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Page 1: Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social ... · PDF fileUrban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social Justice and Land Reclamation in Indonesia ... Tangerang

Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social Justice and Land Reclamation in IndonesiaRita Padawangi

Senior Research FellowAsia Research InstituteNational University of [email protected]

I thank WatchDoc Documentary Filmmaker, particularly Dandhy Dwi Laksono and Suparta Arz who had conducted Ekspedisi Indonesia Biru that collected interviews in Bali and Jakarta. The fieldwork for this paper was funded by the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 2 grant for the project “Governing Compound Disasters in Urbanizing Asia” (MOE2014-T2-1-017)

Page 2: Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social ... · PDF fileUrban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social Justice and Land Reclamation in Indonesia ... Tangerang

Social Justice in Urban DevelopmentSegregations of economic classes as manifestations

of capitalism in the urban landscape

Distributional justice and procedural justice

Environmental justice

• inter-generational justice and intra-generational

justice in exploitation and conservation of resources

• place-specific struggles

• historically connected practice and theory and potentially feed into global social mobilization

Questioning “normalization of social injustices” as a product of powerful institutions and/or

populist politics

Does social justice matter in urban development? If so, to whom does social justice matter, and

what are the implications on urban development?

https://www.premedhq.com/environmental‐justice

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Land Reclamation and Social JusticeLand reclamation has been a trend in Southeast Asia’s development in major cities.

• Singapore

• Jakarta

• Phnom Penh

• etc.

Decentralization, urban development and coastal reclamation in Indonesia

The local government’s authority over the city’s spatial plan means that they could

become “more entrepreneurial in their approaches to development, representation

and consumption”, particularly in the pursuit of “being competitive” in the country and

in the region (Susilo, 2015).

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Land Reclamation in IndonesiaLocation Area (in hectares) Planned/In Process/CompletedSouth Aceh 6,305.82 PlannedTangerang 7,500  PlannedJakarta 5,155 In ProcessSemarang 204 CompletedSurabaya 600 CompletedBalikpapan 5,130 In ProcessMakassar 4,000 In ProcessBali 700 PlannedLombok 1,250 PlannedPalu 24.5 In ProcessManado 114 CompletedBitung 2,000 PlannedKendari 17.5 Planned

Total (Completed) 918Total (In Process) 14,254.50Total (Planned) 12,103.32

Total (all) 27,275.82

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Jakarta’s Coastal Reclamation

Historical port city

Currently one of the megacities threatened by

sea level rise

Water as a threat (North Coast of Jakarta)

North Jakarta has more poor population

(48,000 households) compared to other

administrative areas

Most of these poor households occupy houses

less than 50 square meters with insufficient

basic needs infrastructures.

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/rising‐seas/if‐ice‐melted‐map

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Development of Disasters

Not suited for expansion

Limited urban expansion

Major urban expansion

Limited urban expansion

Protected uplands

Environmental Zoning 1985‐2005

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Development of DisastersEnvironmental Zoning 1985‐2005 Master Plan 2010‐2030

(Jakarta Bay)”Jakarta is a coastal city. The only beach that is near to settlements is Ancol. We can develop Ancol to be the number one beach. It will be a golden beach.” (Ciputra, ca. 1966, as quoted in Kompas).

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Development of DisastersMaster Plan 2010‐2030

(Jakarta Bay)“The same sea that is now a threat will be used in many ways to benefit the National Capital, and the country as a whole. Jakarta Bay provides room for a new city district that accommodates over 1.5 million people from all income classes and a National Tangerang-Bekasi Highway that connects the provinces Jakarta, West-Java and Banten. The bay is also used to expand the port and strengthen the existing fisheries, thus stimulating economic growth. The bay will be converted into a large waduk (retention lake). It contributes to alleviate the urban floods and river floods which have affected the National Capital for so long, and will also serve as a sustainable source for drinking water for the citizens of Jakarta.” (NCICD Draft Master Plan, 2014: 11)

Presidential Decree 52/1995: the north coast was designated to be a Prime Location (Kawasan Andalan), with “strategic value from the perspective of the economy and the development of the city”, and that thorough planning of the area through reclamation was needed (Keppres 52/1995).

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 n.a.

Build

ing Co

verage Area of 

Prop

osed

 New

 Sup

erblocks (in 

squa

re m

eter)

Year

Jakarta’s new superblocks 2000‐2010 +4.7 million sq m building coverage area

(Herlambang, 2010)

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

“My mother and father were fishermen. I was born in Ancol, Hailai was my birthplace. From Ancol I was moved to Muara Karang, and from MuaraKarang to Muara Angke. And now in Muara Angke we will be moved again? We are not animals, Sir, we are human beings.” (Woman resident of Muara Angke, Audience at DPRD DKI, 2016)

“Islets O, P, Q will be Port of Jakarta. In collaboration with the Port of Rotterdam… Those who do not like reclamation, listen well, do you think Ancol was a result of the soil reproducing itself?” (Governor Basuki T. Purnama, 2016).

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Bali’s Coastal ReclamationPresidential Regulation 51/2014

1) the need to revitalize Benoa Bay based

on “strategic national policies” and

“internal dynamics” of the area

2) potentials to develop economic activities

along with social, cultural and religious

activities.

The Presidential Regulation also cited the use

of reclaimed land for “disaster mitigation”

PT Tirta Wahana Bali International (TWBI) is

linked to Jakarta-based businessman Tomy

Winata.

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/rising‐seas/if‐ice‐melted‐map

http://nusabenoa.com

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

“DEVELOPMENT BASED ON BALINESE CULTURE”

http://twbi.co.id/

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

http://nusabenoa.com

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Social Justice, Development and Disasters

http://www.solopos.com/2014/11/23/foto‐reklamasi‐bali‐forum‐rakyat‐bali‐demo‐di‐jakarta‐554487

http://www.semetonnews.com/post/read/2065/bali‐tolak‐reklamasi‐‐gendo‐jawab‐tudingan‐soal‐dana‐aksi‐forbali

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb3UkYVyNpY

“First, we should see it together. Don’t compare to, like you said just now, Singapore, which is already developed. Now, my question is, without what you showed to us, we have developed, Sir. Bali is still a touristic place. Maybe Singapore is still no comparison to Bali on tourist attraction. I am sure Bali is still sustained with its people who still hold tight to the traditions.” (Community Representative, Environmental Impact Assessment Public Consultation, 11 March 2015).

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Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali ReclamationJakarta Bali

Land Area (hectares) 66,152 (city/province)640,071 (metropolitan region Jabodetabek)

578,000 (island/province)

Land Reclamation Plan (hectares)

5,155 700

Share of public land from reclamation islets (hectares)

773.25 (15%) 300 (42.86%)

Dominant use of reclamation islets

Housing (middle class & above)Theme ParkCommercialPort

Housing (middle class & above)Theme ParkCommercialFisherman’s WharfBotanical GardenMangrove

Jakarta BaliPopulation 10,075,300 (2014) 4,152,800 (2016)Fisherfolk Population

27,753 1,852

Land Reclamation Policy

Keppres 52/1995 Perpres 51/2014

Status of Reclamation

In Process  Planned

Climate Change Proneness

Sea Level Rise Sea Level Rise

Environmental Threats

Land Subsidence (10x sea level rise)

Sea Water Intrusion

Flooding

Sedimentation of rivers and the bay

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Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali Recmalation

Jakarta BaliResistance Ministry of the 

Environment lawsuit (overturned, 2011)

Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet G (overturned, 2016, appealing to the Supreme Court)

Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet F (submitted, 2016)

Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet I (submitted, 2016) 

Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet K (submitted, 2016)

Rejection of Environmental Impact Assessment (2015, 2016)

Rejection from Parisada Hindu Dharma Council of Indonesia, October 2015

Street demonstrations (multiple, 2014‐present)

Jakarta BaliEnvironmental Reasons in Land Reclamation

Revitalization of Jakarta Bay

Combined with Giant Sea Wall to protect against sea level rise

Revitalization of Benoa Bay

Number of developers

9 (all Jakarta‐based)

1 (Jakarta‐based)

Prior information to the people

No No

Spatial Planning In Process (Draft to be signed by local parliament)

Planned

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Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali Reclamation

In Jakarta, the idea of social justice in mitigating

inequalities is proven difficult. The poor are increasingly

stigmatized as causes of floods and as stubborn people

who refuse the offer to be relocated to rental flats in the

urban periphery.

Photo credit: Ian Wilson, 2016

Photo credit: Tubagus Rachmat, 2016

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Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali ReclamationThese land reclamation projects, supported by local and

national policies, are marketed for groups of population

that are wealthier than those whose livelihoods were

affected as well as potentially displaced, such as the

fisherfolks.

However, the argument that manage to unite a social

movement against land reclamation in these two cases

is the culture and traditions argument and not socio-

economic class equality like a Marxist social justice

discourse would suggest.

http://www.rappler.com/indonesia/144238‐aktivis‐turun‐demonstrasi‐protes‐proyek‐teluk‐benoa

Source: Tigor Hutapea, November 2016http://www.suara.com/news/2016/04/17/112949/akhirnya‐ribuan‐nelayan‐ramai‐ramai‐segel‐pulau‐g‐siang‐ini

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Social Justice in Urban DevelopmentDoes social justice matter in urban development?

• Land reclamation: Social justice is rarely the agenda of urban development

• Environment and disaster vulnerabilities as justification of urban development projects

If so, to whom does social justice matter, and what are the implications on urban development?

• Social justice in social movements agenda

• Very rarely found as the priority in the official discourses of policies

Three implications of social justice-urban development disjuncture:

1) Increased segregation and marginalization of the lower economic class starting from the

decision-making process

2) Urban development prioritized over climate change impact

3) Identity-themed mobilization to counter urban development discourse indicates the

prevalence of urban development discourse over social justice: social movement that rely on

identity are more popular rather than that of class equality.


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