Prepared by; Hummara shaheen
Pharm D final prof
Faculty of pharmacy
University of Baluchistan
Quetta, Pakistan
Introduction
Properties
Structure
Biological actions
Deficiency of vitamin B-12
Source
Synthesis
Absorption
Forms available
Amount needed
Therapeutic effects
cautions
Vitamin B complex
B1(thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3( pantothenic
acid )
Folic acid
B5(nicotinic acid)
B6(pyridoxin)
B12 (cyanocobala
mine)
Water soluble vitamins.
Not synthesized by body
Essential vitamin
Discovered in 1948
Used for pernicious anemia
Absorbed well from distal part of ileum.
Biologically active organic compound.
Basic in nature
Complex molecule
Cobalt as part of structure
Crystalline red needle
source
liver meat bacteriaLiver
extract
Carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.
Metabolism of every cell
Essential for normal functioning of all cells
especially:
Bone marrow
Nervous system
GIT
Anabolic process of DNA
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes
tiredness,
weakness,
loss of appetite,
weight loss,
megaloblastic anemia.
Nerve problems, such as numbness and
tingling in the hands and feet, can also
occur.
Other symptoms
depression,
confusion,
dementia,
poor memory,
and soreness of the mouth or tongue.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can damage the
nervous system even in people who don't
have anemia, so it is important to treat a
deficiency as soon as possible.
Cyanocobalamin is commercially prepared by
bacterial fermentation.
The bacteria involved is streptomyces
griseus.
the vitamin is precipitated from aqueous
solution saturated with sulphate and 1-
butanol.
Purification is achieved by chromatography.
Recrystallization is also applied for
purification.
Sytreptomyces gracius
fermentation
Precipitation
Purification by chromatography
Crystallization
VITAMIN B 12
1 butanol.sulphate
Sharp red band
separated and
elutedWater and
acetone added
Two steps are required for the body to
absorb vitamin B12 from food.
First, HCL in the stomach separates vitamin
B12 from the protein to which vitamin B12 is
attached in food.
vitamin B12 combines with a protein made
by the stomach called intrinsic factor and is
absorbed by the body.
Vitamin B12 is found in almost all
multivitamins. Dietary supplements that
contain only vitamin B12, or vitamin B12 with
nutrients such as folic acid and other B
vitamins, are also available.
Vitamin B12 is also available in sublingual
forms.
A prescription form of vitamin B12 can be
administered as a shot. This is usually used
to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.
Vitamin B12 is also available as a prescription
medication in nasal gel form.
How much vitamin B12 needed?
The amount of vitamin B12 you need each
day depends on your age. Average daily
recommended amounts for different ages are
listed below in micrograms (mcg):
Life Stage Recommended Amount
Birth to 6 months 0.4 mcg
Infants 7–12 months 0.5mcg
Children 1–3 years 0.9mcg
Children 4–8 years 1.2mcg
Children 9–13 years 1.8mcg
Teens 14–18 years 2.4mcg
Adults 2.4mcg
Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the
body's nerve and blood cells healthy and
helps make DNA. Vitamin B12 is used in:
Pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
B 12 deficiency
Allergic to b 12
Gout
Low serum level of potassium
Pregnancy
Lactation
Drugs as acetyl salicylic acid, ACE inhibitors ,
alcohol etc.
FERROUS FUMERATEC4H2FeO4
OUTLINE
definition
Introduction
Iron absorption
Structure
Properties
Preparation
Uses
Side effects
contraindications
DEFINITION
Ferrous fumarate contains not less than 93.0 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 101.0 per cent of iron(II) (E)-butenedioate , calculated with reference to the dried substance. (EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA)
INTRODUCTION
Ferrous fumerate is also called as iron II fumerate.
Can be given orally and parentally Oral absorption is good
Iron absorption
IRON SOURCES
IRON
ORGANIC
MEAT
EGG YOLK
LIVER
INORGANIC
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
IRON REQUIREMENTS
IN MALE:
1mg/day
IN FEMALES:
1.5-2mg/day
STRUCTURE
properties
Radish orange to radish brown color
Hardly soluble in water
Very slightly soluble in alcohol
M.P is 280 degree centigrade
Granular form
Stable even at 200 degree centigrade
Odorless powder
preparation
The synthesis of iron(II) fumarate is based on the fumaric acid conversion into disodium fumarate by neutralization. yielding iron(II) fumarate, brick-red precipitate with over 98 % purity.
Fumeric acid
The reaction was performed in nitrogen atmosphere at 90 °C during 30 minutes providing an inert atmosphere required to prevent oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric.
The resulting precipitate was separated from the solution by filtration in vacuum. In order to remove impurities the residue was rinsed several times with distilled water, then dried at 105 °C for one hour.
Fumeric acid Disodium femerate precipitation Filteration(vaccum) Washing(for 1 hour)Ferous
fumerate(pure)
uses
Pernicious anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency
When can not tolerate other iron preparation
Side effects
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
Cramping
Exacerbates ulceration
contraindications
Allergic to iron and its analogues
Ulceration
iron metabolism disorder
Inflammation in the lining of stomach or intestine.
Hemolytic Anemia