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UV/Vis Spectrometry
For
Drinking Water Security Applications
SWIG - „Security of Drinking Water Supplies“
January 25th, 2006
by Joep van den Broeke
s::can™
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Drinking Water Security - Introduction
Types of Risks
• natural risks (flooding, turbidity, algal blooms etc.)
• anthropogenic risks (accidents, inadvertent
discharges/spills, and “intentional discharges”)
• Real time monitoring systems are the answer to detect low
probability / high impact risks in an early stage, other
than chronic or long term risks that can be monitored by
occasional sampling and laboratory analysis.
• Real time monitoring system are the answer for continuous
monitoring and control of (treatment) processes
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Nature of Contamination
• Chemical Contamination
• Microbial Contamination
• Radioactive Contamination
Monitoring Strategies
• direct measurement of toxicity
• measurement of specific substances or organisms
• measurement of characteristics / deviations from a reference
status
Drinking Water Security - Introduction (II)
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The Sprectrometric Process Analyser - HOW DOES IT WORK?
Lampen-Steuer-elektronik mit Xenon Blitzlampe
lamp controlelectronics withXenon flash lamp
256 pix array detector with µ-processor electronics
256 pixel array Detektor mit µ-Prozessor Elektronik
Str
ahls
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Em
pfa
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colle
cting o
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Sendeoptik
em
itting o
ptics
Meßstrahlmeasuring beam
Referenzstrahlreferencing beam
Ein
sätz
e z
ur
Verk
ürz
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des M
ess-P
fades
insert
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apta
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Rein
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ozzle
s
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The Spectrometric Analyser - The measuring principle
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240 260 280 300 320 340 360
wavelength [nm]
sig
nal
bank filtrate
drinking water
The Spectrometric Analyser - The measuring principle (II)
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The Spectrometric Process Analyser – What Does It Do?
1 Single substance detection
Nitrate (> 1 ppb), Nitrite (> 10 ppb), Benzene (> 100 ppb),
Toluene (> 50 ppb), Xylene (>50 ppb), Phenol (> 50 ppb),
LBS, Turbidity, Solids, Colour, and many more ...
2 Group parameter monitoring
DOC (> 5 ppb), TOC (> 10 ppb), Turbidity (> 0,1 FTU), Oil-
in-Water, and many more ...
3 Qualitative and alarm parameter monitoring
„Fingerprints“ , „Delta Spectrometry“, Derivative
Spectrometry
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Source Water Protection – An Example
Vienna Waterworks
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Information from the Fingerprint
Background spectrum
Sample
Differential spectrum
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Alarm System Based on On-line Spectrometry
• The software ”learns” the shape
and features of the ”normal”
spectrum of the water body in a
defined range.
• Definition of reference - or baseline - for later identification of
extraordinary composition.
• Absorption spectra, or 1st derivative thereoff, used to detect
deviations from ”normal” spectral pattern.
STEP 1: Learning Period
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Alarm System Based on On-line Spectrometry (II)
STEP 2: Alarm Level and Sensitivity
Definition.
• Alarm levels are based on empirical
evaluation
• Water systems that do not suffer
severely from anthropogenic impact
show uniform spectra.
• 8 groups of virtual contaminants defined (KW1, KW2, KW3 ...)
to cover the whole range of organic contaminants visible in the
UV-Vis-spectrum.
• Sensitivity can be adjusted according to acceptable false
alarm frequency.
© s::can Messtechnik GmbH
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Alarm System Software - Screenshot
© s::can Messtechnik GmbH
Level 1
(Autosampler triggered)
Level 2
(immediate action needed)
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Drinking Water Applications
river water monitoring:-
"suitability of surface water for drinking water production"
alarm systems- early warning- DOC_eq.- Nitrate_eq.- pollutants_eq.- turbidity
bank filtrate monitoring:- filter effectivity - by - alarm - DOC_eq.- Nitrate_eq.- pollutants_eq.
turbidity meas.
well water monitoring:- suitability for drinking - water production- - alarm- DOC_eq.- Nitrate_eq.- pollutants_eq.
turbidity
monitoring, oper-ation and control of treatment plant:- turbidity- DOC_eq.- oxidation by-products- OxBP-precursors- effectivity of filters- effectivity of Adsorp.- Flocculation- Nitrate_eq.- pollutants_eq.- spectral control
monitoring, operation and control of ground water recharge:- turbidity
- DOC_eq.- Nitrate_eq.- pollutants_eq.- spectral control
monitoring of drinking water distribution system:turbidityDOC_eq.Nitrate_eq.hygienic riskspollutants_eq.
© s::can Messtechnik GmbH
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Further Developments
New Features for Process Control and Alarm Software
• Full spectral analysis instead of virtual parameters
• Collection of data from multiple instruments in central database and
on-line evaluation of all data stream into this database
(spatially resolved delta spectrometry)
• Time resolved delta spectrometry
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What Does Delta Spectrometry Offer?
..... monitoring stationsCharacteristicOnLine-Delta-Spectraserve as Trigger Input forAlarm and Early Warning
wavelength nm
absorp
tion 3
2
1
diffe
rential
absorp
tio
n
wavelength nm
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
-0,1
wavelength nm
absorp
tion 3
2
1
wavelength nm
ab
so
rptio
n 3
2
1
wavelength nm
absorp
tion 3
2
1
Tele
met
ry
Tele
metry
Telemetry
Main Station
© s::can Messtechnik GmbH
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]
Potential of UV/Vis spectrometry in Detection of Intentional Contaminations
Detection limits in drinking water (KIWA & RIVM test reports)
compound detection limit
Isoproturon
Aldicarb
0,05 mg/L
0,1 mg/L
Oxamyl 0,1 mg/L
Aflatoxine
LSD
Methamidophos
0,2 mg/L
0,5 mg/L
1 mg/L
Azinphos – methyl 2 mg/L
nerve gas simulants 0,1 – 50 mg/L
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Spectrometric Multiparameter Analyser - An Established Technology
The Submersible Spectrometric Analyser:
• Over 600 installed worldwide
• Simple installation (submersed; by-pass; flange; bucket etc.)
• Field compatible, independent (12V), data logger inside
• self cleaning - no maintenance
• High Accuracy of Measurement because InLine / no pipes, no pumps, no filter etc.)
• Inexpensive in operation
• Parameters: SAC, COD, BOD, Nitrate, Nitrite, Turbidity, BTX, Phenols, etc. - all at the same time !
• Indirect method, must be calibrated properly in process
• Water Quality Monitoring through fingerprint analysis
• Available only from s::can at 8.000 to 15.000 Euro / USD
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
s::can Messtechnik GmbH
Brigittagasse 22-24
1200 Vienna, Austria
Tel: +43 1 219 73 93
Fax: +43 1 219 73 93 14
E-mail: [email protected]
www.s-can.at