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Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
Power Industry Conference5 – 6 December 2012
Sheraton Saigon Hotel & TowersHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Do Duc Tuong – DEVI Renewable [email protected]
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About DEVI Renewable Energies
• A private research institute, found in March 2011
• Online RE portal www.devi-renewable.com
• Research• Pico PV, stand-alone PV, grid connected PV
• Biomass pellets, briquette and gasification
• Biogas power generation
• Wind farm optimization, small wind turbine
• Education (short RE training course, Master programme in RE)
• Consultancy (designing W-kW-MW solar PV plants, rural electrification solutions using wind, biomass and solar)
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Contents
Why solar energy?
Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
Solar PV development in the world
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Solar PV development in Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
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Contents
Why solar energy?
Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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2
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4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
Solar PV development in the world
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Solar PV development in Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
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www.worldsolarchallenge.org Photon Magazine 1/2001
www.theindependentbd.com sustentator.comwww.altestore.com
www.casio.com
Solar PV development in the world
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Solar PV development in the world
Source: EPIA, 2011b and EPIA, 2012.
Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity, 2000-2011
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New installations¹ in year 2011, world : 27.7 GW
Cumulative installation until end of 2011: 67.4 GWElectricity produced² from PV in 2011, world : 80 000 GWh
Net electricity generation Germany4 in 2010 : 590 000 GWh
Net electricity generation³ Vietnam in 2010: 86 000 GWh
(1): EPIA, Global market outlook for photovoltaics until 2015(2): very rough estimation: 'production' = 1200 kWh/a*kW (3): Website chinhphu.vn, date accessed 19/11/2011, “Kết quả sản xuất kinh doanh điện năm 2010”(4): Electricity production, consumption and market overview, Eurostat, 2012
Solar PV development in the world
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Contents
Why solar energy?
Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
Solar PV development in the world
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Solar PV development in Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
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Solar PV development in Vietnam
400Wp, Quan Lan
1500Wp, Ngoc Vung 5000Wp, Hon Chuoi
>1000kWp, Truong Sa
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Cumulative PV installation in Vietnam is less than 5MWpBigC-Binh Duong 212kWp (under construction)Biggest PV plant: 200kWp (Intel building, 2012)National Conference Hall: 154kWp, 2009XP Power building: 40kWp, 2012Bai Huong diesel-PV hybrid: 28kWp, 2009MOIT’s building: 12kWp, 2011PPC HoChiMinh city 11kWp, 2012Mainly crystalline-Si technologiesAll projects use imported PV modules (*)
Solar PV development in Vietnam
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Contents
Why solar energy?
Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
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4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
Solar PV development in the world
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Solar PV development in Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
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Solar PV potential in Vietnam - Supply
Source: German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and NASA , 2010
Solar radiation in Vietnam and Germany
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Grid-connected solar PV plants2015 VN is expected to be net energy importerElectricity price increase 20%/yearJun/2011: VN has 260 industrial zones, with 72,000ha
Pico Solar and Solar Home System800.000 households in Gov.’s rural electrification program.Hundreds of Islands and remote regions not connected to the gridMobile charging, computer power supply, fishing boats
Hybrid Solar/Diesel systemsNearly 70,000 BTS systems requires 24/24 power supply
Solar PV potential in Vietnam – demand side
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Power supply from national grid is not reliable90 enterprises may loose 90 millions USD due to power cut1
1: http://cafef.vn/kinh-te-vi-mo-dau-tu/cat-dien-khu-cong-nghiep-hiep-phuoc-cac-doanh-nghiep-co-the-mat-9-trieu-usd-200907161250672ca33.chn2: DEVI’s estimation
• A warehouse in Binh Duong2
with 35,000m2 roof area can supply 3.6MWp Solar PV by roof-top plants
• Global solar radiation: 2.096kWh/m2/year
• System cost: 1.9Euro/Wp
Solar PV potential in Vietnam – an example
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Contents
Why solar energy?
Solar PV technologies for Vietnam
1
2
3
4 Potential of solar PV in Vietnam
Solar PV development in the world
5
Solar PV development in Vietnam
Latest Technologies for Harnessing Vietnam Solar Power
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Best research solar cell efficiencies
Source: L.L. Kazmerski, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO
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PV technologies Solar cell efficiencies
Single-crystalline (sc-Si) 14%-22%Multicrystalline (mc-Si) 12%-19%Amorphous (a-Si) 4% - 8%Multi-junction thin silicon films (a-Si/ μc-Si) 10%Cadmium-telluride (CdTe) 11%
Copper-indium-(di)selenide (CIS) Copper-indium-gallium-(di)selenide (CIGS) 7 - 12%
Source: IEA, Solar Energy Perspective 2011
Efficiencies of solar cells in the market
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Jan 2009 Mar 2011 Feb 2012 price fell to(€/Wp) (€/Wp) (€/Wp) (2009-2012)
C-Si, EU: 3.19 1.61 1.02 68%
C-Si, China: 2.93 1.32 0.74 75%
C-Si, Japan: 3.18 1.54 1.00 69%
TF- CdS/CdTe 2.09 1.09 0.61 71%
TF- a-Si 2.21 0.94 0.57 74%
- International spotmarket net bid prices, module only.
- Price C-Si turnkey plant in Germany times 1.5-1.9, thin-film times 1.9-2.4
Source: www.pvXchange.com, www.devi-renewable.com
Solar PV module prices 2009-2012
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Source: PV Technology Roadmap: technology trends in crystalline and thin-film solar cellsYole Développement, 2010
PV Technology roadmap
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Progress and innovation in crystalline (Wafer) Si-technology
increase efficiency,reduce material costs,innovate cell and module designincrease productivity of investment
Progress and innovation in PV Thin Film technologies.increase efficiencies
innovative production technologies
Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
Emerging and novel PV-technologies
Technology options for major cost reductions
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Typical Structure:• Glass• Transparent lamination foil (EVA)• Solar cells, electrically connected• Back side protection (Teflon foil or
glass)
Progress and innovation in crystalline Si-technology
Source: Photon Special 2004
Development status• fully commercial• use the wafer-based crystalline
silicon (c-Si) technology, either single crystalline (sc-Si) or multi-crystalline (mc-Si).
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Maximised efficiency and innovative cell structures for monocrystalline and multicrystallie Silicon cells
• Metal contacts (laser fired back contacts, selective emitters)
• Light trapping• Surface passivation• Quality of bulk material• Innovative structures: back contact cells have
(+) and (-) busbars on their back side (rear emitters, metal wrap through or emitter wrap through)
Progress and innovation in crystalline Si-technology
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Example: Crystalline Silicon Technology
Yong-An photovoltaic park
Location: TaiwanCapacity: 4.6MWModule: polycrystalline siliconSupplier: SuntechOnland installation, 2011
Source: http://www.pv-magazine.com
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Progress and innovation in PV Thin-Film technologies
“Thin” => thin active layers on a cheap substrate,=> low material costs
Example: CdTe thickness reduced to 1.8 μmManufacturing costs <0.7 US$/WpModule efficiency ~11.7%
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State of Technology Module efficiency2007
Module efficiency 2012
Module production 2010
a-Si/µ-Si Industrial mass productionTurn-key solutions in the market
6-7% 10-11% 1350MW
CdTe Industrial mass productionCdTe: fast process
8-10% 12% 1450MW
CIS Industrial mass production on the wayCIS process is complex
9-12% 14% 450MW
Source: Dr.Gabler, ZSW, Photon 4/2011
Thin film technologies and production status
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Example: Thin Film TechnologyLopBuri Power Plant
Location: LopBuri, ThailandCapacity: 73MWModules: microamorphous thin-film (8.5-9%) Supplier: Sharp Corp.Onland installation, 2012
Photo: ADB/Flickr
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Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
The basic idea:
Use cheap optics for collection of the sunlight and reduce the expensive semiconductor material
Reduce cost of PV-generated kWh
solar radiation
lens F0
solar cell Fc
heat transport
Source: Fraunhofer ISE, Dr.Gabler, SZW
III-V Solar Cells: 40% efficiencyConcentration factor: 500-1000 times
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Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
CPV - best suited for high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of regions with > 2000 kWh/m2/year (Middle East, South Africa, Australia, North America…)
Superior choice for hot climates – no need for active or passive cooling
Source: Siemens
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Organic solar cells Replace inorganic semiconductors by semiconducting polymer
Best cell efficiencies: 7.1%, (EUPVSEC Valencia, 2010)
'up/down conversion‘Make PV cells with efficiency > 30 % by using larger parts of the sun’s spectrum than single layer cells
Thermo-Photovoltaics
Emerging and novel PV-technologies
Photo: Fraunhofer press
Under research and development (EU, US) !
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Concluding remarks
Vietnam has huge potential for solar PVLesson: the world solar PV industry has grown steadily, however, subsidies play as important catalyst PV module prices will go down (down more than 70% in the last 30 months, expected 10% on average annually)A coexistence of different technologies (Crystalline-Si, a-Si, CdTe) help to harness the power of the sun for VietnamNiche market can play role as “driving force” for the solar industry development