World energy economy at a glance
Uri BarenholzWeizmann institute of science
December, 2011
What do we mean when we talk about Energy?
Energy Units
• Joule [J]o 1[Newton]*1[meter]o Example - lifting a chocolate bar to a height of 1[m]
• (Kilo) Calorie [Cal]o Heating 1 Liter of water by 1 degree Centigradeo equals 4,185 [J]o Human at rest consumes 1[Cal] per kg per hour
So, how many calories do you burn (resting) per day?
So, how many calories do you burn (resting) per day?
70[kg]*1[Cal/kgh]*24[h/d]~=1700[Cal/d]
Power - Energy flux
• Watt [W] = 1[J/Sec]• Horse power [HP] ~= 740 [W]
o Average car has ~ 100[HP] = 74[kW] • kWh = the energy when providing 1[kW] for 1[Hour]
o 3,600,000 [J]
So, what is your power consumption?
So, what is your power consumption?
70[kg]*1[Cal/h]*4185[J/Cal]*1/3600[h/Sec]~=80[W]
Efficiency
• Muscle efficiency ~ 20%• Internal combustion engine ~ 20%• Turbines (Gas/steam) ~ 40%
How many calories you burn when climbing one floor?
How many calories you burn when climbing one floor?
70[kg]*10[N/kg]*3[m]*5*1/4185[Cal/J]~=2.5[Cal]
Content and Cost
• Fuel ~ 9000[Cal/L] -> 0.1$ per kWh• Canola oil ~ 8000[Cal/L] -> 0.1$ per kWh• Electricity - 0.15$ per kWh
World energy consumption
• Consumed resources:o 474*1018[J] (As of 2008)o 15[TW]o 2200[W] (Per person)
Consumption by usage
• Agriculture and industrial use: 37%• Transportation: 20%• Residential: 11%• Commercial: 5%• Lost in generation and transmission: 27%
How much does an average car account for?
Assuming 20,000 [km/year]
How much does your electricity bill account for?
Assuming 600 ILS bill
Side note - use air conditioning for heating
• Air conditioning transfers heat energy from outside indoors.• Has "efficiency" of more than 100%!
o modern air conditioners have ~ 350% efficiency.
World energy sources
• Oil - 33%• Coal - 27%• Gas - 21%• Nuclear - 6%• Hydroelectric - 2.5%• Other (mostly biomass for heating) ~ 10%
Fossil and non-renewable fuels
• Oil reservoirs - 200 Billion [m3]o Assuming constant consumption will suffice till 2050
• Coal - 900 Billion [m3]o Assuming constant consumption will suffice till 2150
• Gas/Uranium - we have enough.
Energy consumers (2008)
By country/region:• US - 18%• China - 17%• EU - 14%• India, Africa - 5% each
Power per capita:• US/Canada ~ 10[kW]• EU/Israel ~ 4.5[kW]• Germany/Japan ~ 6[kW]• China ~ 1.5[kW]• India ~ 0.7[kW]• Bangladesh ~ 0.2[kW]
The promise of renewable energy
Hydroelectricity
The dead sea canal potential
World hydroelectricity
• Installed capacity: 770[GW]o 90% of renewable energy electricity production.o 20% of world electricity production.
Wind power
World wind power
• Installed capacity - 200[GW]o Actual production is ~ 20% due to intermittency.o 2.5% of world electricity production.
Solar energy
Geothermal
installed capacity of 10GW for electricity.about 28GW used for heating.considered sustainable.US Philippines and Indonesia are largest.
Thank you