Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
2016 1885
Waste Management Practices and
R&Ds on WtE in Korea
Prof. Yong-Chil Seo
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea
2016 WTERT
Global Meeting Oct. 6-7, New York
Main Ref. : Past, present and future of waste management in Korea
by W-S Yang & Y-C Seo, JMCWM (2015)
YONSEI UNVIERSITY Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
Technology of thermal energy production and solid refuse fuel using mixing waste of low calorific value (w/Forcebel, Posco
E&C, Institute for Advanced Engineering)
Gasification of fluff type SRF from household waste (w/Samho Enviro-Tech Inc., Institute for Advanced Engineering)
The Development of innovative gasification technology with tar free and purified product gas for MSW-RDF
(Korea-India R&D Program, w/Chogen Powers Ltd., Samho Enviro-Tech Inc., Institute for Advanced Engineering)
Development of the integrated treatment technology for high mercury content wastes (w/ Eco-Recycling Co., Ltd.)
Estimation on natural emission of long range transported mercury and assessment of contributions by anthropogenic
emission between surrounding nations (w/Seoul National Univ., Ajou Univ., Kangwon National Univ. & GIST)
Development of Mercury Recovery and Waste Management System in Korea (MOE)
Feedstock Thermal Treatment Energy Emission Control
Waste
Sludge
Waste Oil
Low-grade Fuel
Organics
Pyrolysis/Gasification Vitrification
Oil production
Combustion
Oxy-fuel
Syngas
Syngas
Oils
HAPs
POPs
Hg
CO2 Capture
Byproduct Recovery
Slag Ash (Slag + Ash) Char
Light foamed ceramics
Sand Blaster Anti-sliding agent
Interlocking bricks Adsorbent Secondary fuel
Tiles
Clay bricks
Current Projects and Feature of R&Ds in AWEL, Yonsei Univ.
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
1. Historical review and status on waste management
2. Major waste management policies and systems
3. Waste to energy technologies
Content
4. Conclusion
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
4 1. Historical review and status on waste management
History of legislation for waste management in Korea
Source: Waste resources management, University of Seoul
<General Waste Management>
Filth &
Cleaning law
First
Amend.
Second
Amend.
<Industrial Waste Management>
Environmental
Pollution
Prevention Law
Individual
Environmental
Protection Law
Environ.
Protection
Law
General / Industrial Waste
Integrated Management
Waste Management
Law
Present Amendment Amendment
Act on Treatment of Livestock Manure & Wastewater and Sewage(1991.3)
(1999.12) (1995.08) (1992.12) (1991.03)
Act on Waste Migration (Basel Convention) (1992.12) (Infections Waste
Management)
Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion:
RSRP (1992.12)
Act on Waste Treatment Facilities Promotion and Support
Surrounding Area (1995.01)
Third
Amend. Abolition
(1961) (1973) (1979) (1982) (1986)
(1986. 12) Integration of general waste
and industrial waste
*General, Manure, and General
Specific industrial waste Abolition
(Part of Industrial
Waste)
Amendment Amendment
Strengthen
Responsibility of
Waste Producers
• General Waste,
Industrial Waste:
General &
Hazardous Waste
• Volume Based
Tipping System
• Separate
Collection of
Recyclables
(Manure)
Amendment of Act
on RSRP : EPR
System (2003)
Act on
Construct
Waste (05)
Act on
WEEE &
ELVs (’08)
- 3Rs and
R.C.Soc.
- WtE (‘08)
- Urban
Mining
Main Ref: Past, present and future of waste management in Korea
by W-S Yang & Y-C Seo, JMCWM (2015)
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
5 1. Historical review and status on waste management
Source: Environment statistics yearbook, Korean Ministry of Environment
Waste generation and treatment in Overall(‘82 ~ ‘14)
> 90%
Landfill
> 80%
Recycle
Main Ref: Past, present and future of waste management in Korea
by W-S Yang & Y-C Seo, JMCWM (2015)
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Source: Environment statistics yearbook, Korean Ministry of Environment
6 1. Historical review and status on waste management
Treatment of Household waste (‘82 ~ ‘14)
Main Ref: Past, present and future of waste management in Korea
by W-S Yang & Y-C Seo, JMCWM (2015)
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Source: Environment statistics yearbook, Korean Ministry of Environment
7
Overall
Estimation of greenhouse gas reduction (by WARM, USEPA)
+25K TCO2E/day to -80K TCO2E/day : Accounts
GHG emission from 10 commercial power plants
1. Major waste management policies and systems
27.7 27.6 31.0 31.6 33.7
36.9 40.1
42.9 44.8 47.6
39.1
31.4
15.1 11.3 12.1
16.6 10.7 10.3 8.4 7.9 7.8 7.4 7.3 6.0 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.1
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.7 1.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.8 5.0 2.4 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.8 5.7 5.2 5.3
-2.3 -1.7 -4.2 -5.6 -7.3 -8.0 -10.1 -12.9
-16.1 -19.6 -17.3
-22.4 -25.7
-30.6
-71.9
-81.5
-90.4 -88.8 -95.0
-99.6 -101.2 -104.8
-101.5 -102.0
-90.5
-77.0
-88.4 -94.2 -91.8
-84.9
-94.0
-74.1 -70.5
25.5 26.1 26.9 26.3 26.6 29.1 30.5 30.3 29.3 28.2 22.0
9.2
-10.4
-19.0
-59.4 -63.2
-77.8 -75.7
-83.5 -88.0 -89.7
-93.7 -90.4 -91.2
-80.4
-69.2
-79.4 -84.9 -83.3
-76.4
-84.7
-65.6 -62.1
-120.0
-100.0
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
20
11
2012
2013
2014
1,0
00
TC
O2E
/da
y
Landfill Incineration Recycling Sum
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Establishment of 1st Comprehensive Plan of Waste Management, 1993
Revision of Plan, 1996
(Revised 1st Comprehensive Plan, 1996 – 2001)
Establishment of 2nd Comprehensive Plan of Waste Management, 2002
Enacted new legislation
Volume-rate garbage treatment system
Acceleration of local self-governing system
Change in waste characteristics/classification
Improvement of 1st plan
Reduction of waste generation
Maximum of waste recycling
Settling resource circulation waste management
Additional Comprehensive Plan on Waste to Energy
with Settling Resource Circulation Society , 2008
Increase waste values and advance in facilities
Resource circulation society with Zero waste, EPR
Waste to Energy as main portion of renewable Energy
Waste = Resource, 4R Policy, Urban mining
Act on Recycling WEEE and ELVs (2008)
8 2. Major waste management policies and systems
Comprehensive plans of waste management since 1993
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
1994
1.33
kg/day/person
2004
1.03
kg/day/person
Reduction of Generation
Saving cost of transportation and landfill
: about 6 billions $
Households buy Bags (priced) from supermarkets. Price of a bag by volume will be determined
by local governments depending on the cost of waste handling. (fractionally supported by govs.)
Source: Korean Ministry of Environment
9
Volume Based Tipping System (1995.1~ )
Volume Based Tipping System(1995.1~ )
2. Major waste management policies and systems
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Source: Korean Ministry of Environment
Setting of Obligatory
Total Recycling Amount
(Ministry of
Environment)
Enforcement Agency
(Korea Resource Recovery
and Reutilization
Corporation >>> KEC)
Selected Items Producer Recycling
Operator
Selected Items Secondary
Market Consumer
Distribution
Dealer
Product
Product
Waste
Collection,
Selection
Waste
Contract on
consigned
Fund support
Transfer
Waste recycling
Performance
management
Performance management
Target amount Reports of total operation
Reports of obligatory recycling
Acting obligatory
recycling
Share of expenses
Contract on consigned
Fund support
Purchase
Demand of
Taking over
10
EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) System (2003.1~ )
2. Major waste management policies and systems
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Source: Korean Ministry of Environment
3
6
9
12
(%)
’07 ’13 ’20 (year) ’30
• For achieving to supply the share of national renewable energy (6.08 and 11% in 2020 and 2030,
respectively), still around 70% of renewable energy would be supplied by utilizing waste and biomass to energy
• Waste to Energy has been in situation of main fraction in renewable Energy in Korea
Background : Target of renewable energy portion in Korea
11
WtE Plants were constructed by Integrated WM Policy since 1990
New Waste to Energy Plan to Expand Renewable Energy (2008- )
2. Major waste management policies and systems
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Source: Korean Ministry of Environment
‘07 ‘13 ‘20
1.9%(220 thousands ton) 33%(3.8 millions ton) 100%(12 millions ton)
Year
WtE rate for
Recyclables
‘13
1.8 millions ton
‘20
‘13
2.0 millions ton
‘20
7.9 millions ton
Combustible>> RDF
Organic >> Biogas
3.8 millions ton
12
Comprehensive plan on waste to energy (2008-2020)
2. Major waste management policies and systems
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
13 2. Major waste management policies and systems
Source: Korean Ministry of Environment
Establishment of Resource Circulation Society Increase of Recycling Rate by WtE and other Activities(Waste = Resource)
Zero Landfill (3 % by 2020)
Enactment of “Resource Circulation Law” (June, 2016. Effective from 2018)
& Amendment of Other Related Regulations
Maximum
Securement of
Recycled Resources
Support of Recycling
Business & Market
Creation
Expansion of
Recycling
Infrastructure
• EPR Items Expansion
• Free Collection to Door by
Call for WEEE
• Fund Establishment for RCS
(Landfill Tax etc.)
• Moderating Regulations and
Market Support
• Trade Center for Recycled
Products
• Demand Expansion of
Recycled Resources
• Establishment of Resource
Circulation Complexes
• Expansion of WtE Facilities
and R&Ds Support for WtE
Technologies
New waste management policy Strategy and Actions for Establishing Resource Circulation Society
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
14 3. Waste to energy technologies
Waste to energy: Most of incineration plants constructed since 1990.
Comprehensive plan on Waste to Energy in 2008.
Materials of waste generated in home and industries – recycling : valuables
Waste converting to energy – Producing different types of energy or fuels
Waste = Resource
Category of waste and energy conversion
Combustible waste (paper, vinyl, plastic, wood, etc)
Organic waste (Food waste, sewage sludge, etc)
Max. utilization of heat in
incineration (paper, vinyl, plastic, wood etc)
Electricity from
Landfill gas
Industrial
Waste gas
Solid fuel (SRF)
production
High calorific value
Combustible waste
2,500 ~ 3,500 Kcal/kg
Solid fuel
4,500 ~ 5,000 Kcal/kg
(Anthracite 4,600
Kcal/kg)
Characteristics of waste
Biogas fuel
production
Heat, electricity
production
Heat, electricity production
Vehicle fuel(oil refinery)
Heat, electricity
production
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
15 3. Waste to energy technologies
MSW Incinerators in operation : ~200 plants, ~16,800 tons/day
- Most of incineration plants have been constructed from 1990 to 2005.
- Less generation of electricity with low efficiency of energy conversion.
- Replacement period is coming so planning is needed.
Gasification plans in operation : 10 plants, ~700 tons/day (const. in ’03-’08)
- A few plants for MSW in the beginning of 2000, less efficient, no electricity.
SRF (RDF) : 19 plants (constructed in ~’08: 100 tons/day, ’08~ : 5,440 tons/day)
- Based on the plan on WtE in 2008, SRF manufacturing plants planned
- But many troubles followed so some are delayed or cancelled.
- Several power plants have been constructed and planned.
Bio-gas from organic wastes: 61 plants (140MWe capacity – 13,000 tons/day)
- Mainly electricity generation with low efficiency. Less utilization as vehicle fuel.
- More biogas plants under construction to treat food waste and leachate.
- Struggling to resolve operational problems and odor reduction.
Utilization of landfill gas : 21 locations (154MWe capacity)
- Pushing to construct electricity generation plant at all locations.
- Efficiency is very low, but CO2 reduction can be achieved. Source: Environment statistics yearbook, Korean Ministry of Environment
Status on Commercial Plants of Waste to Energy
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
16 3. Waste to energy technologies
R&D status and budget of KETEP(Ministry of Industry)
Field Subject number Private share Support of
government
Bio 163 56,880 126,876
Waste 97 88,373 71,591
Unit: one million won ‘88 ~ ’13 R&D cost
Source: http://www.ketep.re.kr/home/information/information08_4.jsp?flag=4
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
17 3. Waste to energy technologies
R&Ds on WtE Technology Development (KEITI: MOE)
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
Period : 2012 ~ 2013
Place : Goisan, Chungbook, Korea
Capacity : 1 ton/day
Period : 2015 ~
Place : Hwasung, Gyunggi, Korea
Capacity : 1 ton/day
Institution : Yonsei Univ.
Capacity : Lab Scale
Period : 2009 ~ 2011
UPGRADE
• New Project Started : 2015 ~ 2018
• Production of Transportation Oil from Biomass by Upgrading Technology
• Capacity : 1 ton/day, Design of 100 tons/day Plant
3. Waste to energy technologies -KETEP (Ex: Oil from Biomass)
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
3. Waste to energy technologies(Ex: Gasification of waste)
Gasification with less tar generation (Pilot plant: 8 tons/day)
Commercial Scale Plant (80 tons/day) is under design
Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
20 4. Conclusion
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Filth &
Cleaning
Law
Waste
Management
Law (86)
Acts on
Recycling (92-95):
Resource Saving
and Recycling
Promotion RSRP)
Amend RSRP (03)
Act on WEEEs
and ELVs (08)
RCS Law Passed
(2016)
Change in
Classification
(92-95)
Volume Base
Tipping (95)
EPR (03)
4Rs, WtEnergy,
Urban Mine
(08)
Waste = Resource
= Money
Zero Landfill (20)
Cleaning/Protection-86 Integrated Waste Management -2002 Resource Circulation Society (RCS) - 2020
Systematic
Management
Landfill 95% (83) 45% (95) 16% (03) 9% (11) 3% (20)
Recycle 3.5% (83) 49% (95) 74% (03) 83% (11) 87% (20)
Greenhouse Gas(GHG) Reduction by such efforts for effective Waste Management by 30 years
(‘82 – ’12) is accounted more than GHG emission from more than 10 commercial power plants
Around 20% of waste is converting to energy with appropriate technologies and still some
R&Ds on advanced technologies are being conducted for better efficient conversions.
Waste to Energy Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY
1 WTE Center, Yonsei : Human Resource Development Project
Project Overview
Project Title : Human Resource Development Project for Waste to Energy (KEITI, MOE)
Project Period : 2010. 3. 1 ~ 2016. 2. 28, Leader: Prof. Yong-Chil Seo
Project Fund : 0.4 M$ /year (6 yrs: 2,4M$)
Project Organization
Faculty : 7 professors, 1 research professor, 2 post doctors, 1 adm. staff
Academy-Government-Industry Research Network
- Wonju city local government, Korea association of waste to energy technology
- 8 WtE industry companies (including 4 local industry companies)
Main Objective Educating graduate students to environmental experts on waste (biomass) to energy (WtE).
Supply experts in WtE to Industries.
Building up of global networks (WTERT) and encouraging international research exchange
programs
Good News !!! KETEP Announced Yesterday !!
WTE Center will be continued by getting a new GRANT from KETEP
(Ministry of Industry) for 5 years from next month for 5 years.
New Leading Professor : Prof. Hang S CHOI
Same Project but more fund 0.5 M$/yr for 5 years
Waste to Energy Laboratory
YONSEI UNVIERSITY WTERT Korea WEBSITE
YONSEI UNVIERSITY Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
24
Acknowledgement; This work is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE) as 『Waste-to-Energy Technology Development
Project』 and the KIST Institutional Program (2014 India-Republic of Korea Joint Applied R&D Programme).
Contact or Questions to ; Professor Yong-Chil Seo, Dept. of Environ. Eng., Yonsei University, Korea
Former President, Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM). [email protected]
Main Ref. : Past, present and future of waste management in Korea by W-S Yang & Y-C Seo, JMCWM (2015)
Thank You for Your Attention