Following World War lFollowing World War l
Many hoped the world would be safe for Many hoped the world would be safe for democracy; Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”democracy; Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”The United States did not join the League The United States did not join the League of Nations; the League was weakof Nations; the League was weakGermans resented being blamed for World Germans resented being blamed for World War I; upset about losing territory they War I; upset about losing territory they thought was Germanthought was GermanSoviet Union (Russia) resented the new Soviet Union (Russia) resented the new nations created out of former Russian nations created out of former Russian territoryterritory
Rise of Totalitarian DictatorsRise of Totalitarian Dictators
Totalitarian Government: a govt Totalitarian Government: a govt with complete control over its with complete control over its citizens; individuals have no rightscitizens; individuals have no rightsJoseph Stalin-Soviet UnionJoseph Stalin-Soviet UnionBenito Mussolini-ItalyBenito Mussolini-ItalyAdolf Hitler-GermanyAdolf Hitler-GermanyFrancisco Franco-SpainFrancisco Franco-Spain
Joseph Stalin-CommunismJoseph Stalin-CommunismCame to power in Came to power in 19241924Very ruthlessVery ruthlessWanted no private Wanted no private business ownership business ownership or private farmsor private farmsGovernment took Government took over industryover industryAnyone criticized Anyone criticized him, that person was him, that person was arrested or put to arrested or put to deathdeath
Benito Mussolini-FascismBenito Mussolini-Fascism
Strong centralized Strong centralized govt lead by a govt lead by a dictatordictatorDid not run factories Did not run factories or farms, but ran all or farms, but ran all aspects of Italian aspects of Italian lifelifeItaly was very Italy was very militaristic; invaded militaristic; invaded and captured and captured EthiopiaEthiopia
Adolf Hitler-NazismAdolf Hitler-Nazism
Nazi Party Nazi Party gained power in gained power in Germany in 1932Germany in 1932Combined Combined extreme extreme nationalism, nationalism, racism, and racism, and imperialismimperialism
Hitler continuedHitler continued
Appealed to many Germans/ much Appealed to many Germans/ much depression and unemploymentdepression and unemploymentWanted to unite all German-speaking Wanted to unite all German-speaking people into a new German empire, or people into a new German empire, or ReichReichBelieved Germans, especially “Aryans” Believed Germans, especially “Aryans” were a master racewere a master raceMeant to have power over all inferior racesMeant to have power over all inferior racesHitler became “chancellor”Hitler became “chancellor”
JapanJapan
Also became very aggressive Also became very aggressive when military leaders took over when military leaders took over Japan-wanted more land and Japan-wanted more land and resourcesresources
SpainSpain
Francisco Franco-became a Francisco Franco-became a totalitarian leader in 1939totalitarian leader in 1939
Formed a fascist governmentFormed a fascist government
In the United StatesIn the United States
Recovering from the Great Recovering from the Great DepressionDepressionIsolationism became more popularIsolationism became more popularCongress passed Neutrality Acts; no Congress passed Neutrality Acts; no loans or arms sales to nations at warloans or arms sales to nations at warFDR spoke out against isolationism; FDR spoke out against isolationism; said that peace-loving nations should said that peace-loving nations should take a stand against lawless nationstake a stand against lawless nations
Munich PactMunich Pact
1938; Sudetenland (many German-1938; Sudetenland (many German-speaking people lived there) in speaking people lived there) in Czechoslovakia was given to HitlerCzechoslovakia was given to HitlerWinston Churchill-prime minister of Winston Churchill-prime minister of Great Britain called the pact Great Britain called the pact “dishonorable appeasement”“dishonorable appeasement”Predicted appeasement would lead to Predicted appeasement would lead to warwar
Appeasement: Trying to Appeasement: Trying to pacify an aggressor in order pacify an aggressor in order
to keep peaceto keep peace
German/Soviet Union Non-German/Soviet Union Non-Aggression PactAggression Pact
Stalin and Hitler said that neither Stalin and Hitler said that neither would attack the otherwould attack the other
Both agreed to attack, invade and Both agreed to attack, invade and divide Poland divide Poland
World War IIWorld War II
AxisAxisGermanyGermanyItalyItalyJapanJapanBulgariaBulgariaHungaryHungary
AlliesAlliesGreat BritainGreat BritainFranceFranceUnited StatesUnited States (After Pearl (After Pearl Harbor-1941)Harbor-1941)Soviet Union Soviet Union (eventually)(eventually)
German OffensiveGerman Offensive
World War II began on September 1, World War II began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland1939 when Germany invaded Poland
Many Jews lived in PolandMany Jews lived in Poland
Blitzkrieg: “lightning war”; the Blitzkrieg: “lightning war”; the Germans attacked by surprise using Germans attacked by surprise using tanks and planestanks and planes
Wanted to crush the enemy quicklyWanted to crush the enemy quickly
German Attack on FranceGerman Attack on France
May 1940May 1940Italy attacked France from the Italy attacked France from the southsouthFrance surrendered June 1940France surrendered June 1940Vichy government: puppet Nazi Vichy government: puppet Nazi government that controlled government that controlled France in the southFrance in the south
Battle of BritainBattle of Britain
August 1940August 1940Germans bombed London night after Germans bombed London night after nightnightRadar first used by the British to Radar first used by the British to detect German planesdetect German planesBritain never surrenderedBritain never surrenderedGermany gave up the idea of Germany gave up the idea of invading Britaininvading Britain
The HolocaustThe Holocaust
Hitler wanted to make Germany Hitler wanted to make Germany racially pureracially pureJews were blamed for German failure Jews were blamed for German failure and frustrationand frustrationMany Jews were Many Jews were professionals=lawyers, business professionals=lawyers, business people, doctors, etc.people, doctors, etc.Anti-Semitism: Hatred of JewsAnti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews
Holocaust ContinuedHolocaust Continued
Jews were forced to wear yellow stars Jews were forced to wear yellow stars of David on clothingof David on clothingAmerica rejected many Jewish America rejected many Jewish refugees as wellrefugees as wellFinal Solution: Healthy Jews were Final Solution: Healthy Jews were sent to slave labor campssent to slave labor campsThe rest were sent to extermination The rest were sent to extermination and concentration campsand concentration camps
Holocaust ContinuedHolocaust Continued
Jews, homosexuals, communists, Jews, homosexuals, communists, gypsies, mentally and physically gypsies, mentally and physically disabled were rounded up and sent to disabled were rounded up and sent to these campsthese camps1941, 6 death camps were built in 1941, 6 death camps were built in PolandPoland6,000 killed daily6,000 killed dailyAuschwitz was the most severe Auschwitz was the most severe 11 million people were killed as a result11 million people were killed as a result
America moves toward warAmerica moves toward war
November 1939, the Neutrality Acts November 1939, the Neutrality Acts were amended; allowed Britain and were amended; allowed Britain and France to transport American armsFrance to transport American arms““All aid short of war” sent to help the All aid short of war” sent to help the BritishBritishU.S. military forces were weakU.S. military forces were weakFirst peacetime draft passed in First peacetime draft passed in September 1940September 1940
ContinuedContinued
President Franklin Roosevelt said President Franklin Roosevelt said that the United States would not that the United States would not enter war, unless attackedenter war, unless attacked
June 1941, U.S. Navy ordered to June 1941, U.S. Navy ordered to protect lend-lease shipsprotect lend-lease ships
Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter
U.S. and Great Britain-statement of U.S. and Great Britain-statement of goals for fighting WW II, although the goals for fighting WW II, although the U.S. was not yet at warU.S. was not yet at war
Winston Churchill-Prime Minister of Winston Churchill-Prime Minister of Great BritainGreat Britain
Called for peace and for all countries Called for peace and for all countries to choose their own governmentto choose their own government
United States and JapanUnited States and Japan
Hideki Tojo- Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo- Japanese Prime Minister and militant generaland militant generalJapan needed American oil to run war Japan needed American oil to run war machinemachineU.S. cut off oil exports to Japan when U.S. cut off oil exports to Japan when Japan invaded IndochinaJapan invaded IndochinaJapan began peace talks with U.S., Japan began peace talks with U.S., but secretly prepared for warbut secretly prepared for war
ContinuedContinued
During peace talks, December 7, 1941, During peace talks, December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a U.S. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base in Hawaiinaval base in HawaiiOver 2,400 killedOver 2,400 killedPlanes and ships destroyedPlanes and ships destroyedCongress declared war on Japan, then Congress declared war on Japan, then Italy and Germany declared war on U.S.Italy and Germany declared war on U.S.The United States would fight a war on The United States would fight a war on 2 fronts2 fronts
America Enters WW IIAmerica Enters WW II
War was fought on 2 fronts-Europe War was fought on 2 fronts-Europe and the Pacificand the PacificMany soldiers were neededMany soldiers were needed5 million volunteered; 10 million 5 million volunteered; 10 million drafteddraftedMany minorities fought-Native Many minorities fought-Native Americans, Hispanics, African-Americans, Hispanics, African-AmericansAmericans
WAACWAAC
Women’s Auxillary Army CorpsWomen’s Auxillary Army Corps
Created to free more men for combatCreated to free more men for combat
Women served in the military, but did Women served in the military, but did not get the same pay or benefits not get the same pay or benefits (nurses and radio operators)(nurses and radio operators)
Never fought in combat situationsNever fought in combat situations
Wartime IndustryWartime Industry
Unemployment numbers Unemployment numbers significantly decreasedsignificantly decreasedAutomakers made planes, tanks, Automakers made planes, tanks, and other vehiclesand other vehiclesMany women worked in these Many women worked in these industries while men fought in the industries while men fought in the warwar
American Home Front During American Home Front During World War IIWorld War II
Government recruited scientists Government recruited scientists to develop medicines and new to develop medicines and new weaponsweapons–The result was radar, sonar, The result was radar, sonar,
penicillin and other drugs, and the penicillin and other drugs, and the atomic bombatomic bomb
Home Front ContinuedHome Front Continued
Ways Americans supported the Ways Americans supported the war effort:war effort:–Bought war bonds (liberty bonds)Bought war bonds (liberty bonds)
–People collected scrap metal and People collected scrap metal and newspapers newspapers
–Many scarce goods were rationedMany scarce goods were rationedMeat, gasoline, sugar, etc.Meat, gasoline, sugar, etc.
Home Front ContinuedHome Front Continued
Women greatly contributed to the Women greatly contributed to the war effort war effort –““Rosie the Riveter”Rosie the Riveter”
Families planted “victory gardens”Families planted “victory gardens”Propaganda was used to Propaganda was used to encourage Americans to support encourage Americans to support the warthe war
Propaganda to encourage women Propaganda to encourage women to support the war effortto support the war effort
Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans
Many in the United States were Many in the United States were fearful Japanese Americans were fearful Japanese Americans were working against Americansworking against Americans
About 110,000 were confined and About 110,000 were confined and sent to internment campssent to internment camps; about ; about 2/3’s were actually nisei, or 2/3’s were actually nisei, or American born U.S. citizensAmerican born U.S. citizens
Important Events in World War Important Events in World War IIII
World War II begins when Germany World War II begins when Germany invades Poland-1939invades Poland-1939Japan attacks the United States at Pearl Japan attacks the United States at Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941Harbor-December 7, 1941German invasion of Soviet Union-1942-German invasion of Soviet Union-1942-1943-Battle of Stalingrad-Germans 1943-Battle of Stalingrad-Germans unsuccessfulunsuccessfulGermany was pushed out of the Soviet Germany was pushed out of the Soviet Union and North Africa-1943Union and North Africa-1943
ContinuedContinued
D-Day: June 6, 1944- the largest D-Day: June 6, 1944- the largest land-sea-air operation in history; land-sea-air operation in history; planned by General Dwight D. planned by General Dwight D. Eisenhower; also known as Eisenhower; also known as Operation OverlordOperation Overlord–Allies landed at Normandy Beach to Allies landed at Normandy Beach to
try to liberate (free) Western Europe try to liberate (free) Western Europe from the Germans and Axis powersfrom the Germans and Axis powers
ContinuedContinued
Franklin D. Roosevelt died on Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945; Vice President April 12, 1945; Vice President Harry S. Truman would take officeHarry S. Truman would take office
The Soviets reach Berlin in April The Soviets reach Berlin in April 1945; Germany surrendered and 1945; Germany surrendered and Hitler committed suicide on April Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 194530, 1945
ContinuedContinued
May 8, 1945; VICTORY IN May 8, 1945; VICTORY IN EUROPE day; known as VE DayEUROPE day; known as VE Day–The first part of the war was overThe first part of the war was over
War in the PacificWar in the Pacific
The strategy in the Pacific was called The strategy in the Pacific was called island hoppingisland hoppingThe plan was to attack less well-The plan was to attack less well-defended islands that Japan controlled defended islands that Japan controlled in the Pacific and eventually get to the in the Pacific and eventually get to the main island of Japanmain island of JapanThere were many casualties in the There were many casualties in the PacificPacific
Major American victories in the Major American victories in the PacificPacific
Coral SeaCoral Sea
MidwayMidway
GuadalcanalGuadalcanal
Iwo JimaIwo Jima
OkinawaOkinawa
U.S. feared very high casualties if U.S. feared very high casualties if mainland of Japan was invadedmainland of Japan was invaded
Use of the Atomic BombUse of the Atomic Bomb
Manhattan Project: secret code Manhattan Project: secret code name for the creation of the Atomic name for the creation of the Atomic BombBomb
Many were divided about whether or Many were divided about whether or not to use the bombnot to use the bomb
August 6, 1945: First atomic bomb August 6, 1945: First atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japanwas dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
Atomic Bomb ContinuedAtomic Bomb Continued
August 9, 1945: When Japan did August 9, 1945: When Japan did not surrender, a second atomic not surrender, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, JapanJapan
By the end of 1945, an estimated By the end of 1945, an estimated 200,000 were dead in Japan as a 200,000 were dead in Japan as a result result
Results of World War IIResults of World War II
The economy boomed during World The economy boomed during World War llWar ll
Many women entered the workforce Many women entered the workforce for the first timefor the first time
Marriage rate boomed during the warMarriage rate boomed during the war
Divorce rate also increased as Divorce rate also increased as servicemen returned homeservicemen returned home
Results ContinuedResults Continued
GI Bill: allowed veterans to attend GI Bill: allowed veterans to attend college or technical school with paid college or technical school with paid tuitiontuitionAfrican Americans began striving African Americans began striving harder for equal rightsharder for equal rightsJapanese Americans suffered greatlyJapanese Americans suffered greatlyThe United Nations was created in The United Nations was created in 19451945