Volunteering in ShanghaiVolunteering in Shanghai
Songxing SuSongxing SuShanghai Population & Development Research CenterShanghai Population & Development Research Center
Tit-wing LoTit-wing LoChau-kiu CheungChau-kiu Cheung
City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong
11
Volunteering commitment and Volunteering commitment and performanceperformance
Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)
Short-lived (Cress and McPherson Short-lived (Cress and McPherson 1997)1997)
Competing commitment (Cress and Competing commitment (Cress and McPherson 1997)McPherson 1997)
Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Resource-dependence (Okun 1994; Wheeler et al. 1998)Wheeler et al. 1998)Dependence on experience, learning Dependence on experience, learning
(Edwards et al. 2001)(Edwards et al. 2001)22
Analytic frameworkAnalytic framework
33
Volunteering competence
Volunteering performance
Volunteering endurance.Commitment,
Qualified commitment
Volunteering experience:
Empowerment,Social capitalBackgrounds
Commitment ×
Performance
Theories applied beforeTheories applied before ResourceResource (Hodghinson (Hodghinson
2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2003; Jones 2006; Tang 2006; Wilson and Musick 2006; Wilson and Musick 1999a)1999a) Human, social, cultural Human, social, cultural
capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; capital (Oesterle et al. 2004; Wilson and Musick 1997)Wilson and Musick 1997)
EmpowermentEmpowerment ConsistencyConsistency: Value, belief, : Value, belief,
motivation (Thoits and motivation (Thoits and Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000)Hewitt 2001; Wilson 2000) Motive, functional (Clary et Motive, functional (Clary et
al. 1998)al. 1998) Dominant statusDominant status, ,
functionalist (Cnaan and functionalist (Cnaan and Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. Cascio 1999; Oesterle et al. 2004; Reed and Selbee 2004; Reed and Selbee 2000)2000) Socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status
ExchangeExchange (Midlarsky and (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Kahana 1994; Wilson and Musick 1999a; Wilson Musick 1999a; Wilson 2000)2000) RecognitionRecognition
PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic (Midlarsky (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994)and Kahana 1994) Low self-esteemLow self-esteem
Sequential specificity Sequential specificity (Smith 1980)(Smith 1980) Volunteering history Volunteering history
moderating effectsmoderating effects
44
Theories specifically applied Theories specifically applied herehere
Fitness/affinity (Chiricos et al. 1997; Fitness/affinity (Chiricos et al. 1997; Dawkins 2006)Dawkins 2006) Role × EmpowermentRole × Empowerment Conservatism × HabitConservatism × Habit
Need fulfillment, diminishing marginal Need fulfillment, diminishing marginal return (Liu 2000; Ozcan et al. 1997)return (Liu 2000; Ozcan et al. 1997) Motive/need × EmpowermentMotive/need × Empowerment
Completion, saturationCompletion, saturation Performance × DurationPerformance × Duration
Social learning, reward and frustrationSocial learning, reward and frustration Work with trauma × IncompetenceWork with trauma × Incompetence
55
Number of volunteersNumber of volunteers
66
Volunteering for different causes Volunteering for different causes (%)(%)
77
Age (years) and female (%)Age (years) and female (%)
88
Employment status Employment status (%)(%)
99
Profession (%)Profession (%)
1010
Monthly income Monthly income (( ¥¥ ))
1111
Household member (number)Household member (number)
1212
Acquiescence and large scoring Acquiescence and large scoring tendencies (0-100)tendencies (0-100)
1313
Volunteering motives (0-100)Volunteering motives (0-100)
1414
Self-concepts (0-100)Self-concepts (0-100)
1515
Volunteering experiences (0-Volunteering experiences (0-100)100)
1616
Empowerment experience in Empowerment experience in volunteering (0-100)volunteering (0-100)
1717
Social capital (0-100)Social capital (0-100)
1818
Volunteering commitment (0-Volunteering commitment (0-100)100)
1919
Volunteering time (years)Volunteering time (years)
2020
Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering enduranceendurance
Regression analysis based on Cox’s Regression analysis based on Cox’s proportional hazard model for proportional hazard model for censored datacensored dataBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions
2121
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2222
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2323
Resource / Constraint
Consistency
Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2424
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer performance and competence on volunteer performance and competence on
volunteering endurancevolunteering endurance
2525
Need fulfillment
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteer commitment before on volunteering volunteer commitment before on volunteering
enduranceendurance
2626
Affinity
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving empowerment on volunteering enduranceempowerment on volunteering endurance
2727
Need fulfillment: No need
Affinity contradiction
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering endurancevolunteering location on volunteering endurance
2828
Incompetence
Affinity
Completion
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering duration on volunteering endurancevolunteering duration on volunteering endurance
2929
Sequential specificity
Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering commitmentcommitment
Regression analysisRegression analysisBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions
3030
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3131
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering experiences on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3232
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of empowerment Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering and social capital on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3333
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering experience on volunteering volunteering experience on volunteering
commitmentcommitment
3434
Need fulfillment
Standardized effects of interactions involving Standardized effects of interactions involving volunteering location on volunteering commitmentvolunteering location on volunteering commitment
3535
Affinity
Affinity
Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering performanceperformance
Regression analysisRegression analysisBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions
3636
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering characteristics on volunteering
performanceperformance
3737
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experience on volunteering experience on volunteering
performanceperformance
3838
Resource / Constraint
Consistency
Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on volunteering performancevolunteering performance
3939
Need fulfillment
Affinity: recognition, reward amplification
Predicting qualified volunteering Predicting qualified volunteering commitmentcommitment
Regression analysisRegression analysisBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions
4040
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on qualified volunteering characteristics on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4141
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering experiences on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4242
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on qualified volunteering social capital on qualified volunteering
commitmentcommitment
4343
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on qualified volunteering commitmentqualified volunteering commitment
4444
Need fulfillment
Affinity
Predicting volunteering Predicting volunteering competencecompetence
Regression analysisRegression analysisBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 1: Basic backgroundsBlock 2: Volunteering experiences and Block 2: Volunteering experiences and
self-conceptsself-conceptsBlock 3: InteractionsBlock 3: Interactions
4545
Standardized effects of background Standardized effects of background characteristics on volunteering competencecharacteristics on volunteering competence
4646
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of volunteering Standardized effects of volunteering experiences on volunteering competenceexperiences on volunteering competence
4747
Learning from frustration
Standardized effects of empowerment and Standardized effects of empowerment and social capital on volunteering competencesocial capital on volunteering competence
4848
Resource / Constraint
Standardized effects of interactions on Standardized effects of interactions on volunteering competencevolunteering competence
4949
Need fulfillment
Affinity
Olympic vs. local Olympic vs. local volunteeringvolunteering
Volunteering endurance, Volunteering endurance, volunteering performancevolunteering performance
National significance, normNational significance, normRewarding, exchangeRewarding, exchangeSupport, empowerment, resourcesSupport, empowerment, resources
5050
Factors related to Factors related to volunteeringvolunteering
Resources, capital, empowerment, Resources, capital, empowerment, dominant statusdominant statusNot psychoanalyticNot psychoanalytic
ConsistencyConsistencyNeed fulfillmentNeed fulfillmentAffinityAffinitySequential specificitySequential specificity IncompletionIncompletion
5151
ResourcesResources Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence
Volunteering commitmentVolunteering commitment Empowerment for upgradingEmpowerment for upgrading
Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Social capital from other volunteersSocial capital from other volunteers
Volunteering commitment, qualified commitmentVolunteering commitment, qualified commitment Non-studentNon-student
Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Self-esteemSelf-esteem
Volunteering commitmentVolunteering commitment CadreCadre Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment, Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment,
competencecompetence TeacherTeacher Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence
5252
ConsistencyConsistency
Volunteering duration this timeVolunteering duration this time Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
Volunteering commitment beforeVolunteering commitment before Volunteering performanceVolunteering performance
5353
Need fulfillmentNeed fulfillment
Volunteering performance × Protection Volunteering performance × Protection motivemotive Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
Empowerment for managing × Non-Empowerment for managing × Non-managermanager Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
Empowerment for managing × Social Empowerment for managing × Social motivemotive Qualified volunteering commitmentQualified volunteering commitment
Empowerment for decision making × Empowerment for decision making × Protection motiveProtection motive Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence
5454
Affinity/fitnessAffinity/fitness
Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance Volunteering commitment beforeVolunteering commitment before
× Teacher× Teacher × Volunteering variety× Volunteering variety
Local volunteering × Low incomeLocal volunteering × Low income Volunteering commitment before × Volunteering varietyVolunteering commitment before × Volunteering variety
Qualified volunteering commitmentQualified volunteering commitment Volunteering commitment before × low self-Volunteering commitment before × low self-
determinationdetermination Volunteering performanceVolunteering performance
Volunteering competence × Social capital from other Volunteering competence × Social capital from other volunteersvolunteers
Volunteering competenceVolunteering competence Empowering for management × ManagerEmpowering for management × Manager
5555
Sequential specificitySequential specificity
Volunteering history × Understanding Volunteering history × Understanding motivemotive low Volunteering endurancelow Volunteering endurance
5656
ReferencesReferences Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997. "Volunteering for Human Service
Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Provisions: Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Social Indicators ResearchSocial Indicators Research 40:299- 40:299-327. 327.
Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Crime: Toward an Identification of Audience Effects." Social ProblemsSocial Problems 44(3):342- 44(3):342-357. 357.
Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Julie Haugen, and Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach."Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach." Journal of Personality & Journal of Personality & Social PsychologySocial Psychology 74(6):1516-1530. 74(6):1516-1530.
Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999. "Performance and Commitment: Issues in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." in Management of Volunteers in Human Service Organization." Administration in Administration in Social WorkSocial Work 24(3/4):1-38. 24(3/4):1-38.
Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997. "Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation." Sociological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives 40(1):61-79. 40(1):61-79.
Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods." Neighborhoods." Housing StudiesHousing Studies 21(6):867-881. 21(6):867-881.
Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001. "Community Organizations." Organizations." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(3):444-461. 30(3):444-461.
Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in The Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural PerspectivesThe Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by Paul Dekker , edited by Paul Dekker and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer. and Loek Halman. New York: Kluwer.
5757
ReferencesReferences Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic
Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Engagement: The Role of Community Integration and Personal Resources in Formal Helping." Formal Helping." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 35(2):249-266. 35(2):249-266.
Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual Life." Journal of Marriage & the Journal of Marriage & the FamilyFamily 62(2):363-374. 62(2):363-374.
Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994. Altruism in Late LifeAltruism in Late Life. Thousand . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Oaks, CA: Sage.
Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson, and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." "Volunteerism during the Transition to Adulthood: A Life Course Perspective." Social ForcesSocial Forces 82(3):1123-1149. 82(3):1123-1149.
Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between Motives for Organizational Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Journal of Applied Journal of Applied GerontologyGerontology 13(2):115-125. 13(2):115-125.
Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H. Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Performance in the Community Mental Health Care System: The Need Fulfillment Perspective." Fulfillment Perspective." Organization ScienceOrganization Science 8(2):176-191. 8(2):176-191.
Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000. "Distinguishing Characteristics of Active Volunteers in Canada." Active Volunteers in Canada." Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector QuarterlyNonprofit & Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29(4):471- 29(4):471-592. 592.
5858
ReferencesReferences Smith, David Horton. 1980. Smith, David Horton. 1980. Participation in Social and Political Activities: Participation in Social and Political Activities:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure Time, and Helping BehaviorTime, and Helping Behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Life Course Perspective." Life Course Perspective." Journal of Applied GerontologyJournal of Applied Gerontology 25(5):375-390. 25(5):375-390.
Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001. "Volunteer Work and Well-being." being." Journal of Health & Social BehaviorJournal of Health & Social Behavior 42:115-131. 42:115-131.
Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard Greenblatt. 1998. "The Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Beneficial Effect of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-analysis." Serve: A Meta-analysis." International Journal of Aging and Human International Journal of Aging and Human Development Development 47(1):69-79. 47(1):69-79.
Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and Volunteering: The Long Arm of the Job." Long Arm of the Job." Social Forces Social Forces 76(1):251-272. 76(1):251-272.
Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a. "Attachment to Volunteering." Sociological ForumSociological Forum 14(2):243-272. 14(2):243-272.
Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Annual Review of SociologyAnnual Review of Sociology 26:215- 26:215-240.240.
5959
Welcome to further queries Welcome to further queries
Tit-wing Lo: Tit-wing Lo: [email protected] Chau-kiu Cheung: Chau-kiu Cheung: [email protected]
City University of Hong KongCity University of Hong Kong
6060
Completion, resource exhaustion Completion, resource exhaustion (negative impact)(negative impact)
Volunteering competence × Volunteering competence × Volunteering durationVolunteering duration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
Volunteering performance × Volunteering performance × Volunteering durationVolunteering duration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
Olympic volunteer × Volunteering Olympic volunteer × Volunteering durationduration Volunteering enduranceVolunteering endurance
6161