7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
1/63
BITS PilaniK K Birla Goa Campus
Applications of
Zigbee
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
2/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
3/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
4/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
WHAT IS ZIGBEE?
Technological Standard Created for Control andSensor Networks
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
Created by the ZigBee Alliance
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
5/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
SENSOR/CONTROL NETWORKREQUIREMENTS
Large networks that can operate reliably foryears without any intervention
Very long battery life
very low infrastructure cost and low complexity
Device data rate and QoS needs are low
Standardized protocols are necessary to allowmultiple vendors to interoperate
3
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
6/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Engineers feel Wi-Fi and Bluetooth may beunsuitable for certain applications.
ZigBee-compliant radios may operate on one ofthree different radio bands: the 800 MHz, 900MHz, or 2.4 GHz frequencies.
Follows the internationally recognized radiostandard for the MAC and PHY Layer.
Characterstics of Zigbee
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
7/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Low Data RateRadio Devices
TV VCR DVD CD Remote
Mouse Keyboard Joystick Gamepad
Security HVAC Lighting Closures
PETs Gameboys Educational
Monitors Diagnostics Sensors
Industrial &Commercial
ConsumerElectronics
PersonalHealthcare
Monitors Sensors Automation Control
Toys &Games
HomeAutomation
PCPeripherals
TARGET MARKETS
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
8/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
9/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
10/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE VS WIFI
VS bLUETOOTH
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
11/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Zigbee vs WiFi vsBluetooth ZigBee Wi-Fi Bluetooth
Range 10 100 m upto 100 m 10 100 m
NetworkingTopologies
Ad-hoc,mesh
point to hub Ad-hoc very smallnetworks
Operatingfrequency
868 MHz(Europe) ; 900-928 MHz (NA) ,2.4 GHz(worldwide)
2.4 and 5 GHz 2.1 GHz
Complexity Low High High
Powerconsumption
very low(design goal)
High Moderate
Applications Industrialcontrol andmonitoring,
buildingautomation,
Wireless LANconnectivity,broadband
internet access
Wirelessconnectivitybetween
devices.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
12/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Choosing the right wireless technology
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
13/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1. Power
wifI
zigbee
VS
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
14/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2. BIT RATE
wifI
zigbee
VS
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
15/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
3. Range
wifI
zigbee
VS
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
16/63BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
WHY ZIGBEE?
Reliable Mesh networking Low data-rate applications Very long battery life Secure Scalable
Low cost Global applicability
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
17/63 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
SystemArchitecture
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
18/63 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
WHAT IS ZIGBEE PROTOCOL?
The IEEE 802.15.4 covers the physicallayer and the MAC layer of low-rateWPAN.
The ZigBee is an emerging standard thatis based on the IEEE 802.15.4 and adds
network construction (star networks, peer-to-peer/mesh networks, and cluster-treenetworks), application services, andmore.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
19/63 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard defined by for lowrate, wireless personal area network.
The standard defines the Physical layer andMedium Access Layer.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
20/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
21/63 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4)
only one in a network
initiates network stores information about the network
all devices communicate with the ZBC
routing functionality bridge to other networks
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
22/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4)
optional component
routes between nodes
extends network coverage
manages local address allocation/de-allocation
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
23/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 )
optimized for low power consumption
cheapest device type
communicates only with the coordinator
sensor would be deployed here
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
24/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
Star
Mesh
Cluster Tree PAN coordinator
Full Function Device
Reduced Function Device
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
25/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
26/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
Star Topology Advantage
Easy to synchronize Low latency
Disadvantage Small scale
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
27/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
Mesh Topology Advantage
Robust multihop communication
Network is more flexible Lower latency
Disadvantage Route discovery is costly
Needs storage for routing table
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
28/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Network Topologies
Cluster Tree Advantage
Low routing cost
Allow multihop communication Disadvantage
Route reconstruction is costly
Latency may be quite long
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
29/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
30/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
31/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
32/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
33/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZIGBEE MESH NETWORKING
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
34/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Radio Interface and
Modulation
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
35/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee Frequency Bands
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
36/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Quality of Service (QoS)
High data throughput
Low duty cycle
ZigBee is ideal for home, business, and industrialautomation where control devices and sensors arecommonly used
the battery life of ZigBee devices is very long
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
37/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ProtocolArchitecture
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
38/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
39/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
picture taken from [11]
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
40/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
PHYSICAL LAYER
The 802.15.4 standard specifies differentservices that the Physical Layer(PHY) provides.
The PHY data service controls the radio, andthus, the transmission and reception of thesignals.
The management service performs EnergyDetection in the channel, Clear Channel
Assesment before sending the messages.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
41/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
PHY functionalities: Activation and deactivation of the radio
transceiver
Energy detection within the current channel Link quality indication for received packets Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA Channel frequency selection Data transmission and reception
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
42/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IEEE 802.15.4 BANDS
868/868.6 MHz for Europe 902/928 MHz for North America 2400/2483.5 MHz worldwide
Binary Data
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
43/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
PHY frame structure
PHY packet fields Preamble (32 bits) synchronization Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) shall be
formatted as 11100101 PHY header (8 bits) PSDU length PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) data field
Preamble
Start ofPacketDelimiter
PHY Header
PHY ServiceData Unit(PSDU)
4Octets
0-127
Bytes
Sync Header PHY Payload
1Octets
1Octets
FrameLength(7
bit)
Reserve(1 bit)
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
44/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
picture taken from [11]
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
45/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
MAC LAYER
Interface between the PHY layer and the higherlayer protocols.
Handles all access to physical radio channel
and is responsible for: Supporting PAN association and disassociation Supporting device security Handling and maintaining the GTS mechanism Providing a reliable link between two peer MAC
entities
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
46/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer
Device Classes Full function device (FFD)
Can function in any topology Capable of being Network coordinator Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD)
Reduced function device (RFD) Limited to star topology Cannot become network coordinator Talks only to FFDs
Address All devices must have 64 bit IEEE addresses Short (16 bit) addresses can be allocated to reduce
packet size
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
47/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS
The IEEE 802.15.4 defines four frame types:beacon, data, acknowledgment, and MACcommand frame.
All frame types are based on the general MACframe format.
The frame control field describes and specifies theabove different frame types.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
48/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
DATA FRAME FORMAT
BEACON FRAME FORMAT
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
49/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
COMMAND FRAMEFORMAT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFRAME FORMAT
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
50/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Transmission Mode
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
51/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
picture taken from [11]
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
52/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
NETWORK LAYER
The ZigBee standard works on top of the IEEE802.15.4 addressing schema by using thestandard 64-bit and the short 16-bit addressing.
Network layer responsibilities:
Establishment of a new network. New device configuration, addressing
assignment, network synchronization Frames security Message routing.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
53/63
Click to edit Master subtitle style
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
54/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Application Layer
The application layer consists of
APS (Application Support) sub-layer, Application framework Application objects, and
ZDO (ZigBee Device Object).
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
55/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Security inzigbee
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
56/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Security in Zigbee
ZigBee security is based on 128-bit algorithm Security services include methods for key
establishment, device management, & frameprotection. ZigBee defines security for the MAC, NWK and APS
layers
Security for applications is provided throughApplication Profiles.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
57/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4
PHY868MHz / 915MHz /
2.4GHz
MAC
Application
NetworkStar / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
Security32- / 64- / 128-bitencryption
API
ZigBeeAlliance
IEEE802.15.4
Customer
ZigBee Alliance-the software
-Network, Security & Applicationlayers-Brand management
IEEE 802.15.4-the hardware-Physical & Media Access
Control layers
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
58/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Trust Center
ZigBee introduces the concept of the trust Center,which Stores the keys for the network
Uses the security services to configure a device withits key
Uses the security services to authorize a deviceonto the network
The ZigBee Coordinator is usually designated the TrustCenter
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
59/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Security keys
Master keys used as shared secret between two devices when
they perform the Key Establishment Procedure
Network keys Perform Network Layer security on a ZigBee
network.
Link keys Secure messages between two devices at the
Application Layer.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
60/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
PROS AND CONS
Pros
good extension of existingstandards
supported by many
companies low power consumption low cost easy implemented
(Designer concentrates on
end application) flexible network structure
Cons
Not many end devicesavailable yet
Single point of failure(centralized architecture)
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
61/63
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
CONCLUSION
Zigbee applications are in diverse areas Zigbee Alliance works as a non-profit
organization which has more than 200
members. IEEE 802.15.4 covers Physical Layer
And Mac Layer.
Zigbee adds networkconstruction,application services, andmore.
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
62/63
7/30/2019 Zigbee Final
63/63