Vaccines: Historical PerspectiveImmunity - state of protection from an infectious disease.430 BC – Greek historian Thucydides - Athenian plague
15th century – Chinese attempts to induce immunity
1718 – Mary Wortley Montagu – innoculated her children
1798 – Edward Jenner – milkmaids and cowpox/smallpox
Vaccines: Historical Perspective
early 1880’s – Cholera and chickens
Attenuation hypothesis
1881 – Testing the hypothesis with anthrax and sheep
1885 – Rabies vaccine
Louis Pasteur
VaccinesImmunization – the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject.
Vaccination – intentional administration of a harmless or less harmful form of a pathogen to induce a specific immune response that protects the individual against late exposure to the pathogen.
VaccinesPassive immunity adaptive immunity conferred by the transfer of immune products, such as antibody or sensitized T cells, from an immune individual to a non-immune one.
Natural maternal antibodyImmune globulinHumanized monoclonal antibodyAntitoxin
VaccinesActive immunity – adaptive immunity that is induced by a natural exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination.
Natural infection Vaccines Toxoid
VaccinesTypes of vaccines:
Live attenuated Inactivated Subunit Conjugate DNA Recombinant
VaccinesMultivalent Conjugate
VaccinesMultivalent Conjugate
VaccinesDNA Vaccines
VaccinesRecombinant Vector Vaccines