Wind Energy Technology
Pradeep choudharyDepartment of Electronics & communication Engineering,
Gits,udaipur
Wind Speed: 6.0 m/s
Wind Speed: 6.4 m/s
Wind Speed: 7.0 m/s
Wind Speed: 7.5 m/s
Wind Speed: 8.0m/s
The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW.
Wind Power Potential
Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain
Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity
Over 3,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind power to
sail their ships on the Nile River. Later, people built windmills to
grind their grain.In 1891, the first electrical output
wind machine was developed incorporating the aerodynamic
design principles.
Energy Cost Trend
1979: 20 INR/kWh
Increased Turbine Size
Manufacturing Improvements 2012: 1.5 INR/kWh
2000: 3 INR/kWh
1. Onshore: Onshore wind turbines are placed in hilly and mountainous places and are at least three kilometers away from the nearest shore.
2. Near-shoreNear-shore wind turbines are installed
within three kilometers from the nearest shore or on water within
ten kilometers from land.
3.Offshore Offshore wind turbines’ developement zones are at least ten kilometers away from land.
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
Why Wind Energy?Wind, for now, is the renewable energy resource/technology of choice“Free” resourceA “clean” resource due to:
Replacement of a “dirty” energy source (coal) and, No emissions associated with its use
Can be utilized on underutilized land or on lands currently in commodity crop production (“harvest” on the surface and “harvest” above the surface)
Wind Energy Benefits
No air emissions
No fuel to mine, transport, or store
No cooling water
No water pollution
No wastes
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
1920 :Invented by G. M. Darrieus (French Engineer): Darrieus Rotor
500 kW, 34m long was undertaken in 1980 by Sandia national Lab, USA but leaving the business in 1997
Common HAWT Construction
Rotor
• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind
speed (40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range)• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator
Rotor must move more rapidly to capture same amount of wind
– Gearbox ratio reduced– Added weight of
counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design
– Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because entire rotor can be assembled on ground
Captures 10% less energy than two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
Number of Blades – One
Advantages & disadvantages similar to one blade
Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances
Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs
Number of Blades - Two
Balance of gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation– increases gearbox &
transmission costs– More aesthetic, less
noise, fewer bird strikes
Number of Blades - Three
Steel– Heavy & expensive
Aluminum– Lighter-weight and easy
to work with turbine– Expensive– Subject to metal fatigue
Blade Composition Metal
Features of major Components & Systems
Tubular Tower for better load carrying capacity Designed stiffness to eliminate critical natural frequencies Designed to reduce the dynamic stresses to minimum Load Separation plate inserted inside foundation for better stability and better load distribution. Ergonomically designed tower internals with necessary safety equipment, like fall arrester Superior cable management systems with specific designed clamp for less wear and tear while twisting Epoxy coating Ultrasonic and Radiography tests Less maintenance as compared to lattice
Tower
Nominal Power -1500 kW Rotor diameter - 82 m
Hub height- 78.5mRotor cone angle- 4.3°Swept area -5281 m2
Rotor speed (at rated power) -16.30 rpmRotational speed 15.6 -18.4 rpm
Tip speed (at rated power)- 70 m/sBlade length -40 m
Generator Stator Voltage -690 VSpeed at rated power and shortcut rotor-
1,511 rpmStart wind 4 m/sStop wind 20 m/s
Technical specification Tower
Turbines: Different Sizes and Applications
Small (10 kW)• Homes (Grid-connected)• Farms• Remote Applications
(e.g. battery changing, water pumping, telecom sites)
Intermediate
(10-500 kW)• Village Power• Hybrid Systems• Distributed Power
Large (500 kW – 5 MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power• Offshore Wind
Nacelle56 tons
Tower3 sections
Workers Blade112’ long
Wind Turbine Perspective for 1.5mwWind Turbine Perspective for 1.5mw
Wind Turbine Technology
0 5 10 15 20 250
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Wind Speed (m/s)
MW
2.0
0
P ti
250 v wi
0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Wind Speed (m/s)
MW Pw vw
i
vwi
Power curve for a 1.5 MW variable-speed, pitch-controlled wind turbine. Note “flatness” of output for wind speeds at or above rated value
Source: AWEA
Wind farms
Most wind turbines are rather small in generating capacity (e.g., 50 to 500 kW. There are some very large units to about 1 MW. At these power levels, many turbines are needed to obtain desirable power levels – typically well above 100 MW. The many turbines are often organized into ‘wind farms’ as shown here. 27
Source: http://www.sharonpavey.org/luppitt-looking-forward-to-a-sustainable-future/
Source: http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=100757&print=1
ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as farming can still continue. 4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape. 5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. 6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world. 7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today.
DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at all. 2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy. 3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling at 70 mph. 4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly. 5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some pollution. 6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed for a town of 100 000 people?