Name: __________________________ Period: _____Laboratory Exercise and Activity: Organization of the Human Body

EXERCISE 1: Anatomical Language

Objectives

Describe the anatomical position. Use anatomical and directional terms correctly Identify body planes and sections on models, charts, or preserved specimens

Materials

Human torso models Apples (1 per group) and plastic knives Plastic tubing (1/2-foot piece per group)

Activity 1: Anatomical Terms

Pre-Lab Activity:

1. Label Figure 1.1, with the appropriate anatomical terms for each body region or area. Refer to Table 1.1.

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Colored pencils, marker Scissors Textbook, Note Packet

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Lab Activity:

1. Use anatomical terms to identify the specific numbered body regions or areas on the torso models on the large green table at the back of the room. Record your answers in the chart below:a. ______________________ f. _____________________b. ______________________ g. _____________________c. ______________________ h. _____________________d. ______________________ i. _____________________e. ______________________ j. _____________________

Activity 2: Directional Terms

Pre-Lab Activities:

1. Complete the sentences below using the appropriate directional term from Table 1.2. Refer to the anatomical terms in Table 1.1 as needed.

a. The sternum is __________________ to the vertebrae.b. The orbit is _________________ to the oral cavity.c. The heart is _________________ to the lungs.d. The carpus is __________________ to the brachium.e. The right lung and right kidney are ___________________.f. The skin is _________________ to the bones.g. The nose is _________________ and _______________ to the eyes.

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2. Label Figure 1.2 with the directional terms from the bulleted list by writing the term in the appropriate numbered blank.

Activity 3: Body Planes and Sections

Pre-Lab Activities:

1. Label the planes in Figure 1.3(a) and the sections in Figure 1.3(b) with the terms in the accompanying bulleted list by writing the term in the appropriate numbered blank.

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2. Identify the type of sections of the human brain in Figure 1.4.

Lab Activities:

1. Observe sagittal, frontal, and transverse sections using an apple. Working in a group draw a face on the apple. Cut sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes through the apple to make sagittal,

frontal, and transverse sections. Keep sections together to form a whole apple to show your instructor and have the

instructor initial here __________.2. Observe longitudinal sections and cross-sections using plastic tubing.

Observe a demonstration provided by your instructor of a tube cut along its longitudinal axis to produce a longitudinal section and a tube cut perpendicular to its longitudinal axis to produce a cross-section.

Obtain a 1/2-foot section of plastic tubing and twist it so you can visualize one plane that would simultaneously divide one area of the tube into a longitudinal section and another area into a cross-section.

Do not cut the tube unless instructed to do so. Show your instructor where a cut would produce both a longitudinal section and a

cross-section.

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Using the Knowledge You Have Gained

A. Body Regions, Anatomical Terminology, and Directional Terms

1. A 55-year old female presented with an irregularly shaped and abnormally pigmented mole in the left scapular region, just lateral to the vertebrae. Indicate on Figure 1.5 where this mole is likely to be found by drawing in the mole’s probable location with a red dot.

2. A 37-year old female presented to the emergency room with a severe burn (3rd degree) on the right brachial region just proximal to the antecubital region. Indicate on Figure 1.5 where the burn is likely to be found by drawing its probable location with a blue dot.

3. A 19-year old female was identified by a tattoo on the fibular surface of the right leg just proximal to the tarsal region. Indicate on Figure 1.5 where the tattoo is likely to be found by drawing a purple dot to show its probable location.

Questions 4-7 have italicized words that are derived from word roots used to form the adjectives in Table 1.1. Using the locations suggested by the italicized words, answer questions 4-7.

4. Is the popliteal artery proximal or distal to the femoral artery? ____________________5. Is the pectoralis major muscle anterior or posterior to the subscapularis muscle?

___________________6. Is the sternocleidomastoid muscle superior or inferior to the abdominis muscle?

___________________7. Are the thoracic vertebrae medial or lateral to the scapulae? _____________________

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B. Body Planes and Sections

Figure 1.6 contains three different sections through the thorax. Indicate which section (view a, b, or c) is a:8. Frontal section ____________9. Sagittal section ____________10. Transverse (axial) section ____________

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EXERCISE 2: Organ Systems and Body Cavities

Objectives

Correlating organs to organ systems and relate them to their functions Describe the location of the body cavities and some of the associated organs Identify the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions Explore homeostatic imbalances

Materials

Human torso models Marking implements

Activity 1: Identifying Organ Systems

Pre-Lab Activities:

1. Observe the organs in Figure 2.1 (a) and (b). Refer to your textbook or organ systems informational sheet for a list of organ systems, their function, and the major organs in each organ system.

2. Write each labeled organ under the appropriate organ system on the next page. There may be organs systems that don’t have any organs in these figures, and some organs may function with more than one system.

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Textbook Organ System Informational Sheet

Body Organ Systems

Cardiovascular System Nervous System

Digestive System Reproductive System

Endocrine System Respiratory System

Integumentary System Skeletal System

Lymphatic System Urinary System

Muscular System

Activity 2: Body Cavities

Pre-Lab Activity:

1. Label the major body cavities and the diaphragm on Figure 2.2 (a) and (b).

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Lab Activities:

1. Locate the major body cavities on the labeled skeleton model in the classroom and filled in the names of the body cavities that correlate with the labels below:a. _____________________ d. _____________________b. _____________________ e. _____________________c. _____________________ f. _____________________

2. Locate the mediasternum on a torso model. Identify the organs located them within the mediasternum with your instructor and list them below:

Have your instructor initial here that you completed this activity___________

Activity 3: Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Pre-Lab Activities:

1. Draw lines on Figure 2.3 (a) separating the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants amd label the quadrants.

2. Draw lines on Figure 2.3 (b) separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions amd label the regions.

3. Identify in which abdominopelvic quadrant(s) each organ listed below is primarily located. Use the abbreviations RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ.a. Appendix _______ e. Pancreas _______b. Large intestine or colon _______ f. Small intestine _______c. Liver _______ g. Spleen _______d. Ovaries _______ h. Stomach _______

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Using the Knowledge You Have Gained

A. Functions of Organ SystemsIdentify the organ system by its function as described below.

_____________________ 1. Maintains blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels_____________________ 2. Controls muscles and glands by electrical impulses, helps control homeostasis_____________________ 3. Causes movement of bones_____________________ 4. Waterproof barrier that blocks the entrance of pathogens into the body and prevents the loss of water from the body_____________________ 5. Transports nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body_____________________ 6. Changes food into absorbable nutrients, expels wastes_____________________ 7. Regulates composition of blood by eliminating nitrogenous wastes, excess water, and minerals_____________________ 8. Uses hormones to control cell function, helps control homeostasis_____________________ 9. Provides framework for the body and protects body organs_____________________10. Produces gametes (sperm and egg)_____________________11. Returns fluid to the bloodstream and provides protection against pathogens that have entered the body

B. Homeostatic Imbalance of Organ SystemsUsing your textbook or other resources, identify the organ system that is homeostatically imbalanced in the following diseases or disorders.___________________ 1. Muscular dystrophy___________________ 2. Hypothyroidism___________________ 3. Myocardial ischemia___________________ 4. Infectious mononucleosis

C. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

1. A 44-year old male went to the emergency room complaining of severe pain in his RLQ. The doctor palpitated the area and determined that the pain was originating from an organ in that quadrant. Which organ might be involved?

(a) Liver (b) Appendix (c) Gallbladder (d) Spleen (e) Stomach

2. A 23-year old female went to the doctor with the chief complaint of RLQ pain. Which organ is most likely the cause?

(a) Adrenal gland (b) Ovary (c) Gallbladder (d) Pancreas (e) Kidney

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