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Exploring Video as a Multimedia Element
The Power of Video
The ability to incorporate video into a multimedia project marked a significant achievement inthe evolution of the multimedia industry (Shuman).
What does video give us that other media elements cannot? Video gives us the power to capture reality and relive real events. Video gives real evidence or proof Video shows something credible, real, true Videos can teach something, show something, persuade people to buy something, and
even make people laugh or cry.
Video
A video is a series of moving images. Video quality is determined by three factors:
Frame Rate Resolution Aspect Ratio
Frame Rate
Video is comprised of sequential images seen in rapid succession. The number of images of the video shown per second is called the frame rate. Videos have a frame rate of 24-45 fps. Television has a frame rate of approximately 30 fps. Frame rate is measured in frames per seconds (fps). A constant frame rate is desired for smooth playback. If the computer is not able to replay the movie at the frame rate it was encoded for, it will either
stutter and slowdown or drop frames.
Frame rate is one of the factors affecting movie file size and quality.
Resolution
The size of a video image is measured in pixels for digital video Just like images, video resolution is also affected by the picture dimensions. Videos range from the following sizes (in pixels) 320x240 Internet resolution 640x480 TV resolution 1280x720 HDTV resolution 1920x1080HDTV resolution
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Aspect Ratio
The width to height ratio of the video image is referred to as the aspect ratio Ratios are expressed in the form "width x height".
4x3 4:3
The three most common aspect ratios are 4x3, 16x9, 21x9. 4x3 (standard screen)
Standard television format used throughout the second half of the 20thCentury.
16x9 (widescreen) This format has gained acceptance as the new standard for widescreen TV, DVD
and high-definition video.
21x9 (cinemascope) A very wide screen format used for theatrical release movies.
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Converting between Aspect Ratios
Conversions almost always involve compromise on the video image. Converting a 21x9 video to a narrower format requires cropping of the video picture.
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Types of Video
Analog Video Digital Video
Analog Video Linear such as a video tape (VHS) Has a beginning , middle, and end. In editing an analog video , you need to rewind, pause, and fast-forward to
display desired frames
Digital Video Allows random selection to any part of the video Editing can be simple as cutting and pasting parts of the video Adding special effects and transitions are easy with a video-editing program
Analog video must be digitized in order to place it in a multimedia fileAdvantage of Digital over Analog Video
Digital Video has lesser generation loss When you duplicate a video tape (like VHS), some noise from the recorder is added
to the new tape.
If you were to duplicate the new tape, then noise from the previous tapes would becarried over to the third tape.
Each copy of the tape adds to the generation loss from the original. With digital video, the connection to the computer is digital. There is no generation
loss when transferring DV. You can make more copies of a DV tape, and it will still
be as good as the original.
Video has made the transition from analog to digital. This transition has happened at every level of the industry.
Home and WorkDVDs, Digital cable, Digital satellite. Broadcasting -standards have been set and stations are moving towards programming only
digital television (DTV).
Digital TV
There are two types of digital television: standard definition (SDTV) high definition (HDTV)
SDTV offers resolution roughly equivalent to a conventional analog signal with image displayratios or aspect ratios of 4:3 or 16:9.
The HDTV format offers the potential for approximately twice the horizontal and verticalresolution of current analog television.
It also takes approximately five times the bandwidth to broadcast as SDTV. HDTV has a 16:9aspect ratio.
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Not all digital TV sets sold today support HDTV, even if they have 16:9 widescreens. Newer TVs today are, at least, SDTV-ready. You will know if your TV has digital signal if you can connect DV (digital video) camcorders and
DVD players through an IEEE 1394 (Firewire) or DVI connector. Firewire IEEE 1394 Cable Digital
Visual Interface Connector
Overview of Making Videos
Pre-Production Production Post Production
Pre-Production
Planning Stage Requirements Outline Script Storyboards Budget / Finance Cast Costumes Sets / Props Locations Logistics
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Storyboard & Script Sample
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Production
Actual shooting of the video The main concerns are the lighting, the cast, the acting, and the actual shooting of the video. Today shooting analog footage (video tape) is still common. In order to edit the video, convert it to a digital format:
AVI MPEG QuickTime
Common Video Formats
AVI (Audio Video Interleave) Windows' standard format
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) FLV (Flash Video)
format used to deliver MPEG video through Flash Player MOV
Apple's QuickTime format VOB (DVD Video Object)
DVD standard WMV
Microsoft format RM (Real Media)
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developed by Real Networks for streaming video and audioPost-Production
Assembly of different video clips Adding of visual effects, graphics, titles, and a soundtrack To begin post-prod, you need to place the raw video material into the computer. Editing is done by a professional video editor
Editing Digital Video
Video post-production has moved from analog tape-to-tape editing to the world of digitalnonlinear editing (NLE).
Traditional tape-to-tape editing follows a linear path. If you want to insert new video at thebeginning or middle of a finished project, you have to reedit everything after a certain point.
Digital editing of videos allow you to quickly cut, copy, paste, reedit, and add music, titles, andspecial effects.
Microsoft Video Editing Software
MS Movie Maker Interface
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Video Transitions
Common Adobe Software for Video Editing
Adobe Premiere Pro
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Real-time editing Adobe After Effects
The industry standard for motion graphics and visual effects Other necessary software during video editing:
Adobe Audition or Audacity audio recording, mixing, and editing
Adobe Encore DVD Tool for DVD creation
Adobe Premiere Preview
Project pane -where video assets are managed Monitor panels -where video being edited is viewed Timeline panel -where the actual editing takes place
Editing Techniques
Transitions used to blend two different scenes or clips in a video to create a smooth playback
Clipping to cut out a portion of a video from a longer video to make a video clip
Fade-ins and Fade-outs Fade-in is used at the start of a video to gradually start a scene Fade-out is used at the end of a video to gradually close the video visual
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Time Stretching Also referred to as slow-motion Used to slowdown the playback of video to give emphasis on some scenes or actions
Text Overlay Used for adding captions, scene titles, or descriptions
Hardware to transfer videos
Different hardware needed to transfer videos: A/V Cable for RCA input jacks S-Video Cable for S-Video jack Video card FireWire support USB connection
Video Use in Multimedia Projects
Videos in a multimedia project can be integrated for several purposes: Entertainment Instructional Commercial Presentation
Tips for Embedding Video in Multimedia Projects
Avoid videos that play too long 30 seconds is ideal 1 minute is tolerable 3 minutes is too long Long videos should be split into several smaller videos
Videos must be of good quality when used in a multimedia project Good lighting Clear or crisp Smooth playback
Videos must have playback controls play, stop, rewind, forward, pause, etc.
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Format Conversion
Videos that are directly edited are usually in AVI or MOV format. Better to compress or optimize the video into a smaller file format without losing much of the
quality.
FLV or Flash Video works best for videos with smaller file format.
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