Waste Management System City of Copenhagen
Susanne Lindeneg, Department of waste managementCity of Copenhagen, Denmark
Copenhagen July 20132
Contents
Legal framework
Facts and figures City of Copenhagen
History of waste-handling
Waste-management-planning: the systems-approach and setting of targets
Waste-management today: Public service
Tendering-strategy and contract-follow-up
Ressource- and waste-management-plan 2018: Targets and projects
Copenhagen July 20133
• Capital of Denmark• 88 km2 • 550,000 inhabitants
• 283,000 households• 90% living in apartments• Annual increase in population
of about 10,000 • 355,000 workplaces• 80,000 enterprises
Facts about Copenhagen
Copenhagen July 20134
Principles for Danish Waste Management System• Waste hierarchy• Ban on landfill of organic waste (1996)• Source separation • Waste- management plans every 4 (6)
years setting high goals• National taxes on treatment (new
system in 2010)• Recycling 0 EUR • Incineration 45 EUR • Landfilling 50 EUR
• Waste fees not part of tax systems• Municipal waste budget needs to
balance• Authority divided between municipalities
and state• Supernational regulation at EU-level
Copenhagen July 20135
• Waste driven to dumpsites• Population growth• Rapid economic growth• Increasing amount of waste• Lack of capacity• Growing environmental
awareness: Groundwater• NIMBY• Something had to be done
In the 1960’s: Dumpsites
Copenhagen July 2013
Waste management planning
• 1988 First waste plan in the City of Copenhagen
• New plan every 4 (6) years• The waste management plans contain:
• Description of waste-collection system• Vision for the waste system in the coming 4 – 6
- 12 years• New goals for prevention, more recycling, less
incineration and less landfilling• Identifies means and ressources as to reach
the goals
• Public hearing• The plans are adopted by the Copenhagen
City Council
New WM-plan: Ressource and Waste Management plan 2018
6
Copenhagen July 201377
From land-fill to recycling and W2E – result of legislation, high goals in waste management plans and economic incentives - Copenhagen
Copenhagen July 20138
• Total: 820,600 tons• Recycling 58%, Incineration 39%, Landfilling 2%, Special treatment 1%
Waste Production in 2010
Household Commercial C&D0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
Recycling Incineration Landfilling Special treatment
Copenhagen July 20139
• In 1970, two incineration plants were opened in the vicinity of Copenhagen
• Managed and operated by Intermunicipal entities• Amagerforbrænding in the east of
Copenhagen• Vestforbrænding just north-west of
Copenhagen• Reduced health hazards and used
the waste as a source for heat and electricity
• Connected to an extensive district heating system
Instead of Dumpsites - Incineration
Copenhagen July 201310
Collection of waste from household
• Collection schemes• Collect- and bring schemes• Closeness principle• Easy and logical
• Source separation• Selective waste collection
• Paper (60% of potential)• Cardboard (41% of
potential)• Glass (62% of potential)• Gardening waste (unknown potential)
• Residual
waste• Paper• Cardboard• Bulky waste,
incl. refrigerators and electronic equipments
• Gardening waste
• Hazardous waste
• Plastic • Small
electronics• Metal
• Glas• Beverage
containers
• Waste for
recycling centres
Copenhagen July 2013
Economy of waste schemes 2010
Waste fees: 526.000.000 d.kr
(75.000.000 EUR)• Households: 454.000.000• Commerce: 47.000.000• Sale of recyclables: 25.000.000
Expenses: 568.000.000 d. kr.
Single- family house • 3.221 d. kr./year (430 EUR)
Apartment• 1.778 d. kr./year (237 EUR)
Collection
Treatment
Recycling Centres
Developement and in-formation
Salaries, etc
Distribution of expenses
11
Copenhagen July 201312
Collection and treatment of waste from commerce and industry
Waste producers find own transporter for collection of waste
Transporter or waste producer find treatment facility for recyclables
Organisation of collection of household waste by the city
From 2009-2011 City of Copenhagen have undergone tendering of household waste
Previously collected by a consession company since 1950’ies
Tendering of collection of waste Tendering in city districts Tendering in special waste
fractions Recyclable waste sold by the
municipality at market value
Tendering strategy
Focus onCustomer serviceEnvironmentWorking environmentAdvantages of market
competition
Keeping the best from the concessionary agreement and combining it with the best of market competition and demanding better conditions where it’s needed
14
Copenhagen July 2013
Contract follow-upMunicipal organization for Procurement and
Operations – Resource demanding Aiming towards securing good quality of the services
provided to the citizens and customersCombining professional good-spirit cooperation with
stringent contract controlPenalty system for clear-cut agreement on quality and
delivery13 € per bin not collected as agreed 26 € per bin not placed correctly after collection
Suitable administrational IT-system needed
Copenhagen July 2013
On-going survey: What do the Citizens think?
3 times a year: 500 interviews
More than 80 % are satisfied with waste collection schemes
Just under 50 % points to more sorting, when asked for ideas of improvement
People are in general not concerned by environmental hazards due to incineration of waste.
Focus is on retaining material-ressources in eg. plastics, metals, paper, organic waste and avoiding pollution from hazardous waste
15
Copenhagen July 201316
• Focus on resource efficiency and green growth• Change from incineration to recycling
Goal in 2018• 20 % reduction in waste to incineration
• From 324,000 tonnes in 2010 to 260,000 tonnes in 2018
• 45 % of household waste to recycling • From 55,000 tonnes in 2010 to 100,000
tonnes in 2018
• Plan came into force 1 January 2013
Resource and Waste Management Plan 2018
Copenhagen July 2013
Initiatives towards zero waste
Decrease in amounts 240,300 tonnes of household waste (2007) -> 203,200 (2019)
Focus on behavioural changes• Information on waste prevention • Campaign on unsolicited mail
More options for reuse• Partnership on reuse event • Reuse areas in yards • Recycling centres with reuse areas
Citys institutions as frontrunners• Survey on potential for waste
prevention• Strategic tendering with less
packaging
17
Copenhagen July 2013
• Biological treatment of food waste• 25.000 tons of food waste for biogas
production, nutrients spread on farmland
• Recycling and prevention of plastic• 15.000 tons of plastic diverted from
incineration• Copenhageners to sort more at source
• Higher efficiency in recycling schemes• Attitude and behavioral change
• Waste prevention• Food waste, C&D waste and municipal
procurement
Resource and Waste Management Plan 2018 – Focus areas
18
Copenhagen July 2013
Recycling efficiency – Household waste
Fraction Recycling efficiency
2010 2018
Cardboard 41% 63%
Paper 60% 75%
Glas 62% 86%
Hard plastic 1% 23%
Biowaste 0% 33%
Metal 20% 30%
WEEE 32% 70%
19