VALIDITY & ETHICS IN RESEARCHFOOD FOR THOUGHT
WHAT IS VALIDITY IN RESEARCH?“Validity can be defined as the best available approximate to the truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion.”
Trochim, William M.K. (2006). Introduction to Validity. In The Research Methods Knowledge Base (pp. 20-30). Ohio: Cengage Learning.
CONCLUSION VALIDITY
Bautista-Castaño, Inmaculada, and Serra-Majem, Lluis (2012). Relationship between bread consumption, body weight, and abdominal fat distribution: evidence from epidemiological studies. Nutrition Reviews 70(4), 218-233.
CASE STUDY: BREAD
Is there a relationship between the cause and the effect?
INTERNAL VALIDITY
Agarwal, Sanjiv, and Rao, A. Venketeshwer (1998). Tomato Lycopene and Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation: A Human Dietary Intervention Study. Lipids, 33(10), 981-984.
CASE STUDY: TOMATOES
Is the relationship causal?
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Banović, Marija, Fontes, Magda Aguiar, Barreira, Maria Madalena, Grunert, Klaus G. (2012). Impact of Product Familiarity on Beef Quality Perception. Wiley Online Library 28(2), 157-172.
CASE STUDY: BEEF
Can we generalize to the constructs?
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
CASE STUDY: CONSUMPTION
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.
Can we generalize to other persons, places, or times?
VALIDITY ADDS UP
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.
Each type of validity builds on the one before it.
VALIDITY ADDS UP
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
Davis, Brennan, and Carpenter, Christopher (2009 March). Proximity of Fast-Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 505-510.
Each type of validity builds on the one before it.
WHAT ABOUT ETHICS IN RESEARCH?“Ethical norms [for conduct] serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities.”
Resnik, David B. (2011 May 1). What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? National Institute of Environmental Health Services. Retrieved Oct 13, 2014.
THREE MORAL PRINCIPLES
Marshall, Catherine, Rossman, Gretchen B. (2011). Trustworthiness and Ethics. Designing Qualitative Research Fifth Edition. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 39-52.
THE BELMONT REPORT (1978)
Respect for persons Benefice Justice
TRANSGRESSIONS, CHECKS & BALANCES
Marshall, Catherine, Rossman, Gretchen B. (2011). Trustworthiness and Ethics. Designing Qualitative Research Fifth Edition. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 39-52.
TRANSGRESSIONS LED TO CHANGES
Nuremberg Trials (1945-1949)
Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1937-1972)
Thalidomide Experiments (late 1950s)
Gene Therapy Experiment (1999)