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Session 1Session 1Introduction to
OOAD and UML
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Introduction to UML 2
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 2 of 27
Objectives
Discuss the basic concepts of OOA and UML
Discuss the concept and use of UML
Give a whole preview of the elements of
UML, and use simple examples to explain the
function of UML
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Introduction to UML 3
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / of 27
Object Oriented
Analysis and Design
(OOA&D)
Object oriented Analysis and Design refers tothe analysis and design of a system based on
the concets of object orientation!
UML is a diagrammatic aroach to model
the soft"are to be de#eloed!
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Introduction to UML $
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / ! of 27
SDLC
Soft"are De#eloment Life %ycle &SDL%' is a
se(uence of acti#ities carried out by analyst)
designers) and users to de#elo andimlement an information system!
Analyst * Studies re(uirements
Designer * Designs the system
User – An entity
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Introduction to UML +
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / " of 27
Object Oriented
Analysis (OOA) Phase of the project during which a precise
and concise model of the problem in terms
of real world objects and concepts asunderstood by the user is developed.
The analysis must also identify therelevant characteristics, interactions and
relations between the entities. This kind of real life mapping to computer
analysis is the advantage oered by the
Object Oriented Analysis.
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Introduction to UML ,
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / # of 27
Object Oriented Design (OOD)
-rograms are organi.ed as co/oerati#ecollections of objects!
0he urose of Object Oriented Design is toadat the results of OOA hase!
Designer defines the resonsibilities) oerationsattributes and relationshis of one or se#eral
classes! Designer also designs the database and alies
normali.ation techni(ues!
Diagrams can be classified into static or
dynamic!
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 7 of 27
Advantages of OOA&D over
Traditional Analysis and Design %lose match bet"een "hat is being imlemented and the actual
roblem!
-romotes reuse of objects
Since reuse of objects is ossible) it reduces errors andmaintenance roblems!
euse of objects also seeds u the rocess of design andde#eloment!
Aeals to the "oring of human cognition) as it is our natural "ay
of thining! -roagates data encasulation
4els to handle the comle5ity of soft"are de#eloment and aidsgeneration of adatable and resilient soft"are systems!
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / $ of 27
Modeling
A model is a simlification of reality
-ro#ides the bluerints of a system
Models may encomass detailed lans
A good model includes those elements that ha#e broadabstraction!
4els to #isuali.e a system as it is or according to theneed!
Models ermit to secify the structure or beha#ior of asystem!
Models gi#e a temlate that guides in constructing asystem!
Models document the decisions that ha#e been made
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / % of 27
SDLC !ases"#
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1& of 27
SDLC !ases"$
reli%inary nvestigation ('easibility Stdy) An imortant outcome of the reliminary in#estigation is
determining "hether the system to be de#eloed is feasible
or not!
e*ire%ent Analysis (Analysis) In#ol#es study of the current business system in detail and to
find out ho" it "ors and "here the imro#ements ha#e to
be made!
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 11 of 27
SDLC !ases"+
Design of t!e Syste%
0he design hase states ho" a system "ill meet the re(uirements
identified during the systems analysis hase as mentioned in the
e(uirements Secifications!
Identification of data entry forms) data elements) reorts) oututs
the ne" system should roduce) data elements and tables for
database!
Setch the form or dislay as e5ected to aear at the end of
comletion of the system!
%omutation rocedures e5laining the rocess of deri#ing the
outut from gi#en inut!
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 12 of 27
SDLC !ases",
Soft-are Constrction Actual construction &coding' of the rograms
Syste% Testing Actual soft"are code construction
Unit 0esting9 .!ite /o0 testing
Indeendent Unit 0esting
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1 of 27
SDLC !ases"1
Syste% Testing
After the rograms are tested indi#idually) the system as a "hole
needs to be tested! All the soft"are modules are integrated and tested to ensure that
they do not fail i!e! it "ill run according to secifications as
mentioned in re(uirement secification document and in the "ay
the users e5ected it to!
Secial test data is reared as inut for rocessing and theresults are e5amined to find out any de#iations from the desired
results!
bj i d l i d i
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1! of 27
SDLC !ases"2
Syste% %3le%entation De#eloed system is deloyed at the user:s site for use
User ersonnel are trained
0he data files needed by the system are constructed
Syste% Maintenance Due to en#ironmental changes) the soft"are may turn obsolete and it may
call for modifications and enhancements for its effecti#e use!
0he acti#ity of system maintenance may #ary deending on the scale of
modifications and enhancements!
Obj O i d A l i d D i
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1" of 27
Model
0he language used to reresent a model is called aModeling Langage4
Object Model can be e5lained as a model to reresentobjects of a system!
rinci3le of Model Creation 0he choice of "hat models to create has a rofound influence on
ho" a roblem is attaced and ho" a solution is shaed!
;o single model is sufficient!
Obj t O i t d A l i d D i
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1# of 27
Object Oriented Model Creation
0he contemorary #ie" of soft"are
de#eloment is an object/oriented ersecti#e!In this aroach the main building bloc of allsoft"are systems is the object or class!
Obj t O i t d A l i d D i
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 17 of 27
ntrodction to UML
Some of the leading comanies that ha#econtributed to"ards and romoted thede#eloment of UML are
4e"lett * -acard
Microsoft
Oracle
I<M
Unisys
Obj t O i t d A l i d D i
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1$ of 27
A33lication in Soft-are
Develo3%ent Life Cycle reli%inary nvestigation5 Use %ases to cature the
re(uirements of a customer!
Analysis5 %lass diagrams are made at real "orld abstractle#el to deict their e5istence and relationshi!
Design5 %lasses are modeled
Develo3%ent5 -rogrammers refer to the #arious UML
diagrams reared in the design stage to understand andde#elo code!
Testing5 UML has different diagrams to suort testing of
soft"are!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 1% of 27
UML Overvie-
6ie-s" "ould mean =to obser#e: or =to e5amine:
Diagra%s" is a art of a secific #ie" and "hen it is
dra"n it is allocated to a #ie"!
elations!i3s"ro#ide a ath"ay for communication
bet"een objects!
Modeling 7le%ents"consist of symbols that hel in
rearing diagrams and #ie"s!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 2& of 27
8+9#: vie-
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 21
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 21 of 27
UML ;ello .orld
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 22
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 22 of 27
Co%3onent
Source code comonents &e!g!) !h) !c files) shellscrits) data files'
<inary code comonents! >5amles include9 ja#a
<eans) Acti#e? controls) %OM objects &DLL:s andO%?:s from @<') %O<A objects'
>5ecutable comonents &!e5e:s'
Stereotyes &"ith alternati#es icons' may be used to
define these secific inds of comonents!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 23
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)OOAD with UML / Session 1 / 2 of 27
S%%ary
UML is a modeling tool @arious Diagrams of UML are used to model a system UML is used many areas of alications
UML is used in all the hases of SDL% 0he $B1 #ie"C architectural model is a simlified descrition
&an abstraction' of a system from a articular ersecti#e or#antage oint) co#ering articular concerns) and omittingentities that are not rele#ant to this ersecti#e!
Different arts of UML are
Views Diagrams elationships Model !lements
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UML:UML: An Introduction An Introduction
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 2+
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
%ontents
hy model E
-rinciles of modeling
hat is UML E
%oncetual Model of the UML
<uilding <locs
ules
%ommon Mechanisms
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 2,
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
hy Model E
Analyse the roblem/domain
simlify reality
cature re(uirements
#isuali.e the system in its entirety
secify the structure andFor beha#iour of the
system
Design the solution document the solution / in terms of its
structure) beha#iour) etc!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 2
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
-rinciles of Modeling
%hoose your model "ell / the choice of model profoundly
impacts the analysis of the problem and the design of the solution.
>#ery model may be e5ressed at different le#els
of recision / the same model can be scaled up (or down) todifferent granularities.
0he best models are connected to reality - simplify
the model, but don’t hide important details.
;o single model suffices - every nontrivial system has
different dimensions to the problem and its solution.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 26
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
hat is UML E
UML / Unified Modeling language
UML is a modeling language) not a methodology
or rocess
De#eloed by Grady <ooch) Hames umbaugh
and I#ar Hacobson at ational Soft"are!
Acceted as a standard by the Object
Management Grou &OMG') in 177!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 27
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)2%
hat is UMLE
A standardi.ed) grahical modeling languageC forcommunicating soft"are design!
Allo"s imlementation/indeendent secification of9
userFsystem interactions &re(uired beha#iors'
artitioning of resonsibility &OO' integration "ith larger or e5isting systems
data flo" and deendency
oeration orderings &algorithms'
concurrent oerations
-retty ictures! UML is not rocessC! &0hat is) it doesn:t tell you ho" to do
things) only "hat you should do!'
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 38
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)&
Moti#ations for UML
UML is a fusion of ideas from se#eral recursormodeling languages!
e need a modeling language to9
hel de#elo efficient) effecti#e and correctdesigns) articularly Object Oriented designs!
communicate clearly "ith roject
staeholders &concerned arties9 de#eloers)
customer) etc'!
gi#e us the big ictureC #ie" of the roject!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 31
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Structural 0hings
The nouns of UML models; usually the staticparts of the system in question.
%lass / an abstraction of a set of things in the problem-
domain that have similar properties and/or functionality.
Notation: customer
Notation:
Interface ' a collection of operations that specify the services rendered by a class or component.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 32
j y g
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Structural 0hings &contd!'
%ollaboration / a collection of UM building bloc!s
(classes, interfaces, relationships) that wor! together to
provide some functionality within the system.
Notation: AccountsSystem
Notation:-rocess
Order
Use %ase - an abstraction of a set of functions that the
system performs" a use case is #reali$ed% by a collaboration.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 33
j y g
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Acti#e %lass / a class whose instance is an active ob&ect" an
active ob&ect is an ob&ect that owns a process or thread (units of
e'ecution)
Structural 0hings &contd!'
Notation: e#entManager
Notation: DML-arser!%
%omonent ' a physical part (typically manifests itself as
a piece of software) of the system.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 3$
j y g
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
;ode / a physical element that e'ists at run-time and
represents a computational resource (typically, hardware
resources).
Structural 0hings &contd!'
Notation:-rintSer#er
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 3+
j y g
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
<eha#ioral 0hings
The verbs of UML models; usually the dynamicparts of the system in question.
Interaction / some behaviour constituted by messagese'changed among ob&ects" the e'change of messages is with a
view to achieving some purpose.
Notation:
-arse
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 3,
j y g
CDAC (Formerly NCST)
<eha#ioral 0hings &contd!'
State machine / a behaviour that specifies the seuence
of #states% an ob&ect goes through, during its lifetime.
#state% is a condition or situation during the lifetime of an
ob&ect during which it e'hibits certain characteristics and/or
performs some function.
>ngine
Idling Notation:
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 3CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Grouing 0hings
The organisational part of the UML model; provides ahigher level of abstraction (granularity).
-acage / a general-purpose element that comprises UM
elements - structural, behavioral or even grouping things. *ac!ages are conceptual groupings of the system and need
not necessarily be implemented as cohesive software modules.
Notation:
!
AccountsDeartment
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 36CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Annotational 0hings
The explanatory part of the UML model; addsinformation/meaning to the model elements.
;ote / a graphical notation for attaching constraints and/or
comments to elements of the model.
Parses user!"uery and builds
e#pression stack$or invokes%rror&andler'
Notation:
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 37CDAC (Formerly NCST)
elationshis
Articulates the meaning of the links between things.
Deendency / a semantic relationship where a change in
one thing (the independent thing) causes a change in the
semantics of the other thing (the dependent thing).
Notation:
(arrow-head points to the independent thing)
Association ' a structural relationship that describes the
connection between two things.
Notation:
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $8CDAC (Formerly NCST)
elationshis &contd!'
Generalisation / a relationship between a general thing
(called #parent% or #superclass%) and a more specific !ind of
that thing (called the #child% or #subclass%), such that the
latter can substitute the former.
Notation:
(arrow-head points to the superclass)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $1CDAC (Formerly NCST)
elationshis &contd!'
eali.ation / a semantic relationship between two things
wherein one specifies the behaviour to be carried out, and
the other carries out the behaviour.
a collaborationrealizesa Use %aseCthe Use +ase specifies the behaviour (functionality)
to be carried out (provided), and the collaboration
actually implements that behaviour.
Notation:(arrow-head points to the thing being
reali$ed)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $2CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Diagrams
The graphical presentation of the model. Representedas a connected graph - vertices (things) connected byarcs (relationships).
UML includes nine diagrams - each capturing adifferent dimension of a software-system architecture.
%lass Diagram Object Diagram
Use %ase Diagram Se(uence Diagram %ollaboration Diagram
Statechart Diagram Acti#ity Diagram
%omonent Diagram Deloyment Diagram
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $3CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on Diagrams!!!
%lass Diagram / the most common diagram found in
, shows a set of classes, interfaces, collaborations and
their relationships. Models the static view of the system.
Object Diagram / a snapshot of a class diagram" modelsthe instances of things contained in a class diagram.
Use %ase Diagram / shows a set of #Use +ases% (sets
of functionality performed by the system), the #actors%
(typically, people/systems that interact with this systemproblem-domain) and their relationships. Models
012 the system is e'pected to do.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $$CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on Diagrams!!!
Se(uence Diagram / models the flow of control by time-
ordering" depicts the interaction between various ob&ects by
of messages passed, with a temporal dimension to it.
%ollaboration Diagram / models the interactionbetween ob&ects, without the temporal dimension" merely
depicts the messages passed between ob&ects.
Statechart Diagram / shows the different state machines
and the events that leads to each of these state machines.3tatechart diagrams show the flow of control from state to
state.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $+CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on Diagrams!!!
Acti#ity Diagram / shows the flow from activity to
activity" an #activity% is an ongoing non-atomic e'ecution
within a state machine.
%omonent Diagram / shows the physical pac!agingof software in terms of components and the dependencies
between them.
Deloyment Diagram / shows the configuration of the
processing nodes at run-time and the components that live onthem.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Dimensions!!!
! ! !of Soft"are Architecture
User View
Structural
View
Implementation
View
Behavioral
View
Environment
View
Class DiagramsObject Diagrams
Sequence DiagramsCollaboration Diagrams
Statechart Diagrams Activity Diagrams
Component Diagrams
Deployment Diagrams
Use CaseDiagrams
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $CDAC (Formerly NCST)
(ules
Secify "hat a "ell/formed model should
loo lie!
0he UML has semantic rules for
;ames Scoe @isibility Integrity >5ecution
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $6CDAC (Formerly NCST)
)ommon *echanisms
MechanismsFelements that aly consistently
throughout the language9
Secifications
Adornments
%ommon Di#isions
>5tensibility Mechanisms
(4otes)
3tereotypes 2agged values +onstraints
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML $7CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Adornments
“Adorn” the model - i.e., enhance the model. Adds tothe meaning and/or semantics of the element to
which it pertains.
“Notes” are the mechanism provided by UML foradorning a model:
grahical symbol to render constraints) comments) etc!
a note that renders only a comment has no semantic
imact on the element it is adorningJ at most addsmeaning to it andFor ro#ides guidelines for
imlementation!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +8CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"&
UML synta5) 2
Arro"s9 arro"s indicate all manner of things)deending on "hich articular tye of UML
diagram they:re in! Usually) arro"s indicate
flo") deendency) association or generali.ation!
%ardinality9 alied to arro"s) cardinalities
sho" relati#e numerical relationshis bet"een
elements in a model9 1 to 1) 1 to many) etc!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +1CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"1
UML synta5) 3
%onstraints9 allo" notation of arbitrary constraints onmodel elements! Used) for e5amle) to constrain the
#alue of a class attribute &a iece of data'!
Stereotyes9 allo" us to e5tend the semantics of UML
"ith >nglish! A stereotye is usually a "ord or shorthrase that describes "hat a diagram element does!
0hat is) "e mar an element "ith a "ord that "ill
remind us of a common &stereotyical' role for that sort
of thing! Stereotyes should al"ays be alied
consistently &"ith the same intended meaning in all
instances'!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +2CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"2
UML diagrams9 use cases
A use case encodes a tyical user interaction "ith thesystem! In articular) it9
catures some user/#isible function!
achie#es some concrete goal for the user!
A comlete set of use cases largely defines there(uirements for your system9 e#erything the user can
see) and "ould lie to do!
A use case mas actors to functions! 0he actors need
not be eole!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +3CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"
Use se e*m+les, 1
(-i.h'leel 0se se for +ower+oint)
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +$CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"!
About the last e5amle!!!
Although this is a #alid use case for o"eroint)and it comletely catures user interaction "ith
o"eroint) it:s too #ague to be useful!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML ++CDAC (Formerly NCST)
""
Use case e5amles) 2&Kiner/grained use cases for o"eroint!'
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML +,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"#
About the last e5amle!!!
0he last e5amle gi#es a more useful #ie" ofo"eroint &or any similar alication'!
0he cases are #ague) but they focus your attention
the ey features) and "ould hel in de#eloing a
more detailed re(uirements secification!
It still doesn:t gi#e enough information to
characteri.e o"eroint) "hich could be secified
"ith tens or hundreds of use cases &though doing
so might not be #ery useful either'!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
3
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Introduction to UML +CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"7
Use case e5amles) 3&elationshis in a ne"s "eb site!'
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Ab h l l
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Introduction to UML +6CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"$
About the last e5amle!!!
0he last is more comlicated and realistic use casediagram! It catures se#eral ey use cases for the
system!
;ote the multile actors! In articular) =A- "ire: is an
actor) "ith an imortant interaction "ith the system) butis not a erson &or e#en a comuter system)
necessarily'!
0he notes bet"een mars are stereot"pes#
identifiers added to mae the diagram more informati#e!4ere they differentiate bet"een different roles &ie)
different meanings of an arro" in this diagram'!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML i d t
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Introduction to UML +7CDAC (Formerly NCST)
"%
UML in your documents
UML is intended to ease the tas ofcommunicating soft"are designs!
0yical uses of UML in G,$4LL9
concetual comonent diagrams in theconcet document!
use cases and class diagrams in there(uirements document!
class) se(uence) state) acage anddeloyment diagrams in the architecturedocument!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML itf ll 1
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Introduction to UML ,8CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#&
UML itfalls) 1
UML is a language) "ith a &reasonably' rigoroussynta5 and acceted semanticsJ that is) thediagrams ha#e a meaning! 0hus you ha#e to be
careful that the meaning of your diagram is "hatyou intended!
4o"e#er) the semantics of UML are less "ell/defined than a rogramming language &"here thesemantics are defined by the comiler'! 0hus
there is some lee"ay to use UML your o"n "ay9but you must be consistent in "hat you mean bythe things you dra"!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML di l
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Introduction to UML ,1CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#1
UML diagrams9 class
diagram Moti#ated by Object/Oriented design androgramming &OOD) OO-'!
A class diagram artitions the system into areas
of resonsibility &classes') and sho"s
associationsC &deendencies' bet"een them!
Attributes &data') oerations &methods')
constraints) art/of &na#igability' and tye/of
&inheritance' relationshis) access) andcardinality &1 to many' may all be noted!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
%l di
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Introduction to UML ,2CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#2
%lass diagram
ersecti#eC %lass diagrams can mae sense at three distinctle#els) or ersecti#es9
%oncetual9 the diagram reresents the concets in the
roject domain! 0hat is) it is a artitioning of the rele#ant
roles and resonsibilities in the domain!Secification9 sho"s interfaces bet"een comonents in
the soft"are! Interfaces are indeendent of
imlementation!
Imlementation9 sho"s classes that corresond directly
to comuter code &often Ha#a or %BB classes'! Ser#es asa bluerint for an actual reali.ation of the soft"are in
code!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
%l di l
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Introduction to UML ,3CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#
%lass diagram e5amles&A classroom scheduling system9 secification ersecti#e!'
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Ab t th l t l
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Introduction to UML ,$CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#!
About the last e5amle!!!
>ach bo5 is a class) "ith necessary attributesand oerations secified!
;a#igability arro"s sho" "hich classes can
reference "hich others!
%ardinality mared in bi/directional manner on
arro"s!
0he classes together reresent the comlete
systemJ thus the the classes are a partitioningof the system!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
ht is Clss Di.rm3
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Introduction to UML ,+CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#"
s C ss . 3
4 A lss 5i.rm is iew of the stti str0t0re
of system 6 Mo5els ontin mny lss 5i.rms
4 Clss 5i.rms ontin
6 89.es, lsses, interfes, n5 reltionshi+s
4 Nottion
-acage;ame
%lass ;ameInterface ;ame
Interface
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
:eltionshi+s
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Introduction to UML ,,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
##
+
4 Clss 5i.rms my ontin the followin.
reltionshi+s
6 Assoition, ..re.tion, 5e+en5eny, reli;e, n5
inheritne
4 Nottion
Association Aggregation Deendency
Inheritance eali.e
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML ,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#7
A<o0t the ne*t 2 sli5es=
4 The ne*t sli5e shows +9.e 5i.rm,
with 5e+en5enies
4 The followin. sli5e shows lss 5i.rm,with rio0s ssoitions <etween the
lsses
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
89.e :eltionshi+s
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Introduction to UML ,6CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#$
. +
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
M0lti+liity >n5itors
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Introduction to UML ,7CDAC (Formerly NCST)
#%
<ero or %ore=44>
One or %ore#44>
<ero or one=44#
S3ecified range$44?
70actly one#
+ y
4 ?h en5 of n ssoition or ..re.tion
ontins m0lti+liity in5itor
6 >n5ites the n0m<er of o<@ets +rtii+tin. in the
reltionshi+
Object Oriented Analysis and DesignM0lti+liity >n5itors
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Introduction to UML 8CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7&
+ y
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71
Se(uence DiagramsSe(uence Diagrams
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML diagrams se( ence
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Introduction to UML 2CDAC (Formerly NCST)
72
UML diagrams9 se(uence
diagram
Se(uence diagram describe algorithms) though usually at ahigh le#el9 the oerations in a useful se(uence diagram
secify the message assingC &method in#ocation'
bet"een objects &classes) roles' in the system!
0he notation is based on each object:s life san) "ith
message assing mared in time/order bet"een the
objects! Iteration and conditional oerations may be
secified!
May in rincile be used at the same three le#els as class
diagrams) though the secification le#el "ill usually be mostuseful! &At the imlementation le#el) you might better use
seudocode!'
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Se(uence diagram
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Introduction to UML 3CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7
Se(uence diagram
e5amle
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
More on UML
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Introduction to UML $CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on UML!!!
UML is a modeling language for #isualising)
secifying) constructing and documenting the
artifacts&ieces' of soft"are systems!
@isualising / a picture is worth a thousand
words" a graphical unambiguously
communicates the overall view of the system
(problem-domain).
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML diagrams9 -acage
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Introduction to UML +CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7"
UML diagrams9 -acage
diagram A tye of class diagram) acage diagrams sho"
deendencies bet"een high/le#el system comonent!
A acageC is usually a collection of related classes)
and "ill usually be secified by it:s o"n class diagram!
0he soft"are in t"o distinct acages is searateJacages only interact through "ell/defined interfaces)
there is no direct sharing of data or code!
;ot all acages in a system:s acage diagram are
ne" soft"areJ many acages &comonents' in acomle5 system are often already a#ailable as e5isting
or off/the/shelf soft"are!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
-acage diagram e5amle
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Introduction to UML ,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7#
-acage diagram e5amle
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
About the last e5amle
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Introduction to UML CDAC (Formerly NCST)
77
About the last e5amle!!!
0his acage diagram indicates that9 there are three deendent but decouled soft"are
comonents that "ill be de#eloed in My -rojectC)
"hich is itself a acage or comonent!
-arts of my soft"are deend on some e5istingsoft"are acages) "hich I "on:t be de#eloing) but
just using &ebser#erC and DatabaseC'!
0here is a globally a#ailable acage User
authenticationC "hich all the other acages deendon!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
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Introduction to UML 6CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7$
A<o0t the ne*t sli5e=
4 The ne*t sli5e shows om+lete deployment
diagram
4
A 5e+loyment 5i.rm is 0sef0l for showin. howyo0r softwre will <e 5e+loye5 on hr5wre >t
my show how yo0r system will inte.rte with
e*istin. systems in the 5omin
Object Oriented Analysis and DesignExercise: Deployment Diagram
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Introduction to UML 7CDAC (Formerly NCST)
7%
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
More on UML
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Introduction to UML 68CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on UML!!!
Secifying / UM provides the means to model precisely, unambiguously and completely, the
system in uestion.
%onstructing / models built with UM
have a #design% dimension to it" these are
language independent and can beimplemented in any programming language.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
More on UML
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Introduction to UML 61CDAC (Formerly NCST)
More on UML!!!
Documenting / every software
pro&ect involves a lot of documentation -
from the inception phase to the
deliverables.
4 e(uirements4 Design4 0ests
ocumentation is
(among others) for5
UML ro#ides the
notations for
documenting some
of these artifacts
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Stereotyes
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Introduction to UML 62CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Stereotyes
Used to create ne" building blocs frome5isting blocs!
;e" building blocs are domain/secific!
A articular abstraction is mared as a
stereotyeC and this stereotye is then used at
other laces in the model to denote the
associated abstraction! Notation: Nmetaclass
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
0agged @alues
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Introduction to UML 63CDAC (Formerly NCST)
0agged @alues
Used to add to the information of the element¬ of its instances'!
Stereotyes hel create ne" building blocsJ
tagged #alues hel create ne" attributes! %ommonly used to secify information rele#ant
to code generation) configuration management)
etc! Notation: P#ersionQ1!$R
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
%onstraints
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Introduction to UML 6$CDAC (Formerly NCST)
%onstraints
Used to create rules for the model!
ules that imact the semantics of the model)
and secify conditions that must be met!
%an aly to any element in the model /
attributes of a class) relationshi) etc!
Notation: P incomlete) disjoint R
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 6+CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
Modeling catures the system in its entirety) along "iththe different dimensions of its comle5ity!
Kacilitates (uic and efficient analysis and design and
hels communicate the o#erall system architecture
unambiguously!
-rinciles of modeling lay do"n that9 model must be chosen "ell model should encasulate different granularities
models can mae simlifying assumtions) but nothide imortant facts
no single model can cature all dimensions of the
comle5ity
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 6,CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
UML &Unified Modeling Language' is a language thathels analyse and design solutions for soft"are/
intensi#e systems
De#eloed by <ooch) umbaugh and Hacobson at
ational Soft"areJ subse(uently adoted as an oenstandard by the Object Management Grou in 177!
UML is a modeling language for #isualising) secifying)
constructing and documenting the artifacts of a
soft"are system!
It is a modeling language and not a methodology or a
rocess!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 6CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
0he concetual model of the UML comrises the 6uilding 6loc!sC of UML) its 7ulesC and certain
+ommon MechanismsC that are alicable across the
entire language!
0he <uilding <locs comrise 2hingsC) 7elationshipsC
and iagramsC!
0hingsC are of groued into $ categories9 structural
things) behavioral things) grouping things andannotational things!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 66CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
Structural things describe the static art of the model andare of se#en tyes9 class) interface) collaboration) use
case) active class) component ) node!
<eha#ioral things describe the dynamic art of the model
and are of t"o tyes9 interaction and state machine!
*ac!ages are included under Grouing things) and
4otes under Annotational things
elationshisC lin things to each other and are of fourtyes9 ependency) ssociation) 8eneralisation and
7eali$ation!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 67CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
DiagramsC are essentially connected grahs / a set of#ertices &things' connected by arcs &relationshis'! 0here
are se#eral tyes of diagrams) each one caturing a
different dimension of the system:s comle5ity!
Diagrams are of nine tyes9 +lass iagram) b&ect iagram) Use +ase iagram) 3euence iagram)
+ollaboration iagram) 3tatechart iagram) ctivity
iagram) 9mplementation iagram) eployment iagram!
0he UML has semantic rules for ;ames of classifiers)Scoe of these names) @isibility of these names) and the
Integrity and >5ecution of the model!
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Summary
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Introduction to UML 78CDAC (Formerly NCST)
Summary
%ertain common mechanisms aly uniformly across themodel! 0here are four such mechanisms9 3pecifications)
+ommon ivisions) dornments) :'tensibility Mechanisms!
;otes are the most common adornments used) that add
to the meaning of a classifier!
>5tensibility mechanisms include Stereotyes) 0agged
#alues and constraints!
R fReferences
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ReferencesReferences
The +nied *odeling -anguage +seruide8rady 6ooch, ;ames 7umbaugh, 9var ;acobson
Addison!/esley $0nternational 1tudent %dition'
+*- Distilled Martin <owler (with =endall 3cott)
Addison!/esley
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
Model 7le%ents
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Introduction to UML 72CDAC (Formerly NCST) OOAD with UML / Session 1 / %2 of 27
Model 7le%ents
Component Name
Use casename
De+en5eny
enerli;tion
Assoition
A..re.tion
( form of Assoition)
Class
Attributes
Operations
Object Oriented Analysis and Design
UML in /rief
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UML in /rief
Use/%ase diagrams to illustrate user interactions "ith thesystem!
%lass diagrams to illustrate logical structure Object diagrams to illustrate objects and lins
State diagrams to illustrate beha#ior %omonent diagrams to illustrate hysical structure of the
soft"are! Deloyment diagrams to sho" the maing of soft"are to
hard"are configuration Interaction diagram &i!e!) collaboration and se(uence
diagrams' to illustrate beha#ior! Acti#ity diagrams to illustrate the flo" of e#ents in a Use/
%ase!