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Why was the WCIT convened? ConvenedbytheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU),theUnitedNationsagencyfortelecommunications,theWCITwillreviewandpotentiallyrevisethetreaty‐levelInternationalTelecommunicationsRegulations(ITRs).TheITRsgovernthearrangementsforexchanginginternationaltelecommunicationstrafficamongcountries.Theyhavenotbeenrevisedsince1988,andintheinterveningyears,therehavebeensignificantchangesintheglobaltelecommunicationssector,includingliberalizationofmarkets,theriseofcompetitionandtheadventofnewtechnologiesandservices,includingpacketswitchingandinternationalmobileroaming.Source:FastFactsonUnitedStatesSubmittingInitialProposalstoWorldTelecomConferencehttp://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/fs/2012/195921.htm
ARTICLE SUMMARY
InDecember2012,1441nationsparticipatedinafarreachingtreatynegotiationundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNationsInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion(ITU)toupdate28‐year‐oldinternationaltelecommunicationregulations(ITRs‐seemoreininformationboxtitled‘WhywastheWCITconvened?’).WiththeconvergenceofthetelecommunicationsandInternetsectors,alongwithagrowingawarenessofthebenefitsandwhatsomenationssawaspotentialrisksofafreeandopenInternet–thistreatynegotiationturnedintoaglobaldebatearoundthecriticalityofInternetfreedomandliberalizedtelecommunicationsmarkets.DespitenumerouspositiveresultsallowingtheU.S.andlikemindednationstocommunicatetheimportanceofafreeandopenInternet,thecriticalityofeffectivefunctioningmulti‐stakeholderorganizationsandthehistoricandpotentialfuturebenefitsofopen,liberalizedtelecommunicationsmarkets,theUnitedStatesand54othernationschosenottosignagainstabackdropof89nationsapprovingthetreaty.USnegotiatorsandtheiralliesfearedagrowingmovebyauthoritarianregimestogoverntheInternetdirectly,openingthedoorforcensorship.Inaddition,manydevelopingnationssoughttoestablishnewpricingmodelswhichsoughttolevyfeesoncontentgeneratingorganizationssendingtrafficabroadtherebyriskingafreeflowofinformationglobally.
1TreatySignatorieshttp://www.itu.int/osg/wcit‐12/highlights/signatories.html(Aug‐25‐2015)
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Interestingly,manyofthecriticalthemesdebatedinthis2012treatynegotiationhavebecomeevenmorerelevanttodaysuchas:
TheneedtoimprovetelecommunicationnetworksandInternetaccessglobally
Curtailingauthoritarianregime’sattemptstocensortheInternetandstiflefreespeech
Avoidingpunitivepricingmodelswhichwouldseekto“tax”generatorsofimportantcontent/applications(currentnetneutralitydebate)
Enhancingcybersecuritymeasureswhileunderstandingthecriticalbalancebetweengovernmentandindustryrolesinachievingthis,and
Mostimportantly,howtobestexpandtheaffordableaccesstobroadbandandInternetservicesgloballytodriveproductivity,lessentheincomedivideandprovideavalued“connectedness”amongstcitizenseverywhereinlineswiththemissionofITUofconnectingtheworld’speople‐wherevertheylive,whatevertheirmeans2.
Withtheseambitions,threecriticalleadershipimperativesexistforelectedandappointedleaders,businessleadersandleadersofcivilsociety
1. Howdounderstandtheuniquecontextandambitionsofindividualnationsandcommunitieswhilestillachievingabroadervisionofaffordableconnectedness?Indoingthis,howtoseepast“U.S.successes”inunderstandingandadvocatingthebestsolutionsglobally?
2. Howtoeffectivelyworkinanenvironmentwheremulti‐stakeholdergovernanceandindustryecosystemsareincreasinglybecomingthenorm
2ITUoverview/missionhttp://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/overview.aspx
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3. Howtoproperlyassessthe“prize”oftechnologysharing,effectiveeconomicmodelsandglobaleconomicandpoliticalprosperityagainstindividualcompany,nationalandgroupneeds.
Thegoalofthispaperisto:
a) Providearecapofkeyeventsandoutcomesfromthe2012W.C.I.T.
b) Highlightasenseof“wherefromhere?”intermsofpolicyimperativesgoingforward
c) DescribekeyelementsoftheWCITUSDelegationorganizationandleadershipapproach
d) HighlightasetofgloballeadershipimperativesdrivenbyaconvergingtelecomandInternetsectorwhereecosystemmanagementandmulti‐stakeholdergovernancearebecomingessentialingredientsforeconomicandpoliticalsuccesses
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PartI—WCITBackgroundandOutcomesBackgroundAsmentionedinthearticlesummary,theWCITwasconvenedtoupdateInternationalTelecommunicationRegulations(ITRs).ITRsgovernthearrangementsforexchanginginternationaltelecommunicationstrafficamongcountries.Theyhadnotbeenrevisedsince1988,andintheinterveningyears,therehadbeensignificantchangesintheglobaltelecommunicationssector,includingliberalizationoftelecommunicationsmarkets,theriseofcompetition,thegrowingprevalenceofmobilecommunicationsandtheadventofnewtechnologiesandservices,includingtheInternetasamediumforcommerce,informationexchangeandoverallconnectedness.
The1988ITUtelecommunicationregulations3cameatatimewhenthemobilewirelessmarketwasinitsnascency4.Thewirelessindustrywasbarelyfourtofiveyearsold.Infactthe1988regulationsmakeaslightmentionofmobilewithinthecontextofinternationalmaritimecommunication.IntheU.S.,theFCCwaspromotingtheintroductionofcellulartechnologieswithoutmandatingspecificstandardsbeginningthetechnologywarsbetweencompetingwirelessstandards.Elsewhere,wirelesswasbeingpromotedbygovernmentsasanalternativetofixedlinewiredofferingswithScandinaviannationsofferingtheworld’sfirstcrosscountryroamingofferings5.
The1988WorldAdministrativeTelegraphandTelephoneconferencewasprimarilyfocusedonpromotingthestandardizationoftelecommunicationoperationsacrosstheworld.Keyelementsincluded10articleselaboratingdefinitions,thepurposeandscopeofregulationsincludinginternationalnetwork,telecomservicesandfinancialaspects.
3InternationalTelecommunicationRegulations1988http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/wtpf/wtpf2009/documents/ITU_ITRs_88.pdf4WirelessHistoryTimelinehttp://wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless‐history‐project/wireless‐history‐timeline5Abriefhistoryofmobilephoneshttp://www.makeuseof.com/tag/history‐mobile‐phones/
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OnekeyaspectwasthattheU.S.andU.K.specificallyhighlightedthevoluntarynatureofthetreatyanddisassociationfromopinion1.Opinion1revolvedaroundspecialarrangementsontelecommunicationmattersforestablishment,operationanduseofnetworks,systemsandservices.Interestingly,thiswasalsoaroundthetimethattheMorris(internet)wormwreakinghavoc(theworld’sfirstself‐replicatingandself‐propagatingcomputervirus).OneinterestinglineiteminOpinion1oftheITU88was‘Anysuchspecialarrangementsshouldavoidtechnicalharmtotheoperationofthetelecommunicationfacilitiesofthirdcountries.’demonstratingeventhentheimportanceofcybersecurity.
Thelandscapehadchangedsignificantlysincethesummitin1988.Ayearafterthesummit,thenowdefunctthenbleedingedgeAmericancompanyMotorolamadeheadlinesmakingthesmallestandlightestubiquitousflipphoneformfactorcellphoneMicroTAC9800X6.Wirelinegrowthwasplateauinginmanycountriesandwirelessgrowthwasaccelerating.By2012,theentirelandscapewasdifferent.Wirelinecommunicationswasalmostalesser‐issueinmanycountrieswithmajorityoffocusonwireless.Mobilephonesandespeciallysmartphoneswereintegratedintothesocialandcommercialfabricofmostconnectedpeople’slives.ThedeviceecosystemhadbecomeatwohorseracewithAndroidandiOSdominatingthemarketplacewitheachcateringtodifferentsegments.7
TotalGlobalMobilerevenueswereexpectedtohit$1.5Tor2%ofglobalGDP.Globalmobilesubscribersexceeded7billionwithgrowthprimarilycomingfromtheU.S.andChina.Mobilepenetrationhadreachedover100%indevelopedcountriesandmobiledeviceswereexceedingtraditionalcomputersinbothunitsalesandrevenue.8Themobilemarketwasprovidingbothcommercialandsocietalbenefits
6MotorolaMicroTAChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_MicroTAC7U.S.WirelessMarketUpdatehttp://www.chetansharma.com/blog/2012/08/13/us‐wireless‐market‐update‐q2‐20128StateoftheGlobalMobileUnion2012http://chetansharma.com/GlobalMobileMarketUpdate2012.htm
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withprominentexamplessuchasM‐PesainAfrica.Internetwasprovingfundamentaltoeconomicgrowth,lesseningincomedisparity.ConcurrentwiththisdramaticgrowthofmobilecommunicationswasgrowthoftheInternetitself.InternetaccessindevelopednationssuchastheUSaveraged60‐70%in2012andindevelopingnationsaveraged20‐30%.SincethecommercialintroductionoftheInternetinthemid‐1990s,Internetaccessbecameafundamentalmeansofconnectedness,commerceandinformationexchangeworldwide—especiallyinthedevelopedmarketswithhigherratesofaccess.WiththeevidentbenefitsofInternetaccessindevelopedmarkets,agrowingawarenessoftheincomedivideandissuesoflimitedInternetaccessindevelopingmarketsbecamereadilyapparent.Broadly,theconvergenceofcommunicationsandtheInternetsupportedbythegrowthofbothfixedandmobilebroadbandcommunicationsalongwithgrowinginternetcontentandcommercecreatedasignificantaccelerationinthegrowthofthesetwosectors.Withthisbackdrop,thekeyissuesforthe2012WCITwere:
1.) Globalbroadbandaccess:Evenwiththeexplosivegrowthofmobileonly40%oftheworld’spopulationhadaccesstotheinternet.Thepicturewasmoreconcerningindevelopingpartsoftheworldwithlessthan20%ofAfricahavingaccesstotheinternetaslateas2014.9
2.) Mobileroamingratesandrelatedtransparency:Withtheadventofthemobilephoneandtheeaseoftravel,regulatorswereunderpressuretoregulatethehighroamingratesespeciallyintheEU.
960%ofworld'spopulationstillwon'thaveInternetbytheendof2014http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la‐fi‐tn‐60‐world‐population‐3‐billion‐internet‐2014‐20140507‐story.html
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3.) BestmeansofgoverningtheinternetgivenitsnotablydifferentIndustrystructurefromtelecommunications,meansofinnovationandvaluestreamswiththedefiningfeaturesoftheInternetbeing:
1. “Distributedinnovation”2. Smaller,moreentrepreneurialplayers(app
developers,ISP's,infrastructureinnovators)3. Ecosystemenabled4. Contentorientation(asopposedtoaccess
orientationoftelecomplayers)Inessence,fromthepointofviewofgovernmentsandregulators,theInternetrepresentedachallenge/threatwithitsnotablygreaternumberof“chokepoints”comparedtothetelecomindustrythatwasdominatedbyasmallernumberofplayers,reliantonspectrumawardsandlicensing…etc.
4.) Themobileinternetwasnowadrivingforceofinnovationandagrowingphenomenon–aconvergenceoftelecomandinternetwastakingplacewhichfurtherhighlightedtheimportanceofthisglobaldiscussionaroundInternetaccess,needandimpactofliberalizedmarkets,cybersecuritythreats…Etc.
5.) Governmentsandcitizenssharedthedesiretoexpandinternetaccessasmeansofeconomicgrowthandconnectednessalthoughviewsabouthowtodothisvariednotablybetweendevelopedversuslessdevelopednations,democraticversusauthoritarianregimes.
Basedonthisnewfrontierofaconvergingtelecomandinternetworld,theU.S.formeda100+person,diverseandinclusivedelegationtodevelopandadvocateapositionbasedonthefundamentalbeliefintheneedforacceleratedbroadbandavailability,relatedInternetaccessandtheimportanceofafreeandopenInternet.KeyparticipantsintheU.S.Delegationincluded:
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1. U.S.governmentagenciesincludingtheDepartmentofState,FederalCommunicationsCommission,CommerceDepartment/NationalTelecommunicationsandInformationAdministration(NTIA),FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC),FederalTradeCommission(FTC),DepartmentofDefense(DoD),andtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity
2. IndustrystalwartsincludingTelco’s(e.g.Verizon,AT&T)andInternetcompanies(e.g.Google,Facebook,Amazon,GoDaddy)
3. Prominentmembersofthecivilsocietyincludingadvocatesoffreespeech(e.g.InternetSociety,InternetGovernanceForum(IGF)).
Leadingthedelegationwasmyself,AmbassadorTerryKrameralongwithDeputyHeadofDelegationRichardBeaird,SeniorDeputyU.S.CoordinatorInternationalCommunicationsandInformationPolicyattheDepartmentofStatealongwithAmbassadorPhilVerveer,SeniorU.S.CoordinatorInternationalCommunicationsandInformationPolicy,ManuBhardwaj,ChiefofStaffforUSdelegationandMichaelWack,SeniorAdvisortoUSdelegation–bothfromtheUSDepartmentofState.
Aninterestingaspectherewasachievingalignmentbetweendelegates/organizationswithtraditionallydiverginginterests
a. Telco’sfocusedonmeansofreimbursementfornetworkbuild(anti‐netneutrality),Internetcompaniesfocusedonfreeflowofinformation,limitedgovernmentinvolvementandtypicallypronetneutrality—bothTelco’sandInternetcompaniessomeonewaryofgovernmentinvolvementbroadly
b. Governmentagencieswaryofindustry“self‐interest,”aswellasselectagenciesoftenseeking“turfprotection”policydevelopmentandnegotiations
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c. Civilsocietyoftenwaryofbothgovernmentandindustryasinstitutionswhichcanheperceivedassubordinatingindividualrightstothoseofthegovernmentorcommercialinterests
d. Democratsvs.Republicanswithtraditionallydifferingviewsabouttheroleofgovernmentinbusinessaswellasdifferingviewsaboutforeign‐policy.
InthecaseoftheWCIT,withconsiderationoftheuniqueglobalcontextand“globalthreat”againststronglyheldU.S.viewsabouttheimportanceofliberalizedmarketsandInternetfreedom,traditionalpublicpolicybattles/mistrustbetweenthevariousdelegatesweretemporarilysuspendedtopromotebroaderU.S.interests.BothTelco’sandinternetcompaniescametogethertosupportthenetneutralitypolicyrecommendationsofthedelegation.CivilsocietyalsoalignedwithindustryandUSgovernmentdespitehistorictensions–allalignedaroundimportanceofInternetfreedomandthecombinedeconomicandpoliticalbenefitsitcreates.Also,DemocratsandRepublicansalignedaroundacommonbeliefinmarketliberalizationandfreespeech/internetfreedom.Inthisuniquecase,the“philosophicalandpoliticalopponents”wereexclusivelyabroad,notwithintheUS!
A“PerfectStorm”Brewing?
Theseareasofalignmentbetweenthe3U.S.constituenciesbecameespeciallycriticalgivenwhatwasappearingtobea“perfectstorm”ofglobalissuesandanxietiesthatwouldcometobearonthetreatynegotiation.Theanxietiesincludedregimechangeandahostofeconomicissues.Leadinguptothe2012WCITnegotiationswastheArabspringwithregimechangeand/orstatesofemergencyinnationsincludingTunisia,Egypt,KuwaitandYemen.Thesepoliticalconcernsreignedsupremeoveralmostallotherissuesincludingtheimportanceoffreespeech,economicgrowth,adistributedmodelofinnovation,commerceandinformationexchange.Evenconcernssuchasethnic
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disputesinnorthernIndiaandpoliticalandreligiousconcernsoverpornographyinSingaporewereusedasargumentstocensortheInternetinsomeform.
Alsooccurringwasagrowingeconomicconcernamongsttelecommunicationsnetworkoperatorsaboutthecostofbuildingouttherenetworksintheweekofhugedatatrafficincreases.InEurope,networkoperatorshighlightedwhattheysawasunfairregulation,limitingtheirabilitytorecoupnetworkinvestments.Collectively,ETNO(EuropeanTelecommunicationsNetworkOperatorsAssociation)proposeda“sendingpartypays”priceregimemodeledafterinternationalvoicecallingonmobilenetworkstoinessence“tax”Internetcompanies,contentplayersandultimatelywhatcouldbenonprofitorganization’s,universities…etc.tosendtheirtrafficabroad.Thisproposal,inadditiontobeingalmostimpossibletoimplementpracticallyasitrequiresanunderstandingofwhoisasendingandreceivingpartyina“openfire”exchangeofInternetqueries,responsesadditionalqueries,commercialtransactions…etc.wouldalsohaveapotentiallychillingeffectonthefreeexchangeofinformation,growthoftheInternetsectorandit’smanyentrepreneurialventures.ThisEuropeanproposalgainednotableacceptancefrommanydevelopingnationswhichhavetraditionallyavoidedliberalizingtheirmarkets,therebylimitingcompetitionandcreatinglargeandofteninefficienttelecommunicationoperatorswhichwereillequippedtodealwiththegrowthofnetworktrafficandagrowingneedforbroaderavailability.
Afinalelementofthis“perfectstorm”wastheuniqueconstructoftheWCITnegotiations––first,theUnitedStates,aspartoftheseITUnegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNationswouldhavetooperateina“onenation,onevote”constructamidst144nations.DespitethesizeandglobalimpactoftheU.S.‘spoliticalandeconomicsystem,thisuniquenegotiatingconstructofonevote,onenationclearly
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puttheUnitedStatesinaminoritypositiongiventhenumberofnationswhichheldnotablydifferentpoliticalandeconomicviews.AnotheruniqueelementoftheWCITnegotiationswasaverynarrowtimeframetoreachagreement––inessencethefirsttwoweeksofDecember,2012.Unlikethemorerecent2015Trans‐PacificPartnershipAgreementthatspannedmultipleyearsofpolicydevelopmentandnegotiation,theWCITnegotiationswerelimitedto2weeks.Thistwo‐weeklimitation––madeupof10to12daysoflong,working12to18hoursperday,createdauniquelypressureandtimesensitiveenvironmentwhichpitanaturalhumanbehaviorto“splitthedifferenceandagree”againstthepurityandimportanceoffundamentalpoliticalandeconomicbeliefs.
SoonaftertheformationoftheU.S.delegationin2012,proposalsandmessagescameinfromothernationsincludingRussia,FrenchspeakingAfricaandavarietyofArabnationsthatsoundedharmlessbutcarriedworrisomeimplications.Theseproposalssuggestedthatnetworksmustbeprotectedfromspamandcyberattacksandmustbemanagedinanefficientmannerwitheffectivetrafficmanagementprocedures.EachoftheseproposalsopenedthedoorforInternetcensorship.Inadditionavarietyofproposalsweresubmittedwhichsuggestedthatforeignnationsandnetworkoperatorsweredeservingofcompensationforthecostofbuildingouttheirbroadbandnetworks.Asopposedtofundingtheirnetworkbillfromrevenuescollectedfromtheirownsubscriber’scompetitivemarketwithmultipleproviders,thesenation/networkoperatorssoughttocollectlargefeesfrom“sendingparties.”
TheseworrisomeproposalsubmissionswerethebasisoftheUS‘sproactiveoutreachthroughthesix‐monthperiodfromJune‐December2012toadvocatetheimportanceofmarketliberalizationandInternetfreedom.Keybenchmarksofsuccesswerehighlighted––notintheUS––butabroadinmarketssuchasIndia,GhanaandKenyatodrawthe
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exampleofsuccessinternationallyandnotbeperceivedastheUS“preachingitsviews”totheworld.
TofullyunderstandothernationsviewsaswellasadvocatethoseheldbytheUS,bilateraldiscussionswereheldaheadoftheConferencewithrepresentativesfromnationsincludingChina,Russia,Japan,India,UK,Ghana,Kenya,Egypt,Germany,UKandAustralia,
Europe,Australia,NZLandpartsofLatinAmericaagreedonvaluesaroundimportanceofliberalizedmarketsandfreespeech.HowevertherewasmixedsupportfromBrazil,IndiaandpartsofAfrica.Manyofthesenationswithlessdevelopedmobilenetworksandinternetinfrastructurewereseeking“transferpricingpayments”fromInternet/contentcompaniesdeliveringtrafficinternationallyasameanstobuildouttheirlocalnetworks.NotabledisagreementsalsoexistedwithRussia,ChinaandseveralArabStates.Thesedifferingviewsrevolvedaroundthesenation’sgreaterconcernforpoliticalstability(andtheneedtomonitorcontent)thaneconomicbenefitsofbroadbandandInternetaccess.
LeadinguptoDecembernegotiations,U.S.delegationsentimentwasfairlypositiveonaconstructiveoutcome—onewhereissuesthatwereviewedasoutofscopefortheconferencecouldbetabledwithafocusonareasofcommoninterestglobally(e.g.transparencyaroundmobileroamingrates).However,inNovember2012,30daysaheadofconferenceanalarmingsubmissionfromRussiaproposinggovernmentcontrolaroundcontent/trafficmanagementandsweepinginclusionofpublicandprivatenetworkssubjecttopendingregulations.10ITUHeadHamadounTouresaidtheRussianproposalwouldberetractedgiventherulesestablishedwheresubstantiveproposalshadtobereceived3monthsaheadofthetreatynegotiations–butwasn’tsuccessful.
10Resolution3http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/S12‐WCIT12‐C‐0065!!MSW‐E.pdf
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InDecember2012uponarrivalinDubaifornegotiations,notonlywasthealarmingsubmissionfromRussianotretractedbutChinaandothernationsaddedtheirsupport.ThegoalseemedtobringtheInternetunderintergovernmentalcontrolthroughtheITU.
Forexamplethat,"Internetgovernanceshallbeeffectedthroughthedevelopmentandapplicationbygovernments,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietyofsharedprinciples,norms,rules,decision‐makingproceduresandprogramsthatshapetheevolutionanduseoftheInternet,".Ofparticularnote,istheideathatmemberstateswouldhave"thesovereignrighttoestablishandimplementpublicpolicy,includinginternationalpolicy,onmattersofInternetgovernance." Basically,thatmemberstatescouldeffectivelycontrol,throttleandfiltercontent.11
Concerningaspectsincluded:
ControlofInternet(andthuscontent),notjusttelecom(access)orientedproposals.
Internetgovernanceledsolelybygovernments. Approachestominimizecybersecuritythreatspermitcensorship
ofcontentandmanagementbygovernmentsdirectly Broaddefinitionof“spam”whichcouldincorporatelegitimate
messagesofpoliticaldissent “Sendingpartypays”pricingmodels–whereanyonegenerating
andtransmittingcontentviatheInternet,includingsmallinternetcompanies,NGO’sanduniversitiescouldbeforcedtopaytosendtrafficabroadtherebystiflingfreeflowofinformationandpotentiallylimitingInternetaccessindevelopingnations
ITUSecretaryGeneralHamadounTourewasnotabletodrivetocommonpositionsandwasnotwillingtotablecontroversialissuesfordiscussionoutsideoftheConference.ThepositionofConferencehostandChairMohamedAl‐Ghanimwasa"let'ssplitthedifference"strategy
11AtWCIT‐12,UAEsubmitssurprise'multi‐regional'proposalonITRshttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/wcit‐12‐uae‐submits‐surprise‐inter‐regional‐proposal‐itrs/2012‐12‐07
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toresolvedisagreements.Whilehisintentionsseemedgood,theyfailedtoacknowledge“non‐negotiable”redlineissuesforUSandothernations.
Therewerefourareasofconflict.First,thatthe‘Internet’wasinscopefortreatynegotiationsinspiteofnotbeingpresentintheITRbindingtext.Second,thedefinitionandcontrolof“unsolicitedbulkelectroniccommunication”orspam,whichwasseenasapotentialmethodtocontrolfreespeech.Third,howandwhichagenciesand/orentitieswouldbeplacedundertheITUregulationswithaU.S.desiretolimitapplicableagenciesto“commoncarriers”andnotprivateorgovernmentalagencies..LastlyoppositiontogoverningtheinternetviaaUNbasedsupranationalagencyratherthanamulti‐stakeholdermethod.
OUTCOMES
89MemberStatesoutofthe144participantssignedthefinalactsincludingRussia,ChinaandnationsintheMiddleEast,Africa,Asia,andSouthAmerica.
55MemberStatesleftDubaiwithoutsigningincludingtheUnitedStates,majorityofEurope,India,Japan,Kenya,thePhilippines,Israel,Australia,NewZealand,CostaRicaandChile.
Formally,thetreatycameintoforceonJanuary1,2015.DespitetheUS’sinabilitytofullyinfluenceamajorityofnationsonkeyissuesofInternetgovernance,thenegotiationsallowedtheUStoremoveobjectionableproposalsinmanyareasandachievingpositivenationalresultsattheWCITinfiveareas:
1. PermittedU.S.andothermajordemocraciestomakeastrong
statementaboutcriticalityofInternetfreedom2. TheUSdefeatedaproposalfromnumerousmemberstates,including
Bahrain,Russia,Iraq,SaudiArabia,Oman,China,andUAE,toinstitutegovernmentalcontroloverkeyaspectsofinternet
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governance,includingnamingandnumbering(currentlyhandledbyICANN),andtocreatenewmemberstateobligationswithrespecttoInternetsecurity.
3. Thetreatyhasseveralpositivetelecomrelatedoutcomes(transparencyofmobileroamingrates,reaffirmationoftheimportanceof“pro‐competition”commercialagreements)andhasfeweronerousInternetrelateditemsincludingeliminationof“anti‐netneutrality”typeprovisions.
4. TheConferenceadvancedanimportantdialogaboutimportanceofinclusivemulti‐stakeholderorganizationsandtheimportanceofadvancingbroadbandpenetrationviaopen,liberalizedmarketsprovidingcitizensandconsumersabroadsetofofferings.
5. Muchgreaterengagementofadiverseaudienceintreatynegotiationsincludingcivilsociety
Theconferencefailedtoachievenotablesuccessesinseveralabsolute,non‐negotiable,“redline”issues:
1. Definitionofwhichagency/organizationswouldbecoveredbysuchatreaty–nationswhichsignthetreatysoughtinclusionofpublicandprivatenetworkswhereastheUSandalliednationssoughtnarrowerdefinition–primarilyfocusedon“commoncarriers.”
2. Theinclusionof“spam”intheeligibleareasforcoverageopeningthedoorforabroaderinterpretationofpoliticaldissentandfree‐speechbeingdeemedspam,permittinggovernmentstoblockfreespeech.
Whilethevastmajorityofproblematicissueswereeliminatedfromthistreaty,thetwoissuesreferencedaboveweredeemedtobea“slipperyslope”forgovernmentincursionintheInternetanddeemednon‐negotiablebytheUSanditsallies.
Interestingly,theissuescomingoutoftheConferencehavegrownevenmoresignificanttodaywithanevengreaterbroadbandandeconomic
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dividebetweendevelopedanddevelopingnationsandInternetfreedomundergreaterthreat.Recentdevelopmentsinclude:
a. ConcernsaroundpoliticalstabilityinRussia,China,ArabStatesfuelinggreaterinterestinInternetregulation.ThisincludesU.S.technologycompanieslargeandsmallalikebeingaskedtostoreclouddatawithinacountry’sborders.
b. TheEdwardSnowdenincidentfuelingmorecynicismaboutgovernmentmotivationsandneedforprivacyprotection
c. Cybersecuritythreatscontinuetobeusedasanexcuseforgovernmentonlyincursionsintotrafficmonitoringandmanagement.
d. Economicandbusinessmodel“wars”betweenInternetandtelcoshaveerodedWCITalliancesaroundprinciplesofnetneutrality
TheeconomicandpoliticalbenefitsofthefreeandopenInternethaveneverbeengreaterdespitethechallengingcontext
a. Correlationbetweeneconomicgrowthandmobile/broadbandpenetrationnevergreaterthannow
b. Internetaccessrepresentsthenextfrontierforeconomicdevelopmentinthedevelopingnationsformorethan3billionunconnectedcitizens.InitiativessuchasGoogleLoonandInternet.OrgaswellastheU.S.StateDepartment’sGlobalConnectInitiativeseektocreatenewwavesofconnectedness.
c. NotableaccelerationofinnovationoftenfollowsInternetaccess–innovationofproducts/services,distributionapproaches,geographicexpansionenabledviarapidandlowcostinformationexchange,developmenttoolsviaInternet.
d. Agrowingdesireforindividualandenterpriseconnectednessviasocialmedia,web‐based
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videoconferencing…etc.willfuelcontinuedstrongdemandforbroadbandandInternetaccess
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II. POLICY IMPERATIVES GOING FORWARD
Lookingbackonthe2012WCIT,policyadvancescanandshouldbemadeinfourareas:
1. Acceleratingbroadbandaccess2. Internetgovernance3. Cybersecuritysolutions4. USandengagementinglobalorganizations
Accelerating
BroadbandAccessInternetGovernance Cybersecurity
solutionsU.S.Engagement
inGlobalOrganizations
1. ApracticalandeconomicalsolutionneedstobeprovidedfornationsseekingtofurtherexpandtheirmobilebroadbandnetworksandrelatedInternetaccess
2. Keyelementsofthesolutionshouldbea“broadband2.0”agendawhichidentifiesbestpracticesinmarketliberalization&spectrumawards,useofmobileandotheradvancedtechnologies(e.g.balloons)asaleapfrogforfixedinfrastructureanduniquebusinessmodelswhichcansupportcost‐
Identifyandstrengthenmulti‐stakeholderorganizationsuchasICANNandtheInternetSociety‐‐whichincluderepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsocietyaswellasgovernments—toaddressfundamentalInternetgovernanceissuesincludingnamingandnumbering.AcurrenteffortisNTIA’sproposedtransitionofitsinternetresponsibilitiesto
ICANN12.
1. Identifythemostpressingcybersecurityissuesindevelopedaswellasdevelopingnations.ForexampleNATOsuffered2,500cyberattacksin2012,somuchsothatNATObroughttogetherdefenseministerstodiscusssettinguprapidreactionteamstohelpalliancemembersagaincyberattacks.132. Identifymulti‐stakeholderorganizationswhicharefullyinclusiveofallstakeholderstoaddressthemostpressingissues.Ensuretheseorganizationsarewellresourcedasan
1. ActivelyengageinglobalforatoraisethecriticalissuesofInternetgovernance,broadbandaccessandcybersecurity.ThisincludestakinganactiveroleindevelopingandimplementingpolicyattheInternetGovernanceForumincludingtheannualmeetingin2015.15
2. Raisetheprofilesofsuccessful,liberalizedmarketsas
12NTIAAnnouncesIntenttoTransitionKeyInternetDomainNameFunctionshttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/press‐release/2014/ntia‐announces‐intent‐transition‐key‐internet‐domain‐name‐functions13UpdatingITUsatWCIT2012–RelevantforCyberSecurity?https://ccdcoe.org/updating‐international‐telecommunication‐regulations‐wcit‐2012‐relevant‐cyber‐security.html15InternetGovernanceForumhttp://www.intgovforum.org/cms/
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AcceleratingBroadbandAccess
InternetGovernance Cybersecuritysolutions
U.S.EngagementinGlobal
OrganizationseffectiveInternetaccess(E.g.Internet.org).TheUSStateDepartment’srecentGlobalConnectInitiative,whichseekstocreateInternetaccessfor1.5billionnewusersby2020isagoodexampleofthis.
alternativetopotentially“governmentonly”solutions.AnexampleisInternationalMultilateralPartnershipAgainstCyberThreats(IMPACT)headquarteredinCyberjaya,MalaysiawhichoffersITU’smemberstatesaccesstoexpertise,facilitiesandresourcestoaddresscyberthreats14.
benchmarksofsuccess–includingKenya,India,Ghana—andtesttheirwillingnesstoactasglobalspokespeoplefortheseissuesinadditiontotheUS
14InternationalMultilateralPartnershipAgainstCyberThreats(IMPACT)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Multilateral_Partnership_Against_Cyber_Threats
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PART III – APPROACHES TO WCIT DELEGATION ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP
TherewerefourkeyelementstothesuccessfuloperationoftheUSDelegation:
a) Delegationselectionandexpectationsb) Clarityaroundvision/missionandpolicypositionsc) Effective,regularcommunicationsd) Teamwork
A. DelegationSelectionandExpectations
TheWCITdelegationwasmadeupofaCoreDelegationcomprisedofgovernmentonlyrepresentatives(e.g.StateDepartment,FCC,Commercedepartment,FTC…Etc.)andthefulldelegationof100+memberswhich,inadditiontogovernmentrepresentatives,includedrepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsociety.CompaniesandcivilsocietymembersinterestedinbecomingadelegatecoulddosobysubmittinganapplicationfourmonthspriortotheDecember2012treatingnegotiations.Eachrepresentativehadtoagreetosubordinatetheirownorganization’sintereststotheinterestsofthenationandbroaderWCITdelegation.SubjectmatterexpertisewassoughtfromboththetelecomandInternetsectorsaswellasfunctionalexpertiseintechnologyandpublicpolicy.Delegateshadtoagreetomaintainconfidentialityofearlypolicypositionswhileindevelopment.Delegateswerealsoexpectedtoadheretoseveralnorms––communicationinaconstructivemanner––withinthedelegationandabroad,neverspeakinginademeaningorpatronizingwaytoanypersonororganization.WewereespeciallysensitiveabouttheUSbeingviewedas“lookingdown”ontherestoftheworldwithpoliciesoroutcomesdifferentthanourownwhichwouldbe
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clearlycounterproductivetocreatingalignmentarounddesiredprinciplesofliberalizedmarketsandinternetfreedom.Anothernormwastheimportanceofspeakingfrompointsoffactandnotjustideology.WhiletherecertainlywerecommonideologiesofamongsttheUSdelegationaroundtheimportanceofcompetition,technologyadvances,politicalfreedoms…etc.,usingtheseapproachesexclusivelytoadvocatewouldringhollowwithmanynationsinternationally,againneutralizingoureffectiveness.Interestingly,thechallengeofspeakingfromfactsasopposedtoideologieswasinsomecasesjustasdifficultwithincoredelegationmadeupofgovernmentrepresentativesasopposedtothebroaderdelegationwithrepresentativesfromindustryandcivilsociety.AnothernormwasthecriticalityofteamworkwhichIdescribelater.Inthreecases,IhadtomeetwithrepresentativesoftheUSdelegation(twofromindustryandonefromgovernment)regardingunacceptablebehaviors.Inonecaseandindustryrepresentativewasmisusingherdelegatestatustoadvanceherowncompany’sinterestsaheadofnationalinterests.InanothercaseanindustryrepresentativewasspeakingonbehalfoftheUSdelegationinadisparagingwaytowardsothernationsandinafinalcase,arepresentativefromUSGovernment,displayedabullyingbehaviortoadvanceherdepartment’sinterests,marginalizingtheinterestsofothers.Itwascriticaltoenforcetheexpectationsofthedelegation.Thiscreatedagreatersenseoffocus,improvedproductivityandagreatersenseoffairplayacrosswhatwasalargeandverydiversesetofinterests.Giventhemagnitudeofinternationalopposition
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theUSfaced,ensuringinternalalignmentwithintheUSdelegationwascritical.
B. ClarityAroundVision/MissionandPolicyPositions
EssentialtoeffectiveglobaladvocacyofUSpositionswasclarityaroundourdelegation’svision/missionaswellasclearlyarticulatedandsubstantiatedpolicypositions.Todothis,we:
Createdagrandvision/mission,whichcouldincorporateinonelineouroverallobjectives.Inthiscaseitwas“creatinganenvironmentforsuccess”for3constituencies:citizens,consumersandsocieties.ThisconveyedthenotionthatthetelecomandInternetsectorscoulddrivesuccessescommercially,politicallyandsocietally.
Specificpolicypositionsweredevelopedutilizinga“good/better/best”approachtherebyforcingthedelegationtounderstandthevaryingpositionsandtrade‐offsonspecificpolicyissuesandavoidingamoreideological,black/white,yes/noposition.Inallcasesasitiswithhumanbehavior,peoplewillalwaysseekthe“best”solutions.Butintheheatofnegotiations,withtheneedtoprioritizesomeissuesoverothers,understandingthevariousgood/better/bestpositionswaskeyforoveralleffectiveness.
Asreferencedearlier,policypositionscouldonlycomefromanassessmentoffacts,bestpracticesnotjustintheUSbutworldwide.ExamplesofliberalizedmarketsuccessesinIndia,KenyaandGhanawerejustascriticalasthoseintheUS.
“Redline”positionsweredevelopedinadditionto“good/better/best”tounderstandfloorpositionsonspecificpolicyproposals.Somegovernmentagenciesattemptedto“game”thesystembyidentifyingrestrictiveredlinepositionsonmost/allpositions.Thisbehaviorhadtobe
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calledouttoensurecrediblepositionswithintheUSandabroad.
C. Effective,regularcommunications
Giventhislargedelegation,communicationandunderstandingofthecorevisionandemergingpolicypositionswaskey.Thiswasaccomplishedby:
1. WeeklyCoreDelegationmeetingswithappointedTopicleaders(E.g.cybersecurity‐DeptHomelandSecurity,broadbandaccess‐FCC)tosolicitinputandmakepolicyproposalsutilizinggood/better/bestapproachTopleaderswereresponsiblefordevelopingpolicyproposalswithinputfromothers.Topicleaderswererequiredtoacceptinputfromotherdelegatesbutnotpermitotherdelegatesto“veto”keypositions.
2. Biweeklyexpandeddelegationmeetings:ToreviewprogressofpolicydevelopmentbyCoreDelegation,solicitinputandselectivelybeginoutboundcommunication/consultationeffort.MorefrequentmeetingsasConferenceapproached
3. Monthlyadvisorygroupmeetings:abroaderadvisorygroupwasestablishedcomprisedofbothdelegatesaswellasnon‐delegates(e.g.press,industryrepresentativesnotwantingtobeboundbydelegaterequirements…etc.)toreviewprocessforsolicitationofviewsaswellasshareemergingpolicypositions.Thisadvisorygrouppermittedevengreatertransparencyofemergingpolicypositions.However,keydelegateshadtobecarefulsharinginformationwhichcouldbetakenoutofcontextregardingUSpositions.
4. Bilateralmeetings:Internationaltravelapproximatelyeverytwoweekstoshareemergingpositions,solicitinputandattempttoalignoncommonviewsaheadofConference
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a. TripstoChina,Russia,ElSalvador,Dubai,Azerbaijan,Geneva,JapanandGhana
b. Attendedregionalcommunications/internetpolicyconferencesincludingtheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationMinisterialConferenceinSt.Petersburg,RussiaandtheAfricanGroupWCITPreparatoryMeetinginAccra,Ghana.
c. RepresentativesfromFCC,DepartmentHomelandSecurity,DoD,NTIAandFTCwereinvitedtojoinkeyrepresentativesfromStateDepartmentforbilateralnegotiationsandregionalconferences.
d. Selectionofrepresentationbasedonsubjectmatterexpertise,communication/deliverystyleofUSgovernmentrepresentative(requirementforengagingandfact‐basedstyle)whileensuringabalanceofUSrepresentativesagainstothercountryrepresentativessoasnotto“overpower”meetingswithUSrepresentatives.
e. Establishmentofregular“alignednations”communicationforalignmentofpositions.Earlyalignmentwassoughtwithfiveeyes–UnitedKingdom,Australia,NewZealand,Canada(andU.S.)whereformalcooperationexistbetweengovernmentsacrossnumerousareasincludingdefenseintelligence.Additionally,strongalignmentwassoughtwithotherdemocratic,liberalizedmarketsincludingtherestofEurope,Japan,IndiaandtheAmericasregion.
TheAmericasregionsupportwasmixedwithalignmentdependingonpositionsofBrazilandabilitytocounterongoingphilosophicaldisagreementswithcountriessuchasVenezuela,CubaandBolivia.Indiawasauniquecaseasitdisplayedasomewhatsurprisinglackofalignmentwithotherdemocraticand
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liberalizedmarketssuchasUSandEurope.16Thecommunicationsministeratthattime,KapilSibalinitiallysupportedtheU.S.viewpoint17.Howeverlateradvocateda“networkequality”proposalincludingsendingpartypaysproposaldespitetheliberalizationoftelecommarket.HealsodefendedtherighttocensurecontentandlimitaccesstoInternetduetoethnicdisputeswithinIndia.18ThecommonbeliefwasthatthiswasaresultofthelessmatureprocessofsolicitinginputfromindustryandcivilsocietyinIndia.
Evenwheredisagreementexistedbetweennations,aneffortwasmadetorelayU.S.positionstoRussia,ChinaandothernationswithnotablyorthogonalviewsfromtheUSwithoutexpectationofnotablechangingpositions.
TheprimaryfocusofU.S.Delegationadvocacyworkwason“swingstates”whichmadeupasignificantportionoftheUN/ITUandforwhichsomeoverlapofpositionscouldbereached.TheseincludedcountriesinLatinAmericaandAfricawhoseinterestshadthegreatestoverlaponInternetfreedomwhileareasofdifferencewereoftenorientedaroundeconomicissuesofnetworkbuildout/positionsagainstnetneutralityfromthesenations.
DuringtheactualWCITnegotiationinDubai,twicedailymeetingswereheldwiththefulldelegation,inthemorningandevening,toassesspolicyadvancesandchallenges––bynationandacrosstheUN.Thispermittedregularupdatesonprogressandhighlightedrequiredareasoffocusacrossthe100+persondelegation.
16Clashofthecyberworldshttp://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/clash‐of‐the‐cyberworlds‐3992217Sibalsnowedinwithissuesoffreespeechhttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sibal‐snowed‐in‐with‐issues‐of‐free‐speech/article4140969.ece18SibaltoapproachCabinetonITRsasU.N.SummitonInternetcontrolcollapseshttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sibal‐to‐approach‐cabinet‐on‐itrs‐as‐un‐summit‐on‐internet‐control‐collapses/article4204075.ece
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D. TeamworkGiventhenotableoppositiontheUSexperiencedinaUNcontext,alignmentwithintheUSdelegationwasimperative.TheUShadafortunatepositionofexperiencewithsuccessfulmobilecommunicationsadoption,Internetinnovation,politicalfreedoms…Etc.butwithintheUNcontext,“wewereonlyonevote.”Thesealignedpositionsonallpolicyissuesamongstthedelegation–government,industryandcivilsocietywascritical.ThisalignmentwasalsocriticalattheactualtreatynegotiationsinDubaiwherenegotiatingintheheatofmomentwith12‐18hourdaysandthenormalhumandesiretoalign,itwouldhavebeeneasytosacrificeUSpositionsifthisnational/delegationalignmentdidn’texist.
Basedonthisuniqueandchallengingenvironment,establishingstrongnormsaroundteamworkwasessential.Toachievethisteamwork,severalsystemiceffortswerenecessary:
Clearcommunicationofteamingexpectationsupfront Writtenagreementtosubordinatecompany/organization
intereststonationalinterestsassymbolicgestureofcompliance
Willingnessto“callout”casesofnotable“badbehavior.”Confrontingthisbehaviorhadtobedoneinathoughtfulmannerwheredelegatesshouldn’tfeel“silenced”butinsteadencouragedtosharetheirviewsinaconstructivemannerbutwithoutthreats,bullying,leakinginformationoutsidethedelegationfortheirownbenefit…etc.
Ultimately,theabilitytotapthecollectiveenergyandinsightsofalargeanddiversedelegationwasessential.Doingthisrequiredcreatingasbroadalevelofinclusionaspossible.Includingindustryrepresentativesandcivilsocietywhereverpossibledespiterisksofdiffusionandslownessinpolicy
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developmentaswellasself‐servingpolicyleakswaskey.Also,creatingasenseofownershipofkeyissuesandgeographies/”swingstatenations”byindividualU.S.delegatecreatedagreatersenseofteamwork,purposeandcohesion.
Withthisstrongteamworkandtrustinplace,thefull100+persondelegationcouldbeutilizedeffectivelythroughoutthesix‐monthperiodandespeciallyduringthetwo‐weeknegotiationsinDubaitoeffectivelyadvocateUSpositionsacrossabroadsetofissues.Duringthetreatynegotiations,a“divideandconquer”approachwasutilizedforoutreachbypolicyissueandgeography–utilizingamatrixesapproachtooutreach.
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PartIV:LEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES
Severalnotableleadershipimperativesemergewhicharecentraltofuturesuccessforallleaders(elected/appointedpublicleadersandleadersofindustryandcivilsociety):
ImperativeContextMatters(Onesizedoesnot fit
all)Multi‐stakeholdergovernanceandindustry
ecosystemsarethenewnormalSharingtheprizeforconsensus
LearningLesson
1. Importanceofseeingpast“USsuccesses”inunderstandingandadvocatingthebestsolutionsglobally.
2. LeadersneedtoseeeconomicandpoliticalopportunitiesfromaninternationalandnotjustU.S.basis.
3. Manynationsaremotivatedmoreby“organicdriversofsuccess”thanreplicatingwhattheymayperceiveasaU.S.model.
4. ManysuccessfulareasofinnovationhaveemanatedfrommarketsoutsidetheUSwithimplicationsformuchoftheworld(M‐PesamobilebankingsolutioninKenyaspreadingthroughthedevelopingworld).Leadersneedtobeeverawareofpromisinginnovation,businessmodelsandbestpracticesfromthroughouttheworldandwhethertheyshouldbeimportingorexportingthesepracticesintheirownmarket.
1. Increasingly,ecosystemsaretheprimarymeansforinnovationandindustrygrowthinatechnologydriveneconomy.Workingeffectivelyinanecosystemnolongerisanoptionalleadershipskill.
2. Multi‐stakeholdermodelsofgovernance(industry,government,civilsociety)areincreasinglybecomingthenorminaconvergedeconomywithmultiplestakeholdersinterests.
3. Thesemulti‐stakeholderorganizationsmustbeempoweredwithdecisionmakingauthorityandresourcestoachievesuccess.
4. Leadersmustincreasinglyassesspublicpolicyissuesastheyseektoadvancetechnologybasedsolutions.Concernsoverprivacy,cybersecurityandnetneutralityarepartofagrowinglistofissueswhichrequirepublic/privatepartnershipsforeffectivesolutions.
5. Relatedly,leadersmustfindeffectivewaystodrivesolutionswhichensurebothpublicandindustrygoodonaglobalbasis.
Increasingly,leadersneedtoknowhowtoproperlyassessthe“prize”oftechnologysharing,effectiveeconomicmodelsandresultingglobaleconomicandpoliticalprosperitybalancedagainstindividualcompany/nationalneeds.“Arisingtideliftsallboats”philosophyshouldbeappreciatedintoday’scurrenttechnologydriveneconomy.AnenvironmentwheretheInternetistrulyfreeandopen,wheremarketsareliberalizedandcompetitive,whereinnovationflourishescreatesopportunitiesnotjustfornationsandeconomiesbutindividualsandEnterprises.Leadersmustpartnerwithotherleaders––ingovernment,intheprivatesectorandacrossgeographicboundariestocreatethis“environmentforsuccess.”
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Summary:
The2012WCITrepresenteda“standoutconferenceandtreatynegotiation.”IthighlightedthevastimpactthattelecommunicationsandtheInternethavehadandwillcontinuetohaveoncitizens,consumersandsociety.Withthisnotableimpactcameasenseofpoliticalthreatandeconomicchallengeforthoseseekingtoaccruebenefitsfortheirownnarrowinterestsasopposedtothosebroadlyofcitizens,consumersandsocieties.WhiletheUSchosenottosignthetreaty,the2012WCITprovidedvaluableopportunitytocommunicateandalignwithnumerousnationsaroundthe“ingredientsforsuccess”foravibrantInternetandtelecommunicationsector.
TheUSsuccesseswerebasedonanimpressiveUSdelegationwithsubjectmatterexpertise,internationalfocus,teamworkandawillingnesstoengageconstructivelyandglobally.TheUSdelegationwasabletobringtobearthevastknowledge,expertiseandcommitmentofnumerousbranchesofUSgovernment,industryandcivilsocietywithoutpartisanshipandselfinterest.TheseuniquetraitsandsuccessfulperformanceshouldbeutilizedgoingforwardonpolicyimperativescriticalfortheadvanceofthetelecomandInternetsectorsincludingacceleratedbroadbandavailability,cybersecurity,economicmodelswhichfostercompetitionandliberalizationandInternetgovernancedrivenbyamulti‐stakeholdermodeltapsthecollectivewisdomandambitionsofgovernment,industryandcivilsociety.
TheactionstakeninDecember2012aremere“babysteps”inthelongtermadvanceofthesecriticalsectors,andafreeandprosperoussociety.
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TerryKramer(LinkedIn)TerryiscurrentlyanadjunctProfessorandfacultyadvisorfortheGlobalAccessandStrategicManagementProgramsattheUCLAAndersonSchoolofManagement.AsAmbassadorintheObamaadministration,heledtheU.S.delegationin2012fortheWorldConferenceonInternationalTelecommunications.Asaglobalmobilecommunicationsexecutivewithover30yearsofindustryexperience,TerryhasworkedatVodafoneGroup,inavarietyofpositionsdomesticallyandinternationally.avarietyofsmall,growingtechnologycompaniesandasEntrepreneurinResidenceatHarvardBusinessSchool.TerryearnedanMBAfromHarvardBusinessSchoolandaBAinEconomicswithdistinctionfromUCLA.Foradditionalinsights,negotiationstrategiesandspeakingengagements,[email protected]+1(510)913‐0800.
QuaseerMujawar (LinkedIn)QuaseeriscurrentlyadirectoratUnitedHealthcarewithintheirAdvancedResearchandAnalyticsgroupderivinginsightsfromterabytesofhealthcareandclaimsdata.BeforeUnitedHealthcare,heworkedasamanagerwithinDeloitteConsulting’spublicsectorpracticebuildinghealthinsuranceexchanges.QuaseerearnedanMBAfromUCLAAndersonSchoolofManagementandaMastersinComputerSciencefromCornellUniversity.
SpecialAcknowledgments:
AspecialacknowledgementtoAmbassadorPhilVerveerforprovidinginvaluableinsightsandleadershipnotonlywithregardstothispaperbutalsotheWCITconference.HismanyyearsofleadershipattheFCCandDepartmentofStatewereagifttomeandthenation.
AlsoI’dliketoacknowledgeManuBhardwajofDepartmentofStatewhoprovidedhelpfulinsightsforthispaperonrecentStateDepartmentinitiativestoadvanceInternetaccessincludingtheGlobalConnectInitiative.