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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Presented by:
A.Jeyakumar
&
Siva Chidambaram
Email id:[email protected]
Mobile No:9597976944
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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Wireless telecommunications
is the transfer of information between
two or more points that are physically
not connected. Distances can be short,
as a few meters as in television
remote control; or long ranging from
thousands to millions of kilometers
for deep-space radio communications.
It encompasses various types of fixed,
mobile, and portable two-way radios,
cellular telephones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and wireless
networking. Other examples ofwireless technology include GPS
units, Garage door openers or garage
doors, wireless computer mice,
keyboards and Headset
(telephone/computer), headphones,
radio receivers, satellite television,
broadcast television and cordless
telephones.
CONTENTS:
Introduction Wireless services Wireless networks Wired vs Wireless LAN Modes Cordless History
oPhotophone
o Early wireless worko Radio
Electromagnetic spectrum Applications of wireless
technology
o Security systems
o Mobile telephoneso Wireless data
communications
o Wireless energy transfero
Computer interfacedevices Categories of wireless
implementations, devices and
standards
See also References
INTRODUCTION
Wireless operations permitsservices, such as long range
communications, that are impossible
or impractical to implement with the
use of wires. The term is commonly
used in the telecommunications
industry to refertotelecommunications
systems (e.g. radio transmitters and
receivers, remote controls, computer
networks, network terminals, etc.)
which use some form of energy (e.g.
radio frequency (RF),acoustic energy,
etc.) to transfer information without
the use of wires. Information is
transferred in this manner over both
short and long distances.
WIRELESS SERVICES
This section does not cite anyreferences or sources. Please
help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material
may be challenged and
removed.(December 2006)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_%28telephone/computer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_%28telephone/computer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Modeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Early_wireless_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Mobile_telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Categories_of_wireless_implementations.2C_devices_and_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Computer_interface_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Mobile_telephoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Applications_of_wireless_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Early_wireless_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Modeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Wireless_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_%28telephone/computer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_%28telephone/computer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_door_openerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_radio8/2/2019 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Common examples of wireless
equipment include:
Telemetry control and trafficcontrol systems
Infrared and ultrasonic remotecontrol devices
Modulated laser light systemsfor point to point
communications
Professional LMR (LandMobile Radio) and SMR
(Specialized Mobile Radio)
typically used by business,
industrial and Public Safetyentities.
Consumer Two way radioincluding FRS Family Radio
Service, GMRS (General
Mobile Radio Service) and
Citizens band ("CB") radios.
The Amateur Radio Service(Ham radio).
Consumer and professionalMarine VHF radios.
Airband and radio navigationequipment used by aviators and
air traffic control
Cellular telephones and pagers:provide connectivity for
portable and mobile
applications, both personal and
business.
Global Positioning System(GPS): allows drivers of cars
and trucks, captains of boats
and ships, and pilots of aircraft
to ascertain their location
anywhere on earth.
Cordless computer peripherals:the cordless mouse is a
common example; keyboards
and printers can also be linked
to a computer via wireless
using technology such as
Wireless USB or Bluetooth
Cordless telephone sets: theseare limited-range devices, not
to be confused with cell
phones.
Satellite television: Is broadcastfrom satellites in geostationary
orbit. Typical services use
direct broadcast satellite toprovide multiple television
channels to viewers.
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless networking (i.e. the
various types of unlicensed 2.4 GHz
WiFi devices) is used to meet many
needs. Perhaps the most common use
is to connect laptop users who travel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Radio_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio8/2/2019 Wireless Telecommunications
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from location to location. Another
common use is for mobile networks
that connect via satellite. A wireless
transmission method is a logical
choice to network a LAN segment
that must frequently change locations.
The following situations justify theuse of wireless technology:
To span a distance beyond thecapabilities of typical cabling,
To provide a backupcommunications link in case of
normal network failure,
To link portable or temporaryworkstations,
To overcome situations wherenormal cabling is difficult or
financially impractical, or
To remotely connect mobileusers or networks.
WIRED VS WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Computer networks for the
home and small business can be built
using either wired or wireless
technology. Wired Ethernet has been
the traditional choice in homes, but
Wi-Fi wireless technologies are
gaining ground fast. Both wired and
wireless can claim advantages over
the other; both represent viable
options for home and other local areanetworks (LANs).
Below we compare wired and
wireless networking in five key areas:
ease of installation
total cost reliability performance security
About Wired LANs
Wired LANs use Ethernet cables and
network adapters. Although two
computers can be directly wired to
each other using an Ethernet
crossover cable, wired LANs
generally also require central devices
like hubs, switches, or routers to
accommodate more computers.
For dial-up connections to the
Internet, the computer hosting the
modem must run Internet Connection
Sharing or similar software to share
the connection with all other
computers on the LAN. Broadband
routers allow easier sharing of cable
modem or DSL Internet connections,
plus they often include built-in
firewall support.
Installation
Ethernet cables must be run from each
computer to another computer or to
the central device. It can be time-
consuming and difficult to run cables
under the floor or through walls,especially when computers sit in
different rooms. Some newer homes
are pre-wired with CAT5 cable,
greatly simplifying the cabling
process and minimizing unsightly
cable runs.
http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wifi.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-adapter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkcables/g/bldef_crossover.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkcables/g/bldef_crossover.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-hub.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-switch.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-modem.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/dslcablerouters/g/bldef_bbrouter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/dslcablerouters/g/bldef_bbrouter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-firewall.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-cat5.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-cat5.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-firewall.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/dslcablerouters/g/bldef_bbrouter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/dslcablerouters/g/bldef_bbrouter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ics.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-modem.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-switch.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-hub.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkcables/g/bldef_crossover.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkcables/g/bldef_crossover.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-adapter.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wifi.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-ethernet.htm8/2/2019 Wireless Telecommunications
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The correct cabling configuration for
a wired LAN varies depending on the
mix of devices, the type of Internet
connection, and whether internal or
external modems are used. However,
none of these options pose any more
difficulty than, for example, wiring ahome theater system.
After hardware installation, the
remaining steps in configuring either
wired or wireless LANs do not differ
much. Both rely on standard Internet
Protocol and network operating
system configuration options. Laptopsand other portable devices often enjoy
greater mobility in wireless home
network installations (at least for as
long as their batteries allow).
Cost
Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are
very inexpensive. Some connection
sharing software packages, like ICS,
are free; some cost a nominal fee.
Broadband routers cost more, but
these are optional components of a
wired LAN, and their higher cost is
offset by the benefit of easier
installation and built-in security
features.
Reliability
Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are
extremely reliable, mainly because
manufacturers have been continually
improving Ethernet technology over
several decades. Loose cables likely
remain the single most common and
annoying source of failure in a wired
network. When installing a wired
LAN or moving any of the
components later, be sure to carefully
check the cable connections.
Broadband routers have also suffered
from some reliability problems in the
past. Unlike other Ethernet gear, these
products are relatively new, multi-
function devices. Broadband routers
have matured over the past several
years and their reliability has
improved greatly.
Performance
Wired LANs offer superior
performance. Traditional Ethernet
connections offer only 10 Mbps
bandwidth, but 100 Mbps Fast
Ethernet technology costs little more
and is readily available. Although 100
Mbps represents a theoretical
maximum performance never really
achieved in practice, Fast Ethernet
should be sufficient for home file
sharing, gaming, and high-speed
Internet access for many years into
the future.
Wired LANs utilizing hubs can suffer
performance slowdown if computersheavily utilize the network
simultaneously. Use Ethernet
switches instead of hubs to avoid this
problem; a switch costs little morethan a hub.
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Security
For any wired LAN connected to the
Internet, firewalls are the primary
security consideration. WiredEthernet hubs and switches do not
support firewalls. However, firewall
software products like ZoneAlarm can
be installed on the computers
themselves. Broadband routers offer
equivalent firewall capability built
into the device, configurable through
its own software.
About Wireless LANs
Popular WLAN technologies all
follow one of the three main Wi-Fi
communication standards. The
benefits of wireless networking
depend on the standard employed:
802.11b was the first standardto be widely used in WLANs.
The 802.11a standard is fasterbut more expensive than
802.11b; 802.11a is more
commonly found in business
networks.
The newest standard, 802.11g,attempts to combine the best of
both 802.11a and 802.11b,
though it too is more a more
expensive home networkingoption.
Installation
Wi-Fi networks can be configured in
two different ways:
"Ad hoc" mode allows wirelessdevices to communicate in
peer-to-peer mode with each
other.
"Infrastructure" mode allowswireless devices to
communicate with a central
node that in turn can
communicate with wired nodeson that LAN.
Most LANs require infrastructure
mode to access the Internet, a local
printer, or other wired services,
whereas ad hoc mode supports onlybasic file sharing between wireless
devices.
Both Wi-Fi modes require wireless
network adapters, sometimes called
WLAN cards. Infrastructure mode
WLANs additionally require a central
device called the access point. The
access point must be installed in a
central location where wireless radiosignals can reach it with minimal
interference. Although Wi-Fi signals
typically reach 100 feet (30 m) or
more, obstructions like walls can
greatly reduce their range.
Cost
Wireless gear costs somewhat morethan the equivalent wired Ethernet
products. At full retail prices, wireless
adapters and access points may cost
three or four times as much as
Ethernet cable adapters and
hubs/switches, respectively. 802.11b
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products have dropped in price
considerably with the release of
802.11g, and obviously, bargain sales
can be found if shoppers are
persistent.
Reliability
Wireless LANs suffer a few more
reliability problems than wired LANs,
though perhaps not enough to be a
significant concern. 802.11b and
802.11g wireless signals are subject to
interference from other home
applicances including microwaveovens, cordless telephones, and
garage door openers. With careful
installation, the likelihood of
interference can be minimized.
Wireless networking products,
particularly those that implement
802.11g, are comparatively new. As
with any new technology, expect it
will take time for these products to
mature.
Performance
Wireless LANs using 802.11b
support a maximum theoretical
bandwidth of 11 Mbps, roughly the
same as that of old, traditional
Ethernet. 802.11a and 802.11gWLANs support 54 Mbps, that is
approximately one-half the bandwidth
of Fast Ethernet. Furthermore, Wi-Fi
performance is distance sensitive,
meaning that maximum performance
will degrade on computers farther
away from the access point or other
communication endpoint. As more
wireless devices utilize the WLAN
more heavily, performance degrades
even further.
Overall, the performance of 802.11a
and 802.11g is sufficient for home
Internet connection sharing and file
sharing, but generally not sufficient
for home LAN gaming.
The greater mobility of wireless
LANs helps offset the performance
disadvantage. Mobile computers donot need to be tied to an Ethernet
cable and can roam freely within the
WLAN range. However, many home
computers are larger desktop models,
and even mobile computers must
sometimes be tied to an electrical cord
and outlet for power. This undermines
the mobility advantage of WLANs in
many homes.
Security
In theory, wireless LANs are
less secure than wired LANs, because
wireless communication signals travel
through the air and can easily be
intercepted. To prove their point,
some engineers have promoted the
practice of wardriving, that involvestraveling through a residential area
with Wi-Fi equipment scanning the
airwaves for unprotected WLANs. On
balance, though, the weaknesses of
wireless security are more theoretical
than practical. WLANs protect their
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data through the Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP) encryption standard,
that makes wireless communications
reasonably as safe as wired ones in
homes.
No computer network is completely
secure and homeowners should
research this topic to ensure they are
aware of and comfortable with the
risks. Important security
considerations for homeowners tend
to not be related to whether the
network is wired or wireless but
rather ensuring:
the home's Internet firewall isproperly configured
the family is familiar with thedanger of Internet "spoof
emails" and how to recognize
them
the family is familiar with theconcept of "spyware" and how
to avoid it babysitters, housekeepers and
other visitors do not haveunwanted access to the network
Wired vs Wireless
Wired Wireless
Installation
moderate
difficulty
easier, but
bewareinterference
Cost less more
Reliability highreasonably
high
Performancevery good good
Securityreasonably
good
reasonably
good
Mobility limited outstanding
MODES
Wireless communications can be via:
radiofrequency communication, microwave communication, for
example long-range line-of-
sight via highly directional
antennas, or short-range
communication,
infrared(IR)short-rangecommunication,for
example from consumer IR
devices such as remote controls
or via Infrared DataAssociation (IrDA).
Applications may involve point-to-
point communication, point-to-
multipointcommunication,
broadcasting, cellular networks andother wireless networks.
CORDLESS
The term "wireless" should not
be confused with the term "cordless",
which is generally used to refer to
powered electrical or electronidevices
that are able to operate from a
portable power source (e.g. a battery
pack) without any cable or cord to
limit the mobility of the cordless
device through a connection to the
mains power supply.
http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wep.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wep.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_IRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wep.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-wep.htm8/2/2019 Wireless Telecommunications
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Some cordless devices, such as
cordless telephones, are also wireless
in the sense that information is
transferred from the cordless
telephone to the telephone's base unit
via some type of wireless
communications link. This has caused
some disparity in the usage of the
term "cordless", for example in
Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications.
HISTORY
PHOTOPHONE
The world's first wireless
telephone conversation occurred in
1880, when Alexander Graham Bell
and Charles Sumner Tainter invented
and patented the photophone, a
telephone that conducted audio
conversations wirelessly over
modulated light beams (which are
narrow projections ofelectromagneticwaves). In that distant era when
utilities did not yet exist to provide
electricity, and lasers had not even
been conceived of in science fiction,
there were no practical applications
for their invention, which was highly
limited by the availability of both
sunlight and good weather. Similar to
free space optical communication, the
photophone also required a clear line
of sight between its transmitter and its
receiver. It would be several decades
before the photophone's principles
found their first practical applications
in military communications and laterin fiber-optic communications.
EARLY WIRELESS WORK
David E. Hughes, eight yearsbefore Hertz's experiments,
transmitted radio signals over a few
hundred yards by means of a
clockwork keyed transmitter. As this
was before Maxwell's work was
understood, Hughes' contemporaries
dismissed his achievement as mere
"Induction". In 1885, T. A. Edison
used a vibrator magnet for inductiontransmission. In 1888, Edison
deployed a system of signaling on the
Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891,
Edison obtained the wireless patent
for this method using inductance(U.S. Patent 465,971).
In the history of wireless technology,
the demonstration of the theory of
electromagnetic waves by HeinrichHertz in 1888 was important. The
theory of electromagnetic waves was
predicted from the research of James
Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday.
Hertz demonstrated that
electromagnetic waves could be
transmitted and caused to travel
through space at straight lines and that
they were able to be received by an
experimental apparatus. The
experiments were not followed up by
Hertz. Jagadish Chandra Bose around
this time developed an early wireless
detection device and helped increase
the knowledge of millimeter length
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Hugheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://www.google.com/patents?vid=465971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_%28telecommunications%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://www.google.com/patents?vid=465971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Hugheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_space_optical_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_%28telecommunications%298/2/2019 Wireless Telecommunications
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electromagnetic waves. Practical
applications of wireless radio
communication and radio remote
control technology were implemented
by later inventors, such as NikolaTesla.
RADIO
The term "wireless" came into
public use to refer to a radio receiver
or transceiver (a dual purpose receiver
and transmitter device), establishing
its usage in the field of wireless
telegraphy early on; now the term isused to describe modern wireless
connections such as in cellular
networks and wireless broadband
Internet. It is also used in a general
sense to refer to any type of operation
that is implemented without the use of
wires, such as "wireless remote
control" or "wireless energy transfer",
regardless of the specific technology
(e.g. radio, infrared, ultrasonic) used.Guglielmo Marconi and Karl
Ferdinand Braun were awarded the
1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for theircontribution to wireless telegraphy.
ELECTROMAGNETICSPECTRUM
Light, colors, AM and FM
radio, and electronic devices make
use of the electromagnetic spectrum.The frequencies of the radio spectrum
that are available for use for
communication are treated as a public
resource and are regulated by national
organizations such as the Federal
Communications Commission in the
USA, or Ofcom in the United
Kingdom. This determines which
frequency ranges can be used for what
purpose and by whom. In the absence
of such control or alternative
arrangements such as a privatized
electromagnetic spectrum, chaos
might result if, for example, airlines
didn't have specific frequencies to
work under and an amateur radio
operator were interfering with the
pilot's ability to land an aircraft.
Wireless communication spans the
spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.
APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
SECURITY SYSTEMS
Wireless technology may
supplement or replace hard wired
implementations in security systems
for homes or office buildings.
MOBILE TELEPHONES
One of the best-known
examples of wireless technology is
the mobile phone, also known as a
cellular phone, with more than 4.6
billion mobile cellular subscriptions
worldwide as of the end of 2010.
These wireless phones use radiowaves to enable their users to make
phone calls from many locations
worldwide. They can be used within
range of the mobile telephone site
used to house the equipment required
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to transmit and receive the radiosignals from these instruments.
WIRELES DATA COMMUNICATION
Wireless data communicationsare an essential component of mobile
computing. The various available
technologies differ in local
availability, coverage range and
performance, and in some
circumstances, users must be able to
employ multiple connection types and
switch between them. To simplify the
experience for the user, connectionmanager software can be used, or a
mobile VPN deployed to handle the
multiple connections as a secure,
single virtual network. Supporting
technologies include:
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area
network that enables portable
computing devices to connect
easily to the Internet.Standardized as IEEE 802.11
a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches
speeds of some types of wired
Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the
de facto standard for access in
private homes, within offices,
and at public hotspots. Some
businesses charge customers a
monthly fee for service, while
others have begun offering it
for free in an effort to increase
the sales of their goods.
Cellular data service offers
effective coverage within a
range of 10-15 miles from the
nearest cell site. Speeds have
increased as technologies have
evolved, from earlier
technologies such as GSM,
CDMA and GPRS, to 3G
networks such as W-CDMA,
EDGE or CDMA2000.
MobileSatelliteCommunications may be used where other
wireless connections are
unavailable, such as in largely
rural areas or remote locations.
Satellite communications are
especially important for
transportation, aviation,maritime and military use.
WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER
Wireless energy transfer is a process
whereby electrical energy is
transmitted from a power source to an
electrical load that does not have a
built-in power source, without the use
of interconnecting wires.
COMPUTER INTERFACE DEVICES
Answering the call of
customers frustrated with cord clutter,
many manufactures of computer
peripherals turned to wireless
technology to satisfy their consumer
base. Originally these units used
bulky, highly limited transceivers to
mediate between a computer and a
keyboard and mouse, however more
recent generations have used small,
high quality devices, some even
incorporating Bluetooth. These
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systems have become so ubiquitous
that some users have begun
complaining about a lack of wired
peripherals. Wireless devices tend to
have a slightly slower response time
than their wired counterparts,
however the gap is decreasing. Initial
concerns about the security of
wireless keyboards have also been
addressed with the maturation of the
technology.
CONCLUSION
You've studied the analysis andare ready to make your
decision. Bottom line, then,
which is better - wired or
wireless? The table below
summarizes the main criteria
we've considered in this article.
If you are very cost-conscious,
need maximum performance of
your home system, and don't
care much about mobility, thena wired Ethernet LAN is
probably right for you.
If on the other hand, cost is lessof an issue, you like being an
early adopter of leading-edge
technologies, and you are really
concerned about the task of
wiring your home or small
business with Ethernet cable,then you should certainly
consider a wireless LAN.
Many of you will naturally fallsomewhere in between these
two extremes. If you're still
undecided, consider asking
friends and family about their
experiences with building
LANs. And, spend just a few
more minutes with our
interactive Home Network
Advisor tool. It should help
you decide on the type of
network as well as the gear you
will want to have.
Categories of wireless
implementations, devices andstandards
Radio communication system Broadcasting Amateur radio Land Mobile Radio
Communication radio
Cordless telephony:DECT(Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
Cellular networks: 0G,1G,2G,3G, Beyond 3G (4G), Future
wireless Short-range point-to-point
communication : Wireless
microphones, Remote controls,
IrDA, RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification), TransferJet,
Wireless USB, DSRC
(Dedicated Short Range
Communications), EnOcean,
Near Field Communication Wireless sensor networks:
ZigBee, EnOcean; Personal
area networks, Bluetooth,
TransferJet, Ultra-wideband
(UWB from WiMedia
Alliance).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication_radio&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short-range&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-widebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnOceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_short-range_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransferJethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short-range&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordless_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communication_radio&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Mobile_Radio_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication_system8/2/2019 Wireless Telecommunications
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Wireless networks: WirelessLAN (WLAN), (IEEE 802.11
branded as Wi-Fi and
HiperLAN), Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks
(WMAN) and Broadband Fixed
Access (BWA) (LMDS,
WiMAX, AIDAAS and
HiperMAN)
SEE ALSO
Mobile (disambiguation) History of radio, Timeline of
radio, Digital radio, Radioresource management (RRM)
Ham radio Hotspot (Wi-Fi), Wireless
energy transfer, True wireless,
Wireless security, Wireless
access point
Personal area network,comparison of wireless data
standards, List of emerging
technologies Radio antenna Television antenna Terrestrial television Tuner (radio) Tuner (television)
REFERENCES
1. "ATIS Telecom Glossary2007".atis.org.
http://www.atis.org/tg2k/.
Retrieved 2008-03-16.
2. Alfred Thomas (1904). A storyof wireless telegraphy. New
York, D. Appleton and Co..
3. "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz".chem.ch.huji.ac.il.
http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugen
iik/history/hertz.htm. Retrieved
2008-03-16.
4. J.C. Bose, Collected PhysicalPapers. New York, N.Y.:Longmans, Green and Co.,
1927
5. Hard-wired VS Wireless HomeSecurity Systems
6. Robust demand for mobilephone service will continue,
UN agency predicts UN News
Centre February 15, 2010
7. TCO Insights on RuggedMobile Computers, VDC
Research, 2007.
8. High Speed Internet on theRoad,http://www.geeksontour.c
om/showme/wifi/wifi00_3ways
.cfm
9. Mitchell, Bradley. WirelessInternet Service: An
Introduction10.What is Connection Manager?
Microsoft Technet, March 28,
2003
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