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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Architecture and Fine Arts
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Sta. Mesa, Manila
Submitted by:
Apigo, Kryzia A.
Asuncion, Arvin Jerome A.
Basco Jr., Mario A.
Calleja, Martin Owen G.
Erni, Ned Angelo J.
Estadilla, Jerome Cristopher H.
Fabregas, Alissa Joana C.
BS Arch II-2
Submitted to:
Archt. Jocelyn LutapProfessor
February 18, 2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
Architecture of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore reflects the diversity
of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped the said countries as a whole.
Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a
profound effect on building styles and techniques of these countries.
A. MALAYSIA
Architecture in Malaysia is a combination of many styles, from Islamic and Chinese
styles to those brought by European colonists. Malay architecture has changed due to these
influences. Houses in the north are similar to those in Thailand, while those in the south are
similar to those in Java. New materials, such as glass and nails, were brought in by Europeans,
changing the architecture.
B. INDONESIA
The Architecture of Indonesiareflects the diversityof cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole.
Invaders, colonisers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a
profound effect on building styles and techniques. Traditionally, the most significant foreign
influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Araband since the 18th and 19th centuries
European influences have played significant roles too in shaping Indonesian architecture.
Although religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant
was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to
architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a
lesser extent, Christian architecture
C. SINGAPORE
The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different
places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period
to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world.
In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more
traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial
period.
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II. INFLUENCES
A. MALAYSIA
Geographical
Malaysia is a country located inSoutheast Asia.There are two distinct parts tothis country beingPeninsular Malaysia to the west andEast Malaysia to the east.
Peninsular Malaysia is located south of Thailand, north ofSingapore and east of
theIndonesian island ofSumatra.East Malaysia is located on the island ofBorneo and
shares borders withBrunei andIndonesia.
The architecture was taking on the
feel of the country that each region
was settled by as neighborhoods,
especially in Malacca, arose in the
Chinese style and Indian style;certain regions, such as the northern
part of the Malay Peninsula took on
outside influences as well, such as
theThailand style, while those in the
south are similar to those inJava.
Geological
Since Malaysia has a tropical climate, building materials such as timber, rattan,
tree roots, bamboo and leaves are easily available from the tropical forests. In a
traditional Malay house, timber is used for the building structures, rattan and tree roots
are used for tieing up joints whereas bamboo and leaves are used for floors and walls.
ClimaticMalaysia is situated in the central part of the Southeast Asia, it is bordered by
longitudes 100 degrees and 120 degrees east; and by Latitudes of the Equator and 7
degrees North. The country is sunny, hot anf humid all year round with temperatures
range from 25 C to 34 C. It has an annual rainfall from 80" to 100". Due to heavy
monsoon rains, the roofs of the Malay vernacular houses are very steep. In some
places, flooding occurs after heavy rainfalls. To solve this problem, some houseshave
used timber stilts to elevate the building above the ground level. The warm climate also
effects the style of the Malay vernacular architecture. For ventilation purposes, manybuildings have large openings on the sides and grilles are provided at high level in gable
ends. Houses raised on stilts are provided with better natural ventilation.
Culture & Religion
In the Malay culture, buildings such as houses andpalaces that are highly hand-
crafted and beautifully patterned and decorated reflect the building owners high status.
For instance, the old Kenangan Palace in Kuala Kangsar, Perak which was built by a
Fig.1. Map of Malaysia.http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/malaysia_ma .htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://www.safaritheglobe.com/thailand.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://www.safaritheglobe.com/thailand.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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Malay sultan, has mignificiently crafted walls. As Muslims, the Malays have adopted the
Islamic principles of orientation of mosques, particularly the prayer halls which have to
be designed and faced towards Mecca. In other cases, some of the traditional Malay
houses have floors at different levels, indicating the room functions. For instance, the
verandah floor is raised lower than the living room floor. This is not only indicating the
room functions but also giving a sense of spatial transition in the building.
Foreign Influence
During the colonisation periods of the Portuguese, Dutch and British, Malay
architecture was exposed to many new building technologies. For example, zinc and
clay tiles as substitutes for roofs made of leaves; brick and cement columns as
replacements for timber stilts and ladder; glass for windows which were formerly open;
and nails as alternatives for rattan and tree roots that tie joints together. These features
can be seen at the Alor Setar's Balai Besar or Audience Hall in Kedah state. Built in
1898, the building has clay tile roofs, brick and cement stairs, glass windows with brick
and timber walls. Each of these had a profound impact on the Malay vernacular
architecture. It can also, then, be observed that the process of adopting new
technologies to ancient architecture is not entirely a new idea. Malay architecture has
been modified by technological and cultural changes for centuries.
Today, the styles of the Malay vernacular achitecture have inspired many young
architects and engineers in designing Malaysia's contemporary architecture. In the past
years, many modern buildings have focused their design concepts on the Malay
vernacular architecture, particularly the Malay houses and palaces. Various roof shapes
have derived from the Malay houses such as from the states of Negeri Sembilan,
Kelantan and Terengganu.
B. INDONESIA
Geographical
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Indonesia is anarchipelagicisland country in Southeast Asia,lying between theIndian
Ocean and thePacific Ocean.It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from
Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shaped although
not specifically determinedby centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment.
Indonesia is an archipelagic country extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to
west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. It encompasses an estimated 17,508
islands, only 6,000 of which are inhabited. It comprises five main islands: Sumatra, Java,
Borneo (known as "Kalimantan" in Indonesia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea; two major
archipelagos (Nusa Tenggara and theMaluku Islands); and sixty smaller archipelagoes. Four of
the islands are shared with other nations: Borneo is shared with Malaysia andBrunei,Sebatik,
located eastern coast of Kalimantan, shared with Malaysia, Timor is shared with East Timor,
and the newly divided provinces ofPapua andWest Papua share the island ofNew Guinea with
Papua New Guinea.Indonesia's total land area is 1,919,317 square kilometres (741,052 sq mi).
Latitude = 5.00 S & Longitude = 120.00 W
Geological
Sumatra, Java, Madura, and Kalimantan lie on theSunda Shelf and geographers have
conventionally grouped them, (along with Sulawesi), as the Greater Sunda Islands. At
Indonesia's eastern extremity is western New Guinea, which lies on the Sahul Shelf. Sea depths
in the Sunda and Sahul shelves average 200 metres (656 ft) or less. Borneo is the third largest
island in the world and the original vegetation was mostlyBorneo lowland rain forests although
much of this has been cleared with wildlife retreating to theBorneo montane rain forests inland.
Nusa Tenggara consists of two strings of islands stretching eastward from Bali toward
Papua. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara is a continuation of the chain of mountains and
volcanoes extending from Sumatra through Java, Bali, and Flores, and trailing off in the volcanicBanda Islands, which along with the Kai Islands and the Tanimbar Islands and other small
islands in the Banda Sea are typical examples of the Wallacea mixture of Asian and
Australasian plant and animal life.
The Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) are geologically among the most complex of the
Indonesian islands. They are located in the northeast sector of the archipelago, bounded by the
Philippines to the north, Papua to the east, and Nusa Tenggara to the south. The largest of
these islands include Halmahera, Seram and Buru,all of which rise steeply out of very deep
seas and have unique Wallacea vegetation.
Climatic
Lying along the equator, Indonesia's climate tends to be relatively even year-round. The
country experiences two seasonsa wet season and a dry seasonwith no extremes of
summer or winter. For most of Indonesia, the wet season falls between October and April with
the dry season between May and September. Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra,
experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas
others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in
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the dry season, and floods in the wet. Rainfall in Indonesia is plentiful, particularly in west
Sumatra, northwest Kalimantan, west Java, and western New Guinea. Parts of Sulawesi and
some islands closer to Australia, such as Sumba and Timor, are drier, however, these are
exceptions.
Historical, Social, Religious
Althoughreligious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant
was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to
architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a
lesser extent, Christian architecture.
A number of often large and sophisticated religious structures (known as candi in
Indonesian)were built in Java during the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms
between the 8th and 14th centuries. The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the
Dieng Plateau.The Dieng structures were small and relatively plain, but architecture developed
substantially and just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan
complex nearYogyakarta;considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in
Java. The World Heritage-listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra
Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result
of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java. The monument contains a vast
number of intricate carvings that tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels,
metaphorically reachingenlightenment.With the decline of theMataram Kingdom,eastern Java
became the focus of religious architecture with an exuberant style reflectingShaivist,Buddhist
and Javanese influences; a fusion that was characteristic of religion throughout Java.
Although brick was used to some extent during Indonesia's classical era, it was the
Majapahit builders who mastered it, using amortar of vine sap andpalm sugar.The temples ofMajaphit have a strong geometrical quality with a sense of verticality achieved through the use
of numerous horizontal lines often with an almost art-deco sense of streamlining and proportion.
Majapahit influencess can be seen today in the enormous number ofHindu temples of varying
sizes spread throughoutBali.Although they have elements in common with global Hindu styles,
they are of a style largely unique to Bali and owe much to the Majapahit era.
By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java andSumatra,
Indonesia's two most populous islands. As with Hinduism and Buddhism before it, the new
religion, and the foreign influences that accompanied it, were absorbed and reinterpreted, with
mosques given a unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation. At the time, Javanese mosques
took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and evenChinese architectural influences
In 19th century, the sultanates of Indonesian archipelago began to adopt and absorb foreign
influences of Islamic architecture, as alternative to Javanese style already popular in the
archipelago. The Indo-Islamic and Moorish style are particularly favoured by Aceh Sultanate
andDeli Sultanate,as displayed inBanda AcehBaiturrahman Grand Mosque built in 1881, and
Medan Grand Mosque built in 1906. Particularly during the decades since Indonesian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieng_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Acehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Raya_Baiturrahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Raya_Baiturrahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Acehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieng_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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independence,mosques have tended to be built in styles more consistent with global Islamic
styles,which mirrors the trend in Indonesia towards more orthodox practice ofIslam.
C. SINGAPORE
Geographical
Singapore is comprises 1 main island and
about 50 small adjacent islands off the southern
tip of the Malay Peninsula. The main island,
Singapore Island, is separated from Malaysia on
the north by the narrow Johore Strait and is linked
by road and rail to the Malaysian city of Johor
Baharu. On the south, Singapore Island is
separated from Indonesias Riau Archipelago by
the Singapore Strait, an important shipping
channel linking the Indian Ocean to the west with
the South China Sea on the east.
Geological
Tropical hardwood plays an important role
in erecting the skeletal structure of their houses.
Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as
floor boards, roof rafters and door and windowframes. Soils are relatively infertile, and clays and
sand are the only mineral resources.
A timber house in Palau Ubin is an example of
vernacular architecture part of village or
kampong houses built in theMalay tradition.
Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and
raised above the ground or water depending on
location.
Climatic
Because Singapore lies just north of the equator, the wet tropical climate has no clearly
defined seasons. The average annual temperature is 27C and the average annual rainfall is
2,400 mm. Although rainfall is abundant throughout the year, November through January is the
Fig.4
A timber house in Palau Ubin en.wikipedia.com
Fig.3
Map of Singapore-www.learngeo.com
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wettest months. Due to the countrys climate emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun -
shading are developed.
Historical, Social and Religious
Inhabitants of the Malaysian peninsula and the island of Singapore first migrated to the
area between 2500 and 1500 B.C. British and Dutch interest in the region grew with the spice
trade as it was made a separate Crown colony of Britain in 1946, when the former colony of the
Straits Settlements was dissolved. The other two settlements on the peninsulaPenang and
Malaccabecame part of the Union of Malaya, and the small island of Labuan was transferred
to North Borneo.
Singapores principal religions are Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity. The
majority of Chinese Singaporeans follow Buddhism, although Daoism (Taoism), and more
recently Christianity, are also popular. Malay Singaporeans are predominantly Muslim, while
more than half the Indian Singaporeans profess Hinduism.
Singapores cultural and social life reflects its past colonial administration and thecountrys diverse population. Chinese, Malay, Indian, and British influences are apparent in
Singapores art, architecture, and fine arts. British colonial architecture, for example, is
represented by the Parliament House, City Hall, and the Raffles Hotel. Chinese, Hindu, and
Islamic architecture are represented in the ornate Shuang Lin Temple, the Sri Mariamman
Temple, and the Sultan Mosque, respectively. Singapores National Museum complex consists
of one museum devoted to the contemporary art of Southeast Asia, one to Asian cultures, and
III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
A. MALAYSIA
Architecture in Malaysia is a combination of Islamic,
Chinese and European brought by European colonists.
Houses in the north are similar to those in Thailand, while
those in the south are similar to those in Java. New
materials, such as glass and nails, were brought in by
Europeans, changing the architecture. Houses are built for
tropical conditions, raised on stilts with high roofs and large
windows, allowing air to flow through the house and cool it
down. Wood has been the main building material for much of
Malaysia's history; it is used for everything from the simple
kampong(a Malay hamlet or village see fig . ) to royal
palaces. Besides wood, other common materials such as
bamboo and leaves were used.The Oral Asal of East Malaysia live in longhouses and water
villages(see fig .). Longhouses are elevated and on stilts, and can house 20 to 100 families.
Fig.5
Kamponga malaysian village-walkingbackintime.wordpress.com
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Water villages are also built on stilts, with houses connected with planks and most transport by
boats.
Even before the Second World War,
European style had influenced the architecture of
Malaya, especially to the buildings style in Malacca,
Penang, Kuala Lumpur as well as Perak. The styles
were modified according to the tropical climate and
combined with architecture influence of Malay,
Classical Portuguese, Dutch, English and Chinese.
Since 15th Century, when Chinese merchants came
to the Straits Settlement of Malacca, they had
brought in Straits Eclectic styles. Besides, the British
architecture was also altered to cope with the tropical
climate and combined with the influence of Malay,
European, Portuguese and Dutch. It has created a
unique style in urban architecture, such asshophouses and terrace houses. This architecture style was very initially influential in Penang
and Singapore but later spreading to the whole of the town and cities in Malaysia.
These styles have a few variations from one region to another where large numbers of
Chinese populations have settled predominantly in Penang, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
Within this general style, several building periods can be identified as:
1) Malacca Town Houses
Town houses designs were unique and had variety of architectural styles. Columns and
pilasters may be in Doric and Corinthian. Windows may be Venetian, Chinese or Malay imitativewith louvered by European influence, or solid shutters, by Chinese influence. In houses of that
era, the upper floors do not extend beyond the walkway and instead there is a lower secondary
roof. Though the main architecture influences to the buildings were from Chinese, the European
architecture influences, especially Dutch row houses tradition were very obvious as well.
Buildings are usually less lavish with more usage of
wood on the faade. The houses were usually only two
storeys with a variety of building heights but some of them
were only 1 storey. The unique roofs tiled with Chinese clay
tiles with the rounded gabled end, which originated from
Chinese were one of the features rare to be found in this era.These roofs do not have a secondary roof for ventilation and
only rely on internal air wells.
Fig.6
Long houses are elevated and on stilts,
and can house 20 to 100 families-isharethese.blogspot.com
Figure:7
Town houses built during
Mid-18th century and earlier; or
known as early town houses-malaysiadesignarchive.org
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=long+houses+malaysia&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dKJVbH5-5lm46M&tbnid=jmjvDyWRmqvfXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://isharethese.blogspot.com/2012/10/iban-longhouse-borneo-malaysia.html&ei=_DkXUcLHMaWjiAfJ9YHYAw&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFmP_mby3VPQLQJ1-FbaCwy3GW4uQ&ust=1360563033595760http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=long+houses+malaysia&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dKJVbH5-5lm46M&tbnid=jmjvDyWRmqvfXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://isharethese.blogspot.com/2012/10/iban-longhouse-borneo-malaysia.html&ei=_DkXUcLHMaWjiAfJ9YHYAw&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFmP_mby3VPQLQJ1-FbaCwy3GW4uQ&ust=13605630335957608/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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2) Kuala Lumpur Shophouses
In the 1850s, many Chinese tin miners migrated from Klang to Kuala Lumpur to operate
new and larger tin mines under Sultan of Selangor. It was then the beginning of the
development of Kuala Lumpur. Though the shophouse form was developed in Malacca, Penang
and Singapore by the early 19th century, shophouses were only introduced in Kuala Lumpur
during 1884. The Kuala Lumpur shophouses styles are similar to the styles that are current in
Europe. Kuala Lumpur because of its strategic location. During this early period, all building
structures were made of wood and attap (thatch roof).
Thereafter, buildings are required to be constructed in bricks and tiles also the
introduction of a building system by instructing the original attap hut settlement to be rebuilt in
brick with tiled roofs and a five foot covered passageway along the road. A shophouse was
required to provide a walkway or veranda-way, which at least had five feet in width. Since then,
this kind of walkway was called the kaki lima or five -foot way. The main reason of creating a
1.5m wide covered passage in front of the shophouse was to enable pedestrians to walk under
cover, protected from the sun and rain, and away from vehicular traffic. Later on, they also
imposed a regulation to leave a space or lane at the back of the shophouses as a sanitary lane.
It was a space in between two rows of shophouses that faced back to back.
Figure :8
Kuala Lumpur in transition (c 1884) attap shanties in the
foreground and brick buildings behind with the wall of
jungle in the background; Source: Gullick, J. M., (2000), A History of
Kuala Lumpur 1856 -1939, Selangor: MBRAS, p. 312
Figure : 9
The first shophouses built in brick, sited
in Old Market Square,
and built by Yap Ah Loy, noticeably
lacking the ornate fronts of later
shophouses, though they are two-storey
buildings of that type.Source: Gullick, J. M., (2000), A History of Kuala Lumpur
18561939,
Selangor: MBRAS, p. 319
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3) Kuala Lumpur villas
The grand villas in Malaysia were mainly built during the late 19th century and beginning
of the 20th century by wealthy Chinese businessman. After staying sometime in Europe, they
were strongly influenced by the architecture style. After returning to Malaysia, they asked their
designers to design and employed craftsman from Europe to build mansions, which look like the
ones they saw in Europe. They even imitate the Neo-Classical motifs that were popular in
Europe. The Chinese believe in fengshui and it was incorporated into the design of these
buildings and this gave them a specifically European/Asian eclecticism. The orientation of the
buildings was strictly following fengshui principles and the mansions were liberally decorated
with symbolic ornamentation that had special meanings to them. Within the Straits Eclectic
style, several architectural styles can be identified in Kuala Lumpur villas:
A. European influence - These buildings had a mixture of different style but the building
plans were mainly European-style with some Baroque influence and Palladian style
during Renaissance revivalism. The Renaissance and Palladian buildings have a special
feature, which is a symmetrical design. However, the slight curve on the portico,
ornateness of the gate and grand central stairs are of Baroque influence. The roof in
Malaysia has a steep pitch. The balustrade on the roof peak serves the purpose of
hiding skylight that provides natural lighting for the hall on the upper floor. There is also a
verandah surrounding the building on its both floors.
Bok House, which is located at
JalanAmpang, is one of the great examples
of these types of the villas. It is a more
purely European-style villa built in the early1890s in Kuala Lumpur. The symmetry of
the building, the uniquely shaped balusters,
the repetition of columns at the corners and
the extreme use of the dentils and the
brackets at the architrave showed that the
Renaissance planning was adapted to the
tropical climate.
B. Chinese/European influenceThese buildings have various styles from both Chinese
and European influences. Another example on this style is WismaLoke. The mansion is
reminiscent of a European-style villa and had a symmetrical design with a central
entrance doorway leading to an inner two-storey courtyard. The annexe, which has
ornate balcony terraces with decorative formed iron beautify the building. There are
artworks on the Dutch gable ends and on the front faade of the building. Chinese-style
ventilators and windows were used and roof-top parapets obviously rose above the roof
line. Chinese murals, Chinese figures and sculptured relief are found in the exterior and
Fig..10 Bok House (example of Kuala Lumpur villa)
bonescythe.blogspot.com
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpg8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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interior of the mansion. Although the style is more to European style, the integration of
Chinese style makes these houses a unique Straits Eclectic structure.
B. INDONESIA
The architecture in middle Java consists of solid stone walls, corbelled arches and with
no load bearing columns, which reached its consummation with the stupa of Barabadur and the
temple complex of prambanam. It is always associated with isolated religious communities and
never with large centers of popoulation.
In the 11th century, With the shift of power to east Java ,A new
development started characterized by lessening the Indian Influence and
focus on native Indonesian tradition, reflected especially in the sculpturewhich already foreshadows the folk-art of the Javanese wayangpuppet
drama.( see fig )
Timber is abundant and varried throughout Indonesia and has
always been the material used for houses, the traditional dwelling is a long
house(see fig.. ) generally raised on stilts and often sheltering an entire
clan. It is seen at its architectural best in Menang Kabau homes of South
Central Sumatra, which are carried on carved and decorated wooden
pillars, the facades adorned with colored patterns of intertwined flowers in white , black and red,
he inwar-sloping ridge(saddle back) roof with high gables at each ornamented with buffalo
horns.
Figure :11WismaLoke stands on the site of an
earlier mansion which
was erected by a wealthy tin miner, Chow Ah
Loke in 1885
Fig.12Wayang shadow
puppet
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Each of Indonesia's ethnic groups has its own distinctive form of the traditionalvernacular architecture of Indonesia. Rumahadat(see fig) are at the centre of a web of customs,
social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The
house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for
many activities of its residents.Traditional Indonesian homes are not architect designed, rather
villagers build their own homes, or a community will pool their resources for a structure built
under the direction of a master builder and/or a carpenter
Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to natural environmental conditions,
particularly Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout South East
Asia and the South West Pacific, most rumahadat are built on stilts, with the exception of Java
and Bali. Building houses off the ground on stilts serve a number of purposes: it allows breezes
to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above stormwater runoff and
mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food
from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos; and
reduces the risk of dry rot and termites. The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain
to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide
shade in the heat. In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows
providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often
have a vast roof and few windows.
Fig.13 Indonesian long hous
http://artasia.www2.50megs.com/Indonesia/
houses.htm
Fig.14. Rumahadat : A traditional Indonesian
dwelling -ibijehmata.wordpress.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia#Ethnic_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adathttp://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rumah+adat&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VSnzsiT5xwhEaM&tbnid=I7UsCyPazo7j6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sibijehmata.wordpress.com/2010/10/02/kunjungan-ke-awe-geutah/&ei=4n4XUazwCMWviQfKzIHoBA&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFvBl7uFHdRG5bpb4W2SWX7iWXDZQ&ust=1360580667834139http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rumah+adat&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VSnzsiT5xwhEaM&tbnid=I7UsCyPazo7j6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sibijehmata.wordpress.com/2010/10/02/kunjungan-ke-awe-geutah/&ei=4n4XUazwCMWviQfKzIHoBA&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFvBl7uFHdRG5bpb4W2SWX7iWXDZQ&ust=1360580667834139http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia#Ethnic_groups8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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IV. EXAMPLES
SINGAPORE
Marina Bay Sands
Marina Bay Sands is an Integrated Resort fronting Marina Bayin Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world's
most expensive standalone casino property at S$8 billion, including
cost of the prime land.
Design
The resort is designed by Moshe Safdie, who says it was initially inspired by card decks.
In addition to the casino, other key components of the plan are three hotel towers with 2,500
rooms and suites, a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) ArtScience Museum and a convention
centre 110,000 sq. m of space, capable of accommodating up to 45,000 people. The resort's
architecture and major design changes along the way were also approved by its feng shuiconsultants, the late Master Chong Swan Lek and Master Louisa Ong-Lee.
Esplanade Theatres on the Bay
EsplanadeTheatres on the Bay is a waterside building
located on six hectares of waterfront land alongside Marina Bay
near the mouth of the Singapore River, purpose-built to be the
centre for performing arts for the island nation of Singapore.
Taking its name from the nearby Esplanade, it contains a Concert
Hall which seats about 1,600 and a Theatre with a capacity of
about 2,000 for the performing arts.
The library at esplanade is located on the third floor of the building. There are outdoor
performing centres, and retail and food space at the Esplanade Mall. There is an outdoor open
space on the fourth floor of the building, which is the highest point open to the public.
Design
The building was designed by two architectural firms working
in conjunction: by DP Architects (DPA) of Singapore and the
London-based Michael Wilford & Partners (MWP), although the latter
left the project in May 1995. The original design, presented to the
public in 1994, consisted of unadorned glass cases over the
theaters, and initially elicited criticisms from the public, including
calling it "two copulating aardvarks". Critics also accused that the
design is insensitive to Singapore's location and climate as it would have created a greenhouse
in the tropical climate of Singapore, but according to DPA director Vikas Gore some form of
shading was always intended, and a cladding of aluminum sunshades was added to the final
design. The unique architectural design has been said to have an appearance similar to either a
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located with Singapore's first school, Raffles Institution, at a site now occupied by the Raffles
City complex. It moved to a separate Library and Museum Building in 1887 under the name of
Raffles Library as part of the Raffles Museum, before moving to the Stamford Road premises in
1960 under the name of the National Library of Singapore.
As Singapore gained its independence in 1965, and as the country's population spread
into the suburbs, the library, in collaboration with the city's urban planners, established a
presence in the suburbs by building a library branch in most of the new towns built by the
Housing and Development Board. These branch libraries were each considered a physical
extension of the original library at Stamford Road, rather than distinct institutions in their own
right, thus the term "National Library" could be said to apply to the original institution and all its
affiliates.
Parliament House, Singapore
The Parliament House of Singapore is a public building
and cultural landmark and houses the Parliament of Singapore.
It is located in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within
Singapore's central business district (the Central Area). Within
its vicinity is Raffles Place, which lies across it from the
Singapore River, and the Supreme Court's building across the
road. The building was designed to represent a contemporary architectural expression of
stateliness and authority. The prism-shaped top, designed by the late former president Ong
Teng Cheong, was similarly a modernist take on the traditional dome.
Architecture
The new Parliament House was designed by the Public Works Department, and
comprises three new blocks (Chamber Block, Front Block and Public Block) integrated with an
existing restored building built in 1864 and which once housed the Attorney-General's
Chambers. This block was gazetted as a national monument on 14 February 1992. The building
was built not only as a venue for parliamentary debates, but also a research centre and meeting
place for the members of parliament (MPs), as well as a place of interest for students and the
general public.
Due to its setting in the richly historical area, the building's overall design
harks back to its more historical neighbors with its slate grey external
colour scheme and liberal use of accentuated columns reflective of the
colonnade design common in classical architecture.
The main entrance from North Bridge Road is preceded by a
grand ceremonial driveway flanked by palm trees, an iconic tree peculiar to the tropical region
and complemented by fountain pools. The building's grand foyer is toped by the timber atrium,
seen from the outside as the building's signature prism-shaped pinnacle.
With 100 seats and room for 20 more, the new Chamber features contemporary IT
features like an electronic voting system, an integrated congress system, IT terminals and so
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on. Generous space is devoted to the Strangers' Gallery and the Press Gallery, allowing for
more members of the public to observe proceedings. In addition, a new sound-proofed
Educational Gallery was built on the top floor of the chamber allowing for staff and teachers to
verbally explain live parliamentary proceedings to students, as well as a moot parliament,
history corner, and multimedia information kiosks to provide a full educational programme, as is
the case in the Parliament House in Canberra.
Also part of the new building are a 170-seat auditorium, a library, range of meeting and IT
rooms and media facilities, a dining room, a 100-seat public cafeteria and even a gymnasium.
Carparking is available below ground, leaving much valuable space above to include lush
landscaping and a 2,770 square metre garden.
Raffles Hotel
Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style hotel in Singapore. It was
established by two Armenian brothers from PersiaMartin and
Tigran Sarkiesin 1887. In later years they were joined by younger
brothers Aviet and Arshak and kinsman Martyrose Arathoon. With
their innovative cuisine and extensive modernisations, the firm built
the hotel into Singapore's best known icon. It was named after
Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore, whose statue had been unveiled in 1887.
The hotel is currently managed by Fairmont Raffles Hotels International and houses a tropical
garden courtyard, museum, and Victorian-style theatre.
OCBC Centre
OCBC Centre is a 197.7 m (649 ft), 52-storey skyscraper in
Singapore. Serving as the current headquarters of OCBC Bank, the
building was completed in 1976 and was the tallest building in the country,
and South East Asia, at that time. There are two extensions, OCBC Centre
South and OCBC Centre East. There is an Executive Club on one of the
higher floors of the building. OCBC Centre East has food and beverage
outlets.
History
OCBC Centre was the result of the second Sale of Sites of the Urban Renewal
Department of the Housing and Development Board in 1968. The building was designed by I. M.
Pei & Partners (now Pei Cobb Freed & Partners) together with now defunct BEP Akitek (Pte)
Singapore and started construction in 1975. Its construction period was only two years due to a
three-tier system. The building was completed on 26 November 1976 and was Southeast Asia's
tallest building at the time. A bronze sculpture designed by Tan Teng Kee sat at the building
until 1983 when it was moved to the now defunct Bras Basah Park. A reclining figure sculpture
by Henry Moore has replaced it and a new plaza and reflecting pool were built outside the front
entrance of the building. The building has undergone several modernisations and OCBC Centre
East and South was constructed at a later date.
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Architecture
It is designed to be a symbol of strength and permanence, and its structure
consists of two semi-circular reinforced concrete cores as well as three lateral
girders which helped made construction faster. The building is divided into three
sections due to the steel trusses being constructed off-site and were put into
position. Each section consists of floors that are cantilevered 6 metres from each
column, with load transfer girders spanning at each end taking up boxed sections
of the pre-stressed concrete.
Swisstel The Stamford
Swisstel The Stamford, is a luxury hotel in Singapore managed by
Swisstel Hotels & Resorts. Designed by architect I.M. Pei, Swisstel The
Stamford, at a height of 226 metres is one of Southeast Asias tallest hotels.
Located in the heart of Singapore, this hotel is part of the Raffles City
complex comprising two hotels, the Raffles City convention centre, Raffles
City shopping centre, and an office tower. Situated at 2 Stamford Road, the
hotel sits above City Hall subway station.
The 5-star hotel has 1,261 rooms and suites, 16 restaurants and
bars, Raffles City Convention Centre, and one of Asia's largest Spas.
The hotel was designed by architect I.M. Pei as The Westin Stamford Singapore, along
with its adjacent smaller sister hotel, The Westin Plaza. When completed by the South Korean
firm SsangYong Group in 1986, The Westin Stamford was the world's tallest hotel building,
rising to a height of 226 metres.
Republic Plaza
Republic Plaza is one of the three tallest skyscrapers in Singapore,
located at the Southern end of Raffles Place in the Downtown Core, the
central business district of Singapore. It shares the title of "tallest building"
with the OUB Centre and UOB Plaza One. Built at 280 metres (919 feet)
tall, it was completed in 1995, and incorporates earthquake proof features
despite the city being relatively far from earthquake zones.
Architectural Features
The tower is turned 45 degrees from the axis of the ground floor level to maintain seaviews from the upper floors.
The building has 15 double-decker vertical lifts.
The tower was designed to reflect a subtle Oriental influence.
The main lobby is four storeys high, finished in polished granite and ceramics.
The lobby is framed by concrete-filled tubular steel columns.
The exterior faade transitions from granite with strip windows to tinted wall glass,
smoothly inclining from an octagonal base to a square top.
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Overseas Union Bank Centre (OUB Centre)
Overseas Union Bank Centre, is one of the three
tallest skyscrapers in the city of Singapore, sharing the
title with the UOB Plaza One and Republic Plaza. At 280
,it was the tallest building in the world outside NorthAmerica at the time of its completion in 1986, surpassing
South Korea's 63 Building completed 1 year earlier, until
it was succeeded by the Bank of China Tower. 280 m is
the maximum height permitted by the National Aviation
Authority. The building sits at the city centre of Raffles Place.
Architectural Features
The building consists of two triangular structures with a small space between them.
The steel frame allows for column-free office space.
The floor system is of reinforced concrete slab composite with a ribbed steel deck. A car park, retail areas, and a link to the MRT system can be found above and below
ground.
The tower is clad by chemically treated aluminium alloy which changes colour along with
the light it reflects.
Square and circular designs perforate the building's faade, etched by a grid pattern of
rectangles and window units.
The dramatic entrance is presented by an eight-storey high cutaway, coupled with
skylights and other lighting effects to create an airy feel
MALAYSIA
Petronas Towers
The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas
Twin Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. According to the CTBUH's official definition and
ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998
to 2004 until surpassed by Taipei 101. The buildings are the
landmark of Kuala Lumpur with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower.
Designed by Argentinian architectCsar Pelli. They
chose a distinctivepostmodern style to create a 21st century
icon forKuala Lumpur. Planning on the Petronas Towers
started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and simulations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture
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of wind and structural loads on the design. Seven years of construction followed, beginning on 1
March 1993 with the excavation, which involved moving 500 truckloads of earth every night to
dig down 30 metres (98 ft) below the surface.
Kuala Lumpur Tower
The Kuala Lumpur Tower is a tall tower located in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. Its construction was completed on 1 March
1995. It is used for communication purposes and features an
antenna that reaches 421 metres. The roof of the pod is at 335
metres. The rest of the tower below has a stairwell and an
elevator to reach the upper area, which also contains a revolving
restaurant, providing diners with a panoramic view of the city.
The official groundbreaking for the Kuala Lumpur Tower was overseen by the 4th Prime
Minister of Malaysia's Dato Seri Doktor Mahathir Bin Mohamad on 1 October 1991. Constructionof the tower was a three-phase process.
The first phase was the widening of Jalan Bukit Nanas and the excavation of soil from
the construction site. This phase was completed on 1 August 1992.
On 1 July 1992, the second phase began with the construction of the foundation and
basement of the tower. Approximately 50,000 cubic metres of concrete were continuously
poured for 31 hours, thus setting a record in the Malaysian construction industry. The foundation
work, requiring no piling, was completed on 1 April 1993.
The third phase was the construction of the 'superstructure' which began on 1 May 1994.The construction of the tower started with the erection of the tower shaft, then the tower head.
As the finishing touches to the tower head were applied, the construction of the touristic building
began. The construction was completed in record time.
Maybank Tower
Maybank Tower is a major skyscraper and landmark in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. Located near Puduraya on the eastern fringe of
the old Kuala Lumpur city centre, the tower is the headquarters of
Maybank, and houses the Maybank Numismatic Museum.
History
The construction of Maybank Tower commenced in 1984 on
Court Hill, over the site of a colonial era Sessions Court building, and
was completed in 1988. Before the construction of the Petronas Twin
Towers in 1995, Maybank Tower was the tallest building in Kuala
Lumpur as well as Malaysia, at 244 m, around half the height of
Petronas Twin Towers. The tower remains a prominent part of the city's skyline.
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Architecture
The floor plan of the tower consists of two
square-based blocks that interlock each other at one of
their corners. Each of the two block features a roof and
lower base that slant at a direction opposite its other
block, while the midsection stands in a perpendicular
angle. The main access points of the tower are at the
two corners of the structure that feature a space formed from the combination of the structure's
two blocks, covered by tiered triangular roofs.
Sultan Abdul Samad Building
The Sultan Abdul Samad Building is located in front of
the Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) and the Royal
Selangor Club, by Jalan Raja in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The
structure takes its name from Sultan Abdul Samad, the
reigning sultan of Selangor at the time when construction
began. The building houses the offices of the Ministry of
Information, Communications and Culture of Malaysia.
It was designed by A.C. Norman and built in 1894-1897 to house several important
government departments during the British administration. A.C. Norman spent time in Africa and
saw Muslim mosques in India which led him to use Moorish architecture in the building's
design.The 41-meter tower chimed for the first time to coincide with Queen Victorias Jubilee
Parade in 1897 and has chimed since.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singapore
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/2
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