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Verification, Testing and
Inspection Design Concept of
Electrical and Machinery onVessels/ Mobile Offshore Units
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Safety First
!"ilding e#its
E$ergency plans
%estroo$s
&ar'ing
!rea'fast (((
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Introd"ction
) Spea'er Introd"ction
) *eneral Introd"ction of each participant
+a$e(
Co$pany and area of responsibility(
E#perience(
E#pectation(
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Obecti-es) Introd"ction of electrical installation on -essel /
Mobile Offshore Units .MOU
) O-er-ie0 of re1"ire$ent of electrical and
$achinery on -essel / MOU) Testing and -erification concept on electrical and
$achinery installation on -essel / MOU
) *eneral o-er-ie0 of
Offshore "nits s"ch as Floating &rod"ction and StorageOffshore .F&SO, 2ac'3"ps and se$i3s"b$ersibles
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Mobile Offshore Units
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Mobile Offshore Units
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Electrical Installation
) &oints to Consider
O-erall re-ie0 on electrical syste$s4
!atteries and their -entilation4
Fire and *as Detection4
The ha5ardo"s areas4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
6600V SF6 Circuit
Breaker and
Protection Relay
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Load Test
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Power Manageent Syste
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$!nterlock syste
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Main "lternators
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$#ergency "lternators
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$One Line Diagram
One line diagram of main and emergency power distribution systems to show:
Generators
Motors
Motor controllers Transformers
Circuits
Batteries
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Switchboards, Motor Controllers, etc.
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
#nclosures
) steel or other s"itable inco$b"stible,
) $oist"re3resistant $aterials
) reinforced as necessary to 0ithstand the
$echanical, electro$agnetic and ther$al stresses
) Enclos"res are to be of the closed type4) The degree of the protection
) 6ll 0earing parts are to be accessible for
inspection and be readily rene0able4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Bus Bars) Copper
) si5ed and arranged, te$perat"re rise 0ill not affect the
operation of co$ponent
) $a#i$"$ a$bient te$perat"re is to be in accordance 0ithspec
) bracing of b"s bars4
0ithstand ther$al effects and $agnetic forces res"lting fro$ the
$a#i$"$ prospecti-e short3circ"it c"rrent4
) S"itable bolted b"s bar connections to a-oid deterioration
of electrical cond"cti-ity
) pre-ent loosening of n"ts
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Circuit Breakers) Co$pliance 0ith a standard4
) Designed, constr"cted and tested to IEC &"blication 789:;3<
or other recogni5ed standard4
) S"fficient brea'ing and $a'ing capacities,
) Mo"nting or 6rrange$ent
the brea'ers $ay be re$o-ed fro$ the front of the s0itchboard 0itho"t
de3energi5ing the b"s bars to 0hich the brea'ers connect4
Use of dra03o"t or pl"g3in type circ"it brea'ers
6lternati-ely, an isolation s0itch $ay be fitted "pstrea$ .line or s"pplyside of the brea'er4
6rrange$ents 0here portions $ay be isolated to allo0 circ"it brea'er
re$o-al acceptable not interr"pt ser-ices for prop"lsion and safety
of the -essel4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Fuses) Designed, constr"cted and tested in
accordance 0ith IEC &"blication 78
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
!nternal $iring) Standard internal instr"$entation and control
0iring 0ith fla$e3retarding ins"lation4
) Internal instr"$entation and control 0iring isto be protected by f"se or circ"it brea'er
E#ception=
*enerator -oltage reg"lator circ"its> *enerator circ"it brea'er tripping control circ"its>
and
Secondary circ"it of c"rrent transfor$er4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Bus Bars %or Main and #ergency Switchboards
) Designed to $eet the $a#i$"$ generator rating based on
a$bient te$perat"re of :?@C .A AB@F4
) si5ed to the co$bined rated generator c"rrent that can flo0thro"gh4
) Distrib"tion b"s bars and b"s3bar connections are to be
designed for at least ;? of the co$bined f"ll3load rated
c"rrents, or the co$bined c"rrent of the generators that cans"pply to that part of the b"s, 0hiche-er is less4
) hen a distrib"tion b"s bar s"pplies to one "nit or one gro"p
of "nits in si$"ltaneo"s operation, it is to be designed for f"ll
load4
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Bus Bars %or Main and #ergency Switchboards
S"bdi-ision of !"s !ars
) for prop"lsion, the $ain b"s bars are to be s"bdi-ided into
at least t0o parts
) nor$ally to be connected by circ"it brea'ers or other
appro-ed $eans4
) 6s far as practicable, the connection of generating sets and
any other d"plicated e1"ip$ent is to be e1"ally di-ided
bet0een the parts4
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Schematic Diagrams
• type and size of cable• trip setting
• rating of circuit (protective device)• rated capacity (connected load).
Schematic of Electrical System to be checed• !eneral lighting" normal and emergency• #avigation lights• $nterior communications• !eneral emergency alarm• $ntrinsically safe systems• Emergency generator starting• Steering gear system• %ire detection and alarm system
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Other &esting 'elated #ecessary ata
ower *anagement System
e+uipment fitted
preferential trips"
schedule of se+uential start of motors etc.
,oltage rop re+uirements
longest running of cable each size.
*ain engine
Oil *ist detection-monitoring
alarm arrangements
larms and Safeguards / emergency iesel Engines
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Other &esting 'elated #ecessary ata
) Short circ"it analysis
Ma#i$"$ calc"lated short circ"it c"rrents
) $ain and e$ergency s0itchboards
) do0n strea$ distrib"tion boards4
%ated brea'ing and $a'ing capacities 3 protecti-e de-ices4
) &rotecti-e de-ice coordination st"dy
St"dy
ta'en in series,
load e1"ip$ent to the so"rce
-ario"s conditions of short circ"it4
) ar$onics st"dy .electrical po0er distrib"tion syste$
) E1"ip$ent
S0itchboards, MCCS, generators, transfor$ers,
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Installation &lansStandard iring &ractice
a5ardo"s 6rea &lan and E1"ip$ent DataSpecial "ll &enetrations
6rrange$ents of Electrical E1"ip$ent
) E1"ip$ent &lansCo-er Electrical rotating $achines, S0itchboards
and controllers4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Electrical e1"ip$ent is to be designed,
constr"cted and tested to a national,
international or other Grecogni5edstandardH4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Differentiate bet0een &ri$ary Essential, SecondaryEssential and E$ergency Ser-ices4
) Differentiate bet0een high and lo0 -oltage syste$s4
) Ens"ring proper installation and 0or'$anship4
) Installing Co$ponents of Main Electrical &o0er*eneration and Ser-ices4
) Installing Co$ponents of E$ergency &o0er So"rces andSer-ices4
)&rotection and Contin"ity of s"pply in e-ent of fa"lt oro-erload4
) Installing Electrical E1"ip$ent in a5ardo"s areas4
) Speciali5ed Syste$s
) Shipboard Testing
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Priary #ssential Ser&ices &ro-ide contin"o"s operation 3 prop"lsion steering disconnected 3 disr"ption to prop"lsion and $ane"-ering4
) Secondary #ssential Ser&ices &ro-ide non3contin"o"s operation 3 prop"lsion steering
$ini$"$ le-el of safety 3 na-igation syste$s .I4e safety
for dangero"s cargoes4
disconnected 3 disr"ption to syste$s re1"ired for safety and
na-igation4
) #ergency Ser&ices
essential for safety in an e$ergency sit"ation
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Low Voltage 8 to A'V 6C
8 to A4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
$orkanshi() Cable Si)ing) !nstallation including cable su((ort trays and
organi)ation o% cables
) Cable (enetrations through water tight bulkheadsre*uire a((ro&ed %ittings
) Segregation o% Power + Counication Circuits
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
) Cable Si)ing
Standards of Co$pliance M"st be=
Stranded copper cond"ctors 0ith ther$oplastic,
elasto$eric or other ins"lation, $oist"re
resistant ac'ets and ar$ored/sheathed inaccording 0ith recogni5ed standard4 K
A 3 Fle#ible copper < 3 elasto$eric co$po"nd
B 3 ther$oplastic co$po"nd
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral
) Continuity Install in contin"o"s lengths
Li$it installation of cable bo#es and splicing repair/ connecting$od"le
) Restricted Locations= 6-oid =e#cessi-e heat, fla$$able gases, e#pos"re to $echanical
da$age4 If can not be a-oided, special $eas"res for effecti-e protection4
)Rated o(erating te( 6t least A8oC higher than $a# a$bient te$p of the location Segregate igh -oltage and Lo0 -oltage4
+on3Shielded signal are not to be b"nched 0ith po0er andlighting cables
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral) If coatings are applied to electric cables
$echanical and fire perfor$ance properties sho"ldnot be affected4
) Cable syste$s are to be protected 0hen painting
begins4) Voltage drop at any point in the syste$ is not to
e#ceed 7 of no$inal -oltage4 For battery syste$less than ?8 V increase to A84
) Single cond"ctor cables= 0hen necessary to "seand circuits greater than .0" are s"bect tospecial installation re1s4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral
) Cables installed in trays are not to e/ceed
double banking
) S"fficient air space for heat dissipation4 &o0er cables in sa$e b"nch intended for si$"ltaneo"s
operation = $a# 7 b"nches
If J 7 cables= apply red"ction po0er factor .i4e 84?
po0er factor for ; A< b"nches4 More than this are to
be specially considered4
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Su((ort
) 6-oid Chaffing and Stress) Trays to be rob"st and corrosion resistant
) Spacing inter-al .not to e#ceed :88 $$ .A7 in4N ) Clips Saddles Straps s"rface area 0ide eno"gh
shaped Clips sho"ld be $etallic protected4 +on $etallic clips allo0ed pro-ided fla$e retardant ia0 IEC &"b4
7889
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) &lastic Cable Trays and &rotecti-eCasings $"st be fla$e retardant
s"pple$ented by $etallic fi#t"res andstraps for added protection in case offire4 Trays are to be loaded ia0 $an"fact"rers SL *enerally not spaced greater than < $eters4
Cables installed in protecti-e casings less thanhalf of the internal cross sectional area of thecasing4 Casings to be fit 0ith Drainage$echanis$s4
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Su((ort
) Should adhere to anu%acturers
recoendations or cable construction
standard !1e bending radius
re*uireent2
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Bulkhead
+ 3eck PenetrationsPenetrations ust be ade with a((ro&ed stu%%ing tubes4transit de&ices or (our able aterials which will aintainthe %ire%ighting and watertight integrity o% the Penetrationwithout daaging cables1
Structural !nsulation) Cables not to be installed behind or ibedded in !nsulation) Must (ass through at Right "ngles iniu transit reduces heat
buildu(2
5on,$atertight Penetrations) Must ha&e a bearing sur%ace o% at least 61 1.7 in2 "ll burrs and shar(
edges to be reo&ed1 Protecti&e groets should be %itted1
Collision Bulkhead) 5o Cable is to Penetrate the collision bulkhead
Re%rigerated S(aces) Cables to be installed in Phenolic (i(es or siilar heat insulating aterial1
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables , Mechanical
Protection
) Cables e/(osed to risk o% echanical daage during
noral o(eration are to be o% arored ty(e4
) Cables should be %itted with (rotecti&e co&er wheree/(osed to contact (rone to cha%%ing and abrasion1
) #arthed and #lectrically continuous Metal Shields or
e*ui&alents o% su%%icient strength are to be (ro&ided inareas such as cargo hatches4 decks sub8ect to seas etc to(ro&ide additional (rotection1
6r$ored Cable
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"rored cable= !ron5e, tinned copper or al"$in"$ braid, so$eti$es bet0een the inner
ac'et and the o"ter sheath4
(((
6r$ored Cable
rotection against mechanical and physical damage
Armored Cable Required in Zone 1
(((rotection against any failure in the cable
6r$ored Cable
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6r$ored Cable
Armored and
Sheathed Cable
Armored Cable
raa 0ables 1. 2OS&'$! series.&hree 0onductor ower.
rmor
Sheath
6r$ored Cable
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%e1"ire$ent= 6r$ored cable is to be gro"nded at each end4
6r$ored Cable
6r$ored Cable
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6r$ored Cable
3hat happens if the armor is damaged4
rmored 0able
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rmored 0able
$f armor on the cable is damaged" no need to be
replaced if it installed in #O# 56'O7S 'E
with condition as follow:
the remaining armor has been grounded O'the armor is made electrically continuous.
$f installed in hazardous areas" the damaged armor is
to be replaced.
i l i l S
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #ergency
+ #ssential Ser&ices
) Cables + $iring %or these systes should be routed clear o% e/ternal Boundaries o%
Category " achinery s(aces and other high %ire risk areas other than those
ser&ed2 Cable running should consider cables being rendered unser&iceable1
) Cables and #*ui(ent are to be arranged so that a %ire in any o% these areasdoesn9t a%%ect the o(eration o% the ser&ice in any other area1 Can be achie&ed by Fire Resistant Cables 3ual Routing Sel% Monitoring Systes
% i El i l S
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecial
Considerations
) Mineral !nsulated Cables) Fiber :(tic Cables
) Cable S(lices
% i El t i l S t
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecial
Considerations
) !nstallation o% ;unction Bo/es< arine a((lications a((ro&ed not %or Pro(ulsion Cables where (eritted4 ensure that<
) suitable %or installation location) "ccessible) Low Voltage systes are to be segregated or (ro&ided with (hysical
barriers) Segregate #ergency and 5on,#ergency Circuits) "rored Cables are to ha&e "roring ade electrically continuous) Connecting Cables are to be well,su((orted and %astened
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Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecialConsiderations
) Cable Terinations<
Stri((ed cables are to be sealed Cable conductors %or terinal connection to be %itted with
ade*uately si)ed cri( lugs1 Soldered lugs (eritted with
liitation2 Secured to Terinal bo/ or other sturdy structure Moisture resistant 8acket is to e/tend through the outerost
cable cla( o% the terinal bo/1
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
% i El t i l S t
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents
#*ui(ent #arthing) E1"ip$ent=
protect against electric shoc' non li-e e#posed $etal parts if fa"lt beco$e li-e E#ception
) Voltage less than ?8 V.dc or ac) Voltage not e#ceeding
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents
#*ui(ent #arthing) Earthing Methods
Metal fra$es or enclos"re earthed thro"gh $etallic contact0ith the -esselQs str"ct"re .pro-ided installation $ethod andarrange$ent ass"re positi-e earthing4
Other0ise= they are to be connected by separate cond"ctoras follo0s=
) copper cond"ctor or other corrosion resistant $aterial) Specific +o$inal Cross Section area) Connection of earthing cond"ctor in a protected accessible location
and sec"red by si5ed scre0 of corrosion resistant $aterial4
) For cri$ped connector $"st be -ery sec"re .not to be loose4
#*ui(ent grounding
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) -rounding ethods<
Thro"gh gro"nding
cond"ctor4
Thro"gh foolproof
$etallic contact 0ith the
h"ll4
) To pro-ide ade1"ate c"rrent
carrying capability to accept
the per$itted gro"nd3fa"lts
c"rrents without creating a
%ire=e/(losion ha)ard
) !ns(ection of E1"ip$ent
*ro"nding sho"ld be
perfor$ed periodically, for
si5ing so"ndness
#*ui(ent grounding
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents
) Systes #arthing u( to > k&2 ? #arthed "C 3istributionSyste *eneral Earthing 6rrange$ent
) For earthed distrib"tion syste$s, the ne"tral of each po0er so"rce is to be connected in parallel and earthed at a single point .if applicable4
Syste$s Earthing Cond"ctor) Separate earthing cond"ctors for earthing of non3c"rrent carrying parts of electrical
e1"ip$ent4
:3ire B &hase 6C Syste$s = no protecti-e de-ices fitted in the ne"tral cond"ctors4 M"ltipole s0itches or circ"it brea'ers 0hich si$"ltaneo"sly open all cond"ctors are
allo0ed4 M"ltiple generator installations 3 each generatorQs ne"tral connection to earth
pro-ided 0ith a disconnecting lin'4
%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
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%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$
Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents
Systes #arthing e/ceeding > k& but less than >7k&2#arthed "C 3istribution Syste
#arthed 5eutral Systes,
) ! earth @ ! o% the largest generator on switchboard) ! earth A / ! %ault iniu %or o(eration o% any de&ice
#lectrical e*ui(ent in directly earthed neutral orother neutral earthed systes
) withstand current due single (hase %ault
) tri( the (rotection de&ice1
Pro&ide disconnection link %or #ach -enerator5eutral
#*ui(ent grounding
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&roper gro"nding = -essel
properly 0ired to A
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!atteries
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SM6LL= battery charger belo0 84
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L6%*E= battery charger abo-e
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)Special case=
Low hydrogen eission batteries are "sed to red"ce
the rated ha5ardo"s area4
!atteries
warning notice is to be furnished at the room"
indicating that the batteries are to be only
replaced by other batteries with the same
hydrogen emission rate.
!atteries
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Criteria %or Low hydrogen eission batteries<
) +F&6 B
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S'ecial attention to %(S )%ninterru'ted
(ower S*stem+ installed in Air ConditionedControl Room.
•7S need to be certified for use in a controlroom.
•5ydrogen emission can add to be considered
5azardous rea.
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Fire 3etection and "lar Systes
) Mainly on the prop"lsion $achinery space
) Co$bined 0ith other fire detection and alar$syste$s re1"ired onboard the -essel4
) The fire control panel is to be located on thena-igation bridge or in the fire fighting station4
) If located in the fire fighting station, a repeater
panel is to be fitted on the na-igation bridge4) &rop"lsion $achinery space fire is to be alar$ed
in the centrali5ed control station4
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Fire "lar Call Points
) Man"ally operated fire alar$ call points are
to be pro-ided at the follo0ing locations= Centrali5ed control station
&assage0ays leading to the prop"lsion
$achinery spaces +a-igation bridge
Fire 3etection and "lar Systes
Fire Detection
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7nmanned *achinery Space
Service Spaces
ccommodation Spaces
(Sleeping +uarters)
Smoe
etectors
"R& detectors in a *O74
%lame detectors
are to be used inaddition of other
fire detectors.
%lame detectors even
though are fast detectors"
they may give false alarms.
'ational
*as Detection
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-AS detectors in a *O74
0ellar ec
rill %loor
*ud it rea
Shale Shaer reaOther enclosed spaces containing open
components of the mud circulation system
!as indication panels areto be located at the drill #loor
> emerc* control stations
/ udible > visual alarm/ ;ocation > concentration
of gas (/0 > 23 of ;E;)
%ire etection 0ase Study
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)Only s$o'e detectors installed in MachinerySpaces4
)
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e e ec o C se S "dy
a5ardo"s 6reas
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a5ardo"s 6reas
#lectrical #*ui(ent in 'a)ardous "reas) a5ardo"s areas =
Spaces .0here
fla$$able or e#plosi-e gases, -apors or d"st
.are nor$ally present, or li'ely to be present4
) Classified based
li'elihood of presence
concentration and type of fla$$able at$osphere,
as 0ell as in ter$s of the e#tent of the space4
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) Electrical e1"ip$ent is +OT to be installed
in ha5ardo"s areas
Unless =
For safety or for operational p"rposes4
Installation of electrical e1"ip$ent is necessary,.$"st be s"itable for the ha5ardo"s area
classification
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Different Standards=
)International Electrotechnical Co$$ission .IEC Series
;9= Zone 0, 1, 2
) +ational Electric Code .+EC 6rt ?88=
Class I Div1, Div 2
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) one 0
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) Class ! 3i& >
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'""R3:DS "R#"S in a MODU(
rill %loor
Shale Shaer" egasser" esander" esilter
*ud &ans or *ud its
E+uipment nameplate shows
suitability for use in hazardous area.
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) hat to loo' for in a na$eplate 0hen e1"ip$ent
installed in ha5ardo"s area(
3The Testing LabQs na$e= CS6, UL or others
3The Certificate +o4
3The a5ardo"s 6rea Mar'ing
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4
Cert o.!esting Labs ame
$a4ardous
Area
Mar5ing
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$a4ardous Area
Mar5ing!esting Labs ame Cert o.
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6hats wrong with this name'late7
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+a$eplate IEC
4
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$a4ardous Area
Mar5ing
!esting Labs ame
Cert o.
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o0e-er=
one < e1"ip$ent Class I Di- <one A e1"ip$ent
one 8 e1"ip$ent Class I Di- A
&here is #O e+uivalency between
6one and ivision???
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) The general r"le for installing electrical e1"ip$ent
in fla$$able at$osphere is
3: 5:T<) !oth +F&6 ;8 and IEC 788;93A: State that by
caref"l design it is possible to locate $ost
electrical e1"ip$ent a0ay fro$ fla$$ableat$ospheres
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If an enclos"re or roo$ installed in ha5ardo"sareas, b"t e1"ip$ent not been certified4
urged System.
'ositi8e 'ressure in relation to the surroundedatmosphere. (# @AB or $E0 CA/9).e.g: drillersconsole.
Solutio
n
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Typical e1"ip$ent in one A4
) E#plosion proof= the enclos"re 0ithstands ande#plosion inside and pre-ents propagation4
) Intrinsically safe GiaH GibH= an intrinsically safe
barrier is installed in a safe area to a-oid spar's by
li$iting the energy to the circ"it in the ha5ardo"sarea4
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Special Considerations4
) Electrical e1"ip$ent in e#terior locations and operableafter total sh"tdo0n need CE%TIFIC6TIO+ .one
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Special Considerations
) !%USLESS $otors .and other si$ilar e1"ip$ent can
be installed in Class I Di-< .+EC ?8A4! 0ith no
ha5ardo"s area certification, i4e4 s1"irrel cage $otors4
Rational:
br"shes and s0itches prod"ce arc3spar's andconse1"ently, they can be a so"rce of ignition4
Requirement: #ameplate is to show the ma= surface &
(D0) for the space heater. &he e=posed surface of the
space heater is not to be above 8 F of the ignition &
(D0) of the gas involved
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The follo0ing spaces are, in general, to be
regarded as ha5ardo"s areas=
) Tan's containing fla$$able li1"ids ha-ing a
flash point of 78C .A:8F or belo04
) olds containing solid b"l' cargoes liable to
release fla$$able gases or d"st4
) olds or enclosed cargo spaces containing
cargoes that are li'ely to e$it fla$$able gases
or -apors, e4g4, dangero"s goods, -ehicles 0ith
f"el in their tan's, etc4
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) Ventilation in a5ardo"s 6reasVentilation inlets and o"tlets 3 Ventilation inlets be located in nonha)ardous
areas1 and co(letely se(arate %ro that %or nonha)ardous areas1
More critical less press"re flo0 fro$ less to $ore
+"$ber of air changes re1"ired for enclosed $"d pits 3 #&ery two inutes1
) D"cts passing tho"gh ha5ardo"s 5ones 3 Dnder (ressure in to less ha)ardousareas and at o&er(ressure to ore ha)ardous areas
are to be rigidly constructed to a&oid air leaks1
) Ventilation of non ar5ardo"s 5ones 3 to be located in nonha)ardous areaand o&er(ressure in relation to the ha)ardous area1
) Self closing doors are re*uired between nonha)ardous and ha)ardous)ones
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) Case St"dy I
) Case St"dy II
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"estions