Download - A. Rustoiu, Of Horses and Men...A Late Iron Age Gold Appliqué from Veţel (Hunedoara County, Romania). Archaeologia Bulgarica 19, 3, 2015, 51-62.

Archaeologia BulgaricaХІХ, 3 (2015), 51-62

Of Horses and Men... A Late Iron Age Gold Appliqué from Veţel (Hunedoara County, Romania)

Aurel RUSTOIU

Abstract: The article discusses a fragmentary appliqué made of gold sheet which was discovered at Veţel and was preserved in the Museum of Cluj in the 19th century, but is lost nowadays. The artefact is only known from the archaeological notes of I. Téglas, who drew it in 1886. As for the function of this object, it has been identified as a horse forehead ornament (prometopidion). Other similar objects were probably dis-covered at Békéscsaba, one being still preserved in the National Hungarian Museum in Budapest, as well as another at Cugir. The inventory of tumulus # 2 from Cugir al-lows the dating of these decorative artefacts to the end of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC. The appliqué from Veţel could have come from a funerary context belonging to the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group.

Key words: gold forehead ornament, prometopidion, Late Iron Age burial, pre-Roman Dacia, Padea-Panagjurski kolonii group, Romania, Bulgaria.

The extensive archaeological notes of István Téglas, an antiquarian of the late 19th – early 20th century from Turda, in Transylvania (then part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire), have recently been pub-lished (Bajusz 2005). These notes contain, among other things, im-portant data regarding a series of archaeological artefacts discovered in Transylvania at the end of the 19th century, which are nowadays lost. Amongst them is a decorative gold appliqué discovered at Veţel (Hunedoara County), which in 1886 was preserved in the Museum of Cluj, according to István Téglas. The artefact is now lost, so the draw-ing of I. Téglas remains the sole visual reference that can allow its iden-tification and analysis. The scope of this article is to discuss the gold applique from Veţel from the morphological, typological and chrono-logical point of view.

The drawing of I. Téglas is rather rough, but the details allow the identification of the artefact (Bajusz 2005, 457, fig. 7/84/1). The ap-pliqué was made of gold sheet and was very probably decorated in the au repoussé technique with six rows of three conical protuberances each. One extremity was intact when the sketch was made, whereas the other was missing, together with a part of the body, so the artefact was already fragmentary. The intact extremity ended with a stem. The original dimensions of the artefact are unknown (fig. 1/1).

The closest analogy of the object found at Veţel, also made of gold sheet, is preserved in the National Hungarian Museum in Budapest. This example was acquired in 1891 from an antique dealer, together with another similar piece that disappeared afterwards during the WWII. According to the dealer, the artefacts came from Békéscsaba, in eastern Hungary, but the information is unreliable (Kemenczei 1987,

141). The appliqué still preserved in Budapest was made of gold sheet and was decorated using au repoussé and engraving techniques. It has a lanceolate shape and the wider extremity resembles a stylised animal head. The body is decorated with rows of four conical protuberances each, whereas the other extremity is pointed, similarly to the piece from Veţel. The zoomorphic extremity has a perforation probably for a rivet, which may suggest that the object was fastened on another object, probably made of an organic material (perhaps a leather belt). The appliqué has a length of 22.6 cm (Kemenczei 1987; 1999, 99, fig. 55; 2009, 69-70, 117, pl. 9/8) (fig. 1/2).

Another quite similar appliqué, broken in three parts, was found in the inventory of tumulus # 2 at Cugir. Its manufacturing technique resembles the one used in the case of the preceding examples. The artefact has a nearly rectangular shape, with one extremity resembling a stylised animal. The body is decorated with rows of four conical protuberances each. The decorated extremity has a rivet perforation, while two other similar perforations were made on the other end. The artefact has a length of around 18 cm (Crişan 1980, 83; Roman / Sîntimbreanu / Wollmann 1982, 15, fig. 9; Rustoiu 1996, 33, fig. 1/5; 2002, fig. 26/5; 2008, 158, fig. 79/3 etc.) (fig. 1/3).

Nothing is known about the context of discovery of the appli-qué from Veţel, nor for the one preserved in the National Hungarian Museum, although the latter object was dated to the 5th – 4th centuries BC, being ascribed to the “Scythian” horizon of the Great Hungarian Plain. On the other hand, the find from tumulus # 2 at Cugir offers relevant information regarding the chronology of these artefacts.

The cremation tumulus # 2 from Cugir was found in 1979 by the late archaeologists I. H. Crişan and F. Medeleţ1 (fig. 2). This site re-mained largely unpublished, but a series of archaeological data regard-ing the context of discovery and its inventory were included in some more or less detailed studies (Crişan 1980; 1983; 1993, 220-221, 245-246; Rustoiu 2002, fig. 26/5; 2008, 158-162; 2009; etc.). The inventory of the grave contains the complete panoply of arms that defined the warlike elite of the periods preceding, and respectively corresponding to, the Dacian Kingdom of Burebista. The offensive weaponry consists of a long sword of the La Tène type, a spear head and a curved dagger (sica). The defensive equipment consists of a shield, of which only the umbo and the rim made of iron were preserved, a chain-mail and a helmet. The deceased was buried together with a ceremonial cart hav-ing four wheels, and three horses whose harnesses were preserved, in-cluding three horse-bits of the “Thracian” type (Werner 1988, 81-101, type xvi). All of these artefacts are typical of the LT D1 chronological horizon (see Łuczkiewicz / Schönfelder 2008; Rustoiu 2012, 171-178).

The dating of the burial is also supported by an Italic bronze situla belonging to the Eggers 20 type (Eggers 1951, 40, 161, Beilage 10, pl. 4/20; Bolla / Boube / Guillaumet 1991, 17). The vessel was excellently preserved. Its handle attachments have a nearly rectangular shape with stemmed corners. The ends of its bail handle have the shape of an aquatic bird (Rustoiu 2008, 161, fig. 81/1; 2009). Other situlae of the Eggers 20 type have been previously discovered in pre-Roman Dacia, in fortified settlements or fortresses. From the typological point of view, their handle attachments either have a trapezoidal shape, or a nearly rectangular one with stemmed corners, like those on the vessel

1 The author participated in the ar-chaeological excavations at Cugir be-tween 1980 and 1989 and is now con-tinuing the work of his professors I. H. Crişan and F. Medeleţ.

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from Cugir (see Rustoiu 2005a, 55-57, with previous bibliography) (fig. 3).

This type of bronze vessels is mainly present in the central-north-ern European area, but certain pieces have been also discovered to the east. The latter group is offering a series of important chronological elements for the period in which Italic products arrived in the Lower Danube region. For example, a situla with rectangular handle attach-ments having stemmed corners was recovered from the Scordiscian

Fig. 1: 1 Drawing of the gold appliqué from Veţel made by I. Téglas in 1886 (after Bajusz 2005); 2 Gold appliqué from Békéscsaba (?) in the National Hungarian Museum Budapest (after Kemenczei 1987); 3 Gold appliqué from Cugir, photo and drawing (photo National Museum of Unification Alba Iulia). Different scales

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OF HORSES AND MEN... A LATE IRON AGE GOLD APPLIqUé FROM VEţEL... 53

cemetery at Belgrade-Karaburma, coming from grave # 92, in which weapons and military equipment, as well as other Italic bronze vessels (an Aylesford “pan” and a Pescate simpulum) have been also found (Todorović 1972, pl. 29/22). The entire inventory can be dated to the first half of the 1st century BC (La Tène D1 or Belgrade 3 horizon – Božič 1981, 328-330). Another situla of the Eggers 20 type with similar rectangular handle attachments having stemmed corners belongs to the Bohot hoard (northern Bulgaria) (Венедиков 1961, 356-358, fig. 1; L’or de cavaliers Thraces 1987, # 493). This situla was found together with nine silver mastoi, which date the entire hoard between the end of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC (see Egri / Rustoiu 2014, 158-160, with previous bibliography).

Other important chronological elements are also provided by the contexts of discovery of the vessels from Dacia. For example the trapezoidal handle attachment from Brad was recovered from a large building belonging to the third level of the acropolis of the settle-ment. Archaeological finds coming from this level indicate a date between the second half of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD (Ursachi 1995, 132, pl. 15/16). As for the situla

Fig. 2. I. H. Crişan and F. Medeleţ during the archaeological diggings at the tumulus # 2 at Cugir (above) and its inventory in situ (below) (photo-archive Institute of Archaeology and History of Arts Cluj-Napoca)

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from Tilişca, it was discovered in a context dated to the first half of the 1st century BC (Glodariu 1976, 201, # 32a; Lupu 1989, 30, 79, 85, pl. 20/1).

All these elements indicate that the situlae of the Eggers 20 type arrived in pre-Roman Dacia as early as the La Tène D1 period, rough-ly between the end of the 2nd century BC and the first half of the 1st century BC. From this point of view the situation is similar to that observed in the central and western European oppida of the same pe-riod. These situlae were accompanied by other types of bronze Italic vessels. The significant arrival of Late Republican tableware in pre-Roman Dacia was most probably determined by the organization of a coherent social hierarchy within the Dacian Kingdom before and during the reign of Burebista and afterwards. This process led to the appearance of the warlike elite who displayed its status through weap-onry and lavish imported goods. At the same time, the significant concentration of many Italic products in south-western Transylvania (fig. 3), not far from the centre of power of the Dacian Kingdom, is also an argument for this interpretation (see Rustoiu 2005a; Egri 2014, with previous bibliography).

Consequently, the gold appliqué from Cugir can be dated, accord-ing to the context of discovery, to the LT D1 period, thus to the end of the 2nd century and the beginning or the first half of the 1st century BC. The artefacts from Veţel and the National Hungarian Museum in Budapest, which have a nearly similar morphology and decorative style, can be dated to the same period.

As for the function of these objects, both the appliqué from the Budapest Museum and the one from Cugir have been identified as harness elements, more precisely as horse forehead ornaments (pro-metopidion). Similar ornaments having different shapes and dimen-sions were used over a longer period in different areas, from Asia to

Fig. 3. Situla from Cugir and distribution map of the Eggers 20 situlae in pre-Roman Dacia and the neighbouring areas: 1 Brad; 2 Craiva-Piatra Craivii; 3 Cugir; 4 Grădiştea de Munte; 5 Răcătău; 6 Tilişca; 7 Belgrade-Karaburma; 8 Bohot


the northern Black Sea and the Mediterranean basin (see for instance Pfrommer 1993, 13-16, with previous bibliography).

Prometopidia having a lanceolate, rectangular or rhombic shape and larger dimensions are documented, for example, in the Scythian northern Pontic environment. One example dated to the 4th century BC was found in a tumulus burial at Solocha, on the lower Dnieper; it was decorated with two fishes and had a length of 38.8 cm (Skythische Kunst 1986, # 147) (fig. 4/1). Another forehead ornament having a zoomorphic shape, dated to the 5th century BC, was found together with other harness elements (gold and bronze decorative appliqués and a horse-bit) in a house from the eastern Carpathians fortified set-tlement at Stânceşti, Botoşani County, Romania (Florescu / Florescu 2005, 70-71, fig. 110-111; Trohani 2013, 67) (fig. 4/2).

In the northern Balkans and the Lower Danube region, discus-shaped prometopidia made of precious metals or bronze were included in some funerary inventories (Minchev 2007; Tonkova 2010) (fig. 5/1-2). Three appliqués made of gold sheet and having a fish shape were discovered in the Kukova tumulus at Duvanlij, in Bulgaria, being dated to the 5th century BC (Filow 1934, pl. 1; Gold der Thraker 2007, 178, # 124e; for the chronology of the tumulus, see Tonkova 2002, 277-279; Tonkova / Penkova 2010). They could have been used as forehead ornaments for horses (fig. 5/3).

Rhombic prometopidia made of silver or bronze sheet, and hav-ing nearly similar dimensions to those of the pieces from Transylvania

Fig. 4: 1 Gold appliqué from Solocha (after Skythische Kunst 1986); 2 Gold appliqué from Stânceşti (after Florescu / Florescu 2005); 3 Bronze appliqué from tumulus # 4 at “Seven Brothers” (after Skythische Kunst 1986); 4 Zoomorphic head of the gold appliqué from Cugir (photo National Museum of Unification Alba Iulia). Different scales

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and eastern Hungary, were also used during the Hellenistic period in the Mediterranean area and the Near East (Pfrommer 1993, 13-16) (fig. 6/1). For example, such objects were depicted at the beginning of the 2nd century BC on the “arms frieze” from the temple of Athena Nikephoros at Pergamon (Bohn 1885, pl. 47/3, 49/3, 22; Pfrommer 1993, 14, fig. 8; for the chronology of the “arms frieze” at Pergamon, see Polito 1998, 91-95) (fig. 6/2-4). These scenes provide a reliable example of the manner in which such sheet appliqués were fastened on the horse harness.

As for the decoration, the appliqué from Veţel, as well as those from the National Hungarian Museum in Budapest and Cugir, was ornamented with rows of conical protuberances on the body. This motif, made using the au repoussé technique, is encountered on gold artefacts belonging to different periods and cultural environments. One example is the gold helmet from Poiana-Coţofeneşti (Prahova County) (Berciu 1974, 85-92; Trohani 2013, 68), to the south of the Carpathians, in Romania, which was dated to the 4th century BC (fig. 7/1), or the aforementioned gold appliqués from the Kukova tumulus at Duvanlij, in Bulgaria (fig. 5/3). Towards the end of the Late Iron Age, decorative motifs of the same type appear on a semi-spherical gold artefact coming from an unknown context at Mediaş (Rustoiu 1996, 34-35, fig. 3; Aurul şi argintul 2013, 309, # 62) (fig. 7/2), or on some jewellery made of gold sheet recently discovered at Malaja Kopanja on the upper Tisza, in Transcarpathian Ukraine (Kotigoroško 2009, 123, photo 40) (fig. 7/3).

Unfortunately the appliqué from Veţel was already fragmentary when it was drawn by I. Téglas, but very probably the other end had a stylised zoomorphic decoration similar to those of the pieces from the Budapest Museum and Cugir. These motifs were identified as either a fish (Kemenczei 1987), or the head of a bull (Crişan 1980). The ap-pliqué from Cugir, and partially also the one from Budapest, seems to have analogies in the earlier decorative repertoire of the “Scythian” and “Thracian” environment.

Fig. 5: 1 Horses with silver and gold forehead ornaments (prometopidia) painted on the wall of the grave from Alexandrovo, Bulgaria (after Tonkova 2010); 2 Gold forehead ornament from Ivanski, Bulgaria (after Tonkova 2010); 3 Gold appliqués having a fish shape from the Kukova tumulus at Duvanlij, Bulgaria (after Gold der Thraker 2007). Different scales 1

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3


For example, the appliqué from Stânceşti has the shape of a fish having a boar head with two tusks (fig. 4/2). A quite similar boar head also appear on a bronze harness appliqué discovered in the 19th century in a tumulus burial from “Seven Brothers”, in the northern Pontic area of Krasnodar, dated to the 5th century BC (Skythische Kunst 1986, # 94) (fig. 4/3). On the other hand, the gold appliqués from the Kukova tumulus at Duvanlij have the shape of a fish with the same boar tusk (fig. 5/3). These hybrid zoomorphic motifs aiming to unify different symbolic principles characterise the art of the northern Balkans dur-ing the flourishing period of the Odrysian, Getic and Triballian aris-tocracy, who were the main political and military forces of the region in the 5th – 3rd centuries BC.

The artefacts from Cugir and the Hungarian Museum seem to de-scribe in a very stylised and elusive manner the same iconographic motif of a hybrid animal having a boar head and a fish body (fig. 4/4). The manner in which one such iconographic motif circulated across time and space is suggested by the context of discovery of the appliqué from Cugir.

The structure of the funerary inventory and the funerary rite and ritual indicate that tumulus # 2, as well as the three other burials from the vicinity of the Dacian fortress at Cugir, belongs to the so-called Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group, dated in general between the end of the 3rd century / beginning of the 2nd century and the end of the 1st century BC (Woźniak 1974, 74-138; 1976, 388-394; Rustoiu 2002, 11-62; 2005b; 2012, 171-178). The cremation burials specific to this group, either flat or tumulus, are encountered on a wide area from northern and north-western Bulgaria to the upper Tisza region (fig. 8). The inventories of these burials combine La Tène elements with others of local northern Balkans origin, and illustrate the existence

Fig. 6: 1 Prometopidion of the Greek-Hellenistic type from J. Paul Getty Museum (after Pfrommer 1993); 2-4 Similar pieces represented on the “arms frieze” at Pergamon (after Bohn 1885)

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of some groups of warriors having a heterogeneous ethnic identity (Triballi, Moesi, Scordisci, Dacians, etc.). This hybridisation is also in-dicated by the presence of different funerary rituals. Therefore, these burials belong to a warlike elite composed of individuals having differ-ent tribal origins, who built together a “supra-national” identity that overshadowed the ethnic one. The warlike elite created its own sym-bols and signs of status, which were different from those of other social groups and included characteristic panoplies of arms (long swords of the La Tène type, spears, curved daggers and sometimes chain-mails and helmets) and riding horses having particular harnesses (Rustoiu 2002, 132; 2008, 142-162).

Thus, it is probably not coincidental that metal objects decorated with images of riders (silver phalerae at Lupu, Surcea and Galiče, a sil-ver vessel at Jakimovo) appeared precisely in the area of the burials in question. The style of these images points to the perpetuation of cer-tain traditional iconographic motifs specific to the Thracian art of the 5th – 3rd centuries BC. This fact suggests that some ideological elements of the prior aristocratic environment were taken over and transformed according to the new social-political conditions of the 2nd – 1st centu-ries BC in a synthesising process that also incorporated some La Tène elements (see Rustoiu 2002, 123-141; 2008, 158-162). Accordingly, it might be presumed that the golden appliqués from Veţel and Cugir, as well as those that arrived in the Budapest Museum at the end of the 19th century, were a decorative reinterpretation of certain older icono-graphic motifs, similar to those encountered on the gold prometopidia from the “Scythian” and “Thracian” environment of the 5th – 4th cen-turies BC.

In conclusion, the fragmentary appliqué made of gold sheet dis-covered at Veţel and preserved in the Museum of Cluj in the 19th cen-tury, but lost nowadays and only known from the archaeological notes of I. Téglas, is a forehead ornament of a horse harness (prometopidion). Other similar objects probably discovered at Békéscsaba, of which one is still preserved in the National Hungarian Museum in Budapest, as well as the one from Cugir, allow the morphological identification of

Fig. 7. Gold artefacts ornamented with rows of conical protuberances on the body using the au repoussé technique: 1 Poiana-Coţofeneşti, Romania – 4th century BC (after Aurul şi argintul 2013); 2 Mediaş, Romania – 2nd ‒ 1st cen-tury BC? (after Aurul şi argintul 2013); 3 Malaja Kopanja, Transcarpathian Ukraine – 1st century AD (after Kotigoroško 2009). Different scales 1

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3


the appliqué from Veţel. At the same time, the inventory of tumulus # 2 from Cugir offers important chronological evidence that allows the dating of these decorative artefacts to the end of the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BC (LT D1). Lastly, the appliqué from Veţel could have also come from a funerary context belonging to the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group. The site is located in south-western Transylvania, an area in which many other funerary discover-ies of this type were discovered, for example those at Deva, Hunedoara and Călan in the close vicinity, or others at Cugir and, along the Mureş River, at Tărtăria, Blandiana and Teleac (see Rustoiu 2012, 171-178, with previous bibliography) (fig. 9).

AcknowledgementsI am thankful to Milena Tonkova (Sofia) and Wolfgang David (Manching) for providing helpful information.

Fig. 9. Distribution map of the decorative gold appliqués (black squares) and of the Padea-Panagjurski kolonii discoveries inside the Carpathian range (black dots): A Veţel; B Békéscsaba (?); C Cugir; 1 Berghin (?); 2 Blandiana; 3 Călan; 4 Craiva-Piatra Craivii; 5 Cugir; 6 Deva (?); 7 Hunedoara-Grădina Castelului; 8 Malaja Kopanja; 9 Mediaş (?); 10 Tărtăria; 11 Teleac; 12 Bulbuc (after Rustoiu 2012 with updates)

Fig. 8. Distribution map of the Padea-Panagjurski kolonii group funerary discoveries (after Rustoiu 2005b, Łuczkiewicz / Schönfelder 2008 and Rustoiu 2012)

60 AUREL RUSTOIU

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Аурел РУСТОЮ

(резюме)

Апликацията е фрагментирана. Съхранявала се е в музея в Клуж през ХІХ век, но днес липсва. Позната ни е благодарение на ар-хеологическите бележки на И. Теглаш, който я е нарисувал през 1886 г. (фиг. 1/1). Предметът е разпознат като конски челник (pro-metopidion). Подобни са намерени в Бекешчаба, от които един е още запазен в Националния исторически музей в Будапеща (фиг. 1/2), и в Куджир. Гробният инвентар, сред който е открит послед-ният (надгробна могила 2 в Куджир), дава датировката на тези украси: края на ІІ – първата половина на І век пр. Хр. Вероятно апликацията от Вецел принадлежи на гроб от археологическата културна група Падя-Панагюрски колонии.

Aurel Rustoiu PhDInstitute of Archaeology and History of ArtStr. M. Kogălniceanu 12-14RO-400084 [email protected]

argintul 2013, 64-75.

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Werner, W. M. 1988. Eisenzeitliche Trensen an der unteren und mittleren Donau (= PBF XVI, 4). München.

Woźniak, Z. 1976. Die östliche Randzone der Latène Kultur. – Germania 54, 382-402.

Woźniak, Z. 1974. Wschodnie pogranicze kultury latènskiej. Wroclaw / Warszawa / Kraków / Gdansk.

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