
e ow
ners
hip
of a
n av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g, a
s de
fined
in q
uest
ion
5.2?
(%
cal
cula
ted
on th
e va
lue
of th
e dw
ellin
g)
a. F
irst t
ime
purc
hase
r of a
n ex
istin
g dw
ellin
g 2%
of
the
pric
e N
O
RSP
3.5%
on
the
first
EU
R 3
0,00
0 an
d 5%
on
the
rest
. Sel
ler p
ays 1
2% c
apita
l ga
ins t
ax u
nles
s res
ided
in p
rope
rty
for t
hree
yea
rs
2%
(tran
s. ta
xes)
N
O
RSP
0%
7%
EU
R 3
,450
(1
.5 %
of
pric
e)
b. F
irst t
ime
purc
hase
r of a
new
dw
ellin
g
VA
T 21
% o
f the
pr
ice
+ 2%
NO
R
SP
3.5%
on
the
first
EU
R 3
0,00
0 an
d 5%
on
the
rest
. Sel
ler p
ays 1
2% c
apita
l ga
ins t
ax u
nles
s res
ided
in p
rope
rty
for t
hree
yea
rs
2%
(sal
es ta
xes)
N
O
RSP
0%
7%
EU
R 3
,450
(1
.5 %
of
pric
e)
c. E
xist
ing
prop
erty
ow
ner
purc
hasi
ng e
xist
ing
dwel
ling
2%
of th
e pr
ice
NO
R
SP
3.5%
on
the
first
EU
R 3
0,00
0 an
d 5%
on
the
rest
. Sel
ler p
ays 1
2% c
apita
l ga
ins t
ax u
nles
s res
ided
in p
rope
rty
for t
hree
yea
rs
2%
(tran
s. ta
xes)
N
O
RSP
2.
5 %
7%
EU
R 3
,450
(1
.5 %
of
pric
e)
d.
Exis
ting
prop
erty
ow
ner
purc
hasi
ng
new
dw
ellin
g
VA
T 21
%
of th
e pr
ice
+ 2%
NO
R
SP
3.5%
on
the
first
EU
R 3
0,00
0 an
d 5%
on
the
rest
. Sel
ler p
ays 1
2% c
apita
l ga
ins t
ax u
nles
s res
ided
in p
rope
rty
for t
hree
yea
rs
0%
NO
R
SP
2.5
%
7%
EUR
3,4
50
(1.5
%
of p
rice)
56 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany 5.
4 -
Loca
l Ta
xes
- W
hat
addi
tiona
l m
unic
ipal
or
loca
l tax
is p
ayab
le fo
r a tr
ansf
er o
f ow
ners
hip
of a
n av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g as
def
ined
in
ques
tion
2 ab
ove?
Non
e 0%
0%
0%
EU
R
1,00
0 0%
N
O R
SP
0%
Cou
ncil
Tax
0%
0%
0%
0%1
5.5
- Titl
e In
sura
nce
- Wha
t add
ition
al ti
tle in
sura
nce
fee
is ty
pica
lly p
aid
on a
tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p of
an
aver
age
pric
ed d
wel
ling
as d
efin
ed i
n qu
estio
n 2
abov
e?
Non
e 0%
0%
2 0%
0%
0%
N
O R
SP
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
5.6
- O
vera
ll R
egis
tratio
n an
d Pr
ofes
sion
al c
osts
of
prop
erty
pur
chas
e -
Wha
t is
the
tota
l reg
istra
tion
fee
(viz
. lan
d re
gist
ry a
nd a
ll pr
ofes
sion
al s
uch
as le
gal,
nota
rial a
nd s
urve
y fe
es)
paid
by
both
the
selle
r an
d pu
rcha
ser
on a
tra
nsfe
r of
the
ow
ners
hip
of a
n av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g su
ch
as
desc
ribed
in
qu
estio
n 2
abov
e?
Excl
ude
taxe
s an
d as
sum
e su
bdiv
isio
n is
not n
eces
sary
.
0.5%
EU
R
1,50
0
App
rox.
EU
R
62.8
63
App
rox.
2
%
EUR
1,
300
NO
R
SP
EUR
33
,000
(T
rans
fer
fees
+
Esta
te
agen
ts
fees
)
EUR
200
Land
R
egis
try
fee
EUR
35
7
EUR
40
+
25
(sta
te
fee)
0%
EUR
27
4
1.5%
of
the
pric
e
1.
The
purc
hase
tax
is le
vied
by
the
mun
icip
ality
(or L
and)
and
diff
ers f
rom
Lan
d to
Lan
d. O
f Ger
man
y’s 1
6 La
ende
r, si
x ha
ve a
tax
rate
of a
bout
3.5
%, o
ne h
as a
tax
rate
of
abou
t 4%
, fiv
e ha
ve ta
x ra
te o
f abo
ut 4
.5%
and
four
hav
e a
tax
rate
of a
bout
5%
. For
mor
e in
form
atio
n, w
ww
.dno
ti.de
. 2.
Su
ch d
ata
is n
ot m
onito
red
by th
e re
gist
ry, b
ut ti
tle in
sura
nce
is n
ot ty
pica
l. 3.
C
onve
rted
into
eur
o fro
m th
e re
spon
se o
f USD
80
usin
g th
e ex
chan
ge ra
te (U
SD 1
= E
UR
0.7
858)
. The
pric
e is
cal
cula
ted
with
out i
nven
tory
, whi
ch is
not
obl
igat
ory
in
Bel
arus
. 4.
Th
e am
ount
(equ
al to
57
GEL
) inc
lude
s a
regi
stra
tion
fee
(50
GEL
) cer
tifyi
ng th
e ag
reem
ent b
y th
e fro
nt o
ffice
r, w
ho a
ttest
s th
at th
e si
gnat
ures
are
mad
e by
the
parti
es
pres
ent a
nd th
at th
eir i
dent
ifie r
s hav
e be
en c
heck
ed in
the
civi
l reg
istry
, and
ban
k ch
arge
s of 2
GEL
. Not
ariz
atio
n of
the
agre
emen
t is o
ptio
nal a
nd w
ill in
cur a
fee
of a
bout
10
0-15
0 G
EL fo
r a 6
0-70
squa
re m
eter
dw
ellin
g.
57Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 5.
4 -
Loca
l Tax
es -
Wha
t add
ition
al m
unic
ipal
or
loca
l tax
is p
ayab
le f
or a
tran
sfer
of
owne
rshi
p of
an
ave
rage
pric
ed d
wel
ling
as d
efin
ed in
que
stio
n 2
abov
e?
Ther
e ar
e no
lo
cal
taxe
s
Mun
icip
al
tax
and
B
ette
rmen
t ta
x
0%
Non
e 0%
N
O
RSP
0%
0%
N
O
RSP
0%
0%
0%
5.5
- Ti
tle
Insu
ranc
e -
Wha
t ad
ditio
nal
title
in
sura
nce
fee
is t
ypic
ally
pai
d on
a t
rans
fer
of
owne
rshi
p of
an
av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g as
de
fined
in q
uest
ion
2 ab
ove?
0%
0%
0%
Non
e 0%
N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
5.6
- Ove
rall
Reg
istra
tion
and
Prof
essi
onal
cos
ts o
f pr
oper
ty p
urch
ase
- W
hat
is t
he t
otal
reg
istra
tion
fee
(viz
. lan
d re
gist
ry a
nd a
ll pr
ofes
sion
al s
uch
as
lega
l, no
taria
l an
d su
rvey
fee
s) p
aid
by b
oth
the
selle
r and
pur
chas
er o
n a
trans
fer o
f the
ow
ners
hip
of a
n av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g su
ch a
s de
scrib
ed in
qu
estio
n 2
abov
e?
Excl
ude
taxe
s an
d as
sum
e su
bdiv
isio
n is
not n
eces
sary
.
EUR
1,
600
NO
R
SP
Land
R
egis
try
fee:
EU
R
149
18 E
UR
3%
from
m
arke
t va
lue
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
6%
EUR
76
0 EU
R
6001
0.12
%
EUR
11
,500
(a
bout
5
% o
f th
e pr
ice)
1.
Th
e nu
mbe
r is t
he a
vera
ge o
f the
rang
e da
ta ‘2
00-1
,000
’ whi
ch w
as o
rigin
ally
giv
en b
y Se
rbia
.
58 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany 5.
7. R
ecur
ring
Taxe
s an
d C
harg
es -
Is
the
'aver
age
pric
ed d
wel
ling'
, as
ref
erre
d to
in
ques
tion
2, l
iabl
e to
ann
ual/r
ecur
ring
taxe
s an
d ch
arge
s in
your
juris
dict
ion?
YES
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
YES
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
0%
EUR
12
0 - 2
00
per y
ear
5.8.
Lia
bilit
y fo
r re
curr
ing
taxe
s -
If ye
s, w
hat l
evel
of
recu
rrin
g ta
xes
(suc
h as
rat
es,
poll
tax,
wat
er c
harg
es, s
ervi
ce c
harg
es e
tc.)
are
paya
ble
in r
espe
ct o
f an
ave
rage
pric
ed
dwel
ling
as d
efin
ed in
que
stio
n 2?
2.5%
an
nual
ly
incl
udin
g ga
s/el
ect.
paym
ents
EUR
40
0 0.
1%1
App
rox.
2
%
of th
e va
lue
EUR
20
0 N
O
RSP
4%
N
O
RSP
EU
R
1,68
9 N
O
RSP
EU
R
3.5/
m2
0%
NO
R
SP
5.9.
Cad
astra
l or a
dmin
istra
tive
valu
e - D
oes
your
nat
iona
l ta
x ag
ency
est
imat
e or
set
a
cada
stra
l val
ue fo
r a d
wel
ling?
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES2
NO
R
SP
YES
Y
ES
NO
N
O
YES
0%
N
O
RSP
5.10
. Doe
s th
e go
vern
men
t in
you
r co
untry
es
timat
e or
set
ano
ther
typ
e of
rea
l es
tate
va
lue
for a
dw
ellin
g?
NO
N
O
YES
Y
ES
NO
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
NO
N
O
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
5.11
. Is t
he p
urch
ase
tax
paya
ble
on th
e ba
sis
of a
cad
astra
l/adm
inis
trativ
e va
lue
or o
n th
e ba
sis o
f the
mar
ket p
rice
paid
from
the
buye
r to
the
selle
r?
NO
RSP
M
arke
t Pr
ice
Paid
Mar
ket
Pric
e Pa
id3
Hig
her
of th
e tw
o
Hig
her
of th
e tw
o
NO
R
SP
Mar
ket
Pric
e Pa
id
Hig
her
of th
e tw
o
Mar
ket
Pric
e Pa
id
Mar
ket
Pric
e Pa
id
Mar
ket
Pric
e Pa
id
NO
R
SP4
NO
R
SP
1.
Th
e pr
oper
ty ta
x is
0.1
%. T
he m
unic
ipal
ity c
an in
crea
se th
is u
p to
dou
ble
the
rate
. 2.
Th
e va
lue
is c
alle
d a
tax
valu
e an
d is
det
erm
ined
by
the
mun
icip
aliti
es a
nd n
ot th
e ta
x ag
ency
or a
noth
er n
atio
nal b
ody.
3.
Th
e ta
x is
not
pai
d fro
m th
e bu
yer t
o th
e se
ller.
The
cada
stra
l val
ue is
use
d on
ly fo
r par
cels
, as
a ba
se fo
r the
land
tax;
for
apa
rtmen
ts a
nd b
uild
ings
as
wel
l as
parc
el
trans
fers
mar
ket v
alue
is u
sed.
4.
N
o pu
rcha
se ta
x is
pay
able
.
59Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 5.
7. R
ecur
ring
Taxe
s an
d C
harg
es -
Is
the
'aver
age
pric
ed d
wel
ling'
, as r
efer
red
to in
que
stio
n 2,
liab
le to
an
nual
/recu
rrin
g ta
xes
and
char
ges
in
your
ju
risdi
ctio
n?
NO
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
YES
N
O
RSP
N
O
YES
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
5.8.
Lia
bilit
y fo
r re
curr
ing
taxe
s -
If ye
s, w
hat l
evel
of
rec
urrin
g ta
xes
(suc
h as
rat
es,
poll
tax,
wat
er
char
ges,
serv
ice
char
ges
etc.
) ar
e pa
yabl
e in
res
pect
of
an
aver
age
pric
ed d
wel
ling
as d
efin
ed in
que
stio
n 2?
0%
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
0.45
%
(0.2
%
build
ing;
1.
5%
land
)
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
0.5%
N
O
RSP
EUR
70
/y
ear
NO
R
SP
App
rox.
EU
R
750,
tax
only
, ot
her c
harg
es is
ne
gotia
ted
with
su
pplie
rs
5.9.
Cad
astra
l or
adm
inis
trativ
e va
lue
- D
oes
your
na
tiona
l tax
age
ncy
estim
ate
or s
et a
cad
astra
l val
ue
for a
dw
ellin
g?
NO
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
YES
5.10
. Doe
s th
e go
vern
men
t in
your
cou
ntry
est
imat
e or
se
t an
othe
r ty
pe
of
real
es
tate
va
lue
for
a dw
ellin
g?
NO
N
O
RSP
N
O
NO
N
O
YES
N
O
YES
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
YES
5.11
. Is
the
purc
hase
tax
pay
able
on
the
basi
s of
a
cada
stra
l/adm
inis
trativ
e va
lue
or o
n th
e ba
sis
of th
e m
arke
t pric
e pa
id fr
om th
e bu
yer t
o th
e se
ller?
N
O
YES
Y
ES
NO
R
SP
YES
N
O
RSP
N
O
YES
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
5.9
Cad
astra
l or
adm
inis
trativ
e va
lues
- D
oes
your
nat
iona
l ta
x ag
ency
est
imat
e or
set a
cad
astra
l val
ue fo
r a d
wel
ling?
14
(5
6%)
7 (2
8%)
4 (1
6%)
5.10
Cad
astra
l or
adm
inis
trativ
e va
lues
- D
oes
the
gove
rnm
ent
in
your
cou
ntry
est
imat
e or
set
ano
ther
type
of
real
est
ate
valu
e fo
r a
dwel
ling?
9 (3
6%)
12
(48%
) 4
(16%
)
60 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
1.
Adm
inis
trativ
e va
lue
is a
bout
50%
of t
he m
arke
t val
ue.
2.
As t
he U
nite
d K
ingd
om d
oes n
ot o
pera
te a
cad
astra
l sys
tem
, Eng
land
and
Wal
es d
o no
t rec
ogni
se th
e te
rm ‘c
adas
tral v
alue
’. 3.
Th
ere
is n
o ca
dast
ral v
alue
. Tax
atio
n va
lue
shou
ld, i
n th
eory
, be
the
sam
e as
mar
ket v
alue
, but
in p
ract
ice
can
be lo
wer
. 4.
Pl
ans f
or h
arm
oniz
atio
n ar
e in
pla
ce.
5.
An
ongo
ing
proj
ect o
n cr
eatio
n of
a m
ass v
alua
tion
syst
em a
ims t
o es
tabl
ish
a un
ified
stan
dard
and
coo
rdin
ate
valu
atio
n ac
tiviti
es.
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany 5.
13. O
n av
erag
e, fr
om th
e ye
ars
2009
to 2
011,
is
the
cada
stra
l val
ue e
qual
to th
e m
arke
t val
ue
of a
n av
erag
e dw
ellin
g?
NO
N
O
NO
N
O
NO
1 N
O
RSP
N
O
YES
N
O2
NO
N
O3
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
5.14
. Is
the
cada
stra
l val
ue o
r oth
er d
eter
min
ed
real
est
ate
valu
e ca
lcul
ated
with
the
supp
ort o
f a
mas
s eva
luat
ion?
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
NO
R
SP
NO
Y
ES
YES
Y
ES
YES
N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
5.15
. D
oes
the
cada
stra
l au
thor
ity,
for
fisca
l pu
rpos
e, e
valu
ate
prop
ertie
s w
ith c
riter
ia b
ased
on
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Val
uatio
n St
anda
rd s
et b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Val
uatio
n St
anda
rds
Cou
ncil
(IV
SC)?
NO
N
O
YES
N
O
NO
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
NO
R
SP
NO
N
O
NO
N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
5.16
. A
re
cada
stra
l or
ot
her
real
es
tate
va
luat
ion
crite
ria
used
by
th
e na
tiona
l go
vern
men
t th
e sa
me
crite
ria
used
by
pr
ofes
sion
als
and
the
bank
ing
syst
em i
n yo
ur
coun
try?
YES
N
O
YES
N
O4
NO
N
O
RSP
Y
ES
NO
R
SP
NO
N
O
YES
N
O
RSP
5 N
O
RSP
61Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 5.
13. O
n av
erag
e, f
rom
the
yea
rs 2
009
to 2
011,
is
the
cada
stra
l val
ue e
qual
to th
e m
arke
t val
ue o
f an
aver
age
dwel
ling?
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
1 Se
lf-de
clar
e sy
stem
N
O2
NO
N
O
NO
3 Y
ES
NO
R
SP
NO
4 N
O5
5.14
. Is
the
cad
astra
l va
lue
or o
ther
det
erm
ined
rea
l es
tate
val
ue c
alcu
late
d w
ith t
he s
uppo
rt of
a m
ass
eval
uatio
n?
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
YES
N
O
YES
Y
ES
NO
Y
ES
NO
N
O
NO
Y
ES
5.15
. D
oes
the
cada
stra
l au
thor
ity,
for
fisca
l pu
rpos
e,
eval
uate
pr
oper
ties
with
cr
iteria
ba
sed
on
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Val
uatio
n St
anda
rd se
t by
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l V
alua
tion
Stan
dard
s Cou
ncil
(IVSC
)?
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
N
O
YES
Y
ES
NO
N
O
NO
N
O
NO
R
SP
YES
5.16
. Are
cad
astra
l or o
ther
real
est
ate
valu
atio
n cr
iteria
us
ed b
y th
e na
tiona
l gov
ernm
ent t
he s
ame
crite
ria u
sed
by
prof
essi
onal
s an
d th
e ba
nkin
g sy
stem
in
yo
ur
coun
try?
NO
R
SP
YES
N
O
NO
R
SP
YES
Y
ES
NO
N
O
YES
6 N
O
NO
Y
ES
1.
In It
aly,
the
ratio
bet
wee
n m
arke
t val
ue a
nd c
adas
tral v
alue
is 2
.3.
2.
In L
atvi
a, c
adas
tral v
alue
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 85
% o
f the
mar
ket v
alue
. 3.
In
The
Net
herla
nds,
ther
e is
no
cada
stra
l val
ue; t
he p
rope
rty v
alue
is se
t by
the
mun
icip
aliti
es a
nd re
valu
ated
eve
ry tw
o ye
ars b
y m
ass a
ppra
isal
tech
niqu
es u
sing
refe
renc
e dw
ellin
gs.
4.
In S
pain
, cad
astra
l val
ue is
app
roxi
mat
ely
70%
of t
he m
arke
t val
ue.
5.
In S
wed
en, c
adas
tral v
alue
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 75
% o
f the
mar
ket v
alue
. 6.
V
alua
tion
crite
ria a
re a
resu
lt of
not
ary
appr
aisa
ls, w
hich
are
use
d fo
r set
ting
nota
ry fe
es a
nd re
gist
ry fe
es fo
r pro
perty
tran
sact
ions
.
62 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
VI.
Insp
ectio
n an
d R
egis
trat
ion
Fees
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany
6.1.
Reg
iste
r Ins
pect
ion
- Wha
t is
the
fee
for
the
insp
ectio
n of
a ti
tle re
gist
er?
EUR
0
EUR
5
EUR
20
EU
R
0 EU
R
2 EU
R
0 EU
R
1.71
EU
R
201
EUR
10
.19
Dep
ends
on
tran
s. pr
ice
EUR
5
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
6.2.
Map
/Cad
astre
ins
pect
ion
- W
hat
is t
he
addi
tiona
l fee
(if a
ny) f
or th
e in
spec
tion
of a
m
ap/c
adas
tre?
EUR
0
EUR
5
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
EUR
1
EUR
3
EUR
0
EUR
02
EUR
10
.19
EUR
0
EUR
0
EUR
0
EUR
0
6.3.
Cer
tifie
d ex
tract
of
a re
gist
er/m
ap -
W
hat i
s th
e fe
e fo
r a c
ertif
ied
copy
of a
title
re
gist
er a
nd th
e as
soci
ated
map
/cad
astre
?
EUR
20
EU
R
5 EU
R
53 EU
R
5.50
EU
R
13
EUR
17
EU
R
1.85
4 EU
R
05 EU
R
10.1
9 V
arie
s6 EU
R
15.5
0 EU
R
0 EU
R
38
6.4.
R
egis
tratio
n of
a
char
ge/m
ortg
age/
hypo
thec
- W
hat i
s th
e fe
e fo
r th
e re
gist
ratio
n of
a
char
ge/m
ortg
age/
hypo
thec
on
an
av
erag
e pr
iced
dw
ellin
g?
EUR
50
EU
R
300
EUR
6
EUR
30
0 EU
R
100
EUR
7
1% o
f the
am
ount
ad
vanc
ed
unde
r the
m
ortg
age
EUR
20
0 EU
R
89
Dep
ends
on
tran
s. pr
ice
EUR
31
EU
R
23
EUR
28
27
1.
Free
for t
he o
wne
r. 2.
A
fee
is c
harg
ed fo
r the
dis
tribu
tion
of d
ata
for b
usin
ess-
to-b
usin
ess s
olut
ions
(by
web
serv
ices
). 3.
Fe
e is
det
erm
ined
by
priv
ate
surv
eyor
s. 4.
Th
e pr
ice
repo
rted
is th
e su
m o
f the
fees
for t
he ti
tle d
ata
EUR
2 an
d th
e m
ap a
bstra
ct E
UR
3.
5.
The
pric
e re
porte
d is
the
sum
of t
he fe
es fo
r the
title
cop
y EU
R 0
.85
and
the
map
cop
y EU
R 1
. 6.
A
sta
te fe
e of
EU
R 2
.55/
page
is p
aid
for t
he is
sue
of c
ertif
ied
extra
cts
from
the
land
regi
ster
. A s
tate
fee
shal
l be
paid
in th
e fo
llow
ing
amou
nt fo
r the
issu
e of
a c
ertif
ied
copy
on
pape
r fro
m a
cad
astre
pla
n or
cer
tifie
d ex
tract
from
a c
adas
tral m
ap: 1
) EU
R 3
.83
per A
4-fo
rmat
pag
e; 2
) EU
R 5
.11
per A
3-fo
rmat
pag
e; 3
) EU
R 1
5.97
per
squa
re
met
re fo
r ext
ract
s fro
m a
pag
e la
rger
than
A3-
form
at.
A s
tate
fee
sha
ll is
pai
d in
the
follo
win
g am
ount
for
the
issu
e of
a c
opy
on m
agne
tic m
edia
fro
m c
adas
tral d
ata
or a
dig
ital
map
: 1)
EUR
6.3
9 in
the
case
of
up to
50
cada
stra
l uni
ts a
nd a
n ad
ditio
nal E
UR
0.0
6 pe
r eac
h ca
dast
ral u
nit;
2) E
UR
7.9
8 in
the
case
of m
ore
than
50
cada
stra
l uni
ts a
nd a
n ad
ditio
nal E
UR
0.0
3 pe
r eac
h ca
dast
ral
unit.
A
stat
e fe
e of
EU
R 0
.25
per e
ach
trans
actio
n sh
all b
e pa
id fo
r the
issu
e of
an
elec
troni
c co
py o
f or e
xtra
ct fr
om th
e da
ta in
the
trans
actio
ns d
atab
ase.
7.
Th
e co
st in
dica
ted
by G
erm
any
is c
alcu
late
d fo
r a E
UR
150
,000
-pric
ed d
wel
ling.
63Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 6.
1. R
egis
ter
Insp
ectio
n -
Wha
t is
the
fee
for
the
insp
ectio
n of
a ti
tle re
gist
er?
EUR
2.
50
EUR
1.
5 EU
R
0 EU
R
2.51
EUR
4.
27
EUR
0
EUR
0
EUR
2.
95
EUR
2.
32 /
15 m
in
EUR
0
EUR
62
EUR
3
6.2.
M
ap/C
adas
tre
insp
ectio
n -
Wha
t is
th
e ad
ditio
nal
fee
(if a
ny)
for
the
insp
ectio
n of
a
map
/cad
astre
?
EUR
0
NO
R
SP
EUR
1
EUR
2.
53 EU
R 7
.50
EU
R
0 EU
R
1 EU
R
2.95
EUR
2,
32 /
15 m
in
EUR
0
EUR
0
EUR
0
6.3.
Cer
tifie
d ex
tract
of
a re
gist
er/m
ap -
Wha
t is
the
fee
for
a ce
rtifie
d co
py o
f a
title
reg
iste
r an
d th
e as
soci
ated
map
/cad
astre
?
EUR
25
EU
R
154
EUR
10
+ 1
EU
R
2
EUR
10.
70
(Sta
te L
and
Serv
ice)
; 0,
1 %
from
the
sum
of
the
mor
tgag
e ( L
and
Reg
iste
r)
EUR
4.
35
EUR
4.
66
EUR
14
.80
EUR
1.
16
/she
et
EUR
20
EU
R
15
EUR
26
6.4.
Reg
istra
tion
of a
cha
rge/
mor
tgag
e/hy
poth
ec -
Wha
t is
th
e fe
e fo
r th
e re
gist
ratio
n of
a
char
ge/m
ortg
age/
hypo
thec
on
an a
vera
ge p
riced
dw
ellin
g?
EUR
12
5 EU
R
25
2%
of th
e gu
aran
teed
am
ount
EUR
4
EUR
9.2
5 fo
r mor
tgag
es w
hich
ar
e re
gist
ered
by
the
Stat
e La
nd S
ervi
ce; 2
%
from
the
purc
hase
fe
e as
a st
ate
duty
and
EU
R 7
(sta
mp
duty
)
EUR
31
.28
Dep
ends
on
the
amou
nt
hypo
the-
cate
d5
EUR
72
/ EU
R
966
EUR
23
.26
+ 1%
of
se
cure
d de
bt
EUR
21
0 N
O
RSP
EU
R
43
1.
The
num
ber i
s the
ave
rage
of t
he ra
nge
1.5-
2.5
whi
ch w
as o
rigin
ally
giv
en b
y K
yrgy
zsta
n.
2.
The
num
ber i
s the
ave
rage
of t
he ra
nge
3-9
whi
ch w
as o
rigin
ally
giv
en b
y Sp
ain.
3.
Th
e nu
mbe
r is t
he a
vera
ge o
f the
rang
e 2-
3 w
hich
was
orig
inal
ly g
iven
by
Kyr
gyzs
tan.
4.
Is
rael
giv
es th
e ce
rtifie
d ex
tract
on
pape
r onl
y. T
he c
ost d
oes n
ot in
clud
e th
e m
ap, w
hich
is n
ot su
pplie
d by
the
regi
stry
. 5.
In
Mal
ta, t
he fe
e to
regi
ster
hyp
othe
cs w
orks
out
as
follo
ws:
for e
very
not
e fo
r reg
istra
tion,
or o
f ren
ewal
of r
egis
tratio
n, if
the
amou
nt o
f deb
t: (a
) doe
s no
t exc
eed
EUR
2,
329.
37, t
he ta
x is
EU
R 2
.33;
(b) i
n be
twee
n EU
R 2
,329
.37a
nd E
UR
46,
587.
47, i
t is E
UR
23.
29; (
c) e
xcee
ds E
UR
46,
587.
47, i
t is E
UR
23.
29.
6.
In th
e N
ethe
rland
s, if
the
regi
stra
tion
is fu
lly a
utom
atic
ally
pro
cess
ed, t
he fe
e is
EU
R 7
2. If
it is
onl
y pa
rtial
ly a
utom
atic
ally
pro
cess
ed, i
t is E
UR
96.
64 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
6.5.
Reg
istra
tion
of a
tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p of
exi
stin
g dw
ellin
g - W
hat i
s th
e fe
e fo
r the
regi
stra
tion
of a
tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p by
sa
le
of
an
aver
age
pric
ed
dwel
ling
not
requ
iring
a
subd
ivis
ion
of a
par
cel?
EUR
80
EU
R
350
EUR
7
EUR
30
0 EU
R
50
EUR
35
3% fo
r ev
ery
euro
up
to
85.4
30,
5%
85.4
30-
170.
860,
8%
>1
7086
0
EUR
2,
100
EUR
23
0
6.6.
Map
ping
a s
ubdi
visi
on -
Wha
t is
the
addi
tiona
l fee
to th
at
give
n in
resp
onse
to q
uest
ion
5 fo
r map
ping
the
subd
ivis
ion
of
a pa
rcel
on
the
map
/cad
astre
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith th
e tra
nsfe
r of
owne
rshi
p of
par
t of a
par
cel?
EUR
0
EUR
1,
500
EUR
20
EU
R
0 EU
R
60
EUR
40
EUR
110
fo
r eac
h ne
w p
arce
l or
EU
R
35 in
cas
e of
priv
ate
surv
eyor
in
volv
eme
nt
EUR
01
EUR
23
0
6.7.
Sur
veys
- W
hat i
s th
e su
rvey
fee
(if a
ny),
addi
tiona
l to
that
gi
ven
unde
r qu
estio
n 6,
for
sur
veyi
ng t
he s
ubdi
visi
on o
f a
parc
el o
n th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre i
n co
nnec
tion
with
the
tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a p
arce
l?
Surv
eyin
g is
don
e by
pr
ivat
e su
rvey
ors
EUR
60
Not
fixe
d,
App
rox.
0.
5/m
2
EUR
0
EUR
30
EU
R
9102
EUR
12
0 fo
r eac
h ne
w p
arce
l
EUR
30
0 EU
R
0
6.8.
Cos
t Rec
over
y -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of th
e co
sts
of th
e la
nd
regi
stry
is re
cove
red
by fe
es c
harg
ed fo
r its
serv
ices
? 'E
' sta
nds f
or 'E
stim
ated
'. 'A
' sta
nds f
or 'A
ctua
l'.
A
A
A
E N
O
RSP
A
A
N
O
RSP
A
>80%
10
0%
10
0%
>
80%
NO
R
SP
0%
100%
N
O
RSP
3 10
0%
1.
In
Den
mar
k, it
is n
ot p
ossib
le to
tran
sfer
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a
parc
el. T
he la
nd m
ust b
e m
oved
fro
m o
ne p
rope
rty to
ano
ther
, afte
r th
e la
nd s
urve
yor
requ
ests
the
chan
ge a
nd th
e ca
dast
ral a
utho
rity
regi
ster
s the
cha
nge.
The
re is
a 3
00 E
UR
fee
for t
he d
ivis
ion
of a
regi
stra
tion
in th
e ca
dast
re, a
200
EU
R fe
e to
regi
ster
the
trans
fer i
n th
e la
nd re
gist
er, a
nd a
400
Eur
o fe
e fo
r app
endi
ng th
e su
bdiv
isio
n to
a n
ew p
rope
rty. A
fter t
his t
he n
ew p
rope
rty c
an b
e so
ld a
nd th
e sa
le re
gist
ered
in th
e la
nd re
gist
ry
at th
e pr
ice
indi
cate
d.
2.
Subd
ivis
ions
are
don
e by
priv
ate
licen
sed
surv
eyor
s; th
is fi
gure
is a
n ap
prox
imat
e av
erag
e.
3.
Reg
istra
tions
in th
e ca
dast
re a
re fi
nanc
ed b
y fe
es. T
he la
nd re
gist
ry if
fina
nced
by
the
min
istry
of f
inan
ce.
65Survey on Land Administration Systems
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia 6.
5.
Reg
istra
tion
of
a tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of
exis
ting
dwel
ling
- W
hat
is
the
fee
for
the
regi
stra
tion
of a
tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p by
sal
e of
an
aver
age
pric
ed d
wel
ling
not r
equi
ring
a su
bdiv
isio
n of
a p
arce
l?
Dep
ends
on
tra
nsac
tion
pric
e
EUR
10
4 EU
R
24
EUR
282
fo
r a
EUR
15
0,00
0 pr
iced
dw
ellin
g
EUR
37
5 EU
R
10
EUR
14
9 EU
R
22.5
1
EUR
9.2
5 Pr
ice
for a
tra
nsfe
r of
owne
rshi
p re
gist
ratio
n in
ca
dast
re
6.6.
Map
ping
a s
ubdi
visi
on -
Wha
t is
the
addi
tiona
l fe
e to
tha
t gi
ven
in r
espo
nse
to q
uest
ion
5 fo
r m
appi
ng
the
subd
ivis
ion
of
a pa
rcel
on
th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre i
n co
nnec
tion
with
the
tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a p
arce
l?
EUR
40
+
25
(sta
te fe
e)
EUR
0
EUR
24
App
rox.
EU
R
300
EUR
60
EUR
6 +
EU
R 2
5 fo
r eac
h ne
w a
nd
each
can
celle
d pa
rcel
. No
fee
on
non-
volu
ntar
y pe
rcol
atio
n
EUR
81
EU
R
252
EUR
37
.71
(Sta
te L
and
Serv
ice)
6.7.
Sur
veys
- W
hat
is t
he s
urve
y fe
e (if
any
), ad
ditio
nal
to
that
gi
ven
unde
r qu
estio
n 6,
fo
r su
rvey
ing
the
subd
ivis
ion
of
a pa
rcel
on
th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre i
n co
nnec
tion
with
the
tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a p
arce
l?
Dep
ends
3
App
rox.
EU
R
1,00
0 /s
ubdi
visi
on
NO
R
SP
App
rox.
EU
R
1,00
0
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
Surv
eyin
g is
d
one
by
priv
ate
ente
rpris
es;
fees
var
y.
6.8.
Cos
t Rec
over
y - W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
the
cost
s of
the
land
regi
stry
is re
cove
red
by fe
es c
harg
ed fo
r its
se
rvic
es?
'E' s
tand
s for
'Est
imat
ed'.
'A' s
tand
s for
'Act
ual'.
A
A
A
E A
N
O
RSP
A
E
A&
E
41–
60%
>8
0%
10
0%
100%
>8
0%
NO
R
SP
0%
>80%
<2
0%
1.
The
num
ber i
s the
ave
rage
of t
he ra
nge
data
‘20-
25’ w
hich
was
orig
inal
ly g
iven
by
Kyr
gyzs
tan.
2.
Th
e nu
mbe
r is t
he a
vera
ge o
f the
rang
e da
ta ‘2
0-30
’ whi
ch w
as o
rigin
ally
giv
en b
y K
yrgy
zsta
n.
3.
In E
ston
ia, a
ccor
ding
to th
e N
otar
y Fe
es A
ct, f
or a
n av
erag
e dw
ellin
g of
51
m2 , o
f an
aver
age
mar
ket p
rice
of E
UR
440
/m2 , a
nd a
tran
sact
ion
who
se v
alue
is u
p to
EU
R
22,4
40, i
t app
lies a
full
nota
rial f
ee o
f EU
R 4
1.50
(~EU
R40
). Es
toni
a in
dica
ted
the
num
ber 4
0 its
elf.
66 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 6.
5. R
egis
tratio
n of
a tr
ansf
er o
f ow
ners
hip
of e
xist
ing
dwel
ling
- W
hat
is t
he f
ee f
or t
he r
egis
tratio
n of
a
trans
fer
of o
wne
rshi
p by
sal
e of
an
aver
age
pric
ed
dwel
ling
not r
equi
ring
a su
bdiv
isio
n of
a p
arce
l?
EUR
44
Pric
e is
wor
ked
out o
n th
e m
arke
t val
ue
decl
ared
on
cont
ract
EUR
14
5
0.5%
/ 0.
15%
of t
he
valu
e w
ritte
n in
de
ed fo
r ju
ridic
al/n
atur
al
pers
on1
EUR
70
N
O
RSP
EU
R
96
6.6.
Map
ping
a su
bdiv
isio
n - W
hat i
s the
add
ition
al fe
e to
that
giv
en in
resp
onse
to q
uest
ion
5 fo
r map
ping
the
subd
ivis
ion
of
a pa
rcel
on
th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre
in
conn
ectio
n w
ith th
e tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a
parc
el?
EUR
0
It is
incl
uded
in th
e pr
ice
wor
ked
out i
n 6.
5
EUR
55
0/
EUR
99
52
NO
R
SP
EUR
14
0 N
O
RSP
EU
R
1,50
0
6.7.
Su
rvey
s -
Wha
t is
th
e su
rvey
fe
e (if
an
y),
addi
tiona
l to
that
giv
en u
nder
que
stio
n 6,
for s
urve
ying
th
e su
bdiv
isio
n of
a p
arce
l on
the
map
/cad
astre
in
conn
ectio
n w
ith th
e tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
of p
art o
f a
parc
el?
Det
erm
ined
by
con
tract
EU
R
0 EU
R
03
Mar
ket f
ee; 2
to
10%
of t
he m
arke
t va
lue
for a
gric
. lan
d an
d fo
rest
ry
App
rox.
EU
R
100
NO
R
SP
App
rox.
EU
R 1
,000
6.8.
Cos
t Rec
over
y -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of th
e co
sts
of
the
land
reg
istry
is
reco
vere
d by
fee
s ch
arge
d fo
r its
se
rvic
es?
'E' s
tand
s for
'Est
imat
ed'.
'A' s
tand
s for
'Act
ual'.
A
A
A
NO
R
SP
A/E
A
A
100%
41
% -
60%
10
0%
NO
R
SP
>80
% /
100%
10
0%
61 -
80%
1.
Ther
e is
no
fee
for t
he fi
rst r
egis
tere
d in
the
cada
stre
and
land
boo
k of
land
in a
gric
ultu
ral a
reas
or f
or re
al e
stat
e be
long
ing
to th
e G
over
nmen
t. 2.
Th
e fe
e is
EU
R 5
50 in
cas
e of
subd
ivis
ion
in a
dvan
ce a
nd E
UR
995
in c
ase
of su
bdiv
isio
n af
ter t
he tr
ansf
er o
f ow
ners
hip.
3.
Th
is c
ost i
s inc
lude
d in
the
addi
tiona
l fee
for m
appi
ng th
e su
bdiv
ision
of a
par
cel o
n th
e m
ap/c
adas
tre sp
ecifi
ed in
the
answ
er 6
.6.
67Survey on Land Administration Systems
VII
. Sp
eed
of R
egis
trat
ion
10
0%
> 80
%
61-
80%
41
- 60
%
20-
40%
<2
0%
0%
NO
R
SP
7.1
Inst
anta
neou
s ac
cess
- W
hat
perc
enta
ge o
f in
spec
tions
of
the
title
reg
iste
rs a
nd m
ap/c
adas
tre a
re a
vaila
ble
imm
edia
tely
on
-line
?
16
(64%
) 1
(4%
) 2
(8%
) 2
(8%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 4
(16%
) 0
(0%
)
<2
00 D
ays
<60
Day
s <2
0 D
ays
<10
Day
s <5
Day
s <1
Day
N
O
RSP
7.2
Tim
e to
obt
ain
an e
xtra
ct o
f the
regi
ster
- W
hat i
s th
e av
erag
e tim
efra
me
to o
btai
n an
offi
cial
ly c
ertif
ied
extra
ct o
f a ti
tle re
gist
er o
r map
/cad
astre
? 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
) 2
(8%
) 1
(4%
) 12
(4
8%)
10
(40%
) 0
(0%
)
7.3
Reg
istra
tion
of a
mor
tgag
e/ch
arge
/hyp
othe
c -
Wha
t is
the
ave
rage
tim
efra
me
to re
gist
er a
mor
tgag
e/ch
arge
/hyp
othe
c?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
5 (2
0%)
10
(40%
) 8
(32%
) 0
(0%
)
7.4
Reg
istra
tion
of a
cha
nge
of o
wne
rshi
p to
a f
ull
parc
el -
Wha
t is
the
av
erag
e tim
efra
me
to r
egis
ter
a ch
ange
of o
wne
rshi
p to
a fu
ll pa
rcel
(vi
z. a
tit
le to
an
exis
ting
prop
erty
)?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
5 (2
0%)
6 (2
4%)
6 (2
4%)
8 (3
2%)
0 (0
%)
7.5
Reg
istra
tion
of a
cha
nge
of o
wne
rshi
p to
par
t of
a pa
rcel
- W
hat i
s th
e av
erag
e tim
efra
me
to r
ecor
d a
subd
ivis
ion
of a
par
cel
and
regi
ster
the
as
soci
ated
tran
sfer
of o
wne
rshi
p?
5 (2
0%)
4 (1
6%)
2 (8
%)
6 (2
4%)
5 (2
0%)
3 (1
2%)
0 (0
%)
7.6
Ove
rall
aver
age
timef
ram
e to
pro
cess
a re
gist
ratio
n in
the
land
regi
stry
-
Wha
t is
the
ove
rall
aver
age
timef
ram
e to
rec
ord
a tra
nsac
tion
in t
he l
and
regi
stry
fro
m t
he t
ime
of r
ecei
pt o
f th
e ap
plic
atio
n to
the
tim
e th
at t
he
upda
ted
regi
ster
is a
vaila
ble
for i
nspe
ctio
n?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
5 (2
0%)
8 (3
2%)
8 (3
2%)
4 (1
6%)
0 (0
%)
68 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
VII
I. A
ctiv
ity
10
0%
> 80
%
61-
80%
41
- 60
%
20-
40%
<2
0%
0%
NO
R
SP
8.1
App
licat
ion
to r
egis
ter
a tra
nsfe
r of
ow
ners
hip
- W
hat
perc
enta
ge
of
trans
actio
ns
in
the
land
re
gist
ry
rela
tes
to
dwel
lings
(inc
ludi
ng h
ouse
s, ap
artm
ents
and
con
dom
iniu
ms)
?
0 (0
%)
3 (1
2%)
6 (2
4%)
9 (3
6%)
3 (1
2%)
2 (8
%)
0 (0
%)
2 (8
%)
8.2
App
licat
ion
to r
egis
ter
an o
wne
rshi
p of
par
t of
a p
arce
l -
Wha
t per
cent
age
of tr
ansa
ctio
ns in
the
land
reg
istry
rel
ates
to
trans
fers
of
pa
rts
of
parc
els
(viz
. ap
plic
atio
ns
requ
iring
su
bdiv
isio
n of
par
cels
)?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
1 (4
%)
2 (8
%)
1 (4
%)
18
(72%
) 0
(0%
) 3
(12%
)
8.3
App
licat
ion
to re
gist
er a
mor
tgag
e/ch
arge
/hyp
othe
c - W
hat
perc
enta
ge
of
trans
actio
ns
in
the
land
re
gist
ry
rela
tes
to
mor
tgag
es/c
harg
es/h
ypot
hecs
?
0 (0
%)
1 (4
%)
4 (1
6%)
5 (2
0%)
10
(40%
) 3
(12%
) 1
(4%
) 1
(4%
)
8.4
Chan
ge o
f ow
ners
hip
on d
eath
- W
hat
perc
enta
ge o
f tra
nsac
tions
in th
e la
nd r
egis
try r
elat
es to
reg
istra
tions
by
way
of
dis
tribu
tion
of th
e as
sets
on
the
deat
h of
the
owne
r?
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
3 (1
2%)
18
(72%
) 1
(4%
) 3
(12%
)
69Survey on Land Administration Systems
IX.
Com
plex
ity a
nd A
utom
atio
n
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany 9.
1. M
anua
l la
nd r
egis
try i
nter
actio
ns -
exi
stin
g pr
oper
ty -
How
m
any
man
ual
inte
ract
ions
are
req
uire
d w
ith t
he l
and
regi
stry
in
orde
r to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
title
for
the
trans
fer
of a
n ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty?
11 1
0 us
ing
digi
tal a
rchi
ves
(abo
ut 1
0% o
f the
ca
ses)
, 4
in o
ther
cas
es
5 3
3 2
0 3
5 3
NO
R
SP
1
9.
2.
Man
ual
land
re
gist
ry
inte
ract
ions
an
d pr
oced
ures
, ne
w
deve
lopm
ent.
How
man
y m
anua
l int
erac
tions
with
the
land
regi
stry
ar
e re
quire
d in
or
der
to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
tit
le
for
a su
bdiv
isio
n an
d th
e tra
nsfe
r of
par
t of
a h
oldi
ng f
or a
new
de
velo
pmen
t?
1 2
0 (fo
r the
subd
ivid
ed
and
othe
r new
obj
ects
di
gita
l arc
hive
s are
al
way
s use
d)
7 5
5 6
0 3
5 3
NO
R
SP
1
9.3.
Man
ual s
tate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty -
H
ow
man
y m
anua
l in
tera
ctio
ns
with
al
l la
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es a
re re
quire
d in
ord
er to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
title
on
the
trans
fer o
f an
exis
ting
prop
erty
?
1 3
0 us
ing
digi
tal a
rchi
ves
(abo
ut 1
0% o
f the
ca
ses)
, 6
in o
ther
cas
es
10
3 4
2 0
5 5
3-4
NO
R
SP
1
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
9.1.
Man
ual
land
reg
istry
int
erac
tions
- e
xist
ing
prop
erty
- H
ow m
any
man
ual
inte
ract
ions
are
req
uire
d w
ith t
he l
and
regi
stry
in
orde
r to
in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er ti
tle fo
r the
tran
sfer
of a
n ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty?
1 1
- 3
1 1-
2 1
- 2
2 5
51 2
1 1
1
9. 2
. Man
ual l
and
regi
stry
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res,
new
dev
elop
men
t. H
ow m
any
man
ual i
nter
actio
ns w
ith th
e la
nd re
gist
ry a
re re
quire
d in
ord
er
to in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er ti
tle fo
r a su
bdiv
isio
n an
d th
e tra
nsfe
r of p
art o
f a
hold
ing
for a
new
dev
elop
men
t?
2 20
1
1-2
1 - 2
2
5 10
2
3 1
3
9.3.
Man
ual s
tate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty -
How
m
any
man
ual
inte
ract
ions
with
all
land
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es a
re
requ
ired
in o
rder
to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
titl
e on
the
tra
nsfe
r of
an
exis
ting
prop
erty
?
5 A
ppro
x.
10
NO
RSP
1-
2 1
- 2
2 0
5 0
1 1
1
1.
Th
e on
ly m
anua
l int
erac
tion
is th
e re
ceip
t of t
he c
ertif
icat
e of
title
regi
stra
tion;
all
othe
r int
erac
tions
are
ele
ctro
nic.
70 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany 9.
4. M
anua
l st
ate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ne
w d
evel
opm
ent
- H
ow
man
y m
anua
l int
erac
tions
with
all
land
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es a
re r
equi
red
in o
rder
to in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er ti
tle f
or a
sub
divi
sion
and
the
trans
fer
of
part
of a
hol
ding
for a
new
dev
elop
men
t?
1 3
NO
R
SP
15
3 7
6 0
5 5
3 - 4
N
O
RSP
1
9.5.
Aut
omat
ed a
nd m
anua
l st
ate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty -
How
man
y in
tera
ctio
ns w
ith th
e al
l lan
d ad
min
istra
tion
agen
cies
ar
e re
quire
d in
ord
er to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
title
for a
n ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty?
1 2
8 10
3
4 2
2 5
5 3
- 4
NO
R
SP
1
9.6.
A
utom
ated
an
d m
anua
l st
ate
inte
ract
ions
an
d pr
oced
ures
-
new
de
velo
pmen
t - H
ow m
any
inte
ract
ions
with
all
land
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es
are
requ
ired
in o
rder
to in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er ti
tle f
or th
e su
bdiv
isio
n an
d th
e tra
nsfe
r of p
art o
f a h
oldi
ng fo
r a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent?
1 3
28
15
3 7
6 4
5 5
3 - 4
N
O
RSP
1
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
9.4.
Man
ual s
tate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ne
w d
evel
opm
ent -
How
m
any
man
ual
inte
ract
ions
with
all
land
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es a
re
requ
ired
in o
rder
to in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er ti
tle fo
r a s
ubdi
visi
on a
nd th
e tra
nsfe
r of p
art o
f a h
oldi
ng fo
r a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent?
5 A
ppro
x.
40
NO
R
SP
1-2
2 - 3
2
0 10
2
3 1
3
9.5.
Aut
omat
ed a
nd m
anua
l st
ate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ex
istin
g pr
oper
ty -
How
man
y in
tera
ctio
ns w
ith t
he a
ll la
nd a
dmin
istra
tion
agen
cies
are
req
uire
d in
ord
er t
o in
vest
igat
e an
d re
gist
er t
itle
for
an
exis
ting
prop
erty
?
5 N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
1-
2 1
- 2
2 0
2 0
1 1
2
9.6.
Aut
omat
ed a
nd m
anua
l st
ate
inte
ract
ions
and
pro
cedu
res
- ne
w
deve
lopm
ent
- H
ow m
any
inte
ract
ions
with
all
land
adm
inis
tratio
n ag
enci
es a
re r
equi
red
in o
rder
to
inve
stig
ate
and
regi
ster
titl
e fo
r th
e su
bdiv
isio
n an
d th
e tra
nsfe
r of p
art o
f a h
oldi
ng fo
r a n
ew d
evel
opm
ent?
5 N
O
RSP
N
O
RSP
1-
2 3
2 0
3 2
1 1
5
71Survey on Land Administration Systems
X.
Ele
men
ts o
f Reg
iste
rs a
nd C
adas
tres
A
rmen
ia
Aus
tria
B
elar
us
Bel
gium
Bul
gari
a C
roat
ia
Cyp
rus
Den
mar
k E
ngla
nd
and
Wal
es
Est
onia
Fi
nlan
d G
eorg
ia
Ger
man
y
Whe
re
regi
ster
s ex
ist
for
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es, w
hich
of t
hem
are
reco
rded
on
an
inte
grat
ed
mul
tipur
pose
re
gist
er
or
a ca
dast
re h
eld
in e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
? Th
is
may
in
clud
e a
com
mon
sp
atia
l da
ta
infra
stru
ctur
e
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Bou
ndar
ies a
nd e
xten
t of p
rope
rty
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
Inde
x to
land
s X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Ow
ners
hip
of p
rope
rty
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
Mor
tgag
es/c
harg
es/h
ypot
hecs
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Rig
hts a
nd b
urde
ns a
ffect
ing
prop
erty
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X Sh
ort t
erm
tena
ncy
agre
emen
ts
(less
than
3 y
ear a
gree
men
ts)
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
Add
ress
gaz
ette
er
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
Post
al c
ode
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
Com
mun
ity o
r sm
all a
rea
regi
ster
s
X
X
X
X
X
O
ccup
iers
of
la
nds
(as
dist
inct
fro
m
owne
rs)
X
X
X X
X
X
Plan
ning
per
mis
sion
s for
dev
elop
men
t
X
X
X
Bui
ldin
g pe
rmits
X
X
X X
X
X
Land
use
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
Bui
ldin
g re
gist
er
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
Land
val
uatio
n re
gist
er
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
Purc
hase
pric
e of
pro
perty
on
sale
s
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
Land
taxa
tion
liabi
lity
and
paym
ents
X
X
Bui
ldin
g en
ergy
effi
cien
cy ra
ting
X
X
X
Bui
ldin
g pr
eser
vatio
n or
ders
X
X
X
X
X
72 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Ir
elan
d Is
rael
It
aly
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Lat
via
Lith
uani
a M
alta
T
he
Net
her-
land
s R
oman
ia
Serb
ia
Spai
n1 Sw
eden
Whe
re
regi
ster
s ex
ist
for
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es, w
hich
of t
hem
are
reco
rded
on
an
inte
grat
ed
mul
tipur
pose
re
gist
er
or
a ca
dast
re h
eld
in e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
? Th
is
may
in
clud
e a
com
mon
sp
atia
l da
ta
infra
stru
ctur
e
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Bou
ndar
ies a
nd e
xten
t of p
rope
rty
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
Inde
x to
land
s X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
Ow
ners
hip
of p
rope
rty
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
Mor
tgag
es/c
harg
es/h
ypot
hecs
X
X
X
X
X X1
X1 X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
Rig
hts a
nd b
urde
ns a
ffect
ing
prop
erty
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
Sh
ort t
erm
tena
ncy
agre
emen
ts
(less
than
3 y
ear a
gree
men
ts)
X X
X X
X
Add
ress
gaz
ette
er
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
Post
al c
ode
X X
X
X X
X
Com
mun
ity o
r sm
all a
rea
regi
ster
s
X
O
ccup
iers
of
la
nds
(as
dist
inct
fro
m
owne
rs)
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
Plan
ning
per
mis
sion
s for
dev
elop
men
t
X
X
Bui
ldin
g pe
rmits
X
X
X
X
X
X
Land
use
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
Bui
ldin
g re
gist
er
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
Land
val
uatio
n re
gist
er
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
Purc
hase
pric
e of
pro
perty
on
sale
s X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
Land
taxa
tion
liabi
lity
and
paym
ents
X
Bui
ldin
g en
ergy
effi
cien
cy ra
ting
X X
X
X
Bui
ldin
g pr
eser
vatio
n or
ders
X
X
1.
In
clud
es o
nly
acce
lera
ted
priv
atiz
ed a
partm
ents
. 2.
A
ll of
thes
e fie
lds a
re in
clud
ed in
the
land
regi
stry
. Tho
se fi
elds
indi
cate
d ar
e al
so re
cord
ed in
the
cada
stre
.
73Survey on Land Administration Systems
Arm
enia
A
ustr
ia
Bel
arus
B
elgi
um B
ulga
ria
Cro
atia
C
ypru
s D
enm
ark
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
E
ston
ia
Finl
and
Geo
rgia
Ger
man
y
Whe
re
regi
ster
s ex
ist
for
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es, w
hich
of t
hem
are
reco
rded
on
an
inte
grat
ed
mul
tipur
pose
re
gist
er
or
a ca
dast
re h
eld
in e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
? Th
is
may
in
clud
e a
com
mon
sp
atia
l da
ta
infra
stru
ctur
e.
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Her
itage
pro
perti
es a
nd b
uild
ings
cl
assi
fied
for s
peci
al c
onse
rvat
ion
X X
X
X X
X
Arc
haeo
logi
cal s
tatu
s
X
X X
X X
X X
X
Stat
e la
nds
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Wat
er ri
ghts
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
Fish
ing
right
s
X
X
X
X X
Air
right
s
X
X
Geo
logi
cal /
seis
mol
ogic
al in
form
atio
n
X
X
X
X X
X
Floo
d in
form
atio
n
X
X
X
X X
Car
bon
tradi
ng
X
X
X
Envi
ronm
enta
l sta
tus
X
X
X
X
X X
X
Publ
ic u
se
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
Unu
sed
land
s
X
X
X X
X
Cen
sus a
nd p
opul
atio
n st
atis
tics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Min
ing
right
s
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
Inla
nd w
ater
way
s (ca
nals
, lak
es, e
tc.)
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X U
tiliti
es (
gas
pipe
s, el
ectri
c ca
bles
, dra
ins,
sew
erag
e,
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
ne
twor
ks,
etc.
)
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
Oth
er (p
leas
e in
dica
te)
X
Arm
enia
A
ustr
ia
Bel
arus
B
elgi
um B
ulga
ria
Cro
atia
C
ypru
s D
enm
ark
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
E
ston
ia
Finl
and
Geo
rgia
Ger
man
y
Whe
re
regi
ster
s ex
ist
for
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es, w
hich
of t
hem
are
reco
rded
on
an
inte
grat
ed
mul
tipur
pose
re
gist
er
or
a ca
dast
re h
eld
in e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
? Th
is
may
in
clud
e a
com
mon
sp
atia
l da
ta
infra
stru
ctur
e.
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Her
itage
pro
perti
es a
nd b
uild
ings
cl
assi
fied
for s
peci
al c
onse
rvat
ion
X X
X
X X
X
Arc
haeo
logi
cal s
tatu
s
X
X X
X X
X X
X
Stat
e la
nds
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Wat
er ri
ghts
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
Fish
ing
right
s
X
X
X
X X
Air
right
s
X
X
Geo
logi
cal /
seis
mol
ogic
al in
form
atio
n
X
X
X
X X
X
Floo
d in
form
atio
n
X
X
X
X X
Car
bon
tradi
ng
X
X
X
Envi
ronm
enta
l sta
tus
X
X
X
X
X X
X
Publ
ic u
se
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
Unu
sed
land
s
X
X
X X
X
Cen
sus a
nd p
opul
atio
n st
atis
tics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Min
ing
right
s
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
Inla
nd w
ater
way
s (ca
nals
, lak
es, e
tc.)
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X U
tiliti
es (
gas
pipe
s, el
ectri
c ca
bles
, dra
ins,
sew
erag
e,
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
ne
twor
ks,
etc.
)
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
Oth
er (p
leas
e in
dica
te)
X
74 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Ir
elan
d Is
rael
It
aly
Kyr
gyzs
tan
L
atvi
a L
ithua
nia
Mal
ta1
The
N
ethe
r-la
nds
Rom
ania
Ser
bia
Spai
n Sw
eden
Whe
re
regi
ster
s ex
ist
for
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es, w
hich
of t
hem
are
reco
rded
on
an
inte
grat
ed
mul
tipur
pose
re
gist
er
or
a ca
dast
re h
eld
in e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
? Th
is
may
in
clud
e a
com
mon
sp
atia
l da
ta
infra
stru
ctur
e.
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
operates
regulated
Her
itage
pro
perti
es a
nd b
uild
ings
cl
assi
fied
for s
peci
al c
onse
rvat
ion
X X
X
X X
X
Arc
haeo
logi
cal s
tatu
s
X
X
X
X
X
X
Stat
e la
nds
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
Wat
er ri
ghts
X
X
X X
X
X
X
Fish
ing
right
s
X
X
Air
right
s
X
Geo
logi
cal /
seis
mol
ogic
al in
form
atio
n
X
Floo
d in
form
atio
n
X
X
Car
bon
tradi
ng
Envi
ronm
enta
l sta
tus
X
Publ
ic u
se
X
X
X X
Unu
sed
land
s
X
X
X
X
X X
X
Cen
sus a
nd p
opul
atio
n st
atis
tics
X X
X
X
Min
ing
right
s
X
X
Inla
nd w
ater
way
s (ca
nals
, lak
es, e
tc.)
X
X
X X
X
Util
ities
(ga
s pi
pes,
elec
tric
cabl
es, d
rain
s, se
wer
age,
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
netw
orks
, et
c.)
X
X X
X X
X
Oth
er (p
leas
e in
dica
te)
X X
1.
M
alta
fur
ther
incl
udes
a f
ull p
rope
rty d
escr
iptio
n fro
m th
e co
ntra
ct, t
he n
ame
of th
e no
tary
, the
dat
e of
the
deed
, the
nam
e an
d id
entit
y ca
rd n
umbe
r of
the
owne
r, w
heth
er th
e pr
oper
ty is
a fr
eeho
ld o
r sub
ject
to g
roun
d re
nt a
nd, i
n th
e ca
se o
f hyp
othe
cs, t
he a
mou
nt b
eing
hyp
otec
hate
d.
75Survey on Land Administration Systems
XI.
Eff
icie
ncy
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
England And Wales
Estonia
Finland
Georgia
Germany
11.1
Ow
ners
hips
- W
hat w
as th
e to
tal
num
ber
of o
wne
rshi
ps o
n th
e tit
le
regi
ster
s on
31
D
ecem
ber 2
011?
A
E A
A
E
E A
A
A
E
A
E A
1.9
M
3 M
5.
7 M
7,
181,
236
18 M
2
M
2,84
6,96
7 2.
5 M
23
M
950,
000
2.5
M
2 M
36
.3 M
11.2
. Tr
ansa
ctio
ns r
egis
tere
d -
Wha
t w
as t
he t
otal
num
ber
of
trans
actio
ns
regi
ster
ed
in
the
land
regi
stry
in 2
011?
E
A
NO
R
SP
A
E A
A
A
E
A
A
A
197,
000
700,
000
1.5
M
NO
R
SP
1,21
6,46
2 68
0,00
0 93
,343
1,
835,
2651
23,3
06,5
01
42,0
00
100,
000
641,
328
1.7
M
1.
For t
he la
nd b
ook
only
.
76 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 11
.1 O
wne
rshi
ps -
Wha
t was
the
tota
l nu
mbe
r of
ow
ners
hips
on
the
title
re
gist
ers
on
31
Dec
embe
r 201
1?
A
A
NO
R
SP
A
A
A
A
E N
O
RSP
A
N
O
RSP
E
1,96
6,06
3 3,
733,
933
NO
R
SP
2,86
7,14
1 1
M
6.1
M
>9,0
00
7 M
N
O
RSP
5 M
N
O
RSP
4
M
11.2
. Tr
ansa
ctio
ns r
egis
tere
d -
Wha
t w
as t
he t
otal
num
ber
of
trans
actio
ns
regi
ster
ed
in
the
land
regi
stry
in 2
011?
A
A
A
A
A
E A
E
A
A/E
E
E
579,
019
576,
944
3,29
5,16
4 24
6,55
6 2,
610,
2031
7.1
M
9,43
7 70
0,00
0 64
6,11
2 40
0,00
0/
450,
000
3.5M
70
0,00
0
1.
Incl
udes
all
trans
actio
ns, i
nclu
ding
obj
ect r
egis
tratio
n an
d da
ta u
pdat
ing,
with
bui
ldin
gs a
nd g
roup
s of p
rem
ises
, lan
d un
its a
nd o
wne
rshi
ps.
77Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
The Netherlands
Romania
Serbia
Spain
Sweden 11
.4. P
ublic
Priv
ate
Partn
ersh
ips
arra
ngem
ents
- W
hat p
erce
ntag
e of
the
ove
rall
agen
cy c
osts
for
th
e la
nd re
gist
ry a
re th
e re
sult
of
a PP
P ar
rang
emen
t?
EUR
0
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
EUR
10
M
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
EUR
0
11.5
. To
tal
Ope
ratin
g C
osts
-
Wha
t w
ere
the
tota
l op
erat
ing
cost
s fo
r th
e la
nd r
egis
try i
n 20
11?
(Tot
al c
osts
incl
ude
dire
ct
and
indi
rect
cos
ts, n
otio
nal c
osts
for
rent
to
th
e st
ate
and
liabi
litie
s fo
r pen
sion
s of
ret
ired
staf
f)
EUR
35
M
NO
R
SP
NO
R
SP
EUR
5,
6 M
EU
R
2 M
1 EU
R 2
7.7
M
NO
R
SP
EUR
17
3,80
0,00
0 N
O
RSP
EU
R
36.5
M
NO
R
SP
App
rox.
EU
R
216
M
11.6
. To
tal
Fee
Inco
me
- W
hat
was
th
e to
tal
fee
inco
me
rece
ived
by
the
land
reg
istry
in
paym
ent
for
its
serv
ices
in
20
11?
EUR
30.
4 M
App
rox.
EU
R
10 M
NO
R
SP
EUR
5,
83 M
EU
R
2.7
M2
EUR
25.
6 M
N
O
RSP
EU
R
217,
500,
000
NO
R
SP
EUR
30
.7 M
N
O
RSP
App
rox.
EU
R
160
M
1.
N
o m
anag
emen
t cos
ts a
re in
clud
ed in
the
calc
ulat
ion.
2.
In
clud
es th
e in
com
e fro
m d
ata
regi
stra
tion,
dat
a up
datin
g in
the
cada
stre
and
the
dist
ribut
ion
of in
form
atio
n.
78 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
XII
. G
ende
r E
qual
ity
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
12.1
- C
an m
en a
nd w
omen
ow
n la
nd in
the
sam
e m
anne
r?
25
(100
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
12.2
- C
an m
en a
nd w
omen
dev
ise
(leav
e la
nd in
a w
ill to
ben
efic
iarie
s of
an
esta
te o
n de
ath)
in
the
sam
e m
anne
r?
25
(100
%)
0 (0
%)
0 (0
%)
12.3
- H
ave
men
and
wom
en th
e sa
me
inhe
ritan
ce ri
ghts
? 25
(1
00%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
)
12.4
- H
ave
men
and
wom
en th
e sa
me
right
s of d
ispo
sal o
ver l
and?
25
(1
00%
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
)
12.5
- A
re t
here
any
res
trict
ions
on
the
sale
of
land
tha
t do
not
app
ly e
qual
ly t
o m
en a
nd
wom
en?
0 (0
%)
25
(100
%)
0 (0
%)
12.6
- A
re th
ere
any
rest
rictio
ns o
n th
e ow
ners
hip
of la
nd th
at d
o no
t app
ly e
qual
ly to
men
and
w
omen
? 0
(0%
) 25
(1
00%
) 0
(0%
)
12.7
- D
o rig
hts
to o
wne
rshi
p of
lan
d al
ter
on m
arria
ge i
n an
y m
anne
r th
at d
oes
not
equa
lly
appl
y to
men
and
wom
en?
0 (0
%)
25
(100
%)
0 (0
%)
79Survey on Land Administration Systems
Lan
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n Sy
stem
s in
Use
Pr
esen
ce o
f an
offi
cial
ad
dres
s re
gist
er
Des
crip
tion
of th
e ad
dres
s sys
tem
Aut
hori
ty
resp
onsi
ble
for
regi
stra
tion
of
offic
ial a
ddre
sses
Aut
hori
ty is
res
pons
ible
for
dete
rmin
ing
an
d or
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
abou
t add
ress
es
L
ocal
A
utho
rity
St
ate
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Post
al
Aut
hori
ty
Oth
er
Arm
enia
Y
es
The
addr
esse
s of r
eal p
rope
rty u
nits
are
issu
ed b
y lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s and
regi
ster
ed in
the
unifi
ed a
ddre
ss
regi
ster
con
duct
ed b
y a
land
regi
stra
tion
auth
ority
as
a pa
rt of
real
est
ate
cada
ster
syst
em.
Stat
e C
omm
ittee
of t
he
Rea
l Pro
perty
Cad
astre
of
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f A
rmen
ia
X X
Aus
tria
Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
X X
- N
O R
SP
Bel
arus
Y
es
The
addr
ess r
egis
ter i
s the
offi
cial
sour
ce fo
r the
real
es
tate
add
ress
es. I
n th
e fu
ture
, all
reso
urce
s tha
t co
ntai
n ad
dres
s dat
a w
ill b
e co
nnec
ted
to it
and
the
addr
ess d
ata
will
be
rene
wed
in th
is re
sour
ce
auto
mat
ical
ly. A
ddre
ss is
def
ined
dur
ing
the
prop
erty
in
vent
ory.
Vac
ant p
arce
ls a
nd p
ipes
don
't ha
ve
addr
esse
s.
Land
R
egis
try
- X
- La
nd R
egis
try
Bel
gium
Y
es
The
loca
l aut
horit
y re
gist
ers t
he a
ddre
ss o
f its
in
habi
tant
s. Lo
cal A
utho
rity
X -
- N
O R
SP
Bul
gari
a Y
es
In c
ase
a ne
w p
rope
rty is
cre
ated
, the
mun
icip
aliti
es
crea
te th
e ad
dres
s reg
istra
tion.
It h
appe
ns th
roug
h a
requ
est f
rom
the
cust
omer
to th
e m
unic
ipal
ity
Mun
icip
aliti
es
X -
- N
O R
SP
Cro
atia
Y
es
Offi
cial
add
ress
syst
em c
onsi
sts o
f pos
tal c
ode,
nam
e of
the
settl
emen
t, na
me
of th
e st
reet
or s
quar
e, a
nd th
e ho
use
num
ber.
Dat
a on
exi
stin
g ad
dres
ses a
re k
ept
and
mai
ntai
ned
in th
e St
ate
Geo
detic
Adm
inis
tratio
n.
Min
istry
of I
nter
ior,
Hig
h Tr
ade
Cou
rt fo
r tra
de c
ompa
nies
, M
inis
try o
f A
dmin
istra
tion
for
othe
r leg
al e
ntiti
es
X
Cyp
rus
No
The
civi
l reg
istry
, loc
al a
utho
ritie
s and
pos
t offi
ces
have
thei
r ow
n ad
dres
s reg
istri
es.
Reg
istra
r of
Com
pani
es
X X
X N
O R
SP
Den
mar
k Y
es
Add
ress
es c
onsi
st o
f stre
et n
ame
(and
cod
e), h
ouse
nu
mbe
r (nu
mbe
r lev
el a
nd p
ossi
ble
lette
rs),
and
a po
stal
cod
e. A
ddre
sses
are
giv
en b
y m
unic
ipal
ities
at
the
time
of b
irth
of th
e pr
oper
ties.
Add
ress
es a
re
regi
ster
ed in
the
addr
ess r
egis
ter,
whi
ch is
link
ed to
th
e bu
ildin
g re
gist
er. A
ddre
sses
are
link
ed to
the
cada
stra
l par
cels
.
Min
istry
of
Hou
sing
, Urb
an
and
Rur
al A
ffairs
X
- -
Mun
icip
aliti
es
80 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Pr
esen
ce o
f an
offi
cial
ad
dres
s re
gist
er
Des
crip
tion
of th
e ad
dres
s sys
tem
Aut
hori
ty
resp
onsi
ble
for
regi
stra
tion
of
offic
ial a
ddre
sses
Aut
hori
ty is
res
pons
ible
for
dete
rmin
ing
an
d or
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
abou
t add
ress
es
L
ocal
A
utho
rity
St
ate
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Post
al
Aut
hori
ty
Oth
er
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
The
Nat
iona
l Lan
d an
d Pr
oper
ty G
azet
teer
is th
e m
aste
r add
ress
dat
aset
for E
ngla
nd a
nd W
ales
. It i
s th
e ce
ntra
l hub
for t
he 3
48 a
ddre
ss c
reat
ing
loca
l m
unic
ipal
ities
. All
prop
ertie
s hav
e a
post
al n
umbe
r or
nam
e, st
reet
nam
e, lo
calit
y an
d po
st c
ode
as w
ell a
s a
uniq
ue p
rope
rty re
fere
nce
num
ber.
Mun
icip
aliti
es
X X
X N
O R
SP
Est
onia
Y
es
Add
ress
Dat
a Sy
stem
1 Le
gal E
ntiti
es
Loca
l M
unic
ipal
ity
X -
- N
O R
SP
1.
Es
toni
a in
dica
ted
that
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n ca
n be
foun
d at
this
add
ress
: http
://w
ww
.maa
amet
.ee/
inde
x.ph
p?la
ng_i
d=2&
page
_id=
472&
men
u_id
=78.
81Survey on Land Administration Systems
Pr
esen
ce
of a
n of
ficia
l ad
dres
s re
gist
er
Des
crip
tion
of th
e ad
dres
s sys
tem
Aut
hori
ty
resp
onsi
ble
for
regi
stra
tion
of
offic
ial a
ddre
sses
Aut
hori
ty is
res
pons
ible
for
dete
rmin
ing
an
d or
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
abou
t add
ress
es
L
ocal
A
utho
rity
St
ate
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Post
al
Aut
hori
ty
Oth
er
Finl
and
Yes
In c
ities
, the
stre
ets a
re n
amed
in th
e de
taile
d pl
ans.
Whe
n th
e ca
dast
ral u
nits
are
form
ed a
ccor
ding
to th
e pl
an, t
here
ar
e gi
ven
addr
ess n
umbe
rs (o
dd n
umbe
rs o
n th
e rig
ht h
and
side
and
eve
n nu
mbe
rs o
n th
e le
ft). I
n ap
artm
ent b
uild
ings
, th
e st
airw
ells
get
lette
rs (f
rom
A) a
nd si
ngle
flat
s num
bers
ag
ain.
So
a ty
pica
l add
ress
is M
anne
rhei
min
tie 6
6 A
45.
In
the
coun
trysi
de, t
he a
ddre
ss is
bas
ed o
n th
e di
stan
ces a
long
th
e ro
ads.
A ty
pica
l add
ress
is N
ordv
ikvä
gen
265
(situ
ated
26
50 m
from
the
star
ting
poin
t of t
he ro
ad o
n th
e rig
ht h
and
side
). A
fter t
he st
reet
add
ress
com
es th
e po
stal
cod
e, w
hich
is
bas
ed o
n a
hier
arch
y of
geo
grap
hic
area
s (fo
r exa
mpl
e FI
-02
220)
. Whe
n a
pers
on m
oves
to a
new
add
ress
he
or sh
e ha
s to
anno
unce
this
to th
e po
pula
tion
regi
ster
and
the
addr
ess i
s aut
omat
ical
ly re
gist
ered
in th
e ad
dres
s reg
iste
r.
Popu
latio
n R
egis
ter
Cen
tre
X X
X N
O R
SP
Geo
rgia
Y
es
A sp
ecia
l uni
t, th
e A
ddre
ss D
ivis
ion,
has
bee
n cr
eate
d at
N
APR
in O
ctob
er 2
012
to c
reat
e a
natio
nal a
ddre
ss re
gist
ry
and
addr
essi
ng sy
stem
in G
eorg
ia.
Nat
iona
l Age
ncy
of
Publ
ic R
egis
try
X -
- N
O R
SP
Ger
man
y
Yes
Th
e ad
dres
s Reg
iste
r is e
stab
lishe
d an
d m
aint
aine
d by
the
com
mun
ities
and
loca
l aut
horit
ies.
Com
mun
ities
, loc
al
auth
oriti
es
X
Irel
and
No
- -
- N
O R
SP
Isra
el
Yes
Po
pula
tion
Reg
iste
r Aut
horit
y
- -
- N
O R
SP
Ital
y Y
es
Acc
ordi
ng to
law
, eac
h m
unic
ipal
ity m
ust g
ive
nam
es a
nd
num
bers
to a
ll th
e ar
eas b
ound
with
traf
fic th
at a
re p
ublic
or
open
to th
e pu
blic
. Thi
s act
ivity
is c
arrie
d ou
t in
com
plia
nce
with
the
dire
ctiv
es g
iven
by
the
Italia
n N
atio
nal I
nstit
ute
of
Stat
istic
s (IS
TAT)
.
Mun
icip
aliti
es
X -
- N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Yes
O
ffici
ally
, the
add
ress
syst
em is
not
allo
tted
to a
ny a
genc
y.
Labe
ling
is c
arrie
d ou
t by
entre
pren
eurs
. How
ever
, in
the
data
base
all
addr
ess d
ata
is a
vaila
ble
only
in L
and
Reg
istry
.
Lega
l ent
ities
, m
unic
ipal
ities
X
Lat
via
Yes
The
Stat
e A
ddre
ss R
egis
ter
is a
nat
ion-
wid
e in
form
atio
n sy
stem
of
the
Stat
e La
nd S
ervi
ce t
hat
has
run
sin
ce
Nov
embe
r 200
0 an
d pr
ovid
es:
com
pute
rized
re
gist
ratio
n of
ad
dres
s ob
ject
s te
xtua
lly
(incl
udin
g de
tails
up
to th
e gr
oup
of ro
oms)
and
on
the
map
(in
clud
ing
deta
ils u
p to
the
parc
el o
r bui
ldin
g); m
aint
enan
ce
of A
ddre
ss C
lass
ifier
The
Stat
e La
nd
Serv
ice
X X
- N
O R
SP
82 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Pr
esen
ce o
f an
offi
cial
ad
dres
s re
gist
er
Des
crip
tion
of th
e ad
dres
s sys
tem
Aut
hori
ty
resp
onsi
ble
for
regi
stra
tion
of
offic
ial a
ddre
sses
Aut
hori
ty is
res
pons
ible
for
dete
rmin
ing
an
d or
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
abou
t add
ress
es
L
ocal
A
utho
rity
St
ate
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Post
al
Aut
hori
ty
Oth
er
Lith
uani
a Y
es
The
Add
ress
Reg
iste
r sto
res i
nfor
mat
ion
on m
ore
than
40
0,00
0 bu
ildin
g an
d la
nd p
lot a
ddre
sses
by
attri
butin
g th
em to
resi
dent
ial a
rea
and
stre
et, a
nd d
eter
min
ing
its
num
ber o
n th
e st
reet
, as w
ell a
s mor
e th
an 9
25,0
00
addr
esse
s of p
rem
ises
(apa
rtmen
ts).
The
com
posi
te p
arts
of
add
ress
shal
l be
the
follo
win
g: m
unic
ipal
ity, w
ard,
re
side
ntia
l are
a, st
reet
, num
ber o
f bui
ldin
g on
the
stre
et
and
num
ber o
f pre
mis
e in
the
build
ing.
Stat
e En
terp
rise
Cen
tre
of R
egis
ters
X
X X
NO
RSP
Mal
ta
Yes
N
umbe
r of h
ouse
, nam
e of
hou
se, n
ame
of st
reet
, and
lo
calit
y fo
llow
ed b
y po
stal
cod
e. W
e ha
ve so
me
case
s w
here
hou
ses d
o no
t hav
e nu
mbe
rs b
ut o
nly
nam
es.
Mal
tese
Gov
ernm
ent
- X
- N
O R
SP
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
Yes
It
is a
nat
iona
l key
regi
ster
of b
uild
ings
and
add
ress
es.
Min
istry
of
Infra
stru
ctur
e an
d En
viro
nmen
t X
- -
NO
RSP
Rom
ania
N
o
At p
rese
nt, t
he a
ddre
ss sy
stem
is fu
nctio
ning
at t
he lo
cal
leve
l and
in th
e ne
ar fu
ture
it w
ill b
e in
tegr
ated
at t
he
natio
nal l
evel
with
in th
e N
atio
nal E
lect
roni
c R
egis
ter o
f St
reet
Nom
encl
atur
e.
-
- -
NO
RSP
Serb
ia
Yes
Th
e ad
dres
s reg
iste
r is t
he b
asic
and
pub
lic re
gist
er o
f ho
use
num
bers
, stre
et n
ames
and
nam
es o
f squ
ares
in a
po
pula
ted
area
.
Rep
ublic
geo
detic
au
thor
ity
X -
- N
O R
SP
Spai
n N
o Th
e Sp
anis
h A
ddre
ss S
yste
m is
bas
ed o
n st
reet
num
bers
, lin
ked
to a
stre
et a
nd g
roup
ed in
stre
et c
odes
.
X X
- N
O R
SP
Swed
en
Yes
The
loca
l aut
horit
y is
resp
onsi
ble
for s
treet
nam
es a
nd
num
bers
. Lan
tmät
erie
t is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r geo
-ref
eren
ces.
The
Swed
ish
Post
and
Tele
com
Aut
horit
y (P
TS) i
s re
spon
sible
for t
he p
ost c
odes
. The
Sw
edis
h Ta
x A
utho
rity
is re
spon
sibl
e fo
r nat
iona
l reg
istra
tion.
Fro
m a
pr
oces
s of c
olla
bora
tion
betw
een
thes
e fo
ur a
utho
ritie
s yo
u ca
n ex
tract
all
kind
s of i
nfor
mat
ion.
The
Swed
ish
Tax
Aut
horit
y - T
he
Swed
ish
Com
pani
es
Reg
istra
tion
Offi
ce
X X
- N
O R
SP
40
Pres
ence
of
a c
ode
syst
em fo
r m
unic
ipal
ities
an
d st
reet
s
Pres
ence
of
geo-
refe
renc
ed d
ata
for
addr
esse
s R
equi
rem
ent
of a
rec
ordi
ng
of th
e ad
dres
ses
of th
e la
nd
owne
rs
Req
uire
men
t of
info
rmin
g th
e pr
evio
us
owne
r ab
out
chan
ge in
ow
ners
hip,
by
the
new
ow
ner
Add
ress
rec
orde
d
How
do
you
iden
tify
the
actu
al
loca
tion
of th
e ow
ner?
A
ctua
l ad
dres
s of
the
owne
r
Add
ress
pr
esen
t in
the
docu
men
t of
the
tran
sact
ion
Arm
enia
Y
es
No
NO
RSP
N
o N
o N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Geo
refe
renc
ing
of a
ddre
sses
is a
vaila
ble
only
via
con
nect
ion
of te
xtua
l dat
a on
pr
oper
ty a
ddre
sses
with
dig
ital m
aps
thro
ugh
cada
stra
l num
bers
of p
rope
rty
units
.
Aus
tria
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X Th
e do
cum
ent i
s cer
tifie
d by
the
loca
l au
thor
ity.
Bel
arus
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es1
- X
The
docu
men
t is s
ubm
itted
whi
le
appl
ying
for r
egis
tratio
n.
Bel
gium
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X In
gen
eral
, we
do n
ot v
erify
if th
e ad
dres
s pre
sent
ed in
the
docu
men
t is s
till
“act
ual”
.
Bul
gari
a Y
es
No
No
Yes
N
o2 -
X O
nly
addr
esse
s, pr
esen
ted
in th
e do
cum
ents
, are
reco
rded
in th
e sy
stem
.
Cyp
rus
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
-
X In
coo
pera
tion
with
the
Civ
il R
egis
try
and
loca
l aut
horit
ies
Den
mar
k Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X N
O R
SP
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
- X
Land
Reg
istry
relie
s on
the
"add
ress
for
serv
ice"
pro
vide
d by
the
owne
r E
ston
ia
No
Yes
Y
es
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Finl
and
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
-
X
The
parti
cipa
nts o
f the
tran
sact
ion
are
iden
tifie
d by
the
publ
ic p
urch
ase
witn
ess.
We
chec
k th
e ad
dres
s of t
he o
wne
r with
th
e he
lp o
f the
Pop
ulat
ion
Reg
iste
r.
Geo
rgia
N
o Y
es
Yes
N
o N
o -
X O
wne
rs a
re n
otifi
ed b
y SM
S at
the
tele
phon
e nu
mbe
r the
y in
dica
te u
pon
subm
issi
on o
f an
appl
icat
ion.
Ir
elan
d N
O R
SP
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
- X
NO
RSP
Is
rael
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Yes
N
o N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Th
e tra
nsfe
r dee
d m
ust b
e si
gned
in
pers
on in
the
pres
ence
of t
he R
egis
trar o
r in
the
pres
ence
of a
law
yer
1.In
Bel
arus
, if t
he tr
ansf
er is
the
resu
lt of
a c
ontra
ct, b
oth
parti
es (o
r the
ir re
pres
enta
tives
) sho
uld
appl
y fo
r reg
istra
tion.
This
is so
unl
ess i
n th
e co
ntra
ct it
is st
ated
a ri
ght t
o ap
ply
for o
nly
one
party
.2.
In B
ulga
ria, t
his i
s tru
e on
ly w
hen
ther
e is
succ
essi
on in
the
chan
ge o
f ow
ners
hip.
3.In
Eng
land
and
Wal
es, n
ot a
ll ap
plic
atio
ns fo
r reg
istra
tion
requ
ire th
at th
e pr
evio
us o
wne
r is n
otifi
ed. T
his i
s dow
n to
Lan
d R
egis
try d
iscr
etio
n.
83Survey on Land Administration Systems
40
Pres
ence
of
a c
ode
syst
em fo
r m
unic
ipal
ities
an
d st
reet
s
Pres
ence
of
geo-
refe
renc
ed d
ata
for
addr
esse
s R
equi
rem
ent
of a
rec
ordi
ng
of th
e ad
dres
ses
of th
e la
nd
owne
rs
Req
uire
men
t of
info
rmin
g th
e pr
evio
us
owne
r ab
out
chan
ge in
ow
ners
hip,
by
the
new
ow
ner
Add
ress
rec
orde
d
How
do
you
iden
tify
the
actu
al
loca
tion
of th
e ow
ner?
A
ctua
l ad
dres
s of
the
owne
r
Add
ress
pr
esen
t in
the
docu
men
t of
the
tran
sact
ion
Arm
enia
Y
es
No
NO
RSP
N
o N
o N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Geo
refe
renc
ing
of a
ddre
sses
is a
vaila
ble
only
via
con
nect
ion
of te
xtua
l dat
a on
pr
oper
ty a
ddre
sses
with
dig
ital m
aps
thro
ugh
cada
stra
l num
bers
of p
rope
rty
units
.
Aus
tria
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X Th
e do
cum
ent i
s cer
tifie
d by
the
loca
l au
thor
ity.
Bel
arus
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es1
- X
The
docu
men
t is s
ubm
itted
whi
le
appl
ying
for r
egis
tratio
n.
Bel
gium
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X In
gen
eral
, we
do n
ot v
erify
if th
e ad
dres
s pre
sent
ed in
the
docu
men
t is s
till
“act
ual”
.
Bul
gari
a Y
es
No
No
Yes
N
o2 -
X O
nly
addr
esse
s, pr
esen
ted
in th
e do
cum
ents
, are
reco
rded
in th
e sy
stem
.
Cyp
rus
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
-
X In
coo
pera
tion
with
the
Civ
il R
egis
try
and
loca
l aut
horit
ies
Den
mar
k Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
o -
X N
O R
SP
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
- X
Land
Reg
istry
relie
s on
the
"add
ress
for
serv
ice"
pro
vide
d by
the
owne
r E
ston
ia
No
Yes
Y
es
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Finl
and
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
-
X
The
parti
cipa
nts o
f the
tran
sact
ion
are
iden
tifie
d by
the
publ
ic p
urch
ase
witn
ess.
We
chec
k th
e ad
dres
s of t
he o
wne
r with
th
e he
lp o
f the
Pop
ulat
ion
Reg
iste
r.
Geo
rgia
N
o Y
es
Yes
N
o N
o -
X O
wne
rs a
re n
otifi
ed b
y SM
S at
the
tele
phon
e nu
mbe
r the
y in
dica
te u
pon
subm
issi
on o
f an
appl
icat
ion.
Ir
elan
d N
O R
SP
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
- X
NO
RSP
Is
rael
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Yes
N
o N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Th
e tra
nsfe
r dee
d m
ust b
e si
gned
in
pers
on in
the
pres
ence
of t
he R
egis
trar o
r in
the
pres
ence
of a
law
yer
1.In
Bel
arus
, if t
he tr
ansf
er is
the
resu
lt of
a c
ontra
ct, b
oth
parti
es (o
r the
ir re
pres
enta
tives
) sho
uld
appl
y fo
r reg
istra
tion.
This
is so
unl
ess i
n th
e co
ntra
ct it
is st
ated
a ri
ght t
o ap
ply
for o
nly
one
party
.2.
In B
ulga
ria, t
his i
s tru
e on
ly w
hen
ther
e is
succ
essi
on in
the
chan
ge o
f ow
ners
hip.
3.In
Eng
land
and
Wal
es, n
ot a
ll ap
plic
atio
ns fo
r reg
istra
tion
requ
ire th
at th
e pr
evio
us o
wne
r is n
otifi
ed. T
his i
s dow
n to
Lan
d R
egis
try d
iscr
etio
n.
84 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Pr
esen
ce o
f a
cod
e
syst
em fo
r m
unic
ipal
ities
an
d st
reet
s
Pres
ence
of
geo-
refe
renc
ed d
ata
for
addr
esse
s R
equi
rem
ent
of a
rec
ordi
ng
of th
e ad
dres
ses
of th
e la
nd
owne
rs
Req
uire
men
t of
info
rmin
g th
e pr
evio
us
owne
r ab
out
chan
ge in
ow
ners
hip,
by
the
new
ow
ner
Add
ress
rec
orde
d
How
do
you
iden
tify
the
actu
al
loca
tion
of th
e ow
ner?
Act
ual
addr
ess o
f th
e ow
ner
Add
ress
pr
esen
t in
the
docu
men
t of
the
tran
sact
ion
Ital
y Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
This
act
ivity
doe
s no
t fa
ll un
der
the
com
pete
nce
of A
genz
ia d
el T
errit
orio
. If
nece
ssar
y as
a
supp
ort
for
othe
r in
stitu
tiona
l act
iviti
es, i
t can
be
iden
tifie
d th
roug
h th
e C
entra
l Tax
Reg
iste
r. K
yrgy
zsta
n Y
es
Yes
N
o Y
es
NO
-
X
N/A
Lat
via
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
No
- X
Dec
lare
d ad
dres
sees
of
phys
ical
per
sons
ar
e ta
ken
from
the
Pop
ulat
ion
Reg
iste
r. D
ecla
red
addr
esse
es o
f ju
ridic
al p
erso
ns
are
take
n fro
m th
e En
terp
rise
Reg
iste
r.
Lith
uani
a Y
es
Yes
Y
es
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Mal
ta
Yes
N
o N
o N
o N
O R
SP
- N
O R
SP
The
appl
ican
t pro
vide
s us w
ith a
land
re
gist
ry p
lan.
T
he
Net
herl
ands
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
X
- It
is re
cord
ed in
the
mun
icip
ality
whe
re
he/s
he li
ves.
Rom
ania
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Serb
ia
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
-
X
Pers
onal
iden
tific
atio
n.
Spai
n Y
es
Yes
N
o Y
es
Yes
1 -
X
Add
ress
in d
ocum
ent w
hich
is th
e ba
se
for t
he tr
ansa
ctio
n
Swed
en
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
X
-
NO
RSP
1.
In S
pain
, the
regi
stra
tion
of th
e ne
w o
wne
r req
uire
s the
con
sent
of t
he p
revi
ous o
wne
r giv
en a
nd re
flect
ed in
the
publ
ic d
ocum
ent w
hich
is th
e ba
se fo
r the
tran
sact
ion
85Survey on Land Administration Systems
Yes
N
o T
itle
Reg
iste
r R
egis
ter
of
Dee
ds
Bot
h O
ther
rec
ords
Pa
rcel
Id
entif
ier
Titl
e N
umbe
r L
egal
R
ight
s Pu
rcha
se
Pri
ce P
aid
Exi
sten
ce o
f se
cure
d lo
an
Arm
enia
X
X
- -
- X
X X
Aus
tria
X
- X
- -
- X
- -
Bel
arus
X
- -
- -
X X
X X
Bel
gium
X
- X
- X
- X
X X
Bul
gari
a X
- X
- -
X X
X X
Cyp
rus
X -
- X
- -
X X
X
Den
mar
k X
- -
- -
X X
X X
Eng
land
and
W
ales
X
- -
X -
- X
X X
Est
onia
X
- -
X -
- X
X -
Finl
and
X -
X -
- -
X X
-
Geo
rgia
X
- X
- -
- X
- X
Irel
and
X -
- -
- X
X X
X
Isra
el
X -
- -
- X
X -
X
Ital
y X
- -
- -
X X
- -
Kyr
gyzs
tan
X
X -
- -
X -
-
Lat
via
X -
X X
- -
X X
X
Lith
uani
a X
- -
- -
X X
X X
Mal
ta
X -
- X
- -
X -
X
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
X -
- -
X -
X X
X
Rom
ania
X
- X
- -
- X
X X
Serb
ia
X -
X -
- -
X -
X
Spai
n X
- X
- -
- X
X X
Swed
en
X -
X -
- -
X X
-
86 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Lev
el a
t whi
ch
the
syst
em is
ad
min
iste
red
and
mai
ntai
ned
Form
at fo
r re
cord
ke
epin
g R
estr
ictio
n on
th
e pu
blic
in
spec
tion
of
the
data
Is th
e sy
stem
of
prop
erty
tr
ansf
er/la
nd
regi
stra
tion
guar
ante
ed b
y th
e St
ate?
Is th
ere
a sy
stem
for
esta
blis
hing
pr
iori
ty r
ules
fo
r ap
plic
atio
ns?
Perc
enta
ge o
f ap
plic
atio
ns
reco
rded
a
chan
ge o
f ow
ners
hip
in
2011
Num
ber
of p
rope
rtie
s tra
nsfe
rred
in 2
011
(if r
ecor
ds a
re m
aint
aine
d)?
Ele
ctro
nic
Pape
r Fr
om st
ate
to
pri
vate
se
ctor
With
in
Priv
ate
Sect
or
How
man
y M
ortg
ages
re
gist
ered
?
Arm
enia
N
atio
nal
X X
Yes
1 Y
es
Yes
40
%
6,17
1 41
,936
26
,776
Aus
tria
N
atio
nal
X -
No
Yes
Y
es
20-4
0%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Bel
arus
N
atio
nal
X X
No
Yes
Y
es
30%
50
,000
17
0,00
0 13
0,00
0
Bel
gium
N
atio
nal
X X
No
No
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Bul
gari
a N
atio
nal
X X
No
Yes
Y
es
30%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
33
,477
Cyp
rus
Nat
iona
l X
X Y
es
No
Yes
64
%
NO
RSP
30
,000
38
,000
Den
mar
k N
atio
nal
X -
Yes
Y
es
Yes
9%
N
O R
SP
168,
000
1,41
6,00
0 E
ngla
nd a
nd
Wal
es
Nat
iona
l X
X N
o Y
es
Yes
16
%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Est
onia
N
atio
nal
X -
Yes
Y
es
Yes
5%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Finl
and
Nat
iona
l X
- N
o Y
es
Yes
40
%
NO
RSP
10
0,00
0 15
0,00
0
Geo
rgia
N
atio
nal
X X
No
Yes
N
o 40
%
4,68
8 66
,682
65
,449
Irel
and
Nat
iona
l X
- N
o Y
es
Yes
50
%
NO
RSP
70
,000
54
,000
Isra
el
Nat
iona
l X
X N
o Y
es
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Ital
y N
atio
nal
X X
No
No
Yes
56
%
NO
RSP
1,
886,
054
559,
542
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Nat
iona
l X
- Y
es
Yes
Y
es
27%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
66
,602
Lat
via
Nat
iona
l X
X N
o Y
es
Yes
39
.3%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
18
,800
Lith
uani
a N
atio
nal
X -
Yes
Y
es
Yes
71
%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Mal
ta
Nat
iona
l X
X Y
es
Yes
Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
The
Net
herl
ands
N
atio
nal
X -
No
No
Yes
40
%
3,00
0 12
0,00
0 24
0,00
0
Rom
ania
N
atio
nal
X X
NO
RSP
Y
es
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Serb
ia
Nat
iona
l X
X Y
es
Yes
Y
es
40%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
96
,500
Spai
n N
atio
nal
X X
NO
RSP
Y
es
Yes
48
%
11,5
00
1,63
0,00
0 66
0,00
0
Swed
en
Nat
iona
l X
- N
o Y
es
Yes
25
%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
1.A
rmen
ia: E
very
ow
ner o
r rig
ht h
olde
r may
requ
est a
nd in
spec
t onl
y hi
s/he
r rec
ords
.
87Survey on Land Administration Systems
A
ppro
xim
ate
perc
enta
ge o
f ara
ble
land
(if r
ecor
ds a
re m
aint
aine
d)
Lan
d re
gist
ratio
n fin
anci
ng
Cos
t of o
pera
ting
the
land
title
and
re
gist
ratio
n sy
stem
in 2
011
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slat
ion
unde
r th
e la
nd a
nd ti
tle r
egis
trat
ion
syst
em
In
Pri
vate
O
wne
rshi
p In
Sta
te
Ow
ners
hip
Ren
ted
from
th
e St
ate
By
Fee
Inco
me
Gov
ernm
ent
Fund
ing
Oth
er
Arm
enia
97
.21
2.8%
28
.9
100%
-
- EU
R
5.7
M
The
Civ
il C
ode,
The
Lan
d C
ode,
The
Law
on
Stat
e R
egis
tratio
n of
Rig
hts t
o Im
mov
able
Pr
oper
ty
Aus
tria
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Land
Reg
istry
Law
Bel
arus
0%
10
0%
100%
10
0%
- -
NO
RSP
Th
e La
w o
n St
ate
Reg
istra
tion
of R
eal P
rope
rty
Obj
ects,
Rig
hts a
nd B
arga
ins (
22/0
7/20
02)
Bel
gium
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Mor
tgag
e A
ct a
nd C
ivil
Cod
e
Bul
gari
a N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
- 10
0%
- EU
R
3.7
M
Law
on
cada
ster a
nd p
rope
rty re
gist
er, R
ules
of
regi
stry
, Law
for p
rivat
e no
tary
act
iviti
es
Cyp
rus
39%
8%
2%
10
0%
- -
EUR
14
2 M
The
land
regi
stra
tion
is ad
min
iste
red
unde
r se
vera
l law
s dea
ling
with
the
regi
stra
tion,
te
nure
, val
uatio
n, p
rope
rty tr
ansf
ers,
mor
tgag
es,
inhe
ritan
ces,
cada
stra
l sur
veyi
ng a
nd
man
agem
ent o
f sta
te la
nd.
Den
mar
k
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
- 10
0%
-
Uds
tykn
ings
love
n Ti
ngly
snin
gslo
ven
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
76
%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
100%
-
- EU
R
329
M
Land
Reg
istra
tion
Act
200
2, L
and
Reg
istra
tion
Rul
es 2
003,
Lan
d R
egis
tratio
n (O
pen
Reg
iste
r) R
ules
199
0, F
inan
ce A
cts
Est
onia
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
- 10
0%
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Finl
and
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
50
%
50%
-
EUR
80
0,00
0
The
Land
Reg
iste
r con
sists
of t
itles
and
m
ortg
ages
. The
Cad
aste
r is a
sepa
rate
regi
ster
of
the
cada
stra
l uni
ts
Geo
rgia
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
94%
1%
5%
EU
R
21 M
Law
on
Publ
ic R
egis
try
Civ
il C
ode
of G
eorg
ia
Adm
inist
rativ
e C
ode
of G
eorg
ia
Publ
ic R
egist
ry, a
lega
l ent
ity o
f Pub
lic L
aw
unde
r Min
istry
of J
ustic
e of
Geo
rgia
In
stru
ctio
n on
Pub
lic R
egis
try a
ppro
ved
by th
e O
rder
of t
he M
inist
ry o
f Jus
tice
of G
eorg
ia
1.
24
.4%
of t
his p
rivat
e ow
ned
land
is c
omm
unity
ow
ned.
88 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
A
ppro
xim
ate
perc
enta
ge o
f ara
ble
land
(if r
ecor
ds a
re m
aint
aine
d)
Lan
d re
gist
ratio
n fin
anci
ng
Cos
t of o
pera
ting
the
land
title
and
re
gist
ratio
n sy
stem
in 2
011
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slatio
n un
der
the
land
and
title
reg
istr
atio
n sy
stem
In P
riva
te
Ow
ners
hip
In S
tate
O
wne
rshi
p R
ente
d fr
om
the
Stat
e B
y Fe
e In
com
e G
over
nmen
t Fu
ndin
g O
ther
Irel
and
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
20
%
80%
-
EUR
40 M
R
egis
tratio
n of
Dee
ds a
nd T
itle
Act
, 200
6 La
nd R
egis
try R
ules
Isra
el
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
La
nd L
aw 1
969
Land
Reg
ulat
ions
201
1 (a
nd it
s pr
edec
esso
r fro
m 1
970)
It
aly
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
-
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
86.0
7%
13.9
3%
NO
RSP
10
0%
- -
EUR
5,48
9 M
Land
Cod
e, L
aw o
n re
gist
ratio
n, C
ivil
code
, Law
on
mor
tgag
e, R
ules
on
regi
stra
tion
Lat
via
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
-
100%
-
EUR
4.7
M
Land
Reg
iste
r Law
, Civ
il La
w
Lith
uani
a N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
100%
-
- EU
R 1.
97 M
Civ
il C
ode
of th
e R
epub
lic o
f Lith
uani
a La
w o
n th
e R
eal P
rope
rty R
egis
ter o
f the
R
epub
lic o
f Lith
uani
a La
w o
n th
e R
eal
Prop
erty
Cad
aste
r of t
he R
epub
lic o
f Li
thua
nia
Reg
ulat
ions
of t
he R
eal P
rope
rty
Reg
iste
r Reg
ulat
ions
of t
he R
eal P
rope
rty
Cad
aste
r M
alta
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
- 10
0%
- N
O R
SP
Cha
pter
296
of t
he L
aws o
f Mal
ta.
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
90%
5%
5%
10
0%
- -
EUR
243
M
Cad
astra
l Law
, Cad
astra
l reg
ulat
ions
Rom
ania
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
no
7/
1996
on
ca
dast
er
and
land
re
gist
ratio
n C
ivil
Cod
e O
rder
no
633/
2006
of
gene
ral
dire
ctor
of
AN
CPI
O
rder
no
634/
2006
of g
ener
al d
irect
or o
f A
NC
PI
Serb
ia
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
10
0%
- -
NO
RSP
La
w o
n st
ate
surv
ey a
nd c
adas
ter
Spai
n N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
100%
-
- N
O R
SP
Mor
tgag
e A
ct (L
H)
/ Mor
tgag
e R
egul
atio
n 10
93/1
997
- C
ivil
Cod
e / R
DL
1093
/199
7 O
F 4
July
19
97
Swed
en
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
71
%
28%
-
EUR
216
M
The
Land
Cod
e Th
e R
eal P
rope
rty F
orm
atio
n A
ct
89Survey on Land Administration Systems
Pres
ence
of
geod
etic
net
wor
k to
supp
ort
land
title
re
gist
ratio
n
Req
uire
men
t of
a m
ap
by
the
regi
stra
tion
syst
em
Syst
em in
use
by
the
Lan
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n Pe
rcen
tage
of
land
m
ass
map
ped
Scal
es
used
in
m
appi
ng
Perc
enta
ge
of m
ap h
eld
in d
igita
l fo
rm
Dig
ital
info
rmat
ion
data
form
at
(if p
rese
nt)
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
of
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
on
boun
dari
es o
f ow
ners
hip
and
parc
els o
f lan
d?
A sp
ecia
l C
adas
tral
m
ap
A
topo
grap
hica
l m
ap
Oth
er p
lans
or
map
s in
dica
ting
owne
rshi
p lim
its
Arm
enia
Y
es
Yes
X
X -
100%
1:1,
000
1:2,
000
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
1:
50,0
00
1:10
0,00
0
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, int
egra
ted
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Aus
tria
Y
es
Yes
X
- -
100%
1:
1,00
0 1:
2,00
0 1:
5,00
0 C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Bel
arus
Y
es
No
X -
- 10
0%
1:2,
000
1:10
,000
1:
100,
000
Partl
y R
aste
r /V
ecto
r Y
es, i
nteg
rate
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Bel
gium
N
o N
o X
- -
>80%
1:
2,00
0 C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Bul
gari
a Y
es
Yes
X
- X
100%
1:
1,00
0 1:
5,00
0
Partl
y A
ppro
x.
85%
V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Cyp
rus
Yes
Y
es
X -
- 10
0%
1:1,
000
1:2,
000
1:5,
000
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, int
egra
ted
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Den
mar
k Y
es
Yes
-
X X
100%
1:
10,0
00
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, not
link
ed w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
Yes
-
X X
100%
1:
2,50
0 1:
10,0
00
1:10
0,00
0 C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Est
onia
Y
es
Yes
-
X X
100%
1:
10,0
00
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Finl
and
Yes
N
o -
X X
100%
1:
1,00
0 1:
10,0
00
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Geo
rgia
Y
es
Yes
X
- -
100%
1:
50,0
00
Com
plet
ely
Ras
ter
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
90 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Pres
ence
of
geod
etic
net
wor
k to
supp
ort
land
title
re
gist
ratio
n
Req
uire
men
t of
a m
ap
by
the
regi
stra
tion
syst
em
Syst
em in
use
by
the
Lan
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n Pe
rcen
tage
of
land
m
ass
map
ped
Scal
es
used
in
m
appi
ng
Perc
enta
ge
of m
ap h
eld
in d
igita
l fo
rm
Dig
ital
info
rmat
ion
data
form
at
(if p
rese
nt)
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
of
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
on
boun
dari
es o
f ow
ners
hip
and
parc
els o
f lan
d?
A sp
ecia
l C
adas
tral
m
ap
A
topo
grap
hica
l m
ap
Oth
er p
lans
or
map
s in
dica
ting
owne
rshi
p lim
its
Irel
and
Yes
Y
es
- X
- 10
0%
1:1,
000
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
1:
100,
000
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, int
egra
ted
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Isra
el
Yes
Y
es
X -
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
91Survey on Land Administration Systems
Pres
ence
of
geod
etic
net
wor
k to
supp
ort
land
title
re
gist
ratio
n
Req
uire
men
t of
a m
ap
by
the
regi
stra
tion
syst
em
Syst
em in
use
by
the
Lan
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n Pe
rcen
tage
of
land
m
ass
map
ped
Scal
es
used
in
m
appi
ng
Perc
enta
ge
of m
ap h
eld
in d
igita
l fo
rm
Dig
ital
info
rmat
ion
data
form
at
(if p
rese
nt)
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
of
rec
ordi
ng d
ata
on
boun
dari
es o
f ow
ners
hip
and
parc
els o
f lan
d?
A sp
ecia
l C
adas
tral
m
ap
A
topo
grap
hica
l m
ap
Oth
er p
lans
or
map
s ind
icat
ing
owne
rshi
p lim
its
Ital
y Y
es
Yes
-
X X
100%
1:
1,00
0 1:
2,00
0 C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Yes
Y
es
- X
- >8
0%
1:2,
000
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
Partl
y (9
0%)
Vec
tor
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip1
Lat
via
Yes
Y
es
X X
X 10
0%
1:1,
000
1:2,
000
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
1:
50,0
00
1:10
0,00
0
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Lith
uani
a Y
es
Yes
X
X X
100%
1:1,
000
1:2,
000
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
1:
50,0
00
Com
plet
ely
Ras
ter
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Mal
ta
No
Yes
-
X X
20-4
0%
1:1,
000
Not
at a
ll R
aste
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
Yes
N
o X
- -
100%
1:5,
000
1:10
,000
1:
50,0
00
1:10
0,00
0
Com
plet
ely
Vec
tor
Yes
, lin
ked
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Rom
ania
Y
es
Yes
X
- -
NO
RSP
1:
5,00
0 Pa
rtly
Vec
tor
Yes
, int
egra
ted
with
re
gist
er o
f ow
ners
hip
Serb
ia
Yes
Y
es
X -
- 10
0%
1:1,
000
1:5,
000
Partl
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Spai
n Y
es
No
X -
- N
O R
SP
1:50
,000
C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, l
inke
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
Swed
en
No
No
X -
- 10
0%
1:1,
000
1:2,
000
1:10
0,00
0 C
ompl
etel
y V
ecto
r Y
es, i
nteg
rate
d w
ith
regi
ster
of o
wne
rshi
p
1.So
ftwar
e be
ing
crea
ted.
92 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Lev
el a
t w
hich
the
syst
em is
ad
min
iste
red
Tot
al
estim
ated
nu
mbe
r of
land
pa
rcel
s
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
la
nd p
arce
ls
reco
rded
on
the
title
s reg
iste
r at
31
/12/
2011
?
Cor
ner
poin
ts
are
surv
eyed
to
dete
rmin
e ne
w
regi
ster
ed
boun
dari
es
on n
ew
deve
lopm
ents
Def
initi
on o
f re
gist
ered
par
cel
boun
dari
es
Surv
ey te
chni
que
Map
rec
ords
fo
rmat
Is
ther
e an
y re
stri
ctio
n on
th
e pu
blic
in
spec
tion
of
the
data
? Pr
ecis
ely
In
gene
ral
term
s
Lan
d Su
rvey
Aer
ial
Phot
ogra
mm
etry
Pa
per
Dig
ital
Arm
enia
N
atio
nal
2,00
0,00
0 1,
500,
000
Yes
X
- X
X -
X N
o
Aus
tria
N
atio
nal
11,5
00,0
00
11,5
00,0
00
Yes
X
- X
- -
X N
o
Bel
arus
N
atio
nal
5,
000,
000
1,65
0,00
0 Y
es
X -
X X
- X
Yes
Bel
gium
N
atio
nal
NO
RSP
10
,091
,576
N
o X
- X
- -
X Y
es
Bul
gari
a R
egio
nal
13,0
00,0
00
11,0
00,0
00
Yes
X
- X
- X
X N
o
Cyp
rus
Nat
iona
l 1,
577,
000
1,51
3,92
0 Y
es
X -
X -
X X
Yes
Den
mar
k N
atio
nal
2,50
0,00
0 2,
500,
000
Yes
X
- X
- -
X N
o E
ngla
nd
and
Wal
es
Nat
iona
l 30
,000
,000
24
,000
,000
N
o
X X
X -
X N
o
Est
onia
N
atio
nal
614,
756
586,
003
Yes
X
- X
- -
X N
o
Finl
and
Nat
iona
l 2,
840,
000
2,84
0,00
0 Y
es
X -
X -
- X
No
Geo
rgia
N
atio
nal
2,00
0,00
0 90
0,00
0 Y
es
X -
X X
X X
No
Irel
and
Nat
iona
l N
O R
SP
2,80
0,00
0 N
o
X X
X -
X N
o
Isra
el
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Ital
y N
atio
nal
82,0
00,0
00
NO
RSP
Y
es
X -
X -
- X
No
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Nat
iona
l 1,
765,
988
1,73
8,78
8 Y
es
- X
X -
X -
Yes
Lat
via
Nat
iona
l 99
7,23
2 99
5,44
1 Y
es
X -
X -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Yes
Lith
uani
a N
atio
nal
2,10
0,00
0 20
7,10
0 Y
es
X -
X -
- X
No
Mal
ta
Nat
iona
l N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
o
X X
X X
X N
o T
he
Net
herl
ands
N
atio
nal
6,50
0,00
0 6,
500,
000
No
X -
X X
- X
No
Rom
ania
N
atio
nal
50,0
00,0
00
12,0
00,0
00
Yes
X
- X
- X
X N
o
Serb
ia
Nat
iona
l 18
,511
,772
18
,511
,772
Y
es
X -
X X
X X
Yes
Spai
n R
egio
nal
80,0
00,0
00
NO
RSP
N
o
X X
X -
X Y
es
Swed
en
Reg
iona
l 2,
500,
000
2,50
0,00
0 Y
es
X -
X -
- X
No
93Survey on Land Administration Systems
Ext
ent t
o w
hich
pri
vate
com
pani
es
are
used
in su
rvey
ing
new
bou
ndar
ies
How
man
y se
para
te
parc
els w
ere
surv
eyed
as a
re
sult
of
phys
ical
ch
ange
s du
ring
201
1?
Fina
ncin
g of
the
natio
nal
surv
ey a
nd r
ecor
ding
of
parc
el b
ound
arie
s T
otal
ann
ual
mai
nten
ance
co
st fo
r th
e na
tiona
l su
rvey
and
re
cord
ing
parc
el
boun
dari
es
Tot
al
annu
al
inve
stm
ent
cost
in
furt
her
deve
lopm
ents
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slat
ion
unde
r w
hich
the
topo
grap
hica
l cad
astr
al
surv
ey o
r pa
rcel
and
bo
unda
ry r
ecor
ding
is
adm
inis
tere
d E
xclu
sive
In
conj
unct
ion
with
go
vern
men
t em
ploy
ees
Not
us
ed
Gov
. Fu
ndin
g Fe
es
Oth
er
Arm
enia
X
- -
+/- 3
0,00
0 10
0%
- -
EUR
20
2,00
0 N
O R
SP
RA
Law
on
“Geo
desy
and
M
appi
ng”
and
othe
r nor
mat
ive
acts
A
ustr
ia
X -
- N
O R
SP
100%
-
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
La
nd S
urve
y
Bel
arus
-
X -
NO
RSP
80
%
20%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
The
Stat
e Pr
oper
ty C
omm
ittee
D
ecre
e "O
n la
nd p
arce
l bou
ndar
y de
finiti
on a
nd re
stor
atio
n" (№
470
ap
prov
ed 2
3.12
.201
0)
Bel
gium
-
X -
NO
RSP
10
0%
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Bul
gari
a X
- -
25,0
00
100%
-
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Law
on
cada
ster
and
pro
perty
re
gist
ratio
n, L
aw o
n ge
odes
y an
d ca
rtogr
aphy
, Reg
ulat
ion
3/20
05 o
n th
e co
nten
t, cr
eatio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f cad
astra
l map
and
ca
dast
ral r
egis
ters
C
ypru
s -
X -
12,0
00
70%
30
%
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Den
mar
k X
- -
6,30
0 -
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Subd
ivis
ion
Act
of t
he N
atio
nal
Cad
aste
r Age
ncy
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
-
- X
0 -
100%
-
EUR
14
3 M
EU
R
23.5
M
Est
onia
X
- -
14,0
49
- -
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
La
nd C
adas
ter A
ct
Finl
and
- X
- 30
,000
-
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Cad
astra
l Sur
veyi
ng A
ct
Geo
rgia
X
- -
NO
RSP
-
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
on
Publ
ic R
egis
try
Inst
ruct
ion
on P
ublic
Reg
istry
ap
prov
ed b
y th
e O
rder
of t
he
Min
istry
of J
ustic
e of
Geo
rgia
Ir
elan
d -
X -
NO
RSP
40
%
60%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Is
rael
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
-
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
94 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Ext
ent t
o w
hich
pri
vate
com
pani
es
are
used
in su
rvey
ing
new
bou
ndar
ies
How
man
y se
para
te
parc
els w
ere
surv
eyed
as a
re
sult
of
phys
ical
ch
ange
s du
ring
201
1?
Fina
ncin
g of
the
natio
nal
surv
ey a
nd r
ecor
ding
of
parc
el b
ound
arie
s T
otal
ann
ual
mai
nten
ance
co
st fo
r th
e na
tiona
l su
rvey
and
re
cord
ing
parc
el
boun
dari
es
Tot
al
annu
al
inve
stm
ent
cost
in
furt
her
deve
lopm
ents
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slat
ion
unde
r w
hich
the
topo
grap
hica
l cad
astr
al
surv
ey o
r pa
rcel
and
bo
unda
ry r
ecor
ding
is
adm
inis
tere
d E
xclu
sive
In
conj
unct
ion
with
go
vern
men
t em
ploy
ees
Not
us
ed
Gov
. Fu
ndin
g Fe
es
Oth
er
Ital
y X
- -
NO
RSP
10
0%
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
- -
X N
O R
SP
- 10
0%
-1 N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
La
nd c
ode,
Law
on
regi
stra
tion,
R
ules
on
regi
stra
tion
Lat
via
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
- -
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Lith
uani
a -
X -
NO
RSP
-
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
on
the
Rea
l Pro
perty
Reg
iste
r of
the
Rep
ublic
of L
ithua
nia
Law
on
the
Rea
l Pro
perty
Cad
aste
r of t
he R
epub
lic
of L
ithua
nia
Law
on
Geo
desy
and
C
arto
grap
hy o
f the
Rep
ublic
of
Lith
uani
a R
egul
atio
ns o
f the
Rea
l Pr
oper
ty R
egis
ter R
egul
atio
ns o
f the
R
eal P
rope
rty C
adas
ter
Mal
ta
- -
X N
O R
SP
- -
- N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
C
hapt
er 2
96 o
f the
Law
s of M
alta
hi
ghlig
hts t
he re
quis
ites w
hen
subm
ittin
g pl
ans.
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
- X
- 80
,000
10
0%
- -
EUR
53
M
EUR
10
M
Cad
astra
l law
Rom
ania
X
- -
NO
RSP
1%
-
99%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Law
no
7/19
96 o
n ca
daste
r and
land
re
gist
ratio
n O
rder
no
633/
2006
of g
ener
al d
irect
or o
f A
NC
PI
Ord
er n
o 63
4/20
06 o
f gen
eral
dire
ctor
of
AN
CPI
Se
rbia
X
- -
NO
RSP
10
0%
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
on
stat
e su
rvey
and
cad
aste
r
Spai
n -
X -
NO
RSP
-
- -
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Real
Dec
reto
Leg
isla
tivo
1/20
04,
Pass
ed o
n 5
Mar
ch, A
RT.
9LH
A
ND
51
RH
.
Swed
en
- -
X 6,
000
- 10
0%
- EU
R
74.5
M
NO
RSP
Th
e La
nd C
ode
The
Rea
l Pro
perty
For
mat
ion
Act
1 F
inan
ced
by th
e W
orld
Ban
k pr
ojec
t (eq
uipm
ent,
tech
nolo
gy e
tc)
95Survey on Land Administration Systems
Pres
ence
of
stan
dard
la
nd u
se
clas
sific
atio
n sy
stem
Bod
y re
spon
sibl
e fo
r m
aint
aini
ng
the
syst
em
Pres
ence
of a
uni
fied
syst
em fo
r co
llect
ing
info
rmat
ion
on th
e di
stri
butio
n of
land
use
fo
r th
e w
hole
cou
ntry
Lev
el a
t whi
ch
the
syst
em is
ad
min
iste
red
and
mai
ntai
ned
Ext
ent t
o w
hich
the
coun
try
is c
over
ed
Wha
t met
hod
of d
ata
colle
ctio
n is
use
d?
Form
at in
whi
ch
the
data
is h
eld
Com
plet
e ce
nsus
Sa
mpl
e of
pa
rcel
s Pa
per
Dig
ital
Arm
enia
Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
Y
es
Nat
iona
l X
- M
appi
ng S
yste
m
X X
Aus
tria
Y
es
Reg
iona
l or
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
No
Nat
iona
l/pro
vinc
ial
X -
Map
ping
syst
em
- X
Bel
arus
Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
St
ate
Prop
erty
C
omm
ittee
Y
es
Nat
iona
l -
X
Dat
a on
land
use
is
reco
rded
in th
e re
gist
er o
n th
e ba
sis o
f the
mun
icip
ality
do
cum
ents
supp
lied
whi
le
appl
ying
for t
he p
rope
rty
crea
tion
or it
's m
odifi
catio
n
- X
Bel
gium
Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
Y
es
Nat
iona
l -
X Th
roug
h an
othe
r ad
min
istra
tive
syst
em
- X
Bul
gari
a Y
es
Reg
iona
l or
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
Yes
R
egio
nal
X -
Thro
ugh
anot
her
adm
inis
trativ
e sy
stem
X
X
Cyp
rus
Yes
N
atio
nal M
inis
try
Yes
N
atio
nal
X -
Map
ping
syst
em
- X
Den
mar
k Y
es
Reg
iona
l or
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Th
roug
h an
othe
r ad
min
istra
tive
syst
em
- X
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
Y
es
Nat
iona
l X
- Fi
eld
Surv
ey
- X
Est
onia
Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
Y
es
Nat
iona
l X
- Fi
eld
Surv
ey
- X
Finl
and
Yes
N
atio
nal M
inis
try
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Geo
rgia
N
o R
egio
nal o
r lo
cal g
over
nmen
t N
o N
atio
nal
- X
Fiel
d Su
rvey
X
X
Irel
and
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
NO
RSP
96 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Pres
ence
of
stan
dard
la
nd u
se
clas
sific
atio
n sy
stem
Bod
y re
spon
sibl
e fo
r m
aint
aini
ng
the
syst
em
Pres
ence
of a
uni
fied
syst
em fo
r co
llect
ing
info
rmat
ion
on th
e di
stri
butio
n of
land
use
fo
r th
e w
hole
cou
ntry
Lev
el a
t whi
ch
the
syst
em is
ad
min
iste
red
and
mai
ntai
ned
Ext
ent t
o w
hich
the
coun
try
is c
over
ed
Wha
t met
hod
of d
ata
colle
ctio
n is
use
d?
Form
at in
whi
ch
the
data
is h
eld
Com
plet
e ce
nsus
Sa
mpl
e of
pa
rcel
s Pa
per
Dig
ital
Isra
el
Yes
N
atio
nal M
inis
try
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP N
O R
SP
Ital
y Y
es
Reg
iona
l or
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Yes
N
atio
nal M
inis
try
Yes
N
atio
nal
X
- Th
roug
h an
othe
r ad
min
istra
tive
syst
em
- X
Lat
via
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP N
O R
SP
Lith
uani
a Y
es
Nat
iona
l Min
istry
Y
es
Nat
iona
l X
- Ph
otog
raph
ic
surv
eyin
g -
X
Mal
ta
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
Yes
R
egio
nal o
r lo
cal g
over
nmen
t N
o R
egio
nal
X -
NO
RSP
-
X
Rom
ania
Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Serb
ia
Yes
N
atio
nal M
inis
try
Yes
R
egio
nal
X -
Fiel
d Su
rvey
X
X
Spai
n N
o R
egio
nal o
r lo
cal g
over
nmen
t N
o N
atio
nal
- X
Thro
ugh
anot
her
Adm
inis
trativ
e sy
stem
-
X
Swed
en
No
NO
RSP
Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
97Survey on Land Administration Systems
Lan
d U
se C
lass
ifica
tion
D
oes t
he la
nd U
se C
lass
ifica
tion
Syst
em id
entif
y th
e fo
llow
ing?
R
esid
entia
l C
omm
erci
al
Indu
stri
al
Agr
icul
tura
l A
rabl
e Fo
rest
O
ther
Arm
enia
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Aus
tria
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Bel
arus
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Bel
gium
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Bul
gari
a Y
es
No
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Cyp
rus
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Den
mar
k N
o N
o N
o N
o N
o N
o N
o
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Est
onia
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Finl
and
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Geo
rgia
Y
es
No
No
Yes
N
o N
o Y
es
Irel
and
No
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Isra
el
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Ital
y N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Lat
via
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Lith
uani
a Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Mal
ta
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
The
Net
herl
ands
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Rom
ania
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Serb
ia
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
Spai
n Y
es
Yes
Y
es
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Swed
en
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
98 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Is th
e da
ta
avai
labl
e fo
r en
quir
y by
the
publ
ic?
Mai
nten
ance
of
reco
rds o
f lan
d fin
anci
ng m
etho
d T
otal
cos
t of
mai
ntai
ning
land
us
e cl
assif
icat
ion
Tot
al in
vest
men
t co
st in
furt
her
deve
lopm
ent o
f la
nd u
se
clas
sific
atio
n
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slat
ion
unde
r w
hich
la
nd u
se r
ecor
ding
is a
dmin
iste
red
Gov
. Fu
nds
Fees
for
serv
ices
Arm
enia
Y
es
Not
av
aila
ble
Not
av
aila
ble
Not
ava
ilabl
e N
ot a
vaila
ble
Land
Cod
e, R
A L
aw o
n “L
ocal
Sel
f-go
vern
men
t” a
nd o
ther
nor
mat
ive
acts
Aus
tria
Y
es
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Diff
eren
t law
at t
he p
rovi
ncia
l lev
el a
nd a
nat
iona
l law
on
land
use
pla
nnin
g
Bel
arus
Y
es
- 10
0%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Stat
e pr
oper
ty C
omm
ittee
Reg
ulat
ion
"On
appr
oval
of t
he re
al p
rope
rty
clas
sific
atio
n" (№
33 a
ppro
ved
on 0
5.07
.200
4)
Bel
gium
Y
es
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Mor
tgag
e A
ct &
Civ
il C
ode
Tax
Act
s
Bul
gari
a Y
es
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
on
spat
ial p
lann
ing,
Law
on
cada
ster
and
pro
perty
regi
ster
, Reg
ulat
ion
3/20
05 o
n th
e co
nten
t, cr
eatio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f cad
astra
l map
and
ca
dast
ral r
egis
ters
Cyp
rus
Yes
60
%
40%
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Den
mar
k Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
EUR
10
6 M
N
O R
SP
Eng
land
an
d W
ales
Y
es
100%
-
EUR
16
4,00
0 N
O R
SP
Land
Use
Cha
nge
Stat
istic
s are
col
lect
ed b
y O
rdna
nce
Surv
ey th
roug
h fie
ld
and
aeria
l sur
veys
. The
dat
a is
cat
egor
ized
by
use
of u
rban
and
rura
l lan
d ty
pes.
The
data
is su
pplie
d to
Com
mun
ities
and
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t (a
natio
nal g
over
nmen
t dep
artm
ent)
and
used
for p
olic
y m
akin
g pu
rpos
es.
Est
onia
Y
es
100%
-
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Land
Cad
aste
r Act
Finl
and
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Geo
rgia
Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Irel
and
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Isra
el
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Ital
y N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Kyr
gyzs
tan
Yes
-
100%
N
ot a
vaila
ble
Not
ava
ilabl
e La
nd c
ode.
Lat
via
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
99Survey on Land Administration Systems
Is th
e da
ta
avai
labl
e fo
r en
quir
y by
the
publ
ic?
Mai
nten
ance
of
reco
rds o
f lan
d fin
anci
ng m
etho
d T
otal
cos
t of
mai
ntai
ning
land
us
e cl
assif
icat
ion
Tot
al in
vest
men
t co
st in
furt
her
deve
lopm
ent o
f la
nd u
se
clas
sific
atio
n
Mai
n re
gula
tions
or
legi
slat
ion
unde
r w
hich
la
nd u
se r
ecor
ding
is a
dmin
iste
red
Gov
. Fu
nds
Fees
for
serv
ices
Lith
uani
a Y
es
- 10
0%
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Law
on
Land
of t
he R
epub
lic o
f Lith
uani
a La
w o
n th
e R
eal P
rope
rty
Reg
iste
r of t
he R
epub
lic o
f Lith
uani
a La
w o
n th
e R
eal P
rope
rty C
adas
ter
of th
e R
epub
lic o
f Lith
uani
a R
egul
atio
ns o
f the
Rea
l Pro
perty
Cad
aste
r R
esol
utio
n N
o 34
3 on
Spe
cial
Lan
d an
d Fo
rest
Use
Con
ditio
ns
Mal
ta
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
The
N
ethe
rlan
ds
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
U
nkno
wn
as th
is is
out
of s
cope
for o
ur o
rgan
izat
ion
Rom
ania
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Serb
ia
Yes
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
Spai
n Y
es
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
Swed
en
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
N
O R
SP
NO
RSP
100 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
I. Sy
stem
of R
egis
trat
ion
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
1.1
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
25
(1
00 %
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
)
1.2
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
civ
il co
urt r
egis
tratio
n?
10
(40%
) 15
(6
0%)
0 (0
%)
1.3
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
on
loca
l or c
usto
mar
y rig
hts?
2 (8
%)
23
(92%
) 0
(0%
)
1.4
Is y
our s
yste
m su
ppor
ted
by ti
tle in
sura
nce?
1 (4
%)
24
(96%
) 0
(0%
)
R
egis
ter
of T
itle
B
oth
regi
ster
of T
itle
and
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
By
parc
el
iden
tifie
r B
y tit
le n
umbe
r N
O R
SP
1.5
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
2
(8%
) 6
(24%
) 11
(4
4%)
5 (2
0%)
1 (4
%)
101Survey on Land Administration Systems
I. Sy
stem
of R
egis
trat
ion
Y
ES
NO
N
O R
SP
1.1
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
25
(1
00 %
) 0
(0%
) 0
(0%
)
1.2
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
civ
il co
urt r
egis
tratio
n?
10
(40%
) 15
(6
0%)
0 (0
%)
1.3
Is y
our s
yste
m b
ased
on
loca
l or c
usto
mar
y rig
hts?
2 (8
%)
23
(92%
) 0
(0%
)
1.4
Is y
our s
yste
m su
ppor
ted
by ti
tle in
sura
nce?
1 (4
%)
24
(96%
) 0
(0%
)
R
egis
ter
of T
itle
B
oth
regi
ster
of T
itle
and
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
Reg
iste
r of
Dee
ds
By
parc
el
iden
tifie
r B
y tit
le n
umbe
r N
O R
SP
1.5
Do
you
have
a sy
stem
for r
ecor
ding
land
ow
ners
hip?
2
(8%
) 6
(24%
) 11
(4
4%)
5 (2
0%)
1 (4
%)
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UN
EC
EU
NITED
NATIO
NS
Survey on Land A
dministration S
ystems
Palais des NationsCH - 1211 Geneva 10, SwitzerlandTelephone: +41(0)22 917 44 44Fax: +41(0)22 917 05 05E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.unece.org
Survey on Land Administration Systems
Surv
ey o
n La
nd
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Syst
ems
Designed and Printed at United Nations, Geneva – 1406087 (E) – September 2014 – 1,226 – ECE/HBP/180