NATURAL RESOURCES AND DESERTIFICATION

Climate and Drought

1 Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1979) Evaluation of environmental pollution from ionic composition of rainwater received over Rajasthan. Development Policy and Administration Review. 5: 1-10

The atmosphere over Rajasthan, particularly Western Rajasthan, is known to be one of the dustiest in the world with about 300-800 μ gm of dust content m-3. At certain locations as much as 1400 to 5500 kg ha-1 of soil may be removed due to the action of the wind during the period May to June. The ionic composition of leachates of the particulate constituents of the atmosphere, received through precipitation, thus, provides a deeper insight to the extent of environmental pollution.

The mineral composition of rainwater, in situations as this, understandably influences also the quality of water in reservoirs, ground water and chemical composition of regional soils.

2 Chatterjee, S.B. (1953)

“Climostatical regions." Geographical review of India. The Indian Geographical Journal. 15: 36-55

The climostatical regions of India including the arid and semi- arid parts of India are shown in maps. The methods of classification for mapping are also dealt with.

3 Chouhan, T.S. (1978-83) Impact of drought in a severe intensity zone in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 92-101

The paper is concerned with the study of socio-economic conditions, drinking water facility, land utilisation, cropping pattern, population characteristics, sources of income, changes in the levels of consumption pattern, and changes in assets and liabilities in a severe drought intensity zone in Barmer district. Three villages were selected for this purpose mainly on the basis of different land resource units; different degree of erosion hazards and land use patterns. The village Rajdal, located 19 km north-east of Sheo, lies in the hilly terrain where 40 to 60 per cent of the total area of the village is affected by strong wind sheets and gully erosion hazards. The land surface consisted mainly of gravelly and rocky waste. The second village Kansara, located 46 km north of Sheo, lies in the

pediment plain where 40-60 per cent of the total area of village is affected by strong wind erosion hazard. It is a characteristically mono-cropping area with a land use intensity of only 10 to 20 per cent. The third village Girab, located 64 km west of Sheo, lies in a sandy undulating interdunal plain where 80 to 90 per cent of the total area of the village is affected by very severe wind erosion. it is mainly a sandy waste. The three villages selected for the sample study in Sheo tehsil will represent the regional characteristics of different aspects of drought hazards.

4 Jagnnathan, P. (1963) Trends in the characteristics of a seasonal variation of temperature in the arid and semi arid regions. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 14: 3-22

The mean annual temperatures do not show any systematic change but there is a slight decrease of temperature through small at practically all stations during periods of maximum solar activity over those of minimum solar activity. Annual ranges exhibit oscillatory tendency with a period of about 2 sun spot cycles. The components of the harmonic vectors of the annual oscillation do exhibit significant fluctuation though not in exact sympathy with the fluctuation in sun spots. The biannual wave is significant at the Indian station in particular with amplitudes of the order of 2-3° C and the maximum occurring in April and October.

5 Krishnan, A. (1962) Heights of base of low clouds over India. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 13: 31-38

The normal percentage frequencies of occurrence of low clouds and their heights of bases of these low clouds are discussed.

6 Krishnan, A. (1969) Some aspects of water management for crop production in arid and semiarid zones of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 1-17

The paper deals with the rainfall distribution and temperature pattern of arid and semi arid zones of India. This review also includes on water management parameters like potential evapo-transpiration, water deficiency, aridity indices for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas.

7 Krishnan, A. (1977) Climatic changes relating to desertification in the arid zone of north west India. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 302-309

The aridity index line has shifted eastwards especially in Ganganagar, Bikaner, Churu and Jodhpur districts. There was no deterioration in Barmer and Jalore districts. The area covering arid zone of north-west India and the adjoining areas is one of the dustiest places in the world.

8 Krishnan, A. and Kushwaha, R.S. (1971) A critical study of evaporation by Penman's method during the growing season of vegetation in the arid zone of India. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology - Series-B. 19: 267-276

It is found that under arid zone conditions, the evaporation by U.S.A. open pan evaporimeter is much higher than the potential evaporation obtained by Penman's method. A new prediction equation was obtained in terms of the same variables as in Penman's equation viz. aerodynamic term and energy balance that the weightages for aerodynamic and energy balance terms are 0.61 and 1.13, respectively thereby showing that under estimation by Penman's method is due to low weightage given to the aerodynamic term which, under arid zone conditions, is not only numerically higher but also is more important in determining evaporation.

9 Krishnan, A. and Kushwaha, R.S. (1973) Probability of the periods of rainfall deficiency in the arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 43: 696-701

The occurrence and persistence of deficient rainfall periods during the main rainy season were analysed for Jodhpur and Jaipur by random model and simple Markov-chain model. Markov model fitted the observed frequencies better than the random model, as confirmed by the X² test. Statistical tests revealed that the mean lengths of such spells in each of the 10-year periods during 1901-1960 were not significantly different from the general mean and thus there was no secular trend in their occurrence.

10 Krishnan, A. and Rakhecha, P. (1965) Potential evapo-transpiration by Thornthwaite and Leeper methods. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 32-35

The theoretical treatment of evapo-transpiration becomes excessively difficult since it is not purely an aerodynamic problem but depends on the physical factors of soil and physiology of plant cover. This difficulty is overcome by the concept of potential evapo-transpiration which assumes uninterrupted supply of water in the root zone of the soil. The potential evapo-transpiration values over Rajasthan during various seasons are computed by Thornthwaite's and Leeper's methods and their results are compared. Taking the

year as whole, there is a fairly close agreement between the two methods as claimed by Leeper.

11 Krishnan, A. and Rao, J.S. (1979) Classification of major rainfall types in western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 5: 19-30

Nine major rainfall types during the crop growing season have been classified for eleven districts in western Rajasthan using data for the period 1901-1970. The type of commencement of the season viz., early, normal and late as well as the quantum of rainfall received in the season viz, deficient, medium and surplus have been taken into account in the classification. On the basis of the types of commencement, the region can be divided into 3 zones. There is good association between the type of onset and quantum of rainfall in respect of Jodhpur, Jhunjhunu and Pali. For early commencement rainfall type, double maxima are noticed in the weekly rainfall pattern for the season while for late commencement type, single maximum only occurs. For the normal commencement, both the patterns are common. Information on the number of adequate rainfall weeks in different rainfall types has also been presented.

12 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1977) Adequacy of rainfall for crop growing in Bikaner district. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 405-416

The annual and weekly rainfall pattern of different stations in Bikaner district during 1901-1970 were analysed. The year to year variability as well as the variability in rainfall occurring during monsoon season are brought out. By working out the weekly water balances, the percentage probability of occurrence of crop growing season, moderate drought and severe drought are worked out for different stations. The mean duration and growing season works out to be 8.3 weeks with the standard deviation of 5.5 weeks. Out of 70 years study water surpluses occurred in 13 years. The cropping pattern and yield of major crops in Bikaner district were related to annual and monsoon rainfall. Through the correlations are statistically significant, only 50% of variation in the yield is explained by the regression equation.

13 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1977) Quantification of rainfall in different regions of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 185-194

The frequency of drought years increases from less than 10% in Jhunjhunu district and parts of Pali, Sikar, Churu and Ganganagar district to more than 20% in Jaisalmer and western parts of Bikaner, Jodhpur, Barmer and Jalore. In the extreme arid zone,

both the flood year and drought years frequencies are high. Sikar, Jhunjhunu and eastern Churu get less of both the type of extreme years. Thus those districts are quite suitable from the stable agricultural production point of view.

14 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1982 ) Study on the variability of rainfall and evaluation of major rainfall types in western Rajasthan. Geological Survey of India. Misc. Pub. No. 49: 156-160

The rainfall in western Rajasthan indicates not only high variability from year to year but also considerable variations in its distribution within the rainy season. Maps showing the coefficient of variation of annual rainfall as well as isohyetal pattern during the drought year of 1918 and 1969 and the flood year of 1917 have been presented and their features discussed. The rainfall of flood year of 1973 have also been presented. Isohyetal maps showing deficient and surplus rainfall patterns in the region expected under different degree of probability have been presented and results discussed. The rainfall distribution within the rainy season in respect of Bikaner and Jodhpur has been classified into nine rainfall types depicting the type of its commencement as well as its quantum over the year. The medium type of rainfall patterns accounts for 75 percent of cases in Bikaner and 69 percent of cases in Jodhpur. Even this major rainfall pattern can occur either as early, normal or late commencement types. This category for Jodhpur indicates double peak with intermediary break in respect of early and normal commencement and a single peak for last commencement. Such a feature does not occur for Bikaner. The association between the commencement type and quantum of rainfall is statistically significant for Jodhpur but not for Bikaner.

15 Krishnan, A., Bhatt, P.N. and Rakhecha, P. (1966) A soil moisture regime and micro-climatological study over sand dunes in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 1-9

High moisture concentration ( > 5.0%) occurs below 1.5 metre depth in unstabilised sand dune throughout the year and below 4 metres in stabilised dune during March to July. Vertical moisture movement under the influence of temperature gradients appears to be the important factor for this concentration of moisture.

16 Mallik, A.K. and Govindaswamy, T.S. (1962-63) The drought problem of India in relation to agriculture Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 106-113

The definition of drought adopted in this paper is applicable only with reference to crop growth or in any other sphere where the distribution of rainfall, week by week, is involved. No claim is made that this definition is suitable for broader purposes like hydrology, climatology etc. where the distribution of rainfall month by month or even longer periods is considered adequate.

17 Mann, H.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1981) Quantification of rainfall and its utilisation efficiency in Rajasthan. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 107-113

The amount of precipitation in Rajasthan was quantified and compared with the annual discharge of river water in Rajasthan and other parts of India. The amount of water used by livestock, the human population and the vegetation, the efficiency with which the rain is used, have been calculated according to districts. In general, it was found that the efficiency of use of rain water is below 50 percent in only three out of 11 districts in the arid zone of western Rajasthan, compared with eight out of 15 districts in the semi-arid zone of eastern Rajasthan. Possible increase in agricultural productivity, through proper management of rainfall, is indicated.

18 Mull, S. and Kulshrestha, S.M. (1962) A severe hail storm of 27 May 59 near Sikar ( Rajasthan ). Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 13: 81-94

At about 1730 IST of 27 May 1959, are IAC Viscount plane flying over the Jodhpur-Delhi sector of the Karachi-Delhi route flew into a severe hailstorm near about Sikar and suffered heavy damage. The extent of damage is illustrated by photographs of the Viscount and from the sizes of the holes and deuts, the probable size of the hailstorms has been estimated. The radar echoes connected with this storm have been reproduced and the characteristics or the echoes obtained for warning of hail.

19 Paramanik, S.K. and Jagannathan, P. (1953) Climatic changes in India. I. Rainfall. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 4: 291-309

A study of short period cyclical movement in the annual rainfall and polynomial moving average analyses of annual and seasonal rainfall is made in this paper. There appear to be no significant short period cyclical movement in the annual rainfall except at Bhuj. The distribution of rainfall in the major part of India especially the areas in the arid and semi arid regions of India show that there is general tendency for deficient rainfall to be more frequent. Trends in the annual and seasonal rainfall are also discussed in the paper.

20 Paramanik, S.K. and Jagannathan, P. (1954) Climatic changes in India - II Temperature. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 5: 29-47

In this paper, the annual mean temperature data of 30 observatories in India and Pakistan are analysed. Tests for randomness of the data by considering only distribution of turning points and the distribution of distance between consecutive turning points are applied long term trend by filling orthogonal polynomials and by applying moving average method. It is concluded that there is no general tendency for a systematic increase or decrease in maximum and minimum temperatures at any of the places examined but there are variations of an oscillatory character with a period of 30-40 years.

21 Parthasarathy, B. and Rakhecha, P. (1972) Fluctuation in aridity over Rajasthan and neighbourhood. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 161-168

The nature of fluctuations in the aridity over 12 representative stations of Rajasthan and its neighbourhood during past 65 years (1901-1965) have been discussed. The power spectrum analysis reveals the presence of significant quasi-biennial oscillation and periodicities somewhat paralleling the sunspot cycle at Delhi and Barmer.

22 Parthasarathy, K. and Misra, R.K. (1958) Comparison of pan and piche evaporimeters. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 63: 197-200

The daily observations of Piche and Pan evaporimeters at Jodhpur, New Delhi, Bikaner, Lucknow and Allahabad in the Lat. belt 26° to 30° N were analysed. Tentative factors of 1.410 and 0.880 to convert Piche data to the evaporation from standard pan for the months July to Sept. and the other months of the year respectively.

23 Rakhecha, P.R. and Dhar, O.N. (1980) On some hydrometeorological aspects of heavy rainfall distribution over the principal arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 413-420

Heavy rainfall exceeding 25 cm in one day is not uncommon in arid areas. Receipt of rainfall of this region is highly dependable on the passage of depressions during the monsoon season. On an average, probable maximum precipitation estimates are nearly 2.5 times higher than the observed one day rainfall during the last 60 to 70 years period.

24 Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1986) Climatic constraints to crop production in the Indian arid zone. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 11: 41-47

The major climatic constraints to crop production in the Indian arid zone are emphasised. The reasons for the low productivity and instability in crop production in the Indian arid zone are discussed, and land use planning in reference to rainfall variability in western Rajasthan are suggested. The importance of other climatic factors on crop production were elaborated and the role of organic mulches and shelter belts in moisture conservation and increasing crop production in the arid regions are highlighted.

25 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1984-85) Influence of commencement of sowing rains on the occurrence of agricultural droughts in different rainfall zones of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 14: 79-84

From the yields of pearl millet and short duration pulses under different intensities of agricultural drought, it can be clearly seen that the variations in the yield are in good agreement with the intensities of droughts classified. The frequencies of occurrence of agricultural droughts of different intensities under early, normal and late commencement of sowing rains at different stations are also given. In Barmer and Jaisalmer regions where the normal annual rainfall is less than 300 mm, severe agricultural droughts are common as a result of late commencement of sowing rains thereby shortening the growing season available to the crops. In the Sikar region with normal annual rainfall of about 450 mm, short duration pulses experience drought free conditions on the average five out of six years under early and normal commencement of sowing rains. In Jodhpur region, early commencement of sowing rains will lead to greater risk of moderate and severe agricultural droughts for pearl millet crop. Pearl millet crop has greater risk of being subjected to agricultural drought during the years with early commencement of sowing rains. Under late commencement of sowing rains in Jodhpur region, short duration pulses can be preferred compared to pearl millet in view of the low drought vulnerability of these crops.

26 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1985) Water balance and crop planning - a case study of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 114-123

Based on the weekly water balance computations for eighty years (1901-1980) variability in the average length of the growing season in the Western Rajasthan was analysed. The date of commencement of kharif season rains was found to influence considerably, the periods of water availability for crop growth. Therefore, to assess the impact of commencement of the growing season on crop performance, length of growing season and its variability under early, normal and late commencement of the growing seasons of varying lengths were investigated. Possible adjustments in the cropping patterns are discussed. Water harvesting potential of different regions in the Western Rajasthan are projected alongwith possible changes in the cropping systems.

27 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1987) Dust storms and associated weather changes in an arid environment. Contribution to Human Biometeorology Progress in Biometeorology. 4: 11-15

The vulnerability of the arid regions of N.W. India to dust storm and wind erosion activity have been discussed and the frequency of occurrence of dust storms over N.W. India during 1955-1965 were compared to those during 1931-1940. The influence of dust storm activity on the radiation characteristics of the atmosphere were analysed. Methods suitable for minimising dust storm activity have been suggested.

28 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S. and Joshi, N.L. (1988) Adjustments to weather variations for efficient agricultural production system in arid western plains of India. Fertiliser News. 4: 29-34

Weather variations form a major constraint to crop production in the arid western plains of India. Low and erratic rainfall, high evaporative demand, strong wind regime lead to fluctuations in year to year productivity from this region. Agro-climatic features of the region like year to year variations in commencement of sowing rains, length of crop growing season, water availability conditions during different phenophases of crop growth are presented and discussed in relation to crop production strategy.

29 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1981) Drought vulnerability of pearl millet under Jodhpur conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 26: 110-113

Pearl millet is vulnerable to drought with 75 per cent probability either during the grand growth or reproductive stage of growth

when sown early during the 25th week under Jodhpur conditions. The crop is vulnerable to drought with 78 per cent probability mostly during the reproductive stage when sown during 29th to 31st week. The crop is more vulnerable to drought during the grand growth stage when sown during 27th week contrary to vulnerability during reproductive stage of growth when sown in 26th week.

30 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1982) Influence of systems of planting pearl millet on crop micro-climate. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 171-179

It was revealed that the crop canopy in the triple and paired row systems absorbed 3.6 and 2.0 times more radiant energy, respectively, than the uniform system of planting. The albedo of the crop canopy remained almost the same throughout flowering and grain formation stages, irrespective of the systems of planting. Lower values of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and canopy temperatures, obtained during most of the day period in the triple and paired row systems of planting, and lower ratios of Rn(G) / Rn(T), led to lower ET demand and improved crop yields of the order of 7.7 to 15.0%.

31 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S., Kar, A. and Singh, S. (1990) Moisture, thermal and wind measurements over two selected stable and unstable sand dunes in the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 19: 25-38

Studies on the morphology, thermal, moisture and wind regime across a barchan and a parabolic dune in the Indian desert indicate a higher summer air temperature and a higher annual diurnal range over the barchan than over the parabolic dune, due to vegetation cover over the latter. Vegetation was also responsible for 30% less moisture over the parabolic dune than over the barchan during the rainy season. Direction and rate of movement of sand across the dunes changed with the direction of peak winds and gusts. A curvilinear relationship has been established between mean daily wind speed and sand movement over the barchan. The longer duration of turbulent wind at the barchan crest, compared with that on the parabolic dune crest was a major factor influencing sand movement from the former compared with the latter. The barchan moved 7.0 m during a one year cycle, while the parabolic crest moved 0.5 m.

32 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1984)

On prediction of droughts in the Indian arid region. Mausam. 35: 349-354

The climatic spectrum of the Indian arid region extends from extremely arid to semi-arid conditions. Through application of the theory of conditional probabilities based on the first order Markov chain model, the climatic fluctuations during the years 1901-1970 were studied. It was observed that the occurrence of extreme arid conditions in the succeeding year could be predicted with 92 per cent confidence while climatic types can be predicted with 83 per cent confidence. Drought incidence may not be affecting whole of the region simultaneously and some parts might experience localised droughts. However, in some years the whole region experienced drought conditions and studies reveal that even in such years the drought intensity and its time of occurrence varies from region to region. Drought condition originate first in the north-eastern region, during the month of July spread in a south westerly direction during the month of August and dissipate with an easterly movement in the month of September. This pattern is observed to repeat during the years of severe drought. Long range prediction of droughts is not yet possible with 100 per cent confidence. Therefore, a combination approach using different techniques might provide the necessary confidence in prediction of droughts.

33 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1983) An agro-climatological approach for optimum cropping patterns. Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service. 87 4: 189-192

A new method is suggested for working out the optimum cropping patterns on the basis of the mean length of the growing season as related to the distribution of annual rainfall. On application of the method for the Jodhpur region in the Indian arid zone, it was brought out that, for optimised and sustained production, about 31% of the total agricultural land should be covered by grasses or silvipastoral systems compared to only 10% area under grasses at present.

34 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramamohan, R.V. and Kavi, P.S. (1976) Prolonged dry spells at Bellary during the south-west monsoon season. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 29-36

The daily rainfall data recorded at the Meteorological observatory, Bellary for the years 1921-1970 was analysed to study the dry spells during the south-west monsoon season. The chances of getting a prolonged dry spell seems to be the same throughout the Southwest monsoon season though the average rainfall during the months of

August and September is almost double the average rainfall during the months of June and July. A prolonged dry spell of atleast 30 days during the south-west monsoon is found to occur once in five years.

35 Rao, A.S. (1996) Climatic changes in the irrigated tracts of Indira Gandhi Canal region of arid western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 111-116

The climatic changes at three selected locations, along the Indira Gandhi Canal region, were studied using the records of annual rainfall (1926-93) and air temperature (1950-93). Though, Ganganagar region has been imposed with canal irrigation since the past around six decades, the increase in annual rainfall was apparent only during the last three decades (1961-93). The long term rate of increase in the annual rainfall of Ganganagar was 1.029 mm year-1. However, in the areas where irrigation has been imposed during the past two decades like Bikaner and recently at Jaisalmer, the irrigation effect on rainfall was not observed. In general, decrease in the air temperatures was observed in the region at a rate of 0.039° C year-1 at Ganganagar, 0.023° C year-1 at Bikaner and 0.009° C year-1 at Jaisalmer.

36 Rao, A.S. and Miyazaki, T. (1997) Climatic changes and other causative factors influencing desertification in Osian (Jodhpur) region of the Indian arid zone. Journal of Arid Land Studies. 7: 1-11

An analysis on the secular changes in annual rainfall, frequency of droughts, population and livestock growth rates in Osian (Jodhpur) region was made in order to reveal the causative factors for desertification in the Indian arid region. The Osian region experienced an arid climate with the mean annual rainfall of 286 mm and the Thornthwaite's moisture index of -84.5. The historical weather data at Jodhpur showed that although, arid climate was persistent in the region, it shifted to semi-arid climate in 10 years and to dry sub-humid climate in 1 year from 1901 to 1994. There was an increase in the long-term annual rainfall of Osian by 64.2 mm from 1957 to 1994 and of Jodhpur by 55.0 mm from 1901 to 1994, showing rainfall is not a causative factor influencing desertification in the region. However, periodic cycles in the annual rainfall with reversing trends were observed with a lag of 5 to 12 cycles. Osian region experienced droughts of moderate intensity in 7 years and of severe intensity in 5 years during the study period. Pearl millet yield varied from 480 kg ha-1 in a drought-free year (1992) to 11 kg ha-1 in a severe drought year (1981). Overall pearl

millet production has established a decreasing trend due to consecutive droughts from 1985 to 1988. Besides climatic constraints, the pressure of human population which increased by 401% from 1901 to 1991 and livestock by 127% from 1956 to 1992 are found as the major factors for desertification in the region.

37 Rao, A.S. and Saxton, K.E. (1995 ) Analysis of soil water and water stress for pearl millet in an Indian arid region using the SPAW model. Journal of Arid Environments. 29: 155-167

The profile soil water and crop water stress index (WSI) under pearl millet crop grown in sandy loam soils were computed using the SPAW (Soil-Plant-Air-Water) model with an objective to provide a computational model in order to estimate soil water status and millet grain yields from the crop reporting district of Jodhpur in the Indian arid region. The simulated soil water conditions for the calibration years 1989,1990 and 1991 were very close to the observed data with calibration within 3% by volume. The estimated actual evapo-transpiration of the crop was within 10% of the measured values from a gravimetric lysimeter. The relationship between WSI and pearl millet grain yields of the Jodhpur district was Y= -45.38 WSI + 526.18 (r= -0.9427). The soil water budget components and resulting WSI values explained 89% of the variation in yields during the 1971 to 1989 study period.

38 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Joshi, N.L. (1986) Micro-climate in different planting systems of pearl millet under rainfed conditions. Mausam. 37: 491-494

Micro-meteorological observations, viz. net radiation flux densities, air temperature and vapour pressure profiles in conventional planting system of pearl millet crop were compared to skipped and paired row planting system at the time of reproductive stage. The variations in the yield obtained under different planting systems have been explained through micro-meteorological parameters.

39 Rao, G.G.S.N., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Purohit, R.S. (1986) Impact of droughts on productivity of pearl millet in Rajasthan. Mausam. 37: 197-202

The productivity of pearl millet in Rajasthan during different drought years in the recent decade 1970-79 was studied. It was found that the productivity gets affected considerably as a result of moderate to severe drought conditions in western Rajasthan. The rain water use efficiency of pearl millet was very much less in

western Rajasthan compared to eastern Rajasthan. The study indicates the possibility of improving yield under mild drought conditions in western Rajasthan through better management practices.

40 Rao, K.N. (1958) Some studies on rainfall of Rajasthan with particular reference to trends. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 9: 97-116

The rainfall of all the provincial raingauge stations in Rajasthan has been studied. A comparison of 1920 and 1940 district normals has been made. A comparison of 1901 to 1930 and 1901 to 1940 averages with 1901 to 1950 average has been made for individual stations and trend, if any has been determined. Rainfall of east and west Rajasthan has also been studied. It is concluded that the rainfall series over a long period up to 1954 does not show any significant change in the history of rainfall in the area.

41 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1977 ) Drought frequency at Hagari and Bijapur. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 171-175

The occurrence of drought during the monsoon in two typical arid stations of Karnataka state was studied. Hagari experienced 10 drought spells and Bijapur 9 during a study covering a period of 20 years (1954-73). The elements of water balance for the normal as well as for the disastrous drought years have been discussed. Maldistribution and low amounts of rainfall have been considered to have the four disastrous droughts.

42 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1977 ) Weekly water balances of normal and severe drought years at Dharwar. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 1-4

A comparative study was made of the weekly balances, for the kharif season, of the normal and severe drought years, at a dry humid station, Dharwar. In the drought year, water deficiency occurred during 12 out of the 17 weeks of rainy season, whereas the corresponding figures for a normal year were 5 out of 17 weeks. The role of a 3-week spell of above normal rains, after a prolonged period of water deficiency in saving the kharif crop was limited.

43 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1978) An agro-climatic appraisal of moisture stress during kharif season in Karnataka. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 119-122

Zones of different moisture stress viz., little or insignificant, moderate; large and severe, in Karnataka, South India, for the

months of June, July, August and September, were delineated according to the percentage aridity index values. There was gradual improvement in the moisture status with the advancement of the kharif season. In June, nearly half of the state was under large and severe moisture stress, whereas the area fell to 23 per cent in July, 14 per cent in August and nil in September.

44 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1983) Drought frequency for rabi season at Dharwad and Bijapur. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 103-106

The drought frequency for rabi season with reference to crop duration of two stations of dry climatic type of Karnataka was studied. Out of the 20 years (1954-1973) studied, Dharwad suffered 9 droughts in the long season and 8 in the short season. Bijapur suffered 10 droughts in the long season and 9 in the short season. Bijapur experienced droughts of high intensity as compared to Dharwad. Failure or low amounts of rainfall caused the drought.

45 Ratnam, B.P. and Rajegowda, M.B. (1984) Frequency of moisture stress days at Dharwad. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 125-126

In the paper, the frequency of moisture stress days of three categories during the rainy season at Dharwad, a dry subhumid station in Karnataka, has been reported for a period of 10 years (1971-80).

46 Ratnam, B.P., Hegde, D.M. and Joshi, S.N. (1975) Frequency and probability of dry spells at Dharwad. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 201-205

The frequency of occurrence of dry spells at Dharwad, South India, during the rainy months of June to October, was studied. The probabilities of occurrence of dry spells of different lengths were also presented. The importance of high probabilities of dry spells during June and September in the study of droughts was pointed out.

47 Reddy, P.R., Chandra Sekhar, A., Venkataramudu, J. and Dayanand, T. (1988 ) Utility of empirical formulae for computing potential evapo-transpiration. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 29-35

An attempt was made to utilise four prediction methods, recommended by FAO, for computing PET for Anantapur region. Modified Penman method was more suitable since a number of weather parameters are taken into consideration. PET values from

the other three methods can be converted into modified. Penman values with the ratios worked out.

48 Sahu, D.D. and Sastry, P.S.N. (1992) Crop water deficit index at phenophases and yield of kharif crops in Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 277-280

Aridity index is derived in relation with individual phases of kharif crops and designated as crop water deficit index (CWDI). Weekly indices were cumulated from sowing to maturity to get seasonal CWDI. Yield and phenophasic CWDI were found to be negatively correlated while the CWDI during flowering and grain filling stages of crops were significantly correlated with yield. The impact of seasonal and phenophasic crop water deficit is reflected in the crop productivity and its variability at different stations in Gujarat.

49 Sarma, A.A.L.N. (1977) Variability of droughtiness in the climatic spectrum of the south Indian region. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 395-400

The paper is concerned with the decadal droughtiness variation. The aridity index of Thornthwaite (1948) has been used as the central parameter for assessing the droughtiness of a station. Decadal variations in droughtiness were computed and the mean values of it at a station for a climatic type were graphically plotted.

50 Saseendran, S.A., Rathore, L.S. and Datta, R.K. (1996 ) Distribution of monsoon rainfall in India during El Nino associated drought situations. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 9-16

The temporal and spatial variability of south west monsoon rainfall in India during years of (I) drought associated with El Nino, (ii) drought not associated with El Nino, and (iii) nondrought associated with El Nino during 1901-1990 were studied. The study revealed that August is the most dependable month for rainfall during drought years associated with El Nino. During drought not associated with El Nino, for most of the sub-divisions, June is the most dependable month. During nondrought years, associated with El Nino, the monsoon was found to start sluggishly in June, but subsequently it picked up, in amount of rainfall during July and August. Most of the sub-divisions received normal or excess rainfall during these months. Rainfall scenario at individual sub-divisions can be derived from the results.

51 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Malakar, A.R. (1981) Climatological analysis of drought over north-west India during the year 1979. Mausam. 32: 259-262

Though the seasonal rainfall exceeded 700 mm in many a place of north-west India, during the year 1979, drought conditions prevailed over the entire region causing water stress conditions to all rainfed agricultural crops. A climatological analysis has been attempted to examine the incidence of drought, spread and its dissipation.

52 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1982) Drought during the year 1979 over western Rajasthan : a climatic perspective. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 41-47

The spread of drought can be predicted over the western Rajasthan region. The studies bring out that even in situations of severe drought like the one which occurred during 1979, crops be saved from severe water stress if the surplus water (lost in run off and deep percolation)which was substantial in many regions is harnessed through water harvesting system in a run off pond so that supplemental life saving irrigation can be provided.

53 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1978-83) Climatic variability in the arid region of Andhra Pradesh and its impact on agriculture. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 75-82

In Andhra Pradesh, the area under arid zone constituted 21550 sq. km. which is 7 per cent of the total arid zone in India. The north and central parts of Anantapur district, central parts of Kurnool district and north-west parts of Cuddapah district come under arid zone of the State. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the climatic variability in respect of both moisture and thermal regimes in arid regions of Andhra Pradesh with particular reference to agriculture.

54 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1984) Agricultural droughts and crop planning - a case study for western Rajasthan. Mausam. 35: 261-264

The frequencies of occurrence of agricultural droughts in respect of pearl millet and kharif pulses were worked out for three stations in western Rajasthan representing semi-arid, arid and extremely arid types of climates. Based on the minimum required values of AE/PE for these crops, the intensities of drought during different cropping seasons (1956-1975) were worked out. The study brought out that kharif pulses are more susceptible to drought than pearl millet. Also the vulnerability of pearl millet to drought under early, normal and late receipt of sowing rains under Jodhpur conditions were presented.

55 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1982 ) Agricultural droughts and crop production in the Indian arid zone. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Climatology, Series B. 31: 405-411

Based on a rational approach, agricultural droughts were studied for the period 1901-75 for 5 selected regions in the Indian arid region using the AE/PE values during different phenophases. The productivity of pearl millet and kharif pulses crops, the two major rainfed crops in this region, was assessed under different agricultural drought situations.

56 Sen, A.K. (1972) Agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 31-40

The paper aims at classifying and mapping agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. To find out the indices of quantitative relation between agriculture production and climate of Rajasthan three methods dealing with the study of the climatic elements, availability of water at various levels and present cropping pattern, respectively, were studied and different indices for agro-climatic zonation for Rajasthan were worked out. By faithful correlation of these indices the state has been divided and mapped into five macro and ten micro agro-climatic regions. Each region is homogenous with its own climatic and agricultural peculiarities.

57 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1982) Agro-ecological regions of western Rajasthan. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 221-234

This work aims at classifying and mapping the agro-ecological regions of western Rajasthan. The quantitative relationship between agricultural characteristics and environmental factors in the arid zone were determined by close examination of three variables: (i) topoclimatology including local climate, topography, drainage, ground water and soils; (ii) cropping patterns including the delineation of the area of one crop or a related group of crops; (iii) agrodemography. These variables have been used to generate a variety of indices which, in turn, have formed the basis of subdivision of the area into agro-ecological zones. Based on the relationships between these indices, the region has been mapped into two macro-and four micro-agro-ecological units. These mapping units are of homogeneous agricultural fitness. Finally, the characteristics and agricultural peculiarities of the regions (reflected by topoclimatology including soil, ground water cropping pattern,

crop yields, agrodemographic and agro-economic aspects) are considered.

58 Seth, S.K. and Khan, M.A.W. (1959) Bio-climate and plant introduction in dry zone. Indian Forester. 85: 376-84

This study emphasise the importance of climate and climatic homologues in any scheme of plant introduction, particularly for afforestation practices in the dry zone. The broad principles relating to influence of climate on the distribution of plants are reviewed and Emberger's climatic index is worked out for the dry zone of India in order to delimit climatic sub-types. It is however, felt that the sub-types so formed do not harmonise with the natural vegetation types of the area. The concept of " Effective Temperature Index" is therefore developed which sufficiently modifies Emberger's Formula to bring it in consonance with the natural vegetation types. Instead of plotting Q, the bioclimatic value (200 P/M2 -m2) against m (av. min. temp. of the Oldest month), it is plotted against m (M-m) where M is the av. max. temp. of the hottest month.

59 Sharma, K.D. and Vangani, N.S. (1982) Some rainfall features of July 1979 storm over Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 29-39

The depth of one day rainfall was maximum in upper Luni followed by Bandi catchments as the storm concentrated over these catchments. The 2-day maximum rainfall depth was again noted in the above catchments. 3-day maximum depth of rainfall was observed in Bandi 'B' followed by Guhiya and Jojri.

60 Singh, R.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1992) Pearl millet yield prediction models for Kutch region of India, using climatic water balance parameters. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 : 45-48

Three parameters viz.; actual evapo-transpiration (AE) during the total crop growing period, during the reproductive phase alone and also the index of moisture Adequacy (AE/PE) during reproductive phase have been worked out in respect of pearl millet crop grown in Kutch region, for the period 1970 to 1988. Using the data for period 1970-84, various regression models were developed to predict and estimate the production of pearl millet in the arid Kutch district of India. Among all the models, the reciprocal hyperbola curves gave the best fit and explained a maximum of 80% variation in pearl millet yield. Performance of the models is also tested with data of later years 1985-88. The suitability of these models for pearl millet yield prediction has been discussed.

61 Singh, R.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1993) A climatic method for optimising cropping patterns in arid Kutch region. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 51-54

A climatic method is described for optimising cropping patterns on the basis of mean length of the growing season as related to the distribution of annual rainfall. Application of the method for Bhuj region in the Kutch district reveals that, for optimised and sustainable production, about 32% of the total agricultural land should be covered by grasses or silvipastoral system compared to only 11% area under grasses at present. The method of optimising the area allocation for the different crops that can provide sustainable production from a given farm area is also discussed.

62 Singh, R.S., and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1994) Estimation of crop yield from arid Kutch (Gujarat) region using actual evapo-transpiration through climatic water budgeting. Mausam. 45 : 93-95

Yield estimation of various kharif crops, viz., groundnut, pulses and sorghum in Kutch district of Gujarat state is worked out for the period 1970-1984 by fitting reciprocal hyperbola and Hoerl function. The Hoerl function indicates that maximum yield of groundnut (10.6 q/ha), kharif pulses (5.5 q/ha) and sorghum (4.2 q/ha) can be obtained at water use of 465, 357 and 327 mm, respectively, under rainfed situation. Suitability and performance of these models are also discussed for estimation of crop yield.

63 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Purohit, R.S. (1991) Rainfall characteristics analysis of Kutch (Gujarat) region of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 93-100

The rainfall characteristics analysis of Kutch district (Gujarat) India based on the rainfall data of 12 stations for the period, of 1901 to 1989 revealed that the rainfall has decreasing trend from SW region to NE region. Probability of weekly rainfall distribution worked out by ranking order method revealed that interior part of the district is more prone to drought conditions as compared to coastal plains. Most of the stations had recorded highest observed rainfall values nearer to the estimated rainfall of 100 years return period except at Bhuj, Anjar and Rahapur.

64 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Bhandari, C.S. and Purohit, R.S. (1991) Rainfall potentials for crop growing in arid Kutch region. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 101-106

The rainfall distribution pattern, crop growing season and their variability in arid Kutch district during 1901-1989 were analysed. The mean duration of growing season in Bhuj area was 9.8 weeks with a large standard deviation of 5.3 weeks. Large deficit of rain water was observed in 16 years, while rain water surplus occurred in 23 years. The existing cropping pattern and rain water use efficiency with respect to major crops of the region were analysed and suggestions have been made for improving the crop production potentials of the region.

65 Singh, R.S., Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Prabhu, A. (1992) Vertical distribution of wind and hygrothermal regime during a severe duststorm - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 153-155

Wind speed increased with height during all phases of the duststorm, but the mean wind speed was highest during onset phase with a maximum 66.1 km hr-1 at 1 m height and 83.2 km hr-1 at 30 m height in the surface boundary layer. Air temperature during the onset phase was recorded highest with a maximum value of 50° C at all levels.

66 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sharma, K.D., Purohit, R.S. and Bohra, D.N. (1992) Some hydrometeorological aspects of an unprecedented rainstorm in the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 205-210

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and rainfall return periods for different duration of spells have been analysed for five districts in western Rajasthan viz. Sirohi, Jalore, Pali, Jodhpur and Barmer using daily rainfall data from 1961 to 1990. Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis of two severe rain storms that occurred during 1990 have been discussed in comparison with past events of the region. Analysis revealed that Barmer region is more prone to flood hazards in comparison to Jodhpur region. This study also brought out that each of these two storms have generated large volume of water which is sufficient to meet the drinking water demand of human and livestock population of the area over 100 years. Development of system for efficient harvesting of such rainfall events is a need of the region.

67 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1983) Remote sensing for monitoring temporal environmental changes in the Rajasthan desert. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 8: 114-117

Remote sensing has been proved to be an invaluable tool for monitoring temporal environmental changes in the Rajasthan

desert. It has been observed that areas which were non-saline in 1960, have become saline over a period of 17 years (1961-77). Fluvial and aeolian landforms have undergone conspicuous morphological changes such as the deep dissections in the form of gullies and the accumulation of the fresh aeolian-sands on the sand free alluvial surfaces and also on the stabilised sand dunes. Spectacular changes in the landuse patterns and in the size and shape of water bodies (tanks) have been detected. It may be interred that the data on the above temporal environmental changes will form a sound basis for the rational regional development planning.

68 Subramaniam, A.R. and Prasada Rao, G.S.L.H.V. (1980) Climatic study of water balance, aridity and droughts in Rajasthan State. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 371-377

Jhalawar, which is classified as dry sub-humid shows a continuous value of aridity higher than that of Jaipur indicating thereby a climatic shift to aridity from sub-humid by a steep line of aridity. These climatic shift indicate the fluctuations in local time when we study from the point of view of desert reclamation and growth of vegetation and agriculture.

69 Subramaniam, A.R. and Prasada Rao, G.S.L.H.V. (1980) Meridional variation of water balance in Rajasthan State. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 51-57

The broad scale pattern of water balance with particular reference to its variation with longitude has been studied for Rajasthan. The elements of water balance for climatically normal, most wet and most dry year during the period 1901-1977 have been analysed and presented. The variation of aridity index with longitude has been discussed. The variation of droughtiness factor and soil moisture storage have been studied in relation to longitude. Soil moisture storage increases towards the east of the State. Even in the most wet years an overall deficiency of water supply in the State exists. The annual average water balance of the entire state during climatically extreme years have also been illustrated and discussed.

70 Subramaniam, A.R. and Kesava Rao, A.V.R. (1981) Dew fall in the dry climatic zones of India. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 103-106

Dew is an important meteorological factor, and its significance as a source of moisture in arid regions cannot be overlooked. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the significance of dew in the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of India. Data on dew fall at six India Meteorological Department Stations (Bellary, Bikaner, Kota, Arogyavaram, Surat and Raipur) between 1969 and

1976 at four heights above ground (5, 25, 50 and 100 cm) have been analysed. Mean monthly dew fall per night is considered at 5 and 100 cm. In addition, variation in the mean dew fall between September and April has been studied. At Bellary (arid), Arogyavaram (semi-arid) and Raipur (dry sub-humid), more than 80 percent of total dew falls from November to January. At all these stations, the maximum amount of dew is usually deposited at a height of 100 cm. The year with maximum dew fall (1975-6) is analysed in relation to seasonal rainfall. Raipur, in the dry sub-humid zone, shows the highest percentage of dew in relation to rainfall in 1975-6 and the normal seasonal rainfall. This work reveals the reliability of dew for agricultural exploitation.

71 Venkateswarlu, J. (1993 ) Effect of drought on kharif foodgrains production: A retrospect and prospect. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 1-12

The effect of drought on foodgrains production has been assessed on the national scale as well as for individual crops, taking state as a unit. But these are post cropping analyses. In the monsoon foodgrains production, the perceptible effect of drought is more visible with rice and coarse cereals grown under better endowments. Some suggestions on tackling the high variability and almost plateauing that is taking place in foodgrains production in kharif season are made based on the responses available with the interventions (long and short term) at the government, farmer and researchers levels.

72 Venkateswarlu, J., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, A.S. (1996) Agro-climatic zones of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 1-7

Different methods followed to classify Indian sub-continent into homogeneous agro-climatic zones have been summarised and an attempt made to regroup the 126 agro-climatic zones identified by ICAR under the NARP Programme. The present exercise was made to combine contiguous zones, having similar soil, climatic, physiographic and cropping patterns, thereby reducing the total number of zones to a manageable number of 60, in addition to the 2 zones representing Andaman-Nicobar islands and Lakshadweep islands.

73 Victor, U.S., Srivastava, N.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1991) Moisture regime, aridity and droughts in the arid region of Andhra Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 81-91

Weekly water balance computation were carried out for the years 1911-85 considering different available water holding capacities ranging from 25 to 200 mm to examine the extent to which the

moisture regime and aridity are dependent on water holding capacity of the soil. The analysis reveals that the aridity is accentuated the shallowness of the soil coupled with low rainfall in the region. The number of years with drought was found to vary from 3 to 6 per decades. The yields of groundnut and kodo millet were reduced by 25 and 50 percent during the years with large and severe droughts, respectively. The water harvesting may be useful either for late sown kharif crops or for establishment of tree plantations in the region.

Land Resources

74 Abichandani, C.T., Singh, S., Saxena, S.K. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1975) Integrated biophysical mapping as an aid to resource development in the Indian arid zone (Bikaner district - a case study). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 285-291

An integrated approach to delineate biophysical resource units for obtaining an integrated picture of the potentials of each land unit has been developed in respect of Bikaner district. The area of the district has been divided into ten major biophysical resource units according to certain homogeneity of landform, soil and vegetation. This integrated information on the biophysical resource units is intended to provide guidelines to the planners to utilise and develop the existing resource potentials of each unit in order to upgrade its agriculture production and to fix the funds for priorities in allocating developmental purposes.

75 Ahuja, R.L. and Khanna, S.S. (1984) Genesis and composition of calcium carbonate nodules (Kankar) in the different landforms of the Ghaggar river basin (Haryana and Punjab). Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 81-87

Calcium carbonate nodules occurring in different landforms of the Ghaggar river basin were studied to determine their genesis, composition and distribution. Detailed investigations revealed that the depth of their occurrence was variable and not related with the water table. They were present not in the form of a hard layer but in scattered irregular patches within the pedons and at lower depths. The kankars containing soluble Ca (EC 0.11 to 0.21 mmhos cm-1), are alkaline in reaction (pH 7.6 to 8.3). Being calcareous and dolomitic in nature CaO 12.04 to 34.72% and MgO 3.0 to 13.0 %), their solubility parameter (12.1 to 13.3) is found to have a positive correlation with pH. the amount of calcium in kankars is also related with the calcium in surrounding mass. From their

occurrence in recent landforms (levees, bars and flood plains) which are lacking in pedogenic activity, development and aridity, it is inferred that the formation is of primary origin.

76 Bhattacharya, N. (1956) The nature and origin of the sand dunes on the western side of the Mount Abu. National Geographical Journal of India 11: 91-96

The location and trends of the sand dunes along the hills are represented in three dimensional diagrams which add the cartographic interest of the paper.

77 Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1961) Sand dune rehabilitation in western Rajasthan. Science and Culture. 27: 224-229

The papers gives a detailed description of the sand dune problem in western Rajasthan and of the experiments and methods used for their stabilisation.

78 Das Gupta, S.P. (1961) The third dimension in colour cartography. Geographical Review of India. 23: 30-33

Three dimensional effect of colour vision in mapping is discussed.

79 Das Gupta, S.P. (1962) On the relation between hornblende and cummingtonite in the altered wall rocks, Khetri copper deposit, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 299-300

In the northern part of the Khetri Copper belt cummingtonite hornblende rocks occur in the form of lensold bodies at the contact of garnet chlorite sehist and quartzite. The inter growth of these minerals are coaxial, at places commingtonite has replaced hornblende along the margin and cleavages.

80 Dhir, R.P. (1989) Paleopedology and geochronology. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 37: 612-619

Just as the find of a fossil organism or a stone age tool, a paleosol is a rare to find component of landscape that existed thousands and may be hundreds of thousands of years ago. Thus, successful search of paleosol itself is a rewarding experience. Besides, paleosols serve as a most vivid stratigraphic marker in separating formations of individual episodes for further detailed characterisation using palynology and data control methods and in building up a geochronological sequence of landscape evolution and paleo-

environments. Paleopedology enables an understanding of polygenetic profiles and spatial variation of soil cover so far as it is dependent on age of sediments. Since the processes which form the present day soils are similar to those which formed the paleosols the study of relict soils together with data control have the potential to provide a handy proxy information on past environments. The subject becomes all the more important in our current ever-mounting concern to learn about the course of future environment from the past. First of all the obvious diagnostic feature i.e., of humus build-up is transitory and does not persist in most soils. Further, even in present day tropical soil the distinction as to where a soil profile ends and weathering zone begins is difficult. Therefore, establishment of a paleosol becomes a real challenging task. Further the pitfalls in correlating time with weathering make the paleosol a poor data control which is an ever increasing demand.

81 Dhir, R.P. (1995) The genesis and distribution of arid zone calcretes. Memoirs Geological Society of India. 32: 191-209

Calcretes are one of the most striking features of the arid zone and exposures of these can be seen right from the eastern wetter fringe to the driest west that today receives <100 mm of rainfall a year. Amongst the various types, hard nodular calcrete is most extensive and is found in the Pleistocence aggraded alluvial plains, buried pediments, piedmonts and to some extent also in the latest Pleistocence aeolian sandy plains and inter-dunes. Well developed nodular calcrete is also seen within and below the Late Tertiary ferricretes around Jaisalmer. Thus it appears that the factors influencing formation have permitted development up to the nodular stage and not beyond. This is unlike evidence found in several other desertic tracts of the world. The calcretes occupy the position of acalcic horizon and hence are pedogenic. However, the strongest and thickest calcretes found within the general spread are not pedogenic. There are several arguments in support of this. Further, the huge amount of lime needed for their formation was brought in by local fluvial redistribution. The nodule development was subsequent and initially involved an in situ differentiation by vadose zone wetting and drying processes. Solubilisation and precipitation processes continued even after the simple nodules came into being as revealed by the complexity in micro-fabric features. It is common to see a high degree of sphericity in nodules. This feature has been interpreted by investigators as evidence of their secondary origin. Though examples of transport exist, more often than not it is a case of in situ evolution from irregular nodules. Profile variations in sphericity of nodules, and the absence of

evidence of collateral transport support this view which is also that of the present author. The major source of lime is detrital. The process of nodule formation starts from soft nodules and advances to nodules of greater complexity and hardness. However, the morphogenetic manifestation of a calcrete is not a very reliable indicator of age, as opportunity created by local factors is also important. The stretches of honey-comb calcretes were apparently formed on the floor of ancient basins and the hardpan and boulder calcretes on still older surfaces. It would seem that calcrete formation has taken place in arid-semi-arid environments during the major part of the Pleistocene. The increased aridity and aeolian dynamism during the Late Quaternary restricted their development only to the less arid phases.

82 Dhir, R.P., Rajaguru, S.N. and Singhvi, A.K. (1994) Desert quaternary formations and their morpho-stratigraphy: implications for the evolutionary history of the Thar. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 43: 435-447

Morphogenetic manifestations and stratigraphy of the quaternary alluvial and aeolian formations of the desertic tract of Rajasthan have been described. The stratigraphy is based on a study of deep sections (-15m) from different locations. Additionally, well-logs have been used to prepare the isopach maps of these formations. It is inferred that during the major part of the Pleistocence, the region witnessed widespread alluvial sedimentation. Though the region was well-watered then, the presence of large masses of lime coupled with negligible in-situ weathering suggests, that over all the environment must have been predominantly semi-arid. Presence of nodular and lithic calcrete bands suggests and episodic character of this sedimentation. The form and distribution of surficial calcretes (including polycyclic lime nodules) suggest several cycles of calcrete formation. Thermoluminescence dating of aeolian sands sampled from 28 to 65 metre depths suggest that the antiquity of the aeolian dynamism extends to atleast 100 ka B.P. The period from c.25 to 50 ka B.P. consistently shows the presence of wetter interludes with weaker aeolian dynamism, a fluvial redistribution of sediments and formation of nodular calcretes and gypcretes. The last major aeolian activity peaked at LGM in the Sahara, the Australian and the Kalahari deserts. However, the evidence on Thar suggests a peak in aeolian activity post-dating the LGM.

83 Gheesa Lal (1981) Photo interpretation for rural landuse classification in arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 169-175

The paper deals with the acceptability of the 'Key' for mapping evolved through aerial photo interpretation techniques of rural landuse in Borunda, a district village in the district of Jodhpur of Rajasthan. The sample analysis shows the error found in identification of the land utilisation units in the course of interpretation is due to ambiguity in definition and poor resolution of the photographs, otherwise the technique evolved is fairly satisfactory for rural landuse survey and mapping in arid environment.

84 Ghose, B., Kar, A. and Husain, Z. (1979) The lost courses of the Saraswati river in the Great Indian Desert: new evidence from LANDSAT imagery. The Geographical Journal. 145: 446-451

Interpretation of LANDSAT imagery and field investigation in the western part of Jaisalmer district in India have revealed some hitherto unknown abandoned courses of the former Saraswati river. It has been suggested that these courses were alive before the Saraswati occupied the Raini or the Wahinda courses, and contributed to the alluviation of the region. The subsurface water in the region is contributed mainly by the Himalayan precipitation flowing subterraneously through the former courses of the Saraswati.

85 Ghose, B. and Sen, A.K. (1961) Some preliminary observations on the geomorphology of the lower Luni Basin. Geographical Review of India. 23: 47-54

The lower Luni basin is confined between 25° 30'N to 25° 50'N and 72° 0'E. On the basis of drainage systems four geomorphic units have been demarcated. The greater part is covered with alluvium and wind blown sands except the granite-rhyloite exposures. The land pattern map shows topographical forms, land type, degree of slope, erosion.

86 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1965) Geomorphological studies in Rajasthan I. Analysis of landforms of Saila block from aerial photographs. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 207-216

The arid region is very well suited for aerial photo interpretation and the arid features can easily be interpreted on the photographs. Saila block in the Central Luni Basin in Western Rajasthan has been divided into a number of geomorphic units after photo interpretation and field checking.

87 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1966)

Quick method of aerial photogrammetric mapping of geomorphic features, soils and vegetation community. Indian Journal of Geography. 1: 49-56

The quick method of aerial photogrammetric mapping of geomorphic features, soils and vegetation community has been described in this paper.

88 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. and Singh, S. (1966) Studies in photogrammetry : geomorphic studies of Sojat from aerial photographs to delineate landforms. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 14: 9-12

The landform units demarcated on the aerial photographs covering Sojat town and its surrounding areas are (1) flat topped hills of sedimentary formations; (2) piedmont fringe; (3) nearly level older alluvial plains; (4) flood plains and (5) river bed. The hills are massive in form and mesalike; the bare surface of the piedmont fringe is concave and smooth with occasional short drainage channels. The flood plains are of recent origin. The older alluvial plains have been formed during Pleistocene period. Tree vegetation is sparse and mostly formed along the field boundaries and common pasture land. The flood plains are comparatively at a lower level than the older alluvial plains and occur marginal to the Sukri river. There is an abrupt fall between this surface and the river bed. The general tone on photographs is light grey but there are more irrigated fields with standing crops that look darker in tone. The whole area is under intensive agriculture and the size of holdings is small. The flood plains have much higher water potential than the adjoining older alluvial plains and piedmont fringe.

89 Ghose, B., Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1982) Some geomorphic aspects of salinity hazards in Rajasthan desert, India. Geological Survey of India. 49: 11-15

Photogeomorphological studies have revealed that the saline lands in Rajasthan desert lie along the prior drainage channels, especially along their lower reaches, or at their confluence. These channels have played a significant role in the evolution and distribution of saline lands. Genetically, the saline lands have been classified as 'natural' and 'man induced'. The evolution and distribution of the former are linked with the late Quaternary climatic fluctuations and the associated changes in geomorphic processes within the prior drainage basins, while the latter has developed in recent times through intensive agri-irrigation along the prior drainage channels. The geomorphological and geochemical aspects of the prior drainage

channels should, therefore, be better understood for formulating a rational plan to check the salinity hazards.

90 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. , Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal. (1966) Geomorphology of the central Luni basin, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 10-25

The Central Luni Basin is drained by the Luni drainage system. The country rocks are predominantly Malani rhyolite and Jalor granite and Erinpura granite. The Luni with its tributaries has attained maturity. The relics of disorganised channels identified on the aerial photographs of the region are at present partly truncated, buried and disorganised. The region consists of 7 geomorphic divisions and further land units. They consists of (1) Siwana dissected plateau; (2) Jalor-Israna-Rewara granite-rhyolite interfluve with intervening plains; (3) The Khari-Bandi-Sagi riverine plains; (4) north and north-east alluvial plains; (5) Pachbhadra Salt basin; (6) Western plain with dunes and (7) Flood plains of the Luni and Jawai-Sukri drainage system. The plains are flat and consist of older and younger alluvia with sandy hummocks. The dunes are longitudinal, transverse and parabolic. The distribution of population and settlement are more in the flood plains of the Luni and Jawai-Sukri drainage systems than in other geomorphic divisions.

91 Ghose, B., Pandey, S., Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal (1967) Quantitative geomorphology of the drainage basins of the Central Luni Basin in western Rajasthan. Annals of Geomorphology. 11: 146-160

The paper deals with the dimensional analysis of 12 drainage basins selected randomly in the Central Luni Basin of arid Rajasthan.

92 Ghose, B., Singh, S., Vats, P.C. and Kaith, D.S. (1975) Aerial photogrammetry and photogeomorphology applied to quantitative analysis of drainage basins for engineering planning. The Indian Geographical Journal. 50: 1-5

The article deals with the photo-geomorphic interpretation and aerial photogrammetric techniques of quantitative analysis of the geomorphic characteristics of small drainage basins and their application in watershed planning. The drainage network and basin geometry characteristics such as basin order, stream length, basin area and bifurcation ratio control the distribution of the surface run-off and discharge. These geomorphic characteristics, thus will provide the guidelines to the engineers in selecting suitable sites to construct the reservoirs where maximum surface run-off can be stored. The measures of the dissections like constant of channel

maintenance, drainage density, ruggedness number and texture ratio will help the planners to plan the suitable soil conservation measures to minimise the sediment run-off in the streams of drainage basin. As for example, the constant of channel maintenance expresses that by "each foot of headward extension of a drainage system so many square feet of new area is added to the watershed" give a realistic figure to planners on the basis of which suitable measures for watershed planning can be taken up.

93 Gupta, J.P. (1979) Some observations on the periodic variations of moisture in stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes on the Indian desert. Journal of Hydrology. 41: 153-156

During 1974-76 the dynamics of moisture was studied in stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes of the Bikaner region. Maximum moisture in both the stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes was observed during the rainy season. At the end of the dry season, during the period of peak evaporation, i.e. June, the unstabilised sand dunes still contained an average of 2-5% moisture at 30-180 cm depth compared to 1% or less in the stabilised dunes. At this time of the year, the total profile moisture storage in the unstabilised dunes varied from 50 to 70 mm while in the stabilised dunes it ranged from 12 to 23 mm.

94 Kar, A. (1983) Morphology and evolution of slopes in the upper Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 367-375

Studies on the morphology of slopes and slope-forming factors in the Upper Luni Basin have indicated that the climate gradation from east to west has greatly influenced the broad changes in slope pattern in that direction. Thus, while in the east there is more of convexo-concave regolith-covered slopes, the western part has more of faceted, debris-free and slightly concave slopes. Moreover, the incidence of valley slope does also decrease towards the west. Complexities within this general pattern are, however, provided by the rock characteristics and structural features like fault lines. Within the Aravallies slope decline is most dominant, while in the desert plains slope retreat and slope replacement are common.

95 Kar, A. (1984) Assumptions regarding former stream behaviour and neo-tectonism from fluvial terraces along the Somesar river in western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 161-170

A set of two fluvial fill-cut terraces have been identified along the Somesar river which originates from the Aravalli mountains and

flows westward. Detailed studies indicate that the terraces are not very wide, but still preserve some of the surficial distinguishing marks of the former stream courses on them, which suggest the recency of the terrace formation. A hypothetical evolutionary scheme has been put forward for the terraces on the basis of their morphology and stratigraphy. It has also been suggested that neo-tectonic activities have taken place along a series of faults in this region, which were responsible for the formation of terraces along the Somesar and some other rivers in the Aravalli foot-hills.

96 Kar, A. (1984) Morphology and evolution of some sandstone pediments in Rajasthan desert. Geographical Review of India. 46: 67-74

Studies conducted on some pediments, formed on the Vindhyan sandstone, reveal that minor variations in the rock's character have significant influence on both the morphology and evolution of those pediments. The slope angle and profile form of the pediments, the characteristics of the coarse debris, and the drainage characteristics have been found to change with the changes in the rock character. Chemical weathering seems to be a major process of sedimentation at one of the sites, while at other definite proofs are lacking.

97 Kar, A. (1987) Origin and transformation of longitudinal sand dunes in the Indian desert. Annals of Geomorphology. 31: 311-337

Longitudinal dunes of the Indian desert did not originate from the parabolic dunes. Their genesis and evolution are linked with the aerodynamic system prevailing over the region and topographic peculiarities. In the main field they form from the coalescence of barchan forms and the transition from the longitudinal to the of parabolic shape is also governed by the changes in the aerodynamic pattern. The Taylor-Gortlar vortices pattern used by Wilson in his model of dune evolution explains well the situation here. Gradual transformation of longitudinal dune shape to parabolic shape through systematic changes in form over space indicates a common genetical link for both the types.

98 Kar, A. (1988) Possible neotectonic activities in the Luni-Jawai plains, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 32: 522-26

The present disorganised state of many streams in the Luni-Jawai plains of western Rajasthan has been attributed to a shift to an arid climate. The satellite images of the area, however, indicate a number of lineaments across the plains. Most cases of drainage disappearance appear related to these lineaments, as also the

formation of river terraces and development of gullies. The findings tend to confirm at least two episodes of Quaternary tectonic movement in the area, resulting in channel changes/ obliteration and other drainage anomalies. The pattern of drainage disorganisation suggests that change of climate could at best be an associated factor, and not the primary.

99 Kar, A. (1989) Terrain characteristics of Jaisalmer district. Geographical Review of India. 51: 48-59

Jaisalmer, the most arid district of India, is characterised by a dominance of aeolian processes and negligible fluvial processes, which have immense influence on the landforms of the district. Fifteen major landforms have been identified within the district, their morphological characteristics highlighted and an assessment of their potentials provided. The nature of hazards present and those expected under induced conditions have also been discussed for meaningful applications towards development related activities.

100 Kar, A. (1990) Megabarchanoids of the Thar : their environment, morphology and relationship with longitudinal dunes. The Geographical Journal. 156: 51-61

The megabarchanoid dunefields in the very arid western part of the Thar desert, India, exist within a vast field of longitudinal sand dunes. Studies on their morphology and environment indicate a close interrelationship between the megabarchanoids and the longitudinal. While the present fields of megabarchanoids receive supply from the longitudinal upwind and develop at the cost of some longitudinal, there are indications that the fields also supply sand to the longitudinal downwind. Even the internal arrangement within the fields indicates a gradual importance of the longitudinal element within the transversals. Similar development in the simple barchanoid fields of the region and in the growth sequences of the longitudinal dunes provides the basis for suggesting a unified concept of the growth of these aeolian bedforms, related to the primary aerodynamic system over the region.

101 Kar, A. (1990) Morphology and vulnerability of the Indian desert landforms. Geographical Review of India. 52 : 8-15

The evolution of landforms in the Indian desert dates back to Precambrian period. Through different geological periods under varying paleoclimatic condition varied morphological forms have

been sculptured through a complex interplay between the present rock formations and the exogenic and endogenic processes.

102 Kar, A. (1993) Aeolian processes and bedforms in the Thar desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 25: 83-96

Studies so far indicate that the aeolian processes are very efficient in the western part of the Thar where mobility of dunes is high and formation of new bedforms takes place even without human-induced land degradation. The dune trend correlates well with the present-day south-west monsoon wind direction, suggesting very little change in the sand shifting wind pattern, at least during the late Quaternary period. The major source of dune sand is local. Although a few major dune types were formerly recognised, recent studies using remote sensing suggest a more complicated arrangement of dunes. New data on grain size and dune movement are presented.

103 Kar, A. (1993) Neotectonic influences on morphological variations along the coastline of Kachchh, India. Geomorphology. 8: 199-219

The coastline of Kachchh in the arid, western most part of India can be broadly divided into five major segments. These are, from west to east, the deltaic coast, the irregular drowned prograded coast, the straightened coast, the spits and cuspate foreland complex and the mud flat coast. Satellite remote sensing helped in correct identification and mapping of the segments, while field investigation, followed by remote sensing, helped in identification and characterisation of the landform units within the segments. Neotectonism appears to have played a crucial role in effecting the above coastal division.

104 Kar, A. (1993) Present day geomorphic processes as key to the reconstruction of Quaternary landform history in the Thar desert. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 41: 513-17

Most of the studies on the Quaternary landform evolution in the Thar are devoted to broad morphological processes, the changing climate and absolute dating of different episodes of sedimentation. Reconstruction of actual sequence of events which led to the development of many present day forms and the role of neotectonism have received relatively less attention. The author, during his traverses in the desert, came across certain evidences to suggest that a knowledge of present day process- form interactions may provide significant clues to the possible past processes. A few examples have been cited.

105 Kar, A. (1994) Lineament control on channel behaviour during the 1990 flood in the south-eastern Thar desert. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 15: 2521-2530

A number of lineaments cross the Luni- Jawai plains of the Thar desert in India. Many of these had been suspected to control the present day channel processes, but this remained to be tested as the streams in the region are ephemeral. Stream flow takes place in response to good monsoon rainfall, but is short-lived. An analysis of the IRS false colour composite prints of the area, taken after the floods of July and August, 1990, provided supportive evidence for neotectonically controlled current changes processes. The streams behaved as they were expected to on the tectonically controlled fault blocks. A few hitherto uncharted palaeo-channels became revived during the flood and provided more insight on the subject.

106 Kar, A. (1995) Geomorphology of arid western India. Memoirs Geological Society of India. 32: 168-190

The arid western region of India can be divided into four major geomorphic provinces with transitional features between them. These are: (1) the Thar desert, (2) the Great Rann of Kachchh and Little Rann, (3) mainland Kachchh and (4) the Saurashtra uplands. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of the landforms and processes in the region.

107 Kar, A. and Ghose, B. (1984) The Drishavati river system of India : an assessment and new findings. The Geographical Journal. 150: 221-229

Several former courses of the Drishavati, which was a celebrated tributary of the Saraswati river, and originated from the Himalayas, have been identified with the help of remote sensing techniques. While its head-waters may be identified with the present Markanda, evidence is lacking to suggest that the Yamuna formerly flowed westward. Moreover, there are indications that the river formerly flowed southwards, through the desert, and was supplied from streams originating in the Aravallis, thus explaining the distribution of alluvium in the region. The shifting and the final drying of the river may be linked with the adverse change in climate and the associated changes in morphological features.

108 Kar, A., Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1979) Relations of debris size and slope with distance along two rhyolite pediments in the arid environment of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 236-245

Studies on the relations of debris size and slope with distance along two rhyolite pediments at Kui Jodha in Jodhpur district reveals that the variation in lithological character has significant control over the rate of diminution of debris size. The more weatherable the rock is, the less significant is the relation of the distribution of debris produced with the distance along the pediment. Slope angle does not change appreciably with distance. Since the rate of reduction in debris size is faster along the pediments than the rate of change in slope, it may be inferred that the progressive diminution of debris size may have some control on the flattening of slope towards the distal end.

109 Khanna, S.S., Ahuja, K.L., Manchanda, M.L., Sangwan, B.S. and Goyal, V.P. (1977) Soil landscape relationship of the dune infected precambrian pedeplane area in south-western part of Haryana. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 201-212

Soil survey of dune infected precambrian pedeplane in south west Haryana was carried out covering an area of 33,000 hectares. Based on this survey landscape-soil relationship has been established. Four geomorphic units were identified in the area, i.e. Dunes (unstabilised) severely eroded, non-calcareous, Typic Torripsamments; Dunes (stabilised)-moderately eroded, non-calcareous, Typic Torripsamments; Plain-coarse loamy, non-calcareous, Arenic Camborthids; and Depression with coarse loamy, calcareous, Typic Paleorthids. Fifty five per cent of the area was covered by sand dunes stabilised; 25% by shifting sand dunes, 11% by depression and 9% by the plain.

110 Mehta, K.M. and Shankarnarayan, H.S. (1961) Rating of land for irrigation Jawai project area. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 9: 71-76

Numerical rating of soils of Jawai project area in Rajasthan has been presented. This is based on the method proposed earlier by the authors modification to express actual condition more satisfactorily and suggesting to make the method widely applicable. The area has been divided into four irrigability classes. Numerical rating of profiles under each class is exemplified.

111 Murthy, M.V.N. (1962) Significance of the ring pattern of Siwana granite bosses in western Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 297-298

The author has compared this region with northern Nigeria and on analogy basis has said that Siwana granite has ring structure.

112 Pandey, S. (1965) Geomorphology of Jalore and adjoining region in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 74-83

Geomorphic evolution of different landform features of Jalore and adjoining region have been described in detail.

113 Pandey, S. (1969) Some aspects of arid zone geomorphology. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 196-208

Some aspects of arid zone geomorphology such as modern Geomorphological concept, desert landforms and Geomorphological mapping in different deserts of the world have been reviewed.

114 Pandey, S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1970) Genesis of "Mitha Ranns" and "Kanodwala Ranns" in the great Indian desert, Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 175-180

Saline depressions (Ranns) of large and small aerial extension, and of different genesis are found in the arid land of Rajasthan. As the structure, relief and morphogenesis of these saline depressions are varying they are very important from the point of view of gathering ground of natural evaporites and ground water, and other uses. In the present paper the structure, relief and morphogenesis of the Mitha Rann, Kharia Rann and Kanodwala Ranns have been discussed.

115 Pandey, S., Ghose, B. and Vats, P.C. (1968) Geomorphic influence on water resources. Indian Journal of Geography. 3: 41-55

The location and assessment of water especially below the surface are related to different patterns of drainage. By the relation found between orientation of drainage channels and location of wells, it can be concluded that water may be found along the channels, at the end of the channels and in the bed of the channel. In the flat rocky and alluvial surface the possibility of subsurface water is very poor and as such, run-off water in the tanks is the only source of water in these tracts. For the conservation of water the catchment areas of tanks should be divided into various compartments in which cisterns (tankas) should be constructed for storage of water. This will help in maximum preservation of potable water.

116 Raheja, P.C. (1964) Land transformation plan of Central Luni Basin, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 63-84

A land transformation plan for improving the fertility of soil, increasing pasture production, introducing improved varieties of crops, adopting soil conservation measures against wind and water erosion in specific areas; afforestation in uncultivable waste lands; encouraging farm forestry and production of vegetables, fruits and poultry, for a period of 10 years on the basis of surveyed resources and likely potential of development has been formulated to meet the growing demands of the population and improve their standard of living.

117 Raychaudhuri, S.P. and Sen, N. (1952) Certain geomorphological aspects of the Rajputana desert. Bulletin National Institute of Science, India. 1: 249-253

A review of lateraline on geomorphological aspects of the Rajputana desert is presented to ascertain the paleoclimate of the area.

It seems probably that until recently the climate was more humid as evidenced by presence of sub-recent. Conglomerate, CaCO3 pan formation buried soil and stabilisation of dunes in certain area. Apparently the present day degradation of the agraded sub-mountain zone of Aravallis indicates that the humid climate may still be persisting.

118 Roy, B.B., Chatterji, P.C. and Pandey, S. (1969) Genesis of carbonate pan in arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 181-187

The carbonate pan has developed due to the katamorphic processes in the weathered zone of regional geological formations, i.e., granite and volcanic. The salts, of which the pan is composed, have developed from the rocks due to the physico-chemical reactions. The very thickness of the pan indicates that this process has been active since long in the geological past rather than in the last few thousand years. The sparse and scattered vegetation, calcareous and saline soils, and mineralised groundwater of this region are mainly due to the development of the carbonate pan. Moreover, cultivation is generally practised either on the flood plains of the existing ephemeral channels or over blown sand covers or sand dunes, giving rise to a type of land use which is ultimately due to the presence of the carbonate pan. In general, the development of the carbonate pan, which is still in process of formation, is enhancing the arid conditions.

119 Sen, A.K. (1965) Mapping of micro-geomorphic units of Siwana area, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 56-63

The map indicates the areas where soil conservation measures are to be adopted. As slope and erosion affect soil depth, the following conservation measures are proposed : (i) Sloping lands are to be contour bunded, (ii) cultivation should be practised across the slope, (iii) sloping foot hill regions should be put under pasture, (iv) afforestation should be encouraged in highly eroded hills, and (v) fixation of sand dunes should be given proper attention.

120 Sen, A.K. (1967) Documentation and cartography of the base map for co-ordinated land survey, based on aerial photographs. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 170-177

With the increased use of aerial photographs in basic resources survey and limitations in getting costly photogrammetric equipment like multiplex aeroprojector, stereoplanigraph etc., necessity was felt to find out some simpler device to prepare a base map, oriented so as to cartograph the final map by transferring the survey details from aerial photographs. The above work was initiated to find out a suitable solution to the problem. It is expected that soon after the publication of first set of the basic resources maps interest will awaken for this cartographic study.

121 Sen, A.K., Gupta, K.N. and Gheesa Lal (1976) Cartographic expression to delimit the planning regions of Rajasthan desert : A case study. Indian Journal of Geography. 11-12: 19-22

An attempt has been made in this paper to select the factors for cartographic delineation of planning units in Rajasthan desert. The study is mainly based on geographical considerations of regionalism which are based on the ideas of homogeneity between the physical and cultural environment. The significance of such classification lies in the fact that with the balanced distribution of environmental and human complex these units will offer a better scope for regional development and self sufficiency of economy in the unit concerned and as such there are some advantages of using them as planning units. The study is thus directly related to regional planning.

122 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Singh, S. (1986-87) Remote sensing in establishing landforms - vegetation relationship in an arid environment - A case study of the middle Luni Basin. The Indian Journal of Geography. 15: 42-53

Manual interpretation of the Landforms and vegetation characteristics seems to be quick and less expensive than the computer based interpretation, although the accuracy of the computer generated map is slightly higher. This study also suggests

that valuable researches could be conducted on the landforms and associated natural resources in the developing countries without making the use of sophisticated and expensive image processing system.

123 Sharma, K.D., Singh, S., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1989) Satellite remote sensing for detecting the temporal changes in the grazing lands. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 17: 55-59

Traditional grazing lands in the Indian arid zone can be identified and mapped, reliably and reasonably within ± 10% accuracy, through LANDSAT TM false colour composites of bands 2, 3, 4. Comparative study of LANDSAT TM and the Survey of India topographical maps revealed reduction in the aerial extent of the grazing lands in the Jodhpur district up to 9 to 30% over a period of 28 years, between 1958 and 1986, due to the human activity like cultivation and urbanisation resulting in the desertification of the adjoining agricultural lands.

124 Singh, S. (1970) The application of aerial photo-interpretation in geographical research. University Studies in Geography. 2: 46-60

The aerial photo-interpretation plays an important role in the identification and assessment of the natural and biological resources like landform, soil, geography, hydrology, land use, vegetation, forestry and wild life. The maps of various types which form the basis of development planning can be prepared from the aerial photographs. Their techniques are now widely applied in the planning and development of the urban areas, natural regions and demographic studies.

125 Singh, S. (1977) Sand dunes and palaeoclimate in Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan. Man and Environment. 1: 7-15

In the present article, the origin, distribution and morphology of sand dunes of different types and their significance in palaeoclimate reconstruction in Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan, have been described. The results of this study will provide the guidelines to environmentalists and planners to provide the definite solution to the palaeoclimatic process of the district.

126 Singh, S. (1978-88) Application of remote sensing technique in the environmental problems of the Great Indian desert. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 83-91

In addition to aridity, scarcity of water resources, erosional, depositional and salinity hazards, sand dunes and desertification are the major environmental problems which limit the agricultural production and over all development of the Great Indian desert. In order to develop the suitable methods to solve the above environmental problems, the geomorphological investigations on the location, development and distribution of these problems were conducted in different parts of the Great Indian desert by employing the remote sensing technique. The research findings of these investigations have been discussed in the present article.

127 Singh, S. (1980) Geomorphology and climatic changes during Quaternary period in Rajasthan desert. Recent Researches in Geology. 9: 121-130

The paper deals with the evolution and geomorphological characteristics of the landforms and their significance in constructing the climatic changes in the Rajasthan desert during the Quaternary period. Fourteen fluvial and aeolian landforms, originated due to various geomorphic processes under different climatic phases, have been identified in this region. The evolutionary history of the landforms, slope, drainage, erosional and depositional characteristics and the nature and thickness of the sediments reveal that the past climate of the Rajasthan desert had considerably changed in the fluvial and aeolian landforms also indicate that the present climate of this region is slightly ameliorating.

128 Singh, S. (1983) Application of remote sensing techniques in geomorphological investigations - a case study of Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 283-294

Based on the interpretation of the aerial photographs and LANDSAT imagery in conjunction with ground truth, ten major geomorphic units have been identified in Jodhpur district. LANDSAT MSS Band-7 image has been found suitable for quick identification and delineation of the boundaries of hills, pediments and sand dunes. But the younger and older alluvial plains are more distinctly visible on LANDSAT MSS Band-5 image which enabled to delineate and to map the boundaries of these geomorphic units quickly and satisfactorily. These geomorphic units which have different physical potentials and limitations, will provide a sound basis for the rational landuse, soil and water conservation planning of Jodhpur district.

129 Singh, S. (1987)

Ecological impact of irrigation on biophysical potentials of landforms (ecosystems) of the Rajasthan desert. The Geographer. 34: 39-45

The study has revealed that the introduction of the irrigation has both positive and negative effects on the environmental conditions of the arid lands. The positive effects which are of short duration could be visualised in the form of the improvement of microclimatic, aeolian activities, soil moisture regime and changes in the cropping patterns and crop yield and socio-economic conditions of the people. The negative effects which are of long duration could be seen in the form of the depletion of the productivity of the landforms (ecosystems) due to waterlogging, impeded drainage conditions and salinity and alkalinity hazards. The saline/alkaline degraded and desertified landforms could be reclaimed through leaching and by applying required quantity of gypsum. The deterioration of the agricultural productivity of landforms in future could be checked by using suitable methods of irrigation like drip and sprinkler and the proper soil and water conservation measures.

130 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1969) The application of aerial photo-interpretation in the geomorphological surveys of western Rajasthan. The Deccan Geographer. 7: 1-13

Keeping in view the enormous advantages of the air photos like accuracy in delineating boundaries, economy and time saving in geomorphological research, the role of air photo interpretation in geomorphological survey of Sumerpur Community Development Block and the genetic classification of each land unit to evaluate its economic potentiality has been discussed in the present paper.

131 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1969) The role of aerial photography in earth sciences. The Deccan Geographer. 7: 129-142

The serial photography plays a vital role in the field of all the earth sciences because they are the indispensable tool in compiling the inventory of all the natural resources. The vertical aerial photographs are more suited for the surveys of natural resources as they enable us to make the accurate maps of various disciplines without involving much time and cost. The maps thus prepared form the basis for the rational and scientific planning of landuse and regional planning. The aerial photographs are comparatively more suited for geomorphological studies as the object of the study is clearly visible from the air.

132 Singh, S. and Kaith, D.S. (1971)

Geomorphological analysis of landform features of Pali developmental block from aerial photographs. The Indian Geographical Journal. 64: 50-59

The chief aim of geomorphology is to analyse, classify and to map the various geomorphological features in their correct position and mutual relationship for assessing their physical properties and economic potentialities. Keeping in view the practical application of photo-geomorphology, the authors in the present paper have discussed the genetic classification, analysis and mapping of various landform features of Pali Development block for its rational landuse planning and development.

133 Singh, S., Kar, A. and Vats, P.C. (1995) Geomorphology and land environmental hazards in Upper Luni Basin. Annals of the Association of Rajasthan Geographers. 12: 1-31

In the Upper Luni Basin, using remote sensing and ground truth, 16 landforms units created fluvial, aeolian and fluviao-aeolian processes under wet and dry phases have been identified. These landforms have different morphological features, depending upon their morphogenetic, morpho-dynamic, morphometric characteristics and also morpho-climatic conditions. Water erosion, wind erosion / deposition, salinity / alkalinity and water and wind combined are the major environmental hazards of various degree of severity. These hazards are responsible for the degradation of the biophysical potentials of different landforms.

134 Singh, S. and Saxena, S.K. (1987) A note on some quantitative aspects of the sand dunes in Nagaur district of Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 117-118

Significant variations in the morphology, soil fertility, moisture status and biotic impact on different slopes of these dunes have caused the variations in the percentage frequency and density of vegetation. The dunes swells due to better moisture status and soil fertility support a good stand of vegetation. Whereas the crest of dunes due to reactivation of sand and its accumulation have poor stand of vegetation.

135 Singh, S. and Sharma, B.K. (1984) Some observations on the morphological and physio-chemical aspects of the sand dunes in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 31-38

The results of the study conducted in Jodhpur district on the morphological and physico-chemical aspects and also on available micronutrient status of two types of sand dunes, viz., longitudinal

and parabolic have been discussed. The morphological characteristics of the longitudinal and parabolic dunes of Jodhpur district such as the height, length, width and slopes vary from 10 to 65 m; 500 to 600 m; 200 to 450 m and 4° to 22° , respectively. These dunes constitute more than 80% fine sand and their water holding capacity varies from 20.0 to 26.3%, while organic carbon varies from 0.03 to 0.13%. These dunes are well supplied with Fe, Zn and Cu but are deficient in Mn.

136 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982) Application of LANDSAT digital analysis in geomorphological investigations of the middle Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 279-287

Digital analysis of LANDSAT imagery in the form of computer compatible tapes has been found useful in geomorphological investigations of the middle Luni basin in western Rajasthan. Five subscenes selected from two LANDSAT scenes have been digitally classified into different themes (landforms) quickly and accurately. The spectral variations within each theme has been detected which could not be identified from visual interpretations of LANDSAT imagery. Quantitative data on the number of pixels, area and percentage has been computed for each theme. It has been concluded that the multispectral digital analysis of the LANDSAT data by using interactive mutispectral image 100 system is useful for geomorphological investigations because the error in the identification and classification of the themes could be checked and corrected simultaneously.

137 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982) Role of remote sensing in the appraisal of natural resources for the development planning of the Indian desert. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 7: 84-90

Role of remote sensing in the appraisal of the natural resources for the development of different regions in the Rajasthan desert has been discussed in the present paper. Visual analysis of the aerial photographs and LANDSAT imageries in conjunction with ground truth has enabled to evaluate various natural resources viz., landforms, soils, vegetation and water resources. Digital analysis of the resources will ultimately form a sound basis for the rational regional development planning.

138 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1986) Dynamics, morphology and management of sand dunes in the great Indian desert. Current Practices in Geotechnical Engineering. 3: 23-47

The origin, morphology, source and origin of sand, size of sand grains, moisture and fertility status and vegetation type of different sand dunes which are essential pre-requisites for their rational management have been discussed. The obstacle, parabolic, longitudinal and transverse dunes belong to old dune system. These dunes are well stabilised due to the presence of vegetation and alternate layers of calcium carbonate and have morphometric characteristics. The moisture is least (1.8%) on the windward slopes and the highest (3.6%) on the leeward slopes of the sand dunes. These dunes are well supplied with available macro and micronutrients except nitrogen and manganese. Two vegetation types viz.; Psammophytic Scrub Desert and Mixed Xeromorphic Thorn Forest have been recognised on the dunes of old system. Barchan and Shrub-coppice dunes of 0.5 to 10 m in height are of new dune system and are unstabilised and devoid of vegetation but have better moisture regime than dunes of old system. Phyto-reclamation technique by using indigenous plant species has been suggested for the management and stabilisation of the sand dunes of two system.

139 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1979) Geomorphic control on rural settlements of Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan. Ajmer Geographer. 6: 1-14

Geomorphology of employing remote sensing techniques controls the distribution types and development of rural settlements of different types and patterns in Jodhpur district. The compact type of settlements due to physical potentials and limited environmental hazards have developed under older and younger alluvial plains and flat buried pediments. Whereas the semi-compact and dispersed type of settlements due to limited physical potentials and environmental hazards occur sand dunes, sandy undulating older alluvial plains, colluvial plains and sandy undulating buried pediments. The suitable geomorphic sites have been suggested for development of new settlements.

140 Singh, S. , Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1973) Some geomorphological aspects of Challakere taluk. The Deccan Geographer. 11: 85-92

Keeping in view the practical application in geomorphology in the effective and rational use of the natural resources of Indian arid zone an intensive study of landform genesis, geomorphic processes and related erosional characteristics of Challakere taluk, Mysore State was done in the field and its findings have been discussed in the present paper. The taluk has been divided into 13 landform units which have different production potentials and have resulted

to erosional, depositional and erosional-depositional processes. Water erosion is the major problem and for its control several suitable soil and water conservation measures have been suggested.

141 Singh, S., Pandey, S. and Ghose, B. (1966) Geomorphology of Siwana development block in Barmer district. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 117-126

Based on aerial photographs coupled with detailed field survey, Siwana development block had been divided into different landforms viz., rugged high and low hills, aggraded older alluvial plains Siwana alluvial plain, sand dune and sandy plain, piedmont plain, Kundal-Ramania alluvial intermontance plain, recent flood plain, river bed with sand bars and saline depressions. The salient geomorphic features of landforms like nature and depth of sediments, slope and drainage patterns and associated environmental hazards have been highlighted.

142 Singh, S., Pandey, S. and Ghose, B. (1971) Geomorphology of the middle Luni basin of western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 10: 1-13

The geomorphology of the middle Luni basin of arid western Rajasthan has been discussed. The region consists of 11 geomorphic units. The geomorphic features of the region are the products of both fluvial as well as aeolian actions. The condition of ground water are favourable in piedmont plains, recent flood plains, eroded rocky surface, Siwana alluvial plain and Kundal-Ramania alluvial plain. The depths of wells in these units vary from 15 to 21 m. The drainage patterns developed in this region are linear, sub-parallel, sub-dendritic and radial. The largest concentration of streams is in piedmont zone and the lowest number of the streams is found in Pachpadra salt basin and undulating alluvial plains with sandy hummocks.

The wind erosion is more conspicuous than water erosion. The water erosion is confined to the piedmont zones and gullies have occasionally formed. The wind erosion is more widespread in sand dunes, sandy plains and ploughed alluvial plains.

To check the water and wind erosion several conservation measures have been suggested.

143 Singh, S. , Saxena, S.K. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977) Integrated natural resources survey of Luni developmental block, western Rajasthan (India). The Indian Journal of Geography. 12: 1-12

An attempt has been made to integrate and to assess the natural resources of Luni developmental block which could provide an integrated and comprehensive information to the planners at one place to prepare suitable action plans for over all development of the basin. In the basin nine resource units have been identified. Among these resource units flat order alluvial plains, fluvial pediments and younger alluvial plains are most potential and could be developed into irrigated croplands.

144 Sinha, S. (1977) Quaternary geology, aridity and desertification in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 331-341

The paper highlights the importance of Quaternary Geological studies and the methodology, employed by the Geological Survey of India, to decipher the history and environment of the Quaternary era in Rajasthan. It brings out the sequence of events from the earliest humid cold phase, followed by the first generation of more extensive aridity which was separated from the current arid phase by a warm sub-unit phase. After describing these phases, the paper brings out the various geological characteristics obtaining in Rajasthan area that have actively contributed to its arid conditions, besides the role of anthropocentric activities in intensifying the process of desertification in and outside the arid zone.

145 Vats, P.C. (1970) The use of aerial photographs in surveying and mapping. The Deccan Geographer. 8: 1-4

The aerial photography is one of the most convenient scientific methods to conduct land surveys, and is of immense use in the field of agriculture, human geography social science. There are two types of aerial photographs i.e. Vertical and Oblique which have been discussed in this paper.

146 Vats, P.C. (1985) Geomorphological factors affecting land utilisation in Pali district, western Rajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 21: 11-18

In Pali district, a number of landform units have been identified. Hills, mountains and rocky plains, due to poor soil cover and severe water erosion hazards are not suitable for cultivation. Flat buried pediments, older alluvial plains and younger alluvial plains have good potential for agriculture. It has been qualitatively established that the geomorphic factors like erosion and slope affect the quantum of cultivated land, crop production and the intensity of cultivation.

147 Vats, P.C. (1985 ) Quantitative geomorphic characteristics of the Mithri river basin. The National Geographical Journal of India. 31: 18-22

The 6th basin has the larger values of the number of streams, stream length, basin area and bifurcation ratio than other basins. These higher values show that this basin has good potential of surface run off which can be harvested for irrigation and drinking purposes.

148 Vats, P.C. (1986) Geomorphic impact on rural settlements - a case study of Pali district. The Indian Journal of Geography. 15: 54-62

Considerable qualitative work on different aspects of the rural settlements has been done in various parts of India. But the quantitative work on the rural settlements in relation to geomorphology, particularly in arid environment, has received scanty attention of the investigators. However, Sharma (1972) and Vats (1979) and Vats & Singh (1976) have qualitatively studied the impact of geomorphology on the types and distribution of rural settlements in Indian desert, Jodhpur district and Nagaur tehsil, respectively.

149 Vats, P.C. (1987) Application of remote sensing techniques in geomorphological investigation- a case study of Pali district, western Rajasthan. The Deccan Geographer. 25: 139-150

Based on interpretation of the aerial photographs and the LANDSAT imageries, sixteen major geomorphic units were identified in the Pali district. The largest unit is the flat older alluvial plains and the saline buried pediment is the smallest. These geomorphic units have different physical potentials and provide a sound base for the rational land use, soil and water conservation planning and development of the Pali district.

150 Vats, P.C. (1987) Geomorphological investigation of wastelands using remote sensing techniques in Pali district. The Geographical Observer. 23: 1-12

The study, based on remote sensing and field survey, revealed that a large part of waste lands on different landforms have their genesis in fluvial and aeolian activities. These fluvial and aeolian activities wastelands have developed by damming of water courses and profuse saline water irrigation, the sandy wastelands are mainly due to overgrazing, cutting and lopping of natural vegetation. Among the abiotic factors, the most important has been the

landforms, soil texture and soil depth. Amongst different landforms, sand dunes, sandy undulating older alluvial plains etc. are most vulnerable to even slight disturbances, while older alluvial plains do withstand the impact before giving way to wasteland. Thus genesis of wastelands has been clearly shown to be related to geomorphic features which can be readily interpreted on LANDSAT imageries and aerial photographs.

151 Vats, P.C. (1993) Application of remote sensing techniques in land-use/land-cover mapping of Nagaur district. The Deccan Geographer. 31: 11-24

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the predominant earning sources of over 80 percent people of the total rural population in western Rajasthan. In view of limited scope of irrigation and hence largely rainfed cropping the occurrence of drought every third year results in not only low productivity but also caused poverty and hardships of the people. The solution lies in the proper exploitation and utilisation of available natural resources. To ensure this, every piece of land in this region should be put to its optimum use. For this information on existing land-use/ land-cover is essential so that appropriate land-use and land-cover can be planned.

152 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1976) Geomorphic influence on settlements a quantitative approach. The Deccan Geographer. 14: 27-33

Considerable qualitative work on the distributional pattern of rural settlements has been done in various climatic zones of India. but quantitative work on the evolution and distribution of the rural settlements in relation to geomorphology which is an essential prerequisite for rural settlement and land use planning, has received scanty attention in Indian context. This study was initiated to quantify the distributional pattern of the rural settlement in Merta Tehsil of Nagaur district in relation to its geomorphological aspects.

153 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980) Impact of geomorphology on rural settlements in western Rajasthan - A case study of Nagaur tehsil. The Geographical Observer. 16: 1-8

Quantitative geomorphic analysis of the rural settlements in Nagaur tehsil, by employing remote sensing techniques, has revealed that three types of settlements viz., compact, semi-compact and dispersed exist in different landforms. It may be inferred from the above findings that the quantitative information on the number, size, distribution and spatial patterns of the rural settlements will

significantly contribute in the rational settlement and land use planning of the Nagaur tehsil of western Rajasthan.

154 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1989) Impact of geomorphology on spatial distribution and planning of rural settlements in Barmer district, western Rajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 26: 53-58

In this paper the impact of geomorphology on spatial distribution and planning of rural settlements under different geomorphic settings has been discussed. Keeping this fact in view, the study on the evolution and spatial distribution of rural settlements in relation to geomorphology and facets of Terrain by using remote sensing techniques was conducted in the Barmer district. The findings of this study on spatial distribution and planning of the rural settlements are discussed in this paper. Based on the findings of this study measures for proper planning and development of the existing and new settlements in different landforms are suggested by the authors.

155 Vats, P.C., Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1976) Types, orientation and distribution of sand dunes in Bikaner district. The Geographical Observer. 12: 69-75

The present study reveals that there are five types of dunes and they belong to two systems viz. old system and new system. The dunes of old system are parabolic, longitudinal and transverse. These are well stabilised, yet possess a fine mantle of recent sand deposition. Barchan and shrub coppice dunes belong to new dune system. These dunes are in active phase and their sand particles are loose. These dunes have been formed by the westerly and south westerly winds and their axial direction is SW-NE.

156 Viswanathan, T.V. (1962) Studies on the Pyroxene-hornblende andesite from Barmer district, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 66

On the basis of two types of zircon, the author has suggested that the andesite was formed by mixing of two types of magma.

157 Viswanathan, T.V. (1962) Zircon studies of some high level granites from Barmer district, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 66

On the basis of morphology and other character study of 200 zircon cycles it is concluded that the zircon of the Barmer granite crystallised under the same environment except that from Mungeria.

Soil Resources

158 Abichandani, C.T. (1965) Use of aerial photographs for soil survey of arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 172-184

Landscape studies included mainly the older alluvium deposits and aeolian deposits of sand sheets and dune chains with scattered granite and rhyolite hills. Soil mapping units are selected on the basis of landform character, terrain feature inclusive of surface variability and erosion scars, tree vegetation characters and photo tone variability. Considerable time saving is effected and greater accuracy obtained as compared to conventional ground survey following grid pattern.

159 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, V.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1979) Studies on potassium fixation and its relationship with chemical characteristics of some desertic soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 174-180

The K-fixation capacities of grey brown loam, Luni alluvium and hard pan soils, on an average were: 0.535, 0.451, 0.180 and 0.140 meq 100g-1 soil respectively. Sub-surface soils showed higher K-fixation capacity. K-fixation capacity was found to bear a significant positive relationship with organic matter content, fixed K and non-exchangeable K. Highly significant correlation was found between K-fixation capacity and CEC and clay content of soil. Organic matter in soil was found to have depressing effect on K-fixation capacity when regressed alongwith CEC of soil. In these soils, either CEC or clay content can be an important indicator in determining the extent of K-fixation capacity.

160 Bhatnagar, R.S., Atri, S.C., Mathur, G.S. and Choudhary, R.S. (1977) Contribution of organic matter and clay to the cation exchange capacity of the Rajasthan canal soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 433-438

Cation exchange capacity of the Rajasthan canal soils has been recognised in close correlation with clay, silt and organic matter contents, respectively. The contribution of clay was dominant to the CEC followed by OM and silt contents. Multiple regression equation relating clay and OM content. (CEC=0.075 clay + 5.69 OM) with the CEC of soils was found more suitable than that including silt content, and can be used precisely, for prediction of CEC of these soils.

161 Bhatnagar, R.S., Atri, S.C., Mathur, G.S. and Choudhary, R.S. (1979) Boron adsorption equilibrium in soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 86-95

Boron equilibrium in the soils of Rajasthan canal area was studied. The adsorption of boron is found to depend upon the texture of soils. There exists always an equilibrium between adsorbed and soil soluble boron. Freundlich adsorption isotherm is valid for wider range of boron concentrations than Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. Quadratic curve could not be finally treated as an usual form of multimolecular adsorption isotherm for these soils. The free molar energy was more for finer soils but it decreases with an increase in boron concentration.

162 Chandnani, J.J., Gandhi, R.T., Gupta, M.M. and Bodade, V.N. (1958) Tensiometer as an indicator of moisture status in soil. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 2: 137-141

In sandy loam soil, the relationship between tensiometer readings and moisture percentage fairly close and within the readily available range of soil moisture. The tensiometer serves as a good guide for irrigation of wheat and potato crop.

163 Chauhan, S.S., Bhatnagar, R.K. and Seth, S.P. (1972) Distribution of water soluble boron in Rajasthan soils. Rajasthan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3: 17-22

Eight representative soil profiles of Rajasthan were analysed for available boron which ranged between 0.3 and 5.0 ppm. Maximum boron was found in grey brown soils of river basins while minimum was observed in mixed red and black soils. Available boron was found to be positively correlated with pH and clay content and negatively with calcium carbonate. No relationship was observed with organic carbon content and electrical conductivity.

164 Choudhari, J.S. (1984) Fixation of zinc by arid soil clays. Clay Research. 2: 89-92

Zinc fixation varied between 0.52 to 8.10 mg g-1 clay and influenced by type and proportion of clay minerals. Zn fixed by clays increased with increasing addition of Zn. Removal of organic matter or iron oxides or both from clays increased Zn fixation but iron oxide removal had pronounced increase.

165 Choudhari, J.S. (1984)

Genesis and characteristics of dune field soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 181-187

Dune field soils of arid Rajasthan are fine sandy predominated by resistant minerals and slightly calcareous. They are devoid of pedogenetic manifestations except that, (a) homogenisation of sediments and loss of the sedimentary stratigraphy, and (b) leaching of lime and segregation as root casts in interdunal soils.

166 Choudhari, J.S. (1987) Distribution of pedogenic iron in some arid soils of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 133-137

An accumulation of pedogenic iron in B horizon of all the soils was observed but the content was high in soils showing higher degrees of pedogenic manifestations. Distribution of free oxide form of Fe followed the clay profile, whereas the content of amorphous form of Fe was maximum in the surface horizon and decreased with depth. Variation in active iron ratio in these soils was due to ageing effect.

167 Choudhari, J.S. (1987) Forms of magnesium in aeolian and alluvial plain soils of arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 221-227

The contents of various forms were higher than in the soils of other regions. Quantities (mg 100 g-1 soil) of different forms of Mg were : water soluble (9 to 40), exchangeable (3 to 38), ammonium acetate soluble (15 to 57) organic bound (0 to 43), reserve (120 to 519) and mineral (81 to 651), respectively representing 1 to 5, 0.5 to 3, 2 to 5, 0 to 3, 17 to 40 and 16 to 47 per cent of the total (0.597 to 2.648 g 100 g-1 soil) material. Type and proportion of 2:1 minerals influenced the exchangeable and reserve forms of Mg whereas mineralogy of fine sand influenced the content of mineral form of Mg. Free CaCO3 contained 10 to 30% of the total Mg. Various forms of Mg were significantly inter-related.

168 Choudhari, J.S. (1988) Distribution of elements in some aridisols developed on quaternary sediments. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 205-211

Seven pedons of aridisols, developed on aeolian and alluvial plains, and formed during early Holocene to early Pleistocene in western Rajasthan were studied for the total elemental composition, their distribution and association of elements with each other and also with soil constituents. Si was the most predominant element followed by Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Zn and Cu. Contents of Al, Fe, Mg, Cu and Zn were found to increase in soils with increasing age of the landforms. Aridisols developed on older landforms showed

a higher concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Mg, Cu and Zn in the B horizon of the profiles than A and C horizons, whereas these were uniformly distributed in soils developed on Holocene aged landforms. Correlation matrices revealed a variance control of finer fraction on the contents of Al, Fe, Mg, and K.

169 Choudhari, J.S. (1988) Genesis of two aridisols on two distinct rock formation regions in western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 747-757

Genesis of pedons of two aridisols (Gajsinghpura and Pipar) on two distinct regions of rock formation on aggraded alluvial plain of middle of early Pleistocene was studied. Morphology of both the soils showed well aggregated dark brown B horizon with appreciably more clay than in A and C, and a calcic layer underneath with well formed lime segregation. Micromorphology, besides confirming mineral alteration and illuviation of clay, showed distinctness in microstructure, ground mass and pedofeatures. In situ formed calcitic segregations are pure in Pipar soils and impregnative in Gajsinghpura soils. Mica, smectite, vermiculite and kaolinite are dominant minerals in both Gajsinghpura soils characterised by attapulgite and Pipar soils by chlorite minerals.

170 Choudhari, J.S. (1988) Moisture characteristics of aridisols and their relationship with soil properties and mineralogy. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 57-62

In general, water holding capacity, moisture equivalent and available water capacity were the function of particle size fractions, exchangeable sodium percentage and organic matter content. Magnitude of increase in AWC did not show an increase in line with increase in clay content. Content of very fine sand also showed significant positive correlation with moisture characteristics. The differential moisture release pattern was explained by mineralogy of soil clays.

171 Choudhari, J.S. (1988) Pedogenic distribution of zinc in aridisols of western Rajasthan, India. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2: 157-164

Eight pedons developed on different parent material and showing different degrees of pedogenic manifestations in arid region of western Rajasthan were studied for different fractions of zinc. Water soluble and exchangeable Zn (0.2-11 µg g-1) extracted with ammonium acetate, was higher than for other region soils., Organically bound Zn (1.2-8.3 µg g-1) did not vary as much as the organic matter content in the soils, whereas the reserve Zn (8.44 µg

g-1) was found to be a function of the type and proportion of clay minerals in the soils. Free iron oxides contained 2 to 33% of the total Zn. Zinc showed increasing association with crystalline oxides with increasing profile maturity. Fine clay and very fine sand fractions contained maximum amounts of Zn. Variation in the total amount of Zn was largely due to differences in parent materials of the soils. The B horizons of all soils contained higher proportion of the total, reserve and organic bound Zn than the Ap and C horizons.

172 Choudhari, J.S. (1990) An indigenous resin for thin section of soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 221-223

A polyester resins, UP/M/121 was found satisfactory for impregnation of coarse and moderately fine textured soils. Details of the procedure involved for impregnation and preparation of thin sections have been described.

173 Choudhari, J.S. (1991) Humus in pedogenetically varying aridisols of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 39: 134-138

Seven pedons of aridisols at different stages of profile development were studied for the content and distribution of humic matter and their fractions. The humus matter is controlled by the nature of the parent material. The distribution patterns show an accumulation of humic matter in the B horizon of the profiles and content was higher in soils showing higher degree of profile development. The humus in most of the soils is dominated by the humic acid fraction, which is more humified in soils showing least degree of profile development.

174 Choudhari, J.S. (1992) Association of zinc and copper with free sesquioxides and extractable micronutrients in arid soil of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 289-292

Amorphous and crystalline sesquioxides of aridisols were studied for the micronutrient (Cu and Zn) content and relationship with DTPA extractable Cu and Zn. A larger proportion of Cu and Zn was associated with amorphous sesquioxides than that with crystalline. The oxides associated elements content showed a significant positive correlation with the contents extracted by DTPA solution.

175 Choudhari, J.S. (1992) Pedogenic distribution of copper in some aridisols of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 720-723

Content of ammonium acetate soluble, organically and free oxides bound, and `reserve' Cu were higher in the B horizon of the pedons. These fractions increased with enhanced degree of pedogenic manifestations. Nature and source of parent material influenced the total Cu content, whereas the type and proportion of clay minerals were found to be the function for `reserve' Cu. Very fine sand and fine clay contained maximum amount of Cu than other fractions of sand and clay. In dune and sandy soils, major proportion of Cu was found to be associated with sand content whereas in other soils it was associated with clay and oxides.

176 Choudhari, J.S. (1993) Micromorphology of the diagnostic horizons of aridisols of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 141-143

The micromorphology of the diagnostic horizons of the Aridisols of western Rajasthan was studied to characterise pedofeatures. The ochric epipedon does not show any pedofeatures except coatings and mica phantoms. The Cambic horizon in sandy soils showed partially weathered grains of weatherable minerals and channel infillings, whereas moderately fine textured soils showed textural pedofeatures as well as phantoms of mica and feldspars. Argillic horizon showed illuvial clay as specks in voids and as poorly laminated in channel and vughs. The Calcic horizon showed calcitic pedofeatures of varying morphology, as channel infillings, micronodules and pure crystallitic nodules with and without iron oxide impregnation.

177 Choudhari, J.S. (1994) Distribution and source of calcium carbonate in arid region of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 42: 615-621

The distribution pattern and source of lime, a characteristic component of arid landscape of western Rajasthan, in a large number of soil profiles, deep sections and calcareous patches were studied. The CaCO3 present as finely dispersed and segregates, increases with depth in soils on different landforms and is influenced by topography within the landform. The variation in content of CaCO3 (47.6 to 726 kg m-3), increasing trend with depth, absence of peak concentration, presence of micro-crystallised calcite in voids, channels and as coating of skeleton grains; presence of in situ formed segregates, suggest that lime was present in the parent material inherited during aggradational processes. Pedogenic processes redistributed CaCO3 in the soils and landscape. The surface flow enriched patches in the plains with CaCO3.

178 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981) Clay mineralogy of medium-fine textured alluvial soils of western Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of science. (A) 47: 695-704

Clay mineralogy of three soil series of western Rajasthan were investigated by means of X-ray, DTA, chemical and selective dissolution analysis. These soils are developed from alluvium derived from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The clay fraction consists chiefly of mica (illite), smectite, vermiculite and kaolinite. Fine clays of Gajsinghpura and Pipar soils are dominated by smectite whereas Palaripichkia by mica. Minor amount of attapulgite is found in soils (Gajsinghpura) developed from alluvium of dolomitic limestone region. Mica is the most predominant mineral in coarse clay fraction. Amongst all the three soils studied, the highest amount of amorphous aluminosilicate was found in the lower soil horizon of Pipar soil. Fine clay contains higher amount of amorphous aluminosilicate having high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio than the coarse clay.

179 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1982) Clay mineralogy of arid zone soils developed from quaternary deposits of western Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences.(Earth and Planet Science). 91: 119-126

Clay mineralogy of pedons developed from quaternary deposits on Holocene, latest Pleistocene, mid Pleistocene and denuded Palaeozoic sandstone surfaces of western Rajasthan revealed that mica (illite) smectite and kaolinite are inherited clay minerals. Al/Fe-interlayered smectite and chlorite in soil clays of Holocene surface, mixed layer mineral in latest Pleistocene, smectite in mid Pleistocene and mixed layer and vermiculite in denuded sandstone soils are attributable to desilication, alumination and transformation of minerals under more wet palaeoclimate than present. Accumulative and evaporative environment on mid-Pleistocene surface favoured the formation of smectite.

180 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1982) Clay mineralogy of dune and associated sandy plain soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 342-347

Chemical and cation exchange characteristics, X-ray and DTA study of coarse and fine soil clays from duny areas of western Rajasthan showed that fine clays contained smectite, mica, mica-smectite and kaolinite. In addition to these, dune soil clay had minor amounts of interlayered smectite and chloritic minerals, whereas the interdunal soil clay had vermiculite, and the alluvial plain soil clay chloritic

minerals. Coarse clays in all the soils were dominated by illite (mica) followed by smectite and kaolinite. Amorphous material was also present in both fine and coarse clays.

181 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1983) Nature and distribution of amorphous aluminosilicates in arid soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 31: 94-98

The coarse and fine clays from selected horizons of ten arid zone soils were studied for the content and composition of amorphous aluminosilicates. Dune soil clays contained highest amount (8 to 15%) of amorphous aluminosilicates followed by interdune (3.5 to 15%), sandy alluvial plains (3 to 7%), and medium to fine textured alluvial plains (4 to 12%). The amorphous aluminosilicate content of fine clays was nearly twice that of the coarse ones. The SiO2 : Al2O3 molar ratio of the amorphous material ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 in coarse clays and from 3.0 to 5.8 in fine clays. Amorphous aluminosilicates in coarse clays were composed of tetrahedral [Si3AlO6(OH)4] followed by octahedral [Al(OH)2.5] and neutral [FeOOH] components, whereas in fine clays they are dominantly composed of tetrahedral component. These components have been defined in the model for soil amorphous ferri-aluminosilicates.

182 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1983) Zinc adsorption by arid soil clays. Clay Research. 2: 52-56

The clay fraction from a few typical soils of arid zone of Rajasthan was separated after removal of carbonates, organic matter and iron oxides sequentially. These clays were equilibrated with zinc solutions having zinc concentration in the range of 0 to 200 ppm, to measure Zn adsorption. The suspension in 0.01N Na2SO4 was maintained at pH 6.0. Langmuir adsorption isotherm described the adsorption data and coefficients were used to evaluate the Zn adsorptive capacities of the clays. Adsorptive capacity varied between 7.8 to 29.2 mg g-1 clay and could be explained by mineralogy of soil clays. Removal of organic matter and oxides decreased adsorption of Zn. Adsorption maxima is found to be inversely related to bonding energy.

183 Choudhari, J.S., Dhir, R.P. and Singh, S.K. (1985) Mineralogy of some soils from reddish brown sandy plain of arid Rajasthan. Clay Research. 4: 38-48

Clay and silt fractions of a few soils from reddish brown sandy plain of Rajasthan were studied for their minerological composition by XRD along with chemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy

and CEC determinations. Five clays though dominantly micaceous, contained high proportion of smectite and/or vermiculite with relatively low content of chlorite. Coarse clays were chiefly composed of mica, chlorite, smectite and mixed layer of minerals. Small amounts of attapulgite, quartz, feldspar and kaolinite were also present. The amorphous components of the clay fraction ranged from 5% to 12%. They were siliceous in nature. The silt fractions were dominated by mica, feldspar and quartz. Minor amounts of other minerals were also present.

184 Choudhari, J.S., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, V.C. (1980) Magnitude of geomorphic influence on soil and land characteristics of some watershed areas in arid regions. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 8: 157-163

The watersheds occurring in rocky and coarse textured buried pediment were mostly covered with shallow, sandy, moderate to severely eroded soils with moderate slope and were grouped in capability class VI, VII and VIII. Watersheds occurring in rocky and medium textured buried pediment were generally observed to have deep, moderately fine textured soils grouped in class III and IV with the exception of Boori watershed which was observed to have majority of the area in the class VI. Watersheds occurring in undulating sandy buried pediment were observed to have commonly deep, sandy soils grouped in class III and IV. In flat aggraded older alluvial plain dominantly deep soils of sandy loam and loam textures occurred which was grouped in class II, III and IV.

185 Dhir, R.P. (1974) An approach to use of aerial photos in small scale soil mapping based on experience of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Society of Photo interpretation. 2: 13-18

Photo characteristics of some of the dominant soils were already known from experience within and outside the survey area. Using these known photo characteristics an interpretation was carried out enabling a coverage of nearly 65% of the total area of the district. Simultaneously, the remaining 35% area split into various sized patches was photo-analysed and the characteristics noted. Thereafter field traversing was taken to carry out checking of the already interpreted area and interpretation of photoanalytical units and a few uncertain areas. This method of partial interpretation-cum- analysis in the first stage itself was found fully workable for the present area. Interpretations of some of the new dominant analytical units are reported.

186 Dhir, R.P. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977)

Observations on genesis and evolution of arid zone soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 25: 260-264

Dunes in western Rajasthan are devoid of any pedogenic activity except for weak segregation of free alkaline earth carbonates. Occurrence of accumulative interdunes, however, suggests that the dunes are not a recent phenomenon and belong to the aeolian activity reported to have taken place 10,000 years B.P. The soils on hummocky aggraded old alluvial plains show weak argillisation, but a distinct illuvial accumulation, partly as crystalline concretions, of free carbonates. Degree of development of concretionary horizon together with some radio- carbon assay, suggests that the landscape belongs to atleast late Pleistocene. The old flat-plains owe their characteristics to influence of fine sedimentary rocks. These soils and landscape are also old but are almost devoid of deflation evidences. High silt and clay contents apparently provided the required strength and stability against aeolian activity. The soil in situ and proluvial landforms are distinguished by presence of gravel and transition to substrata. It seems that though fluctuation might have taken place in wind activity and rainfall, but general aridity has existed at least from late Pleistocene.

187 Dhir, R.P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1978) Recognition of arid zone soil features from LANDSAT imagery. Indian Journal of Photo interpretation. 6: 46-52

Results are based on analysis of band 7 coverage and bands 5 and 7 for a limited area followed by a comparison of these with the known soil distribution as seen in Bikaner, Jodhpur and part of Jalore, Pali and Nagaur districts. At band 7 the dominant course loamy Typic Camborthids in association with dunes could be recognised. Vegetation was found non-interfering though surface soil moisture variation of the period immediately following monsoon months (Sept-Dec.) appeared to do so. Hard pan soils were identifiable largely by their associated features than by soil characteristics proper. Fine loamy Typic Camborthids could not be recognised at series level and as a group also these could be identified only in post-monsoon period when the land is devoid of much of its vegetation cover. Saline areas could be recognised but those occurring in south-eastern tract were largely inseparable from adjoining shallow soils. For these, band 5 image of monsoon months was quite satisfactory. For all other soils, band 7 was better than band 5.

188 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1983) Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and copper in some soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 343-349

A wide spectrum of soils spread over 35,000 km2 area of Nagaur and Jodhpur districts was subjected to analysis for available forms of various micronutrients. Amongst the various soils found in the area, Parbatsar series showed appreciably high value of all the nutrient elements. Kumprawas and Silgaon soils were found to have above average value of zinc whereas Palaripichkian variant, Silgaon and Khajwan soils had more of copper in comparison to other soils. Available manganese ranged mostly from 10 to 20 ppm but it was less than 7 ppm in dune soils. An assessment of the nutrient status of the soils in light of the currently available criteria suggests that all the soils have adequate level of micronutrient elements, only the dune soils appear marginal in respect to manganese and zinc. Available manganese and copper contents were positively and significantly correlated with clay, silt and organic carbon content of the soils. Iron and zinc were not significantly influenced by any of the soil parameters studied.

189 Dhir, R.P., Singh, N. and Sharma, B.K. (1979 ) Nature and incidence of soil salinity in Pali block, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 27-34

The paper presents results of a field and laboratory study of the naturally salt affected lands in Pali block located in the south-eastern tract of western Rajasthan. It is seen that area occupied by such lands forms 25% of the total geographic area of the block. The salinity is generally high to very high and ranges from exclusively sodium chloride type to sodium-calcium chloride-sulphate type. Distribution of salt affected lands appears related to the down-slope nature of the sites and poor surface drainage. Source of salts in all likelihood is the weathering crust within the area itself.

190 Dhir, R.P., Chaudhary, M.R., Jagan Nath and Somani, L.L. (1991) Constraints of sandy soils of arid and adjoining areas of western and northern India and their management. Bulletin of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 15: 52-69

It is estimated that sandy soils in the region occupy nearly 20 Mha in the region. The paper describes the morphological features, water retention characteristics, poor structure development, erodibility and saturated and unsaturated state hydraulic conductivity of the soils. The implications of the latter in conservation of stored moisture and nutrient diffusivity are discussed. While discussing low nutrient reserves, the exacting fertility management requirements are highlighted with illustrations of behavioural aspect from intensively cropped region of the country. The soils are prone also to severe deep percolation losses under irrigation. There

are severe leaching losses of applied nutrients. Scope of available technologies has been given. Though poorly suited to intensive farming, the soils are fairly well suited to pastures and rainfed farming and do offer some response to improved management.

191 Dubey, D.D., Bangar, K.S. and Sharma, O.P. (1986) Characteristics and classification of some salt affected soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 889-892

Reconnaissance soil survey has revealed that salt affected soils occupy 3,83,766 hectares in Anjar, Bhuj, Mundra and Mandvi talukas of Kachchha district, Gujarat. Three pedons have been characterised. Pedon 1 located in Anjar taluka has been characterised as Typic Natrargid. Where salinity-sodicity is low, the soils are cultivated for bajra. Pedon 2 located in banni area of Bhuj taluka has been characterised as Typic Salorthid. These soils have very high EC and ESP. Pedon 3 located on fluvio marine alluvium of dissected coastal plain and deltaic plain in Mundra taluka have been classified as Fluventic Camborthid. Where salinity/sodicity is low, the soils are cultivated for coconut.

192 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1983) Studies on different forms and potassium fixation in some alluvium derived soils of arid zone. Indian Potash Journal. 8: 27-36

Studies on the forms and fixation of potassium in the arid soils developed from alluvium associated with mica schist and lime stone have been carried out. In different soils the content of the forms ranged in the following order : HCl soluble 77.5 to 550 mg; 1 N HNO3 soluble 36 to 325 mg; fixed 29 to 164 mg and 1 N NH4OAc extractable 9.5 to 26.5 mg per 100 gm soil. These contents were fairly high in comparison to other arid soils. Simple correlation and multivariate regression analysis indicated that different soil parameters accounted for variation in HCl soluble, N HNO3 soluble, fixed and NH4OAc extractable potassium content to the extent of 20.9, 10, 11.5 and 23.1 per cent, respectively. The potassium fixation with the addition of 0.1 and 1 mg K g-1 of soil, was 5.5 and 43.7 mg 100 g-1 soil, respectively. The studies revealed that none of the soil parameters studied were found significantly related with potassium fixation. Increased potassium fixation was observed with the higher addition of potassium.

193 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1989 ) Forms and availability of K in the medium textured alluvial soils of arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 101-111

The soils had better contents of potential and available forms but the potassium saturation percentage was lower than that in the

dune and interdunal soils. Correlation of soil parameters and multiple regression analyses with different forms of K revealed that various soil parameters better accounted for the variabilities in available forms than for the potential forms of K. The dynamic relationship between various forms has been discussed.

194 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1989 ) Influence of soil properties on forms of potassium in dune and interdunal soils of arid Rajasthan. Journal of Potassium Research. 5: 61-69

The study pertained to the role of soil physical, chemical and physico-chemical characteristics in influencing the content and distribution of forms of potassium in samples from dune and interdune locations in the arid sandy tracts of Rajasthan. The interdunal samples contained slight to moderately higher amounts of all the K fractions than the dune soils. Potassium soluble in concentrated HCl and 1N HNO3 (boiling) and the fixed form were positively correlated with cation exchange capacity while NH4OAc extractable K showed negative relationship with CaCO3 content. The available K as determined by using different extractants was largely independent of the soil properties. Availability of potassium appeared to be governed by the potential forms of the nutrient rather than the soil attributes.

195 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1990) Quantity-intensity parameters of potassium and their relationship with available forms and soil properties in dune and interdune soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 404-409

Quantity and intensity parameters of potassium and their relationship with the available forms of K and the soil properties in dune and interdune soils of arid Rajasthan are reported. These soils which had low amount of clay, silt and organic matter were characterised by values slightly higher for A R K and lower for (PBC)k and ΔG. K potential is positively correlated with CEC and negatively with pH. Among different extractable forms of K and K extracted by cold sulphuric acid is negatively related with ΔG. Multiple regression analysis shows significant influence of potassium saturation percentage on KL; of potassium saturation and clay on Kx; of pH on K potential and of HNO3, NaHCO3 and water soluble K on Kx. The extractable forms of potassium give predictability of quantity (KL, Ko, Kx) and intensity (A R K) parameters.

196 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1992)

The quantity-intensity parameters of potassium and their relationship with available forms in the salt affected soils of arid Rajasthan. Journal of Potassium Research. 8: 96-105

The quantity-intensity parameters of potassium have been studied in the salt affected soils of western Rajasthan. The curved Q/I relationship through out the range of activity ratio indicated a number of exchange sites. The ARok for these soils ranged between 2-9 x 10-3 (mol L-1 )1/2. The ranges (me kg-1 ) observed were: 1.1-6.0 for KL, 0.2-3.7 for Ko and 0.6-2.5 for Kx. The PBCk and K potential values (me kg-1 ) (mol L-1 )1/2 showed wide variations of 62 to 725 and 1.3 to 210, respectively. The PBCk was also positively related with the H2SO4 K and negatively with water soluble K. Among different Q/I parameters better predictability was given for PBCk and K potential by the soil attributes and for PBCk by the available forms of K.

197 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1993) Studies on potassium fixation and release in arid soils of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 18: 191-199

Studies on the potassium fixation and release in arid soils of Rajasthan revealed that all the dune-interdune and some sandy plain soils are characterised by K release. Soils having less than 5 per cent clay exhibited K release. In different ranges of clay content the mean K fixation was in the order: less than 5% clay: 1.8 mg; 5 to 10% clay : 14.5 mg 11 to 15% clay : 28.4 mg and 16 to 25% clay : 30.8 mg 100g-1 soils. Irrespective of soil texture with increase in the K saturation per cent (KSP) decrease in K fixation was in the order: 0-1.5 KSP : 24.09 mg ; 1.6 to 6.0 KSP, 16.6 mg and 6.1 to 12 KSP : 9.28 mg.

198 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1994 ) Potassium status of the sandy plain soils of arid Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 19: 9-19

The potassium status of sandy plain soils of the arid Rajasthan and relationship of K with the soil parameters has been reported. The soils were adequate in respect of the available K status but when viewed with KSP, 50% samples are likely to have inadequate K release. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the studied soil parameters accounted for 35.6 to 62.0 per cent variability in the available K status. Among different soil parameters only soil pH, CaCO3 and KSP were related with some of the available forms of K.

199 Gajbhiye, K.S. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1979) Study of water soluble boron in some rainfed soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 246-252

In forty two surface soil samples (0-20 cm) from rainfed areas of nine locations of western Rajasthan, water soluble boron varied from 0.43 to 2.58 ppm (average 0.90 ppm). The content of water soluble boron in soils of different locations was found to be maximum in soils of followed by Pali, Sumerpur, Palsana, Luni and Bikaner. It correlated significantly only with EC (sat) and silt plus clay (r=0.697) amongst the soil characteristics studied and hence its fertility status may be predicted by the equation, Y=0.0982 + 0.2442 X1 +0.0353 x (R=0.823), where Y, X1 and X2 is boron, EC (sat) and silt plus clay, respectively.

200 Gupta, I.C. (1972) Note on the relationship between pH of saturated soil paste and 1:2 soil water suspension. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 42: 962-963

Sixty soil samples containing Na2CO3 as dominant salt and 29 soils with NaCl as dominant salt were analysed for pH2 and pHs. In both soils, pH2 and pHs were positively and significantly correlated. The pH2 values were larger in Na2CO3 than NaCl soils. It has been concluded that carbonate soils may be rated as `tending to become alkali' if the pH2 is between 8.5 and 9.5 and `alkali harmful for crop' if pH2 is above 9.5 whereas in chloride soils the corresponding limits should be 8.5-9.0 and above 9.0, respectively.

201 Gupta, I.C., Singhla, S.K. and Bhargava, G.P. (1974) Distribution of lithium in some salt-affected soil profiles. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 22: 88-89

Distribution of lithium in four salt affected soil profiles has been presented alongwith depth, pH, ECe, and ESP. In general, saline soil contained lithium more than 0.5 ppm and highest content of lithium was recorded as 2.5 ppm.

202 Gupta, J.P. (1983) Some studies on hydrothermal regime and daytime heat fluxes in a desert sandy soil with and without vegetation. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology Series B. 32: 99-107

The studies conducted during 1977-78 showed higher moisture regime of a bare sandy soil of Jodhpur than the soil with vegetative cover. Mean maximum temperature of a bare soil at 5 cm depth, in general, was 1 to 2° C higher than the soil with vegetative cover except during July when there was considerable fall in temperature of a bare soil. Daytime soil temperatures at 5 cm depth during summer were higher than the lower depths leading thereby to downward movement of heat. In winter, however, the temperatures of lower layers were higher facilitating the upward flow of heat and

the vapour flux. A high variability in heat fluxes with generally positive daytime heat fluxes in summer and negative in winter were observed.

203 Gupta, R.S. (1958) Investigation on the desert soils of Rajasthan - Fertility and minerological studies. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 6: 115-120

Desert sands contain phosphates in fair amounts, but nitrogen content is low. Salt content is not in toxic doses. All aeolian sands are calcareous, but calcium content does not vary in any particular direction. In stabilised sandy areas, leaching down of lime causes kanker pan formation in the sub-soil. Minerologically the aeolian desert soil and sands from different localities are similar. In the heavy residue, hornblende predominates while in the lighter residue quartz predominates and next is feldspar, markly kaolinised. Origin of these sands is likely to be similar and may perhaps be greatly marine.

204 Johri, S.N., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, V.C. (1978) Studies on the manganese status of some soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 133-135

Significant positive correlation of easily reducible manganese with available and negative correlation with extractable and acid soluble manganese indicated that easily reducible and available forms were governed by the same sets of conditions whereas extractable and acid soluble forms were inversely related and were of more oxidised nature and less reactive.

205 Joshi, D.C. (1981) A study on the nature and composition of humus in major soil orders of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 29: 25-29

Eight profiles representing major soil orders in different agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan were studied for humus composition. Nature of humic and fulvic acids was characterised by optical density ratios (E4/E6) and coagulation threshold values. Alfisols and Mollisols were characterised by the preponderance of humic acid whereas in Entisols and Vertisols, less of humic acid and significantly higher amounts of non-humic and fulvic acid fractions were observed. Narrow E4 / E6 ratios and lower threshold values of humic acids of Entisols, Mollisols, Alfisols and Vertisols of Banswara profile indicated their well condensed structure but wider E4/E6 ratio and higher coagulation threshold values of humic acid of Kota soil suggested their less condensed aliphatic structure. Fulvic acid of all the profiles studied had wider E4/E6 ratio and higher

coagulation threshold values. Thus, the studies suggest that though there were differences in the composition of humus in different soils, the nature of humic and fulvic acids in these soils were not very much different except the humic acid of Kota and fulvic acid of Banswara profile.

206 Joshi, D.C. (1984) Relationship of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in major soils of Rajasthan and in their humus fractions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 32: 35-38

In eight major soil associations of Rajasthan and their humus fractions, the organic C:N:P:S ratio showed much variations. As compared with other soils, the ratios were rather narrow and the soils appeared to contain higher proportion of phosphorus and sulphur in their organic component. The humic acid showed relatively lower content of sulphur and phosphorus but in fulvic acid and humin their proportions were comparable with that of the soil. Wide variability in the C:N:P:S ratios of soil and humus fractions suggests differential accumulation of sulphur and phosphorus containing organic compounds.

207 Joshi, D.C. (1986) Potassium release behaviour in some arid soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 56-63

The effect of cyclical heating on the release of potassium in typical arid soils and the influence of soil properties on it was studied. The amount of potassium extractable in 1 N ammonium acetate and that after first heating was relatively higher in grey brown loam than in the light loam and light brown sandy soils. On further heating except in a few cases, there was not much difference in K release. Potassium released on first heat treatment was significantly associated with organic matter in all the three types of soils; with subsequent heating in grey brown loam and brown light loam soils, weathered K bearing minerals in silt fraction and illitic nature of clay minerals appeared to contribute for the release. Multiple regression of potassium release on some soil properties indicated better predictability in grey brown loam and brown light loam than in light brown sandy soils. The first two soils also contained more of reserve and interlayered K than in brown sandy soils but there was not much difference in the amount of potassium resistant to depletion. Apart from clay, silt appeared as a major contributor for the reserve and interlayer K in grey brown loam and brown light loam but no such significant association could be identified in light brown sandy soils.

208 Joshi, D.C. (1986) Studies on the adsorption and availability of copper in some arid soils. Plant and Soil. 94: 357-367

Eight texturally different arid soils have been studied for the adsorption reactions of copper and thereby evaluated for their quantity, intensity and supply parameters for the copper. In these soils with the addition of increasing amounts of copper there was increase in the equilibrium concentration, adsorption, per cent saturation of adsorption capacity and supply parameter of copper. However, negative relationship of differential buffering capacity with quantity, intensity and supply parameters revealed that the sandy loam soils exhibited comparatively more resistance to change in the solution concentration of copper. Multiple regression analysis revealed that in all soils quantity, intensity and differential buffering capacity were the sole parameters accounting for the supply of the nutrient. Sandy loam soils having comparatively higher values for the adsorption maxima, bonding energy constant and differential buffering capacity of the soils required higher doses of applied copper to change in the solution concentration than in sandy soils.

209 Joshi, D.C. (1990) Composition and nature of humus in typical aridisols of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 93-97

In arid soils bulk of the organic carbon was present in the non humic form. Organic carbon associated with humic and fulvic acids varied from 3.2 to 48.4 and 3.1 to 30 per cent respectively. With increase in silt + clay, mean values tended to increase slightly for humic and decrease for fulvic acid associated carbon. The humic acids were characterised by well aromatised, condensed nuclei and their nature was similar in different soils.

210 Joshi, D.C. (1992) Relationship between the quantity and intensity parameters of labile potassium in aridisols of Indian desert. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 431-438

Relationships between quantity and intensity parameters of labile K in the aridisols of Indian desert have been studied. Coarse textured soils occurring on sand dune, interdune and sandy plain generally contained low values of quantity parameters (KL, KX, KO), potential buffering capacity and K-potential than the alluvium derived medium and fine textured soils. However, in these two soil groups there was no regular pattern in the intensity parameters, viz. AROk and free energy of exchange (ΔG). Multiple and step down regression

analysis revealed (i) positive influence of silt and pH on labile potassium and K adsorbed on nonspecific site; and (ii) negative influence of silt on PBCK and positive on K-potential. Among the studied soil attributes, most of the variation was accounted for (i) by silt and pH on KL, KO and PBCK; (ii) by silt and EC on K-potential and (iii) by pH, EC and organic C on -ΔG. Relationship of AROk positive with KL, KX, KO and negative with -ΔG indicate that soils low in K supply rate were associated.

211 Joshi, D.C. (1993) Forms and immediate quantity intensity relationship of potassium in salt affected soils of arid zone of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 17: 19-29

A comparison of the data on medium textured salt affected and associated non-saline soils of arid Rajasthan showed that HCl-K was slightly higher in the former than the latter whereas there was no difference in the HNO3 and NH4OAc soluble and fixed K content of salt affected and associated non saline soils. In both, salt affected and associated non-saline soils, the CaCO3 was related positively with HCl K (r=0.393, 0.819; P= 0.01) and negatively with HNO3 soluble (r= -0.615. -0.451) and fixed (r=-0.564, 0.469) forms of potassium. Compared to non-saline soils, the predictability of all the forms of K due to soil parameters was considerably reduced in the salt affected soils. The graphical presentation of Q/I curves and values of quantity-intensity parameters for these two soil groups were comparable indicating that despite high salinity, availability of K was adequate to meet the crop requirement.

212 Joshi, D.C. (1995) Adsorption and desorption of copper by calcareous arid soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 253-257

The study on adsorption of copper by calcareous arid soils of Rajasthan, India, showed that with increasing additions of copper from 2 to 500 mg L-1 there was slight increase in the equilibrium concentration values in Khajwan, Panchroli, Pali and Asop I and Asop II soils. The amount of copper adsorbed at 2 mg L-1 (0.01 to 0.019 mg g-1 ) increased to 4.99 mg g-1 at 500 mg Cu L-1 addition. Adsorption of copper followed the Freundich's equation. The same concentration of desorbed copper (1.79 x 10-6 to 1.35 x 10-5 moles L-1

) low concentration of desorbed copper (2.69 x 10-6 to 2.19 x 10-5 moles L-1 ) at 500 mg Cu L-1 and the copper hydroxide potential values in the range of 18.5 to 19.9 indicated precipitation of added copper rather than multilayer adsorption.

213 Joshi, D.C. (1996)

Adsorption and desorption of zinc by calcareous aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 319-324

Adsorption and desorption of zinc by calcareous soils of arid Rajasthan were studied. Both the calcareous and non-calcareous soils followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calcareous soils had low adsorption maxima and high bonding energy constants than the non-calcareous soils. Addition of up to 1000 mg Zn g-1 soil did not significantly increase the per cent zinc saturation, differential buffering capacity and supply parameter values. With further addition of Zn there was rapid rise in saturation. In calcareous soils high per cent saturation , low buffering capacity and low supply parameter values indicated that inspite of high zinc application, availability of zinc was limited. Lower desorbed zinc in calcareous soils indicated strong affinity of zinc with CaCO3. However, the zinc potential (pZn+ pOH) values in the range of 17.7 to 20.1 suggested that applied zinc could be retained by the soil as Zn²+. Frequent application of Zn was necessary in calcareous soils to maintain its availability to plants.

214 Joshi, D.C. (1996) Status and availability of potassium in arid soils : state of knowledge. Current Agriculture. 20: 33-42

The review of research work on the status, fixation release and quantity-intensity parameters of potassium in arid soils of Rajasthan has been presented. Total K in different arid soils was in narrow range (0.54-1.57%) with slightly higher values in dune and interdune soils. Of the total K, the HCl soluble K accounted for 7 to 9 per cent in dune interdune and 10 to 18 per cent in medium/fine textured soils. The N HNO3 soluble and fixed K were in slightly lower ranges than in other soils. The mean values of NH4OAc-K were much different in dune, interdune, sandy plain and the medium textured and salt affected soils. The dune/interdune soils showed negative K fixation where as in sandy plain and medium textured soils the values were higher. With increase in K saturation per cent there was decrease in K fixation capacity. The potassium release increased with the soil texture getting finer. Apart from clay, silt appeared to contribute for K release in medium/fine textured soils. The ARoK values were slightly higher for medium/fine textured soils. The coarse textured dune, interdune and sandy plain soils were generally low in labile K, K adsorbed on non-specific and specific sites and buffering capacity than the medium textured soils. Higher intensity parameters were associated with higher quantity parameters and low energy of K removal.

215 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)

Distribution of different forms of copper and zinc in the soils of extremely arid part of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 29: 379-381

The soils of arid Rajasthan are being investigated for their micronutrient status. The present communication reports results in respect of extremely arid tracts of Jaisalmer, Barmer and part of Jodhpur districts. Copper and zinc in the extracts were determined with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The soils were also analysed for CaCO3, organic carbon, particle size distribution, pH and salinity by following conventional methods.

216 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1982) Distribution of different forms of manganese and iron in the soils of extremely arid part of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 1-8

Total manganese and iron contents of the soils were slightly higher in south western sandy plain. Except the playa soils, which contained lower amounts of reducible and active manganese, all the sandy plain soils generally contained these forms of manganese comparable to the adjoining arid zone soils but were quite low when compared with the similar soils of Punjab and Haryana. The significant correlation between forms of iron and with the soil parameters indicated that availability of these two nutrients was not governed by the similar soil characteristics.

217 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1983) Available forms of manganese and iron in some arid soils and their relation with soil properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 7-14

Available forms of manganese and iron in some arid soils of western Rajasthan have been determined and their contents related with pH, CaCO3, finer fraction(silt+clay) and organic carbon of the soils. The mean values of the exchangeable, reducible and DTPA soluble manganese decreased with increase in pH and CaCO3 contents. Though with the increase in finer fraction and organic carbon contents the mean values of the available forms did not follow steady trend. The exchangeable and DTPA soluble iron content did not appear dependent on pH, CaCO3, finer fraction and organic carbon content and even very light dune sand contained higher amounts of available forms of iron. Among all the samples studied, only 15 per cent samples appeared deficient in manganese. As regards iron, all the soils studied contained more than 2 ppm exchangeable and DTPA soluble iron and were sufficient in available forms.

218 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)

Distribution of micronutrient forms along duny landscape. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 135-141

Different forms of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in duny landscape of two rainfall zones of Indian arid region have been reported. The dune and interdunal soils of higher rainfall zone contained more of HCl soluble Mn, Zn and Cu; free Fe and Mn; reducible and active Mn and DTPA-Mn than their counter parts in the low rainfall zone. In both the rainfall zones, interdunal soils contained higher amounts of these constituents. DTPA-Fe and Zn were more in the dune soils of low rainfall zones and in both the rainfall zones interdunal soils contained less amounts than the associated dunes. Most of these soils appeared well provided with the iron, copper and zinc but deficient in manganese content.

219 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1988) Contribution of micronutrient forms to their DTPA extractable pool in arid soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 64-70

Contribution of forms of micronutrients to their DTPA extractable pool was variable in three textural groups of the soils examined. In coarse, medium and fine textured soils, amongst themselves the various forms of Mn showed positive relationship and exchangeable Mn appeared a significant contributor to the DTPA pool. DTPA-Fe was negatively influenced by the studied forms. Positive influence of HCl-soluble and exchangeable Zn was evident in the medium textured soils. Significant and variable influence of HCl-soluble Cu could account for only 8 to 16% of the variations in DTPA pool. Considering different forms, variability in DTPA extractable fraction was much better explained for Mn in coarse and to some extent for Zn and Cu in medium and for Fe in fine textured soils.

220 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1978) Studies on the fractionation of organic sulphur in some broad soil groups of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 2: 79-82

Fractionation of organic sulphur in typical nine profiles studied in arid and semi arid regions has been carried out. Most of the organic sulphur was associated with non humic fraction. Among the humic fractions higher amount of organic sulphur was associated with humin followed by FA and HA. General decrease of HA-sulphur/FA-sulphur ratio with depth indicated that higher amount of FA bonded sulphur occurred in B horizon. Significant correlation of organic sulphur with all the humic fraction bonded sulphur and with organic sulphur indicated that transformation among these forms were interrelated.

221 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1979)

Chemical and potentiometric titrations for characterisation of functional groups in humus fractions of some Rajasthan soils. The Andhra Agriculture Journal. 26: 209-213

Potentiometric and chemical titration techniques have been used for the characterisation of functional groups in humic acids, fulvic acids and humin of Rajasthan soils. Potentiometric titration curves were sigmoidal for humic acid, flat to linear for fulvic acid and almost linear for humin. Humic acid showed two, fulvic acid two to three and humin one inflexion points. First inflexion point corresponded with the neutralisation of carboxylic and second and third inflexion with phenolic groups.

222 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1979) Studies on humus characterisation and distribution in particle size separates in some typical soils of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 27: 252-260

Infra-red spectra of fluvic acid showed a very sharp peak at 1725 cm-1 band indicating preponderance of carboxyl and carbonyl groups. The very sharp and steep curves at 1630 cm-1 band for humic acid and humin indicated the presence of aromatic C=C nucleus in these compounds. Differential thermo-gravimetry of these humus fractions showed three pyrolysis bands, relating to main reactions governing pyrolysis. Absence of high temperature peaks in humic and fluvic acids in some soils suggested openness of their structure. The variation in the organic matter associated with particle size fractions was in the order: clay (30 to 80%), silt (9 to 82%) and sand (2 to 17%). In all soils, clay fraction accounted for bulk of organic matter with the exception of Ganganagar and Jaipur soils. In Banswara (black), Sirohi and Udaipur profiles, humic acid carbon dominated the clays in all the horizons. In Kota, Banswara (red) and Chittorgarh profiles, carbon found with silt and clay accounted for only small fraction of humus and most of it was either non-humic or in firm linkage with inorganic constituents. There was no definite relation of humus fractions with sand and silt but clay was significantly related with organic carbon and humic acid carbon.

223 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1980) Physico-chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of humin of some typical soil groups in Rajasthan. The Madras Agriculture Journal. 67: 85-89

Humin extracted from eight profiles representing typical soil groups in Rajasthan was studied for elementary composition, functional groups, spectre under visible ranges and coagulation threshold

values. Variation in C, N and S contents and functional groups of humin of different soils were in ranges comparable with those reported elsewhere. Variation in elemental composition of humin appeared to be related with the stage of humification. E4/E6 ratio and coagulation threshold values indicated that humin of Banswara (black) and Kota soils were similar in behaviour to humic acid. Humin of Jaipur, Ganganagar. Sirohi, Udaipur, Banswara (red) and Chittor soils was characterised by wider E4/E6 ratio and higher coagulation threshold values indicating their resemblance to fulvic acid.

224 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1981) Distribution of total and humus phosphorus in relation to some soil characteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 137-144

Content and distribution of total phosphorus and different forms of organic phosphorus have been studied in some typical soil profiles of Rajasthan. Most of the organic phosphorus was associated with non-humic fraction followed by fulvic acid and humic acid. Humin did not contain any phosphorus. Humic and fulvic acid bound phosphorus increased with organic carbon and clay + silt content of the soil but the relationship was not significant. Significant correlation between phosphorus associated with humic and fulvic acid and also between organic phosphorus and non-humic phosphorus fraction indicated association among some components of these fractions.

225 Joshi, D.C. and Saxena, S.N. (1972) Distribution of organic phosphorus in humus fractions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 20: 117-120

Maximum organic phosphorus has been fractionated with non-humus fraction, followed by ß-humus, fulvic acid, humic acid and hymatomelanic acid. Humins did not contain phosphorus. Phosphorus associated with humus fraction is not interrelated except in case of fulvic acid and ß-humus which has significant negative correlation.

226 Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, B.K. (1986) Adsorption and desorption of zinc by some sandy soils of arid Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 257-263

In zinc adsorption studies with six sandy soils of arid region of Rajasthan it was seen that with increasing additions of zinc there was rise in equilibrium concentration, adsorption and per cent saturation of zinc, adsorption capacity and supply parameters while differential buffering capacity decreased. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm; adsorption maxima and bonding energy

constants varied from 1.18 to 5.26 mg g-1 and 0.002 to 0.014 ppm-1, respectively. Little higher values of zinc hydroxide potential suggested that all these soils were under-saturated with respect to Zn(OH)2 and ZnCO3 and Zn²+ was held more strongly.

227 Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, K.D. (1987) Characteristics of the short distance transported fluvial sediments in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 55-66

Characteristics of the short distance transported sediments in an arid environment have been studied. Sediment derived from the sandy plain, dune complex and rocky gravelly catchments contained more clay and silt than the matrix soil. The sand fraction of these sediments, dominated by poorly sorted finer grade, showed narrower size range than the soil proper indicating restricted velocity fluctuation during sedimentation.

228 Joshi, D.C., Choudhari, J.S. and Sharma, V.C. (1982) Infiltration characteristics of the arid zone soils. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 10: 25-28

The infiltration studies were carried out at 14 different locations representing very deep/sandy, deep medium-textured and shallow soils underlain by rocks and pervious concretionary strata. The infiltration rate decreased in the order: very deep sandy (18-6 cm/hr)> deep medium textured (10.8-1.25 cm/hr) > shallow soil (12 to 0.8 cm/hr). Higher content of coarse sand in soils of Mathania series (Balrava and Baori Khurd) and Dune series (Rampura) were associated with high infiltration rate whereas Chirai soils of Agolai containing more of fine sand was associated with relatively low infiltration rate. Similarly shallow soils underlain by concretionary zone showed higher infiltration rate than those underlaid by the rock.

229 Joshi, D.C., Dhir, R.P. and Gupta, B.S. (1982) Distribution of different forms of copper and zinc in some soils of arid Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 547-549

In the present study, data on available copper and zinc in some typical arid soils are reported and their relationship with the soil characteristics discussed.

230 Joshi, D.C., Dhir, R.P. and Gupta, B.S. (1983) Influence of soil parameters on DTPA extractable micronutrients in arid soils. Plant and Soil. 72: 31-38

The influence of soil parameters on the DTPA extractable micronutrients in texturally different soils appeared variable. In the three types of soils. Among the different soil parameters negative dominating influence of CaCO3 on the DTPA extractable iron and of soil pH on the DTPA extractable manganese indicated that soil pH and reduction-oxidation status exerts major influence on their availability. The DTPA extractable manganese was also influenced positively in coarse textured soils by organic carbon and free manganese and in fine textured soils by free iron. The DTPA extractable zinc content, in coarse and medium textured soils was negatively influenced respectively by free iron and pH. The DTPA extractable copper in coarse and medium textured soils appeared related with the organic carbon content. The predictabilities of DTPA extractable iron, manganese and copper was much better in the coarse textured soil (34, 66 and 37 per cent) whereas DTPA extractable zinc could be better predicted (26 per cent) only in the fine textured soils.

231 Joshi, D.C., Gupta, B.S. and Dutta, B.K. (1982) Soil factors affecting forms of potassium and potassium fixation in some arid soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 199-205

Mean values of HCl soluble, N HNO3 soluble, fixed and available forms in dune and interdunal sand, light brown sandy and brown light loam soils were low than the grey brown soils. The potassium fixation capacity of different soils decreased in the order: Grey brown loam > brown light loam > light brown sandy > dune and interdunal sand. The dune and interdunal soils because of very low clay content showed negative potassium fixation. The clay, silt and organic carbon content of soils significantly affected the relationship between fixed potassium and potassium fixation capacity. Different soil parameters accounted for 44.9, 49.6, 53.4 and 72.6 per cent variability in HCl soluble, N HNO3 soluble, fixed and available potassium and potassium fixation capacity, respectively. Potassium fixation capacity can be best predicted by the regression equation arrived at as it gives 72.6 per cent variability.

232 Joshi, D.C., Johri, S.N. and Sharma, V.C. (1978) Studies on the forms of potassium and potassium fixing capacity in some arid soils of Jodhpur region. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 273-278

Studies on the forms of potassium and potassium fixing capacity have been carried out in nine profiles of arid region. HCl soluble, water soluble and exchangeable potassium were low and N HNO3 soluble and fixed potassium were in comparable amounts with that in semi-arid and sub-humid soils. Significant correlation of organic carbon, CaCO3, clay contents and CEC of soils with forms and fixing

capacity of soils indicated their impact on relative accumulation of different forms of potassium and their distribution in profiles. Potassium fixing capacity of arid soils ranged from 0.3 to 1.9 m eq 100 gm-1 soils.

233 Joshi, D.C., Sharma, B.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1983) Studies on the adsorption of Zn by fine textured alluvial soils of arid Rajasthan. Clay Research. 2: 39-45

Typical fine textured alluvial soils of arid Rajasthan were equilibrated with Zn ranging in concentrations from 5 to 1000 ppm and the data were fitted to Langmuir adsorption equation. Wide variation in the amount of Zn adsorbed by different soils was observed at higher concentration. The adsorption maxima, varying from 2.03 to 10.91 mg g-1, had significant negative relationship with CaCO3 and silt content. The bonding energy constant, ranging from 0.004 to 0.085 ppm-1, showed positive relationship with clay and CaCO3 content. Highly significant positive correlation of ppm Zn added with equilibrium concentration, per cent saturation and supply parameters of Zn and the significant negative correlation with differential buffering capacity suggested that with increased Zn application, quantity and intensity parameters increased in arid soils and showed lesser resistance to change in the Zn concentration.

234 Joshi, D.C., Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1988) Forms of iron and manganese and their availability in the salt-affected soils of the Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin of Rajasthan. Tropical Agriculture. 65: 41-48

There was little difference in the HCl- soluble Fe and Mn and free Mn contents of the salt affected and normal soils of an arid region of Rajasthan, but in the highly saline surface horizons exchangeable and DTPA-soluble Fe and Mn were higher. Free Fe and forms of Mn showed negative relationship with pH and CaCO3 but no relationship with EC was observed. Despite high salinity, available Fe and Mn were adequate in the salt-affected soils except the Jelwa and Haryadhana soils. Free, reducible and active forms of Mn were low in the highly saline and/or calcareous horizons of the salt-affected soils. Compared with normal soils, in salt-affected soils predictability of different forms of these micronutrients was very much reduced. Thus salinity vitiated the interacting effects of soil parameters on the forms and availability of Fe and Mn.

235 Joshi, D.C., Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1988) Influence of salinity and associated soil properties on status of available Zn and Cu in salt-affected soils of Guhiya catchment

(Rajasthan). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 833-836

Present study was taken up to evaluate the influence of soil salinity and other properties on the forms and availability of Zn and Cu in the salt-affected soils of Guhiya catchment. The salt affected soils and associated non-saline soils contained HCl soluble, exchangeable and DTPA extractable Zn as 31.9, 1.10, 1.10 and 33.4, 1.37, 0.90 ppm, respectively. The corresponding contents of Cu were 5.3, 0.54, 1.18 ppm, respectively. Soil texture., CaCO3 and organic carbon accounted for major part of variability but high EC/ESP appeared to vitiate different forms.

236 Kaushalya, R., Joshi, D.C., Vats, P.C. and Gheesa Lal. (1990) Morphology and texture of shifting sand in western Rajasthan, India. The Indian Geographical Journal. 65: 26-39

The morphology and texture of shifting sand in the western part of Rajasthan has been described here. While knob dunes predominate the western side of the traverse between Jodhpur and Bikaner, barchan dunes are conspicuous by their presence in Bhaler-Churu region. Longitudinal dunes which are almost stable are found in the Bikaner-Pugal -Chattargarh area. With minimal shifting sand, sand veneer and deflated surface are significant features in the landscape between Kuchamman and Gotan. The prevailing unidirectional winds are responsible for these features which are slightly altered by presence of vegetation and local wind patterns created by the topography.

237 Kalra, N.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1994) Spectral reflectance characteristics of salt-affected arid soils of Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 22: 183-193

The spectral reflectance characteristics of different types of natural and anthropogenic salt-affected soils have been studied under field conditions. The spectral reflectance value for non-saline and all types of salt-affected soils was maximum in near infra-red region (800-1000 nm). The natural salt-affected soils having surface salt encrustation showed highest reflectance value followed by the sodic soils (formed due to high residual sodium carbonate water irrigation) natural saline soils and saline soils due to saline water irrigation. Soil texture, pH, CaCO3 and organic matter together accounted for 29.6% variation in the maximum reflectance percentage value out of which only pH accounted for more than half (14.2% variation).

238 Kalra, N.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1996)

Potentiality of LANDSAT, SPOT and IRS satellite imagery, for recognition of salt affected soils in Indian arid zone. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 17: 3001-3014

LANDSAT, SPOT and IRS data, black and white and false colour composite (FCC) imagery of the summer (April, May), rainfed crop season (October) and winter irrigated crop season (January, February) of Indian arid zone were interpreted for recognition of three types of salt affected soils, viz. (1) natural salt affected; slight, moderate and severe, (2) saline soils due to saline water irrigation, (3) sodic soils due to high residual sodium carbonate (RSC) water irrigation. These were field checked and supported by analytical data. The LANDSAT MSS band 4 could only provide the overall extent of salinity. The moderate and severe natural salt affected soils were identified by LANDSAT-MSS band 2, LANDSAT-MSS and TM, IRS LISS-I and LISS-II and SPOT HRV2 data for April and January. But the differentiation between the saline and sodic soils was possible only by the use of multi-date imagery (October and January) and the clue provided by the use of multi-date imagery (October and January) and by cropping pattern. The potentiality of remote sensing data products for identification of the types and degree of salt affected soils is discussed.

239 Kolarkar, A.S. and Abichandani, C.T. (1967) Soil survey of Jalor development block-using aerial photo-interpretation technique. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 220-227

A reconnaissance survey was conducted in Jalor development block (Western Rajasthan)comprising an area of about 94.280 hectares. The survey was done with the use of aerial photo interpretation techniques. Apart from dissected sand dunes and hilly terrain, 10 different tentative soil series were mapped. The soils are briefly described. The scale of the photographs was 1:40,000. A total of 9 days actual field traverse was done and during the traverse, 45 soil profiles and 51 auger bores were studied. Before finalisation of map 3 days field work was carried out for field check of the interpolated soil boundaries with 21 check points. The interpretation and interpolation were mainly based on the relationships checked in the field between soils and the landscape elements and the latter stereo images on aerial photos. The relationship of soils mapped and the landscape elements with their photo-image characters has been brought out.

240 Kolarkar, A.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981) Observations on cropping pattern and crop performance in various soil taxonomic units in Jodhpur district (Western Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 1-5

Observations on pattern and yield of crops in relation to soils in a 300-400 mm rainfall zone shows that as a mono crop, pearl millet is dominant and does well on light to medium textured soils. On largely droughty dune sands the crop is grown more in mixture with moth bean. On medium textured soils, besides pearl millet, sorghum and sesamum become increasingly prominent. On the heavy textured silty clay loam soils, large area is left fallow on which wheat and barley are grown in rabi on conserved moisture. On light textured soils with hard pan, clusterbean is more popular. The saline-alkali lands are largely put to wheat farming with the use of saline ground waters. The results thus show that despite climatic restraints, the soil conditions have appreciably affected the choice and performance of crops.

241 Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1970) Diagnosis of sodic conditions in saline - alkali soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 31-35

An attempt has been made to find out the relationships between: (i) pH of soil and the ESP status (ii) SAR of soil paste extract and ESP in the saline and alkali soils of western Rajasthan. Highly significant correlations exist between these characters and hence could be used for rapid appraisal of ESP status in saline and sodic soils. An adaptability of the equation given by U.S. Salinity laboratory to find out ESP from SAR has also been considered. Depending on correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination pH:ESP relation stands first, equation given by U.S. Salinity laboratory second and SAR:ESP relation the third.

242 Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1978) Soil survey of the area under dry land agriculture scheme in western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 2: 15-22

A detailed soil survey was carried out in 5 villages in Jodhpur district, comprising total area of 21912 ha., where the work on dry land agriculture scheme is being implemented. The soil and land capability groups were mapped using base maps of 1:6386. The soil characteristics are discussed and the information on land capability classification and soil phases is provided with the area distribution and the map.

243 Kolarkar, A.S., Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981) Effect of July 1979 floods on soils of arid Rajasthan II. Available micronutrient status. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 163-167

Analysis of sediment deposits ranging in thickness from 20 cm to more than 100 cm due to July 1979 floods on irrigated and intensively managed agricultural lands along the Luni river and its

tributaries revealed that the available micronutrients, viz., Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn are half to the third of the composition of the original soil showing thereby considerable depletion. The sediments are sandy in nature. Finer the sand, higher the available micronutrients. A number of samples indicated values even below critical levels for certain micronutrients in different sectors.

244 Kolarkar, A.S., Dhir, R.P. and Singh, N. (1980) Characteristics and morphogenesis of salt-affected soils in south-eastern arid Rajasthan. Photonirvachak. (Journal of the Indian Society of Photo-interpretation and Remote Sensing) 8: 31-41

Aerial photographs coupled with ground check and laboratory analysis have helped in mapping of four categories of salt affected soils located in the south-eastern tract of arid Rajasthan. The categories are (1) natural saline soils (2) relict saline soils (3) secondary salinised soils due to high water table and (4) secondary salinised soils due to highly saline water use for irrigation. Salinity in natural salt affected soils is mostly sodium chloride followed by sodium-calcium chloride and sodium-chloride-sulphate type. The distribution of the natural salt affected soils along the natural drainage or inconspicuous depressional areas suggest that their occurrence is due to insufficient surface drainage. Further, the pattern of distribution indicates that the origin of salt is within the catchment itself. Deep ploughing and application of organic material have reversed the upward flux of salts and improved the soils. This phenomenon also seems to explain the large occurrence of soils of relict salinity.

245 Kumar, V.R. (1962) Genesis of alluvial soils in arid and semi-arid tracts. The Madras Agriculture Journal. 49: 71-76

Genesis of arid and semi-arid soils from tracts of West Uttar Pradesh is reported. The clay minerals in these soil comprise a mixture of Illite and montmorillonite. In the light soil fraction, quartz mica and feldspar constitute 98% of the minerals. Minerological analysis of fine and analysis indicate the origin of these alluvial soil from granite and genesis rocks and their further transportation by action of water to the plain.

246 Lodha, B.K., Joshi, D.C. and Jain, S.V. (1982) Physiography and soil association in Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 326-333

Physiography and soil association relationship has been attempted for Rajasthan state. Physiographic regions are based on published literature and supplementation by authors' own study. Dominant

range and description of major soils are given. Study showed that physiographic regions together with source rock variability are significant factors in governing distribution of soils. Eastern plain derived from schists and gneisses are dominated by Haplustalfs. Chappan plain derived from schists and shales has Ustochrepts and Chromusterts. Hadoti plateau formed from the alluvium of Deccan basalts and Vindhyan shales has Chromusterts, Ustochrepts and Ustifluvents. In western part parent material is important but climate is the dominant factor in highly restricted profile development.

247 Mathur, C.M., Moghe, V.B. and Talati, N.R. (1964) Distribution of boron in soils of western Rajasthan irrigated with high boron waters. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 12: 319-324

Total and available boron contents were much greater in irrigated soils than in unirrigated soils. In irrigated soils only the subsoil contained more available B than the surface layer. Available B was significantly correlated with pH in irrigated soils. In both irrigated and unirrigated tracts it was negatively correlated with finer soil fraction. Total B was significantly correlated with CaCO3 only in unirrigated tracts; it was strongly correlated with content of finer fractions in both kinds of soils. No relationship was observed between available and total B.

248 Megh Singh and Singh, K.S. (1981) Zinc and copper status of soils of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 77-85

The soils were in general alkaline in reaction and low to medium in organic carbon. Total and available zinc contents of different soil groups ranged from 34.8 to 79.6 and 0.34 to 1.50 ppm respectively. Sand dunes, non-calcic brown and recent alluvial soils were deficient in available zinc while the rest of the soils (except hilly and red loam which were in general sufficient) were in general marginal and crops grown on these soils are likely to respond to zinc fertilisation. Available zinc was negatively related with pH and CaCO3, and positively related with organic carbon and silt + clay content while it showed no relationship with total zinc content. Total and available copper content of soils varied from 17.2 to 62.8 and 0.23 to 0.84 ppm respectively. Soil samples belonging to sierozem, sand dunes, recent alluvial, noncalcic brown and deep and medium black soils were in general low in available copper and a response of crops to copper application is expected. Remaining soil groups were sufficiently well supplied with available copper. Available copper was negatively related with pH and positively related with organic carbon and silt +

clay. No significant relationship was observed between available copper and CaCO3 as well as total copper content of soil.

249 Mehra, R.K. and Baser, B.L. (1982) Available micronutrients in sandy loam soils of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 141-144

Soil samples representing sandy loam region of Rajasthan were analysed for the available content of micronutrient elements. Exchangeable manganese, reducible manganese, available copper, boron and iron were found to range between 0.05-18.4 ppm, 19.18-191.25 ppm, 0-30-1.54 ppm and 0.55-5.28 ppm, respectively. Effect of pH, calcium carbonate and organic matter content of soils on the availability of these nutrients was also calculated statistically and discussed.

250 Misra, D.K. and Bhatt, P.N. (1960) Soils of Rajasthan with special reference to arid tract. Soil and Water Conservation in India. 8: 33-38

The soils of desert have been studied. Study of the estimate of particle size distribution in wind blown sand at different heights from ground level, arrest the blowing and encroachment of sand, building up of moisture reserves in the soil, trial of dry farming practices, building up the fertility of the soils, use of special drought resistant strains, develop special cropping practices like wind strip cropping and stubble mulching, special studies of soil moisture and crop production, effect of wind breaks and shelter belts on crop production and soil fertility, studies on tillage implements and their effect on soil and water conservation and special pot culture studies have been made.

251 Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1966) Status of boron in some arid soils of western Rajasthan. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 12: 95-98

In typical soils of the arid tract of western Rajasthan, water-soluble B content was 0.89-10.24 ppm, averaging 3.22 ppm and total B was 4.10-42.19 ppm, averaging 18.99 ppm. No significant correlation was found between these two forms of B. Available B was correlated with soil pH. Total B (but not available B) was significantly correlated with the amount of CaCO3 and finer soil fractions.

252 Mondal, R.C. (1967) Review of work on trace elements in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 161-169

The study of trace elements in Rajasthan has not received much attention so far. There is a great need for detailed study of micronutrients, interalia, demarcation of soil regions of micronutrient deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity for cultivated plants, top feed and domestic animals. Establishment of critical limits of micronutrient requirements of various crops under different soil and environmental conditions. Effect of micronutrients on crops under fertilised condition. Seasonal trace element contents of pasture grasses and top feeds and their influence on sheep and other animals. Factors affecting the trace elements availability of soil under prevailing conditions. Methods of transformation of non-available micronutrients into available form and suppression of toxic effect of micronutrients. It is felt that in future programme of intensive agricultural production, these aspects of investigation, if included, will be of great help in achieving the objectives.

253 Murthy, K.N.K. (1984) Characterisation of infiltration in desert soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Institute of Engineers.. 64: 348-353

Field infiltration data of 31 sites comprising 217 observations and located in different soil types of Sukri catchment in the Luni basin of western Rajasthan, are fitted into Philip's equation. A significant relationship between S and A of Philip's equation is found (correlation coefficient = 0.95). Using similar media concept, these parameters are scaled for all observations and the infiltration phenomenon is characterised. Results indicated that S, A and I at t = 30 m are better approximated by log normal distribution. The error sum of squares from average and best curves suggest better scaling with _ A. Infiltration data scaled by _opt show considerable reduction in the scatter of points around the average curve. All scaling factors correlate fairly well _opt.

254 Murthy, K.N.K., Gupta, B.S. and Issac, V.C. (1978) Interrelationship between rainfall-runoff of treated catchments in arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 259-266

This paper aims to explain the statistical verification of the developed techniques to generate maximum surface water yield from treated catchments under prevailing rainfall condition. Various impervious and water proofing surface covers were tested on a catchment model and their efficiency for generating more surface run-off worked out. The mathematical model developed establishes a dynamic relationship between two major parameters of the hydrologic cycle viz., rainfall and run-off. The model also highlights the relative efficiency of different indigenous materials for harvesting maximum water on an economic basis. Regression

equations both linear and quadratic, for each treatment have been worked out.

255 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982) Occurrence of Azotobacter and nitrogen fixation in the desertic soils. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 22: 255-257

Azotobacter population was recorded in all the desertic soils but in low numbers. The population in these soils varied widely. Similar trend was observed with respect to N2 fixing capacity (N2-ase activity) of these soils. A positive significant correlation was obtained between the organic matter content and N2-ase activity. The N2-ase activity of A. chroococcum in culture medium was stimulated by the addition of small amount of soil. The stimulation varied from one soil to another and was not related to the organic matter content of the soil.

256 Rao, A.V., Venkateswarlu, B. and Kaul, P. (1982) Isolation of a phosphate dissolving soil actinomycete. Current Science. 51: 1117-1118

The present paper reports the isolation and characterisation of a phosphate solubilizing actinomycete from a desertic soil. Further phosphorus release as influenced by the period of incubation and temperature is also investigated.

257 Raychaudhuri, S.P. (1952) Desert soils and desert farming. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science, India. 1: 266-268

In India 4.4 million acres of land can be classed as desert soils. The soils are sandy and clay percentage is less at surface than in the sub-soil due to wind erosion and run-off. Some soils are also saline and alkaline. Two profiles one from Bikaner and other from Ajmer are described. The soils are classed as sierozen. Cultivation of these soils depends on moisture conservation by dry farming methods like bunding, preparatory tillage by ploughing, stirring the soil to absorb and conserve rain water, use of seed drills, low seed rate, interculture, manuring with FYM and leguminous rotation.

258 Roy, B.B. and Sen, A.K. (1968) Soil map of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 1-14

On the basis of morphological descriptions of about 200 soil profiles and other soil data collected from various sources a soil map of Rajasthan state in the scale of 1:2 million has been cartographed. The map shows 13 soil associations. Delineation of the soil boundaries has been made by taking into account such soil forming

factors as the morphology of the landscape, vegetation, geology, drainage and climate, maps of which in the scale of 1:2 million were prepared simultaneously. Description of the soil associations and of their typical soil profiles have been given.

259 Sanghi, C.L., Lodha, B.K. and Jain, S.V. (1976) Morphology and soil fertility of western Rajasthan (Jodhpur division). Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 23-28

Analysis of over 24 thousand soil samples from Jodhpur division arranged according to soil group are reported. The sandy soils (desert soil) are low in fertility whereas grey brown alluvial soils have higher nutrient status. Brown soils of saline phase have more problems of salinity and alkalinity whereas desert soils, calcic brown and hilly soils least. Fertiliser recommendations according to soil groups for major crops are indicated.

260 Sangwan, P.S., Singh, K. and Sangwan, B.S. (1986) Micronutrient status of arid soils in relation to landforms. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 333-335

In the paper, available micronutrient contents of soil in relation to landforms and some soil characteristics are reported for a part of the Mahendragarh district of Haryana.

261 Sankaran, V. (1980) On some algae from the desert soils of Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 389-394

The desert soil of Suratgarh, Rajasthan, contains algal forms, most of which are potential soil aggregators and some of which are potential nitrogen fixers. These algal forms are not merely primary producers in the desert, but they also possess potentialities for soil aggregation and N2 fixation. They are capable of surviving, multiplication and reproduction under desert conditions. These algal forms, though presenting certain taxonomic problems, give considerable scope for optimism in checking erosion and promoting nitrogen fertility in desert soils.

262 Sarin, J.L. (1952) Salinity of Rajasthan desert. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science, India. 1: 83-88

The salinity of Rajasthan desert is widespread and extensive. The causes of its origin still remain to be explained. They are, however, closely correlated to natural factors which are responsible for the formation and expansion of the desert. Any attempt to arrest the spread of the desert must necessarily give proper consideration to

the conservation of its salinity since it forms a natural source of great economic importance. In this paper attention is drawn to some of the problems that affect the preservation and proper utilisation of salinity to national advantage.

263 Satyanarayan, Y. (1958) Water soluble boron in some desert soils of India. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 6: 223-226

Sixteen soils from arid and semi-arid regions have been analysed. Water soluble boron in these soils varies from 2.6 to 12.2 ppm. and is comparable to that of other desert soils. There was no relationship between water soluble boron and pH. It was however higher in soils with high organic matter and high clay content. Soluble B tended to decrease with depth.

264 Seth, S.P. and Mehta, K.N. (1963) Fertility survey and soil test summaries of some districts of arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 61-68

Soil test summaries based on the analysis of about ten thousand samples from nine districts of western Rajasthan in arid zone have been prepared. The fertility status of the soils of these districts have been discussed. Single value nutrient indices have also been calculated for the purpose of comparing the fertility level of each district. On the basis of the soil test data, general fertiliser recommendations for the principal crops of the region are also given.

265 Sharma, B.K. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1983) Available major and micronutrients in arid soils of Jamnagar district of Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 1-5

Jamnagar district of Gujarat state, receiving only 250 to 300 mm annual rainfall, falls in the arid climate region. Twenty seven composite soil samples were collected and analysed for major and micronutrients from this area. These soils are poor in organic carbon, fairly well supplied with available P2O5 and very high in K2O. As regards available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, they are found to be adequately supplied and none of the samples is found deficient in any of these nutrients. Zn and Cu are found to be significant and positively correlated with organic carbon content. Zn is also found to be positively correlated with CaCO3, while Mn is negatively correlated with it.

266 Sharma, B.K., Dhir, R.P. and Joshi, D.C. (1985) Available micronutrient status of some soils of arid zone. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 50-55

Four hundred and sixty samples from 16 soil series in the central part of Rajasthan arid zone were analysed for available micronutrient contents using DTPA as extractant. Inter-series variation was generally larger than the intra-series one, indicating thereby not only the specificity of individual series but also the improvement that can be brought out in using soil series as sampling base. Available Fe and Zn were not found to be correlated with any of the soil properties studied, but Mn and Cu varied positively with clay, silt and organic carbon content. Unusual values associated with some of the soil series could be due to the source of sediments constituting the parent material.

267 Sharma, B.K., Raikhy, N.P., Gupta, B.S. and Joshi, D.C. (1984) Influence of landscape soil relationship on the forms of manganese and iron in arid soils of Rajasthan. Tropical Agriculture. 61: 221-226

Forms of Mn and Fe were studied in different physiographically located soils in an arid region of India (Rajasthan). The soil content of various forms of Mn and Fe soluble in HCl and DTPA were higher in the soils of the alluvial plain of mid-west India followed by the Gaggar plain, a plain of interior drainage and a sandy arid plain. In soil profiles of the Gaggar Plain and the alluvial plain of the mid-west, there was a slight increase in total, HCl-soluble and reducible forms of Mn with depth, whereas in other soil profiles all the forms of Mn and Fe showed either uniform or irregular patterns of distribution. All the soil parameters together accounted for 74-97% and 47-98% of the variation in different forms of Mn and Fe, respectively. Clay, silt and organic C appeared to be the most effective soil parameters influencing the distribution of different forms of Mn and Fe.

268 Sharma, D.L., Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1968) Salinity and alkalinity problems and fertility status of soils of Pali district (Rajasthan). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 16: 263-269

Morphological characteristics (colour, texture, structure, consistence and drainage) of saline alkali soils and chemical profile data are given in tables. High water tables and saline underground waters in canal-and-well-irrigated areas, respectively, which led to the salinity problem are discussed. The nutrient status and possibility of reclamation of these soils are briefly dealt with.

269 Singh, C.J., Singh, C.B. and Chaudhary, M.R. (1995) Physical characterisation of the rainfed aridisols of Punjab. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 21-26

Three profiles, representing two soil series of south west Punjab, were studied to identify physical constraints affecting crop production and to determine water storage. Soil texture ranged from loamy sand in Jassi Pauwali to sandy loam in Jodhpur Ramana I & II. None of these profiles showed physical constraints to root penetration. Final infiltration rate and field capacity of the profiles varied from 0.26 cm min-1 and 0.068 kg water kg-1 soil (0-180 cm depth) in Jassi Pauwali, and 0.5 cm min-1 and 0.081 kg water kg-1 soil (0-180 cm depth) in Jodhpur Ramana series.

270 Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A .S. (1983) Some physico-chemical properties of soils of “Khadin” in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 11: 5-11

“Khadin” is an age old practice of land use in arid parts of India. It is a system which involves water harvesting from the shallow, rocky surfaces; collection of it on the nearby low lying farm lands during monsoon period and subsequently taking crops like wheat, gram etc. during winter. In the arid region characterised by scanty and erratic rainfall, particularly in Jaisalmer district, this system has proved to be the most useful now for ages without causing any serious deterioration to the crop lands. It is a land use system which ensures some crop yield even in years of low and erratic monsoon rains. Soils from a number of Khadins have been examined and are reported their physico-chemical properties in details.

271 Singh, N. , Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1992) Identification and mapping of saline-alkali wastelands in Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan using remote sensing techniques. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 247-254

Application of remote sensing techniques in conjunction with ground truth for the identification, classification and mapping of natural and man-induced saline-alkali wastelands and their genesis and also morphological and physico-chemical characteristics of soils occurring under different geomorphic settings in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan has been discussed in this paper. These wastelands appear in whitish grey to yellowish grey, whitish grey to dull red and milky white to dull white and light blue tones on LANDSAT TM false colour composites whereas on LANDSAT black and white products, they exhibit white to grey and dark grey tone. The genesis of natural saline-alkali wasteland is associated with the saline depressions, natural drainage channels and low lying areas and the man induced wastelands associated with older and younger alluvial plains and buried pediment had resulted due to the use of canal and saline ground water for irrigation and rise of ground water table.

272 Somani, L.L. and Saxena, S.N. (1974) Studies on organic phosphorus compounds in some soils of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 202-207

The nature of organic phosphorus compounds in some soils of Rajasthan was determined. The nucleic acid content represented by hydrolyzable phosphates ranges from 1.8 to 97.2 ppm (12.21 to 65.14 %) and inositol phosphates i.e. unhydrolyzable fraction ranges from 7.2 to 84.0 ppm (16.5 to 54.5 %). Ratios of organic carbon to organic phosphorus have been found to be narrow, indicating a high P mineralization potential. Significant correlations have been reported between organic C, total N, organic P, available P and hydrolyzable organic P.

273 Talati, N.R. and Agarwal, S.K. (1974 ) Distribution of various forms of boron in north-west Rajasthan soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 22: 262-268

Available and soluble (sat. extract) boron varied from 0.11 to 3.87 and traces to 4.75 ppm, respectively. Total boron ranged from 2.75 to 53.12 ppm with an average of 22.27 ppm in surface soil. Normal soil contained the highest total boron (34.69 ppm) and desert soils contained the least (2.75 ppm). CaCO3 gave significant negative correlation with total boron while available B gave significant positive correlation with pH, EC and finer fractions of soils.

274 Talati, N.R., Dongne, R.S. and Mathur, S.K. (1979 ) Studies on flood plain desert soils of north-west Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 22-29

The floodplain desert soils of N.W. Rajasthan are highly stratified, with texture ranging from sand to clay, with light to medium textured soils occurring in 80 per cent of profiles sampled. Water infiltration rate in the fine textured soils varied from 0.02 to 0.10 cm hr-1. Salinity and alkalinity were highly variable: 64 per cent of profiles were moderate to highly saline, and 57 per cent were moderate to highly sodic. Application of FYM, gypsum and CaCl2

increased water infiltration rate and reduced EC, ESP and bulk density of these soils.

275 Talati, N.R., Mathur, G.S. and Atri, S.C. (1975) Characterisation of alkali hazard in floodplain soils of Rajasthan canal area. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 23: 410-415

Form of sodium not readily soluble in water and exchangeable was evaluated in medium and fine textured floodplain soils of Rajasthan canal area. The correction for this form of sodium, besides negative

adsorption gave good agreement between ESP and SAR values. While classifying alkali hazard of floodplain soils of Rajasthan canal area, non-exchangeable form of sodium should also be considered.

276 Tamhane, R.V., Subbiah, B.V. and Seth, S.P. (1959) Soil fertility survey and soil test summaries of some community project areas in India - Indian arid and semi arid zones. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 7: 239-247

The community project area of Ajmer (Rajasthan), Vivapur (Bombay), Alipur (Delhi), Bhadson (Punjab), Nilokheri (Punjab), Sumerpur (Rajasthan), Junagarh (Bombay) and Nawaspahar (Punjab) of arid and semi-arid region of India have been discussed in detail with respect to geology, soil characteristics, pH, TSS, available N, P and K and organic carbon.

277 Tamhane, V.A. (1952) Soils of Rajputana and Sind deserts. Bulletin of National Institute of Science, India. 1: 254-289

Soils of Sind are formed from deposits of river Indus. Due to hot climate and low rainfall, salts deposit in the soil mostly sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate. Due to introduction of irrigation, it has been possible to reclaim these soils and grow good crops. Rajputana soils lying in the North West of Aravalli range are sandy, ill watered and unproductive. Periodic winds drift large quantities of sand affecting the productivity of the land. Region lying to the S.E. of Aravalli range is fertile containing variety of soils. viz. sandy loam, clay loam and clay.

278 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1981) Distribution of micro-organisms in stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes of the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 203-207

The distribution of micro-organisms in stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes has been studied at three sites in the Indian desert. The populations of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) were low, as in other deserts, but the percentage of actinomycetes was higher than that of fungi. Stabilisation of dunes led to approximately a 200-fold increase in the microbiological populations. The population of actinomycetes decreased with depth after 30 cm, while bacteria and fungi generally declined with increasing depth from the soil surface. Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria in stabilised dunes were higher than in unstabilised dunes.

Water Resources

279 Bhandari, L.M., Bhargava, T.N., Purohit, A.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1970) Potability classification of ground waters in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 221-228

About 900 samples of ground waters from the four districts of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Bikaner, falling in the arid-zone of western Rajasthan, have been classified in five classes on the basis of total dissolved solids, chlorides, total hardness and sulphates, and in three classes with respect to pH, Class I (good) and II (satisfactory) waters, confirm to permissive and excessive limits as per international standards devised by World Health Organisation. Class III (less satisfactory) type of waters are generally used in this region for drinking purposes satisfactorily due to scarcity of good to satisfactory potable water as far as total dissolved solids, chlorides and total hardness are concerned. Class IV (unsatisfactory) waters are also found to be in very rare use for drinking purposes in this region but their utilisation is doubtful as far as health hazard is concerned. Class V (unpotable) waters require definite improvement in their quality.

280 Bhandari, L.M., Purohit, A.D., Jodha, H.R. and Gupta, I.C. (1971) Classification of ground waters for irrigation in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 1-4

About 700 representative ground waters from three districts of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner falling in lowest rainfall zone of 150-350 cm, have been classified in seven classes with respect to electrical conductivity and three subclasses on the basis of divalent cations percentage. Suitability of the ground waters has been assessed for growing salt resistant crops like Kharchi wheat and barley on the desert soils and an appraisal has also been made of the waters which may be used successfully to reclaim sodic soils of the region.

281 Chandrasekharan, H. (1983) A resistivity investigation on archean metamorphics for ground water in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 351-357

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys conducted at short intervals on a metamorphic region in western Rajasthan are presented. Results obtained are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively in the light of available geological and hydrological information in order to locate ground water potential zones. Different aquifer and their nature are associated with clays and silt.

A concealed ridge has also been located in one of the two sections investigated.

282 Chandrasekharan, H. (1984) Geo-electrical investigations-an assessment of groundwater potential zones in Bandi catchment (Upper Luni basin), western Rajasthan. Transactions of Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 46-53

Geo-electrical investigations were conducted in Bandi catchment, a sub-catchment of Luni basin, W. Rajasthan. Based on resistivity data, in situ conductivity measurements of adjoining wells and prevailing hydrogeological features, an overall picture of the existing groundwater potential zones and ground water conditions have been made. Resistivity data have been compared with available borehole lithological data. Also, an attempt has been made to delineate the ground water zones favourable for domestic and irrigation purposes.

283 Chandrasekharan, H. and Ramaniah, D.V. (1984) Geo-electrical investigations for ground water in a catchment of arid western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 275-283

Utility of electrical resistivity measurements at short intervals in demarcating potable and saline ground water potential zones has been discussed. Based on resistivity data, four distinct types of zones have been demarcated in the Guhiya catchment. Resistivity data have also been compared with data on borehole lithology and other hydro-geological parameters.

284 Chatterji, P.C. and Gupta, R.K. (1969) Geo-botanical studies in geo-hydrological surveys in the arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 246-250

Occurrence of Euphorbia cauducifolia on the volcanic hills and Acacia senegal - Anogeisus pendula community on the granite hills indicate ground water up to 18 m with salt content of the order of 1500-10,000 ppm and 12-24 m with 500-1000 ppm salt, respectively. Similarly different plant communities in natural conditions were used as indicator of water at different depths and its quality.

285 Chatterji, P.C. and Mondal, R.C. (1964) Quality of ground water for irrigation in Siwana development block region (Barmer district), western Rajasthan Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 99-108

Ground water exploration zones of the Siwana development block, a semi-arid tract of western Rajasthan, have been classified as over-exploited. Classification of ground water given in revenue records is

based on the oral taste which does not agree with the classification based on the chemical analysis of the water except in extreme class of salinity. Two additional classes of ground water, have been proposed. Nearly 75 per cent of the total area of ground water exploitation zones have Class II to Class IV types of ground water. Ground water up to class IV is considered suitable for irrigation but in Siwana Class V and Class VI type waters are regularly used for irrigation. For proper assessment of ground water quality sodium absorption ratios should also be considered in addition to total dissolved salts.

286 Chatterji, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980) A proposed photo-hydrogeomorphic technique as an aid for faster exploration of ground water potential areas in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 58-64

Major portion of western Rajasthan is covered with a blanket of sandy alluvium. As a result studies of hydrogeological features are obscured. Though, it is possible to study these formations with the help of geophysical methods but these are time consuming and costly. Systematic hydrological investigations have indicated that the development of potential aquifers in this area are directly related to the geomorphic features. Hence, mapping and analysis of geomorphic characteristics in relation to groundwater condition by employing photo-hydrogeomorphic technique would prove to be much faster and economical in broadly delineating the potential aquifers. This would provide a sound basis for faster geophysical survey which would also reduce the cost of exploration. Moreover, such mapping also helps in assessing the surface water potentials areas either to augment the ground water potential or to adopt conjunctive utilisation of resources.

287 Chatterji, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980) Geomorphological studies for exploration of ground water in Rajasthan desert. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 46: 509-518

In this article, the significance of geomorphology in location and exploration of the ground water potential zones in the Rajasthan desert has been discussed. The ground water zones i.e., aquifers occurring under different geomorphological settings, have been classified into two major groups viz., (i) shallow aquifers and (ii) deep aquifers. The deep aquifers have been further divided into two subgroups (a) moderately deep aquifers and (b) very deep aquifers. The shallow aquifers have developed in the younger alluvial plains, along the buried courses of the drainage channels and intermontane basins. Moderately deep aquifers mostly occur under rocky/ gravelly

and buried pediments. The dominant geomorphic factors which have favoured the development of the potential aquifers under these geomorphological settings are : type and extent of drainage pattern, thickness of alluvial and aeolian materials, presence and extent of structurally weak zone, and presence or absence of concealed structure. These geomorphic features also control the subsurface flow direction, geochemical zonation and gradient of the acquifers. Very deep aquifers have been encountered under the coarse grained, gritty and friable sandstone formations. These aquifers are not controlled by geomorphic features but have either fossil waters or their sources of recharge are far away.

288 Chatterji, P.C., Gupta, B.S. and Taimni, V. (1984) Use of discriminant technique to classify ground water from different aquifers- a case study of Nagaur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 263-267

An attempt has been made to use Fisher's linear discriminant function to differentiate between aquifer types and between individual aquifers of the same type under different physiographic settings. The principal ionic composition of ground water from different aquifer types was subjected to the analysis. Fisher's linear discriminant function was found significant at 1 per cent probability level. Mahalanobis-D² technique was applied to study the relative contribution of each characteristic in discriminating between two aquifers.

289 Chatterji, P.C., Saxena, R.K. and Sharma, M.L. (1968) Hydro-geology of Quaternary formation from river Luni and its tributaries catchment. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 31-48

In this region Quaternaries are the main water potential formations. Of this the most widespread formation is blown sand. The static water level is more shallow in the younger alluvium, which is followed by older alluvium and blown sand. In general the effective depth range for all these formations is within 3 to 18 m except for blown sand which has the effective depth range from 30 to 80 m in the western and south-western portion of the region. Younger alluvium has the maximum number of wells with fair to good discharge potential i.e. the discharge potential above 5.1 p.s and can stand mechanisation for irrigation, followed by older alluvium and blown sand. Water having total soluble salt contents up to 7000 ppm is associated equally with blown sand and younger alluvium and in little more proportion in older alluvium. Average sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate and carbonate contents are the least in the Older alluvium and potassium and bicarbonate in younger alluvium.

290 Chatterji, P.C., Singh, S. and Qureshi, Z.H. (1978) Hydro-geomorphology of the central Luni basin, western Rajasthan (India). Geoforum. 9: 211-224

This paper examines the interrelationships and interactions of the geomorphic features and the various hydrological parameters which control the development of water potential zones in the central Luni basin. Aerial photo-interpretation techniques were used to delineate the boundaries of geomorphological features, and facilitated the identification of twelve types of aquifers in eight geomorphological settings. The water potentials of these aquifers have been evaluated by taking into consideration nine important hydrological parameters which together govern water quality and yield. This investigation has revealed that the development of zones of ground water potential is principally governed by the geomorphic characteristics of the terrain, which in turn is controlled by lithological variability, geological structure, drainage pattern, climatic characteristics, etc. The relevance of geomorphic characteristics has been evaluated by weight point analysis. Based on these findings, it is suggested that detailed studies of geomorphic features are of paramount significance for the rapid delineation of possible ground-water potential zones in arid and semi-arid regions.

291 Chatterji, P.C., Vangani, N.S. and Sharma, M.L. (1985) Unmanaged drinking water sources in arid areas of Rajasthan : A case study of Nagaur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 47-55

The study on the quality of drinking water in Nagaur district revealed several types of water-borne diseases viz., stomach disorder, deformation of bones, guinea-worm infestation and other infectious diseases especially in the villages using tank water. Deformation of bones and stomach disorders were more common in the villages mostly dependent on ground water. The ground water was also found to have high total soluble salts, sulphate, nitrate, chloride and fluoride contents. It emerges from this case study that a major percentage of the inhabitants do not receive potable and safe drinking water. Hence, some measures to overcome these health problems associated with drinking water sources have been suggested.

292 Chaudhari, J.C., Sen, N.K. and Bhargava, T.N. (1966) Chemical analysis of brines from salt lakes of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 248-254

Sambhar brine is more alkaline than any of the other brines and that none of the brines show any presence of iron. Didwana brine has the highest percentage of dissolved materials (37.11%) and

Phalodi has the minimum. Chlorides (Cl) and sulphates (SO4) are the highest for Didwana. Cl is minimum in Sambhar and SO4 is minimum in Phalodi. Sambhar brine is rich in carbonate and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is minimum in Phalodi. Neither Pachbhadra nor Phalodi brines contain any carbonate. All the brines contain nitrite, nitrate and boron. Nitrite and nitrate are high in Pachbhadra brine. Boron content is highest in Didwana brine. Calcium and magnesium are completely absent in Sambhar brine. Each of the Didwana, Pachbhadra and Phalodi brines contains both calcium and magnesium salts. Phalodi is richest in calcium, having an average value of 0.095% and Pachbhadra is richest in magnesium having an average value of 1.22%. All the brines contain potassium. Pachbhadra shows the highest percentage. Sambhar gives 0.046% while Didwana and Phalodi gives 0.058% and 0.094% respectively. Didwana and Pachbhadra brines contain traces of ammonium salts.

293 Choudhari, J.S., Sharma, K.D. and Vangani, N.S. (1984) Suspended material and solute concentration in flash flood waters of Luni river and its tributaries. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 55-62

Suspended material and chemical composition of the flood waters of the Luni river and its tributaries draining an area of about 34,866 km² in arid parts of western Rajasthan reveals that, suspended sediments were two to three times higher during flood than during low flows. Solute concentration shows reverse trend because of dilution, to that of suspended sediment. Lithology of the area controls sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations during flows.

294 Darra, B.L. and Mehta, K.M. (1963) Inter-relationship between electrical conductivity and total soluble salts of the underground and irrigation waters in Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 11: 287-292

Relationships between EC and total soluble salts in ppm, me l-1 and percentage for four salinity groups of USSL are given on the basis of data on 70 water samples. The conversion factors for converting EC (mmhos cm-1 ) in TSS (per cent) were found as 0.6680, 0.6699, 0.7220 and 0.7224 for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 waters respectively; the factors for conversion of EC in TSC (me l-1 ) were 9.40, 9.50, 11.06 and 10.45.

295 Darra, B.L., Mehta, K.M. and Pareek, B.L. (1964) Quality of irrigation waters in Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of the Soil Science. 12: 121-130

The quality of 599 well waters from all parts of the State was determined. Canal waters are of good quality. In general, the waters

of Rajasthan can be classified as saline-alkaline. The nature of well waters is also found to vary from one soil region to another and it is not possible to correlate water quality with soil type on region basis.

296 Dhir, R.P. and Bhatia, O.P. (1975) Use of saline water in agriculture. I. Description of the system. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 206-211

Saline to highly saline sodic underground waters considered unsuitable for irrigation according to all available water quality classifications, are in use in western Rajasthan. Use of saline to highly saline and high sodium hazard waters is in vogue for many decades. The soils commanded with these waters range widely in their texture and most of them have loam to clayey textures, with 60-90 cm as the common depth. Lands irrigated with waters below 5.0 mmhos are generally double cropped whereas those with higher salinity are used in rotation with a fallow period of varying duration but extended mostly to 18 months in between for natural amelioration. Wheat variety "kharchia" is most common followed by barley. With waters below 5.0 mmhos raya, jowar and maize are also grown.

297 Dhir, R.P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Bhola, S.N. (1976) Rapid estimation of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium in saline underground waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Indian Journal of Technology. 14: 198-200

The wavelengths 3302 Å, 4227 Å and 2025 Å are recommended for the estimation of sodium, calcium and magnesium in saline underground waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The maximum error in sodium estimation using the line 3302 Å is 4% in the working range 50-400 ppm Na, but the choice of this line obviates the need for heavy dilution and permits determination of other major cations in one dilution. For the estimation of calcium and magnesium, it is necessary to add strontium chloride to a concentration of 1500 ppm so as to suppress the interference due to various cations and anions. For estimating sodium, calcium and magnesium in one single dilution, the extent of dilution recommended is 5, 10 and 25 times for water samples of 5000, 9000 and >9000 μmhos electrical conductivity respectively.

298 Dhruvanarayana, V.V. (1965) Water potential studies of Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 99-105

Ground water investigations and its mapping and stream gauging have, therefore, been taken up by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute in detail. With the accumulation of scientific knowledge

both in respect of surface and ground water it will be possible to work out ways and means of their economic utilisation.

299 Dubey, D.D., Sharma, O.P. and Khan, S.M. (1985) Release of non-exchangeable sodium from saline water irrigated vertic ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 297-303

Soil irrigated with different SAR waters were repeatedly extracted with normal potassium and magnesium acetate (KOAc and MgOAc) to find the release of non-exchangeable sodium and changes in its cationic bond in energy during leaching. The release of Na decreased rapidly with progressive extraction. KOAc extracted more sodium than MgOAc but the differences were small to detect significant amounts of non exchangeable Na and zeolite. Quasi-crystal formation and differences in hydration state seemed to cause partial immobilisation of sodium in case of MgOAc extraction. The CEC of K-saturated soil was lightly higher than the Mg-saturated one. The ESP determined by using these values differed slightly but correlated significantly with the routine method. Sodium was loosely bound with the clay in soils irrigated with waters having SAR of 19 and more. The binding of sodium increased with repeated extractions. Reclamation of soils irrigated with high SAR water should require more amendment.

300 Gajbhiye, K.S., Kolarkar, A.S. and Bhatia, O.P. (1973) Quality of ground waters in Bikaner district of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 65-70

Waters are mostly saline to highly saline in nature with EC in the range of 533 to 21500 mmhos cm-1. They have generally a marked concentration of chloride, chiefly of sodium. In general, in waters of salinity below 2250 mmhos cm-1, calcium is more than magnesium whereas reverse is generally the case in very high saline waters. The value of SAR ranges from 0.64 to 56.11 and 33.58 per cent of waters fall under high to very high SAR classes. The content of boron is not an any acute problem and its distribution is significantly correlated with EC and SAR.

301 Gopal, R., Ghosh, P.K. and Madan, N.K. (1988) Estimation of fluoride and nitrate in ground waters of arid regions of Rajasthan using ion selective electrodes. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 241-245

Standard spectrophotometric methods are ineffective for the estimation of fluoride and nitrate in polluted/coloured samples of waters. For such waters, the method using ion-selective electrodes is

more reliable, simple and rapid. Ground-waters of arid western Rajasthan containing high concentrations of chlorides, bicarbonates, sulphates and other dissolved salts were analysed for fluoride and nitrate contents by this method. In high fluoride waters, there existed positive linear relationship between F and HCO3 and negative relationship between F and (Ca²+ + Mg²+). Concentration of Mg²+ was generally higher than that of Ca²+ in high fluoride waters.

302 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Bhati, O.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1984) Quality of ground waters of Jodhpur in relation to possible health hazards. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 149-155

Physico-chemical analyses of about 150 water samples indicate that only 4% waters conform to drinking water standards of WHO and ICMR, i.e., these water samples contain less than 500 mg l-1 of total dissolved solids. The hand pump waters are mostly saline and contain health affecting ions like fluoride and nitrates. Trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) have also been found in a few water samples. Considering 1.5 ppm as the maximum permissible limit, about 55% of the water samples are fit for consumption, while 48% of the samples are potable keeping in view the 50 ppm NO3 limit of WHO and ICMR. Measures for improving the quality of water have been discussed in brief.

303 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Ghosh, P.K. and Rai, S. (1983) Fluoride and nitrate levels in ground waters of arid districts of Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 87-93

Fluoride and nitrate toxicity has been studied in 760 ground water samples of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. Water resources map showing distribution of fluoride and nitrate in waters of these arid districts has also been presented. As per drinking water standards of WHO fluoride and nitrate toxicity is present in 55% and 37% waters, respectively. Based on our earlier studies the maximum allowable concentration of total dissolved solids up to 2000 ppm, fluoride up to 2 ppm and NO3 up to 100 ppm have been recommended for potable waters in desert areas of Rajasthan.

304 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Bhati, O.P., Tak, T.C., Ghosh, P.K., Rai, S. and Bhutra, M.K. (1980) Salinity and toxicity of brackish waters of arid zones of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 249-250

None of the water samples analysed is contaminated with As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Ag and CN but fluoride and nitrate contents are presented in all the samples. About 49% samples lie within 0.2 ppm F while 2% ground water contain NO3 more than maximum concentration of 50 ppm.

305 Gupta, B.S. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1980) Multiple relationship of electrical conductivity with concentration of ions of well waters of Jodhpur division, Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 4: 17-21

Multiple prediction equations have been evolved between electrical conductivity in mmhos cm-1 (Y) and different cations like (i) sodium (X2), (ii) potassium (X3) (iii) calcium + magnesium (X1) and various anions like (i) chloride (X4), (ii) carbonate (X5) and (iii) bicarbonate (X6) of different well waters of Jodhpur division. Step wise regression programme and Bita B coefficients were employed to establish the order of relative importance of different cations and anions for their contribution to electrical conductivity of well waters. The study revealed that chloride and carbonate ranked first and last, respectively.

306 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1967) Seasonal variations in the composition of some saline irrigation waters of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 108-116

Saline ground waters from seven sites in Jodhpur and Pali districts of western Rajasthan were examined for seasonal variations in salt composition. Salinity varied from 2316 to 10, 160 mmhos cm-1 during rabi season of wheat cultivation. Recharge of waters in the wells was prominent after the start of monsoon and sites with recharge source near about showed more seasonal fluctuations in salinity levels than sites with recharge source farther away. The waters were predominantly Cl-SO4-Na-Mg type, except at Surayata, where the water was Cl-SO4-Mg-Na type. After the monsoon, sites with recharge source near about tended to be Cl-HCO3-Na-Mg type and this change was accompanied with sharp drop in the SAR value.

307 Gupta, I.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1970) Note on the comparison of some chemical ratios of irrigation waters and irrigated soils. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 4: 181-182

Comparison of various chemical ratios like Na/Cl, Ca/Cl, SO4/Cl and HCO3/Cl worked out for saline irrigation waters and soils irrigated with these waters showed close resemblance with each other.

308 Gupta, I.C., Bohra, R.K. and Abichandani, C.T. (1969) Relationships between certain indices of saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 27-32

In the saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan, the electrical conductivity of soil water suspension (EC2) seem to be highly correlated with electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract (ECe), the total cation concentration (TCC) and soluble sodium concentration (SSC). The relationship of EC2 with these indices is further improved by the use of saturation percentage of soil. Simple and multiple regression of relationships are given and prediction equations have been worked out to estimate ECe, TCC and SSC from the observed value of EC2 both by the use of simple regression equations and multiple regression equations. Reliability of the use of prediction equations has been tested and the coefficient of correlation between observed and calculated values seem to be highly significant.

309 Gupta, I.C., Rao, J.S. and Abichandani, C.T. (1971) Some more relationships between certain indices of saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 195-198

An attempt has been made to correlate various cations and anions of saturation extract of the soils with EC2, EC2 and S.P., and ECe. The correlation in general is the most significant with ECe followed by EC2 and S.P., and EC2 alone.

310 Gupta, S.C. (1991) Quality classifications of groundwater of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 315-321

An integrated classification of quality of ground water based upon EC, SAR and RSC values of 4145 water samples has been made to evaluate water quality for irrigation in 11 districts of western Rajasthan. It is observed that ground waters are sodic in character due to high SAR and RSC values. The SAR ranges from 0.15 to 176.8 with an average value of 13.9. In districts Barmer, Bikaner and Jaisalmer more than 33.3 per cent waters have SAR more than 18. High RSC generally occurs in low to medium salinity waters and ranges from nil to 68.8 meL-1 with an average value of 3.1 meL-1. The districts viz., Jhunjhunu, Nagaur and Sikar have high RSC in ground waters. Based upon salinity, SAR and RSC distribution, the whole region has been divided in six saline-sodic zones.

311 Gupta, S.C., Doshi, C.S. and Paliwal, B.L. (1986) Occurrence and chemistry of high fluoride ground waters in Jalore district of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 255-264

Fluoride has been a veritable problem associated with ground-waters in western and south-west Rajasthan. More than 40 per cent ground-waters in Pali and Jalore districts contain fluoride concentration above the permissible limits of 2.0 mg l-1. The ground-waters in the region are saturated with respect to calcite and about 27 per cent of them have fluoride concentration above the solubility

product for fluoride. High fluoride waters have, in general, high sodium and bicarbonate contents; however, such relationship does not hold true on the principles of chemical thermodynamics.

312 Gupta, S.C., Sanganeria, M.P. and Rai, P.C. (1990) Contents and distribution pattern of trace elements in ground waters of Jodhpur district in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 265-269

Concentration and distribution pattern of some major trace elements viz., copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese and zinc were studied in ground waters of Jodhpur district in western Rajasthan. The trace element concentration varied considerably with respect to hydro-geology of the region, depth, salinity, total hardness and alkalinity. The average concentration of Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, and Zn was found to be 31, 516, 114, 66, 157 and 237 ppm with the maximum value of 125, 5610, 416, 364, 1150 and 4000 ppm respectively.

313 Handa, B.K. (1966) Agricultural quality of ground water in Kutch. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 36: 233-238

The ground waters vary from medium to highly saline (EC 1000-6,650 mmhos) and can be used for irrigation of plants with moderate to high salt tolerance. Most of the waters are low-to-medium in Na content ratio. Some of the waters with higher Na concentration can be made suitable for irrigation by addition of CaSO4 or some other cheap Ca salt.

314 Hoon, R.C. (1962) Characteristics of ground water of area to be commanded by Rajasthan canal project. Irrigation power. 19: 429-441

The sub-soil water table of the area varied from 16 to 90m. The water in over 93 per cent of the wells is markedly saline. The pH of the waters varied between 5.9 and 8.4 but in about 80% of the wells it was in the range of 7 and 8. Sodium chloride is the main salt. The use of such waters for irrigation is not recommended.

315 Jain, B.L. (1979) A note on the quality of ground waters in the arid tract of Pali district, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 135-139

It is suggested that due emphasis should be given to residual sodium carbonate concentrations at low salinity levels and to boron concentration at high salinity levels of irrigation waters for crop production.

316 Jayaram, N.S., Ramanath, B. and Verma, B. (1973) Water budget estimation in Bellary region. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 51-58

The water budget has been worked out for the Bellary region based on computation of potential evapo-transpiration by Penman's equation for the cropping years 1957-58 to 1967-68. The mean potential evapo-transpiration and the precipitation respectively, are 186.34 and 49.42 cm thus showing a total deficit of 136.92 cm.

317 Kar, A. (1990) A stream trap hypothesis for the evolution of some saline lake in the Indian desert. Annals of Geomorphology. 34: 37-47

The origin of most saline lakes in the Indian desert is thought to be linked with aeolian segmentation of former streams and salt deposition at stream confluence. Observation of some lake environments in the eastern part of the desert, however, indicate a different origin. The lakes lie at the wind-shadow zone of an associated hill, with flanking longitudinal dunes produced by the lee vertices. Downwind, courses of former streams flowing away from the lakes, but sending dune-guided distributaries to the lakes indicate the possibilities of former streams being trapped by advancing dune arms and then forced towards the base of the hills. Identical present-day process form interactions in the vicinity further validate the hypothesis.

318 Kar, A and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1984-85) Some environmental considerations for the management of surface water in the upper Luni basin of Rajasthan, India. Indian Journal of Geography. 14: 33-42

The upper Luni basin with an area of 13440 km2, is largely dominated by alluvial plains in an arid environment. Integration of information on geological, geomorphological and pedological aspects within the basin with stream characteristics helped to analyse the causes, spatial variability and future vulnerability of problems related to fluvial processes. Based on these a number of suggestions were made for better management of the basin's surface water resource.

319 Khan, M.A. (1992) Evaporation of water from free water surface - climatic influence. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 20: 22-27

Influence of climatic parameters on rate of evaporation from free water surface are described. Air temperature was found to be the principal factor affecting evaporation. Water temperature influenced

evaporation indirectly by conveying radiation energy and was in itself effected by evaporation. The effect of the relative humidity of the air seemed to be far out weighed by other climatic factors. At times wind had a marked effect on evaporation. Climatic factor under the conditions prevailing at the test site, complemented each other in either increasing or decreasing evaporation.

320 Khan, M.A. (1993) Suspended sediment and solute characteristics of two desert rivers of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 151-156

Suspended sediment and solute were studied in two desert rivers for 3 years. Suspended sediment concentration in both the streams was higher in the first seasonal flow and decreased in subsequent flows. The average sediment concentration in Sukri was 4.68 and 2.30 g L-1

in Guhiya. Water from both the streams was alkaline. Guhiya, due to its highly mineralised basin carried higher salt concentration than the river Sukri. Except for K, concentration of individual ions tended to decrease with an increase in discharge. Compared with major Indian rivers and world average, salt concentrations in desert river waters are high.

321 Khan, M.A. and Bohra, D.N. (1990) Water-loss studies in the Sardar Samand reservoir. Journal of Arid Environments. 19: 245-250

Water loss from the Sardar Samand reservoir, in the form of monthly and annual mean evaporation, seepage, and the pan coefficient (reservoir to pan ratio) was studied over a period of 10 years. The average annual loss was 3267 mm; annual seepage was 504 mm and constituted only 15.4% of the total water loss, whereas, annual evaporation was 2189 mm and constituted 84.6%. The pan coefficient of 0.67, obtained on an annual basis, is well within the range of 0.60-0.81 reported for other lakes and reservoirs, and can be used for estimating evaporation loss from other reservoirs, tanks and lakes in this part of the world.

322 Khan, M.A. and Issac, V.C. (1990) Evaporation reduction in stock tanks for increasing water supplies. Journal of Hydrology. 119: 21-29

Studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of shading and floating materials in reducing evaporation from a free water surface. White polythene sheet used for shading the water surface reduced evaporation by 91% and costs Rs. 2.54 per(US$0.15) 1000 litre. Floating materials evaluated were polythene sheet, foam rubber sheet, polystyrene sheet, bamboo and Sacchrum munja. Evaporation reduction for a 19-month test period ranged from 37% for S. munja

to 82% for polystyrene sheet. Foam rubber sheet and polythene sheet and bamboo reduced evaporation by 74, 66 and 53%, respectively. The polystyrene sheet and polythene sheet covers were the most economical, saving water at a cost of Rs. 3.07(US$0.19) and Rs. 4.44 (US$0.27) per 1000 l, respectively.

323 Khan, M.A. and Issac, V.C. (1990) Floating ‘thermocool’ blocks for reducing stock tank evaporation. Journal of Arid Environment. 18: 245-247

Floating ‘thermocool’ (polystyrene) blocks for reducing stock tank evaporation were found to be highly resistant and showed no degradation over 12 months. The mean evaporation reduction efficiency of the material was 83% or 2030 mm of water. The estimated value of water saved was Rs 2.94 or US $0.18 per 1000 litres.

324 Khan, M.A., Issac, V.C. and Bohra, D.N. (1990) Hydrological characteristics of Sardar Samand reservoir in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 87-92

Long term results of measured hydrological data of Sardar Samand reservoir in arid region of Rajasthan and its 1634.11 km² catchment area are reported. Most of the inflow to the reservoir occurred in response to few high magnitude rainfall of more than 50 mm in the catchment and ranged from 0.1-10% depending upon its magnitude. The number of such flow ranged from 5 to 12 in a year. However, the annual runoff ranged from 1.2-6.8%. In 10 out of 12 years the water yield was less than 25% of the reservoir capacity. The coefficient of variation of the annual runoff and rainfall was 98% and 86%, respectively.

325 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1969) Water budget in the arid zone of Rajasthan during 1941-1960. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 295-299

Considerable year to year variation in moisture deficiency and actual evapo-transpiration occurs for the stations in arid zone. High water surplus which would produce runoff and recharging of aquifers beyond the soil mantle generally occurs once in 20 years. Even in the wettest year, the moisture deficiency during January to on-set of monsoon is high. The soil moisture storage up to water holding capacity generally gets utilised by the vegetation by the end of December.

326 Mehta, K.M., Puntamkar, S.S., Seth, S.P. and Sharma, O.P. (1970)

Quality of underground water and its possible utilisation for crop production in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 40: 776-781

The quality of underground water of 50 representative samples from Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur and Pali districts, and 21 samples from the tube-wells in Jaisalmer district in the western Rajasthan were collected and analysed. The majority of waters were saline and a few samples from Pali were alkaline. Sodium dominated as cation in all waters. All water samples except those from Barmer and Jaisalmer had a high sodium adsorption ratio.

327 Mehta, P.C., Puntamkar, S.S. and Seth, S.P. (1973) Quality of tube-well waters in western Rajasthan and its utilisation for crop production. Rajasthan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4: 113-119

Analysis of 55 Govt. tube-well waters collected from Jalore, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagaur and Jodhpur has been presented. Almost all the waters are suitable for irrigation. EC is generally less than 4,000 mmhos cm-1 and SAR is less than 20.

328 Paliwal, K.V. and Gandhi, A.P. (1973) Some relationships between quality of irrigation waters and chemical characteristics of irrigated soils of the Nagaur district, Rajasthan. Geoderma. 9: 213-220

Electrical conductivity of the soils was less than waters used for irrigation and was correlated with soluble ions in both waters and soils. pH of the soils and water was interrelated and correlated with carbonate and bicarbonate contents. All the correlations were of limited value for prediction purposes, due to other factors operating under field conditions.

329 Paliwal, K.V. and Maliwal, G.L. (1971) Some relationships between constituents of irrigation waters and properties of irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 19: 299-303

Studies on soils irrigated continuously by irrigation waters of various qualities have shown that electrical conductivity and contents of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in the irrigation waters are significantly correlated with those of the saturation extract of soils. Significant correlations of sodium adsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage both of irrigation water and saturation extracts exist with the exchange sodium percentage of soil. However, no such relation was found between SAR and ESP of soils.

330 Prakash, M. and Gopinath, G. (1962) "Tanka" for human and live-stock consumption. Indian Forester. 88: 861-864

This paper deals with one aspect of surface water utilisation, namely, the collection and storage of runoff in "Tankas"-covered underground reservoirs. Observations of age-old practices and experiences in design and construction works in this region have been contributed. The cost of a particular structure of "Tanka" varies with site, soil conditions and availability of materials locally. On an average the cost works out to be Rs. 90/- to Rs. 120/- per 1000 gallons of water stored.

331 Ramachandran, K. and Balak Ram (1987) A geographical appraisal of water supply system in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Indian Geographical Journal. 62: 127-129

Existing water supply system in Jodhpur has distanced itself from the historical set up of the past and falls short of meeting the demands of the future. Due to lack of perennial drainage system and water-deficit in arid conditions, the problem is compounded. The rational utilisation of this precious liquid cannot be over-emphasised in the present context of continuing drought and urban expansion. Only one fifth of the present requirement of 1140 lakh litres day-1 is being met by the present sources; hence the urgent need for streamlining them and commissioning of newer ones. A geographical appraisal of the existing water sources and proposed new resources has been attempted here.

332 Raychaudhuri, S.P. (1978) Evaluation of the quality of underground water in the desert and semi-desert areas in Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 45: 198-204

It has been shown that the quality of ground water is equally important as the quantity in influencing the cropping pattern. The quality of the groundwater has been assessed mainly by finding its salt-load with electrical conductivity method and also by determining its boron content. The quality varied from the nature of the soil strata, drainage conditions, existing cropping patterns, leaching of the soils etc. Accordingly, the groundwater ratings have been assessed and superimposing the same on soil maps, water suitability maps, for some areas in the desert and semi-desert regions have been drawn. Such maps at once clearly depict the effects of good and bad waters on the soils, and thus help in the adoption of suitable cropping and irrigation patterns.

333 Saksena, R.K., Sharma, M.L. and Jodha, H.R. (1966)

Quality of ground water for irrigation in Ahor development block, Jalore district, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 204-218

The paper is based on the geological, hydro-geological, ground water exploitation and utilisation surveys of Ahor development block. The region has been classified into four exploitation zones depending upon the safe yield from wells in the region. Ground water samples collected from the region have been chemically analysed and classified from C1 to C7 types with the total salt concentration varying up to 10,000 ppm and its suitability for irrigation has been determined from the salinity and alkalinity hazards.

334 Sharma, K.D. (1991) Water resources - An overview of the world deserts. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 283-300

The surface water resources in the arid regions of the world are extremely variable both in quantity and quality and are undependable. Quality of the underground water is a constraint in the deserts for their enhanced use. Available water resources in the arid region of the world have stretched to the limit as a result of increased demand. Therefore, a long term planning of water use is a prime need.

335 Sharma, K.D. and Dhir, R.P. (1992) Modelling suspended sediment flow in arid upland basins. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 37: 481-490

A conceptual basin model of the instantaneous unit sediment graph was developed for sediment graph prediction from arid upland basins by routing mobilised sediments through a series of linear reservoirs. The sediment graphs generated by convolution of the instantaneous unit sediment graph compared reasonably well with the observed ones for four representative arid upland sub-basins in the Luni basin, India. The mobilised sediment during a storm was related to effective precipitation and the parameters of the model were estimated from the observed events. The model can be applied to ungauged flow events through parameterization.

336 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1981) `Nadis', the vital water resources of the Indian arid zone. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 247-251

The ancient practice of harnessing precipitation in ‘nadis’ for human and livestock consumption is studied in relation to the environment. ‘Nadi’ characteristics are dependent upon catchment, rainfall, soil type and physiography. The present study provides a scientific

explanation for the design of nadis and suggests guidelines for improving their construction.

337 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1983) Optimisation of nadi characteristics to minimise evaporative and seepage losses. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 277-281

Heavy losses of water through evaporation and seepage from small earthen excavated or embanked ponds locally called nadis (which serve as principal drinking water resources in the Indian arid zone), often exceed the amount of water withdrawn for human and animal use. These losses could be minimised by optimising the depth and surface area of the nadis in different environments.

338 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994) Estimating transmission losses in an arid region. Journal of Arid Environments. 26: 209-219

Flow volumes in ephemeral streams in arid regions decrease significantly in magnitude downstream. These transmission losses are important not only in their obvious effect on flow reduction, but also as a source of ground water recharge to underlying alluvial aquifers. A distributed model for estimation of transmission losses described herein represents an attempt to develop a procedure for practical applications and is shown to produce reasonable estimates. The model is simplified and requires a minimum of observed data for calibration. Based on available information obtained from LANDSAT maps and regression analyses, the model can be used to estimate transmission losses from ungauged channels in arid regions. Transmission loss data are compared with some previously published data, and despite some scatter, are generally consistent with them.

339 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994) Modelling sediment transport in stream channels in the arid zone of India. Hydrological Processes. 8: 567-572

Ephemeral channels in arid regions convey larger amounts of sediment than perennial channels in humid regions. Sediment graphs at the outlet of channels have been derived by the standard sediment rating curve technique and by a lumped model based on the instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) concept. The IUSG gives estimates of sediment transport that are better than those derived with the sediment rating curve as it takes into account the availability of erodible material within the channel bed.

340 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1996)

A conceptual sediment transport model for arid regions. Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 281-290

A conceptual model of an instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) has been developed for sediment transport prediction in arid regions. It involved routing of the sediment through a cascade of identical linear reservoirs. The sediment graphs generated by convolution of IUSG compared well with the observed values for four representative arid sub-basins of the Luni River in India. The sediment supply is related to the effective precipitation and to transmission losses in the upland and channel phases, respectively, and the model parameters are estimated from the observed events. The model can be applied to ungauged flow events through parameterization.

341 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1996) Ephemeral flow modelling in arid regions. Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 161-178

Flow hydrographs in arid upland basins, where the runoff is directly related to the rainfall, are simulated by a combination of regression and differential equation techniques. The rising limb of the hydrograph is modelled through a regression analysis and the recession portion through a conceptual analog of discharge from a single leaky reservoir, which is described by a continuity equation and by discharge-stage and storage-stage relations at the basin outlet. A good agreement between observed and model-predicted recession curves was obtained by optimising the reservoir leakage rate and the initial storage in the reservoir. Best parameter values are physically realistic and best reservoir configuration has leakage that varies as the cube of stage for the initial event of the season in the organised stream network and as the square of the stage for rest of the events. The technique can be applied to the ungauged flow events through parameterization.

342 Sharma, K.D., Choudhari, J.S. and Vangani, N.S. (1984) Transmission losses and quality changes along a desert stream: The Luni basin in North western India. Journal of Arid Environments. 7: 255-262

During 18-24 July 1981, five storms produced 69-144 mm rainfall upstream in the Jojri river catchment in the Indian arid zone. As a result, 22.31 x 106 m3 runoff was recorded in mountainous terrain, which was reduced to 6.82 x 10 (Hole Sequre Six) m3 305 km downstream. Diminution of discharge downstream is attributable to high transmission losses in the alluvial channels. Suspended sediment concentration increased from 6.1 to 16.8 g l-1 and specific

conductance, along with selected ions, also increased leading to deterioration in water quality downstream.

343 Sharma, K.D., Murthy, J.S.R. and Dhir, R.P. (1994) Streamflow routing in the Indian arid zone. Hydrological Processes. 8: 27-43

A lumped model for streamflow routing in arid ephemeral channels has been developed. The governing equations for movement of flood

waves subjected to transmission losses are simplified through a time averaging process and ordinary differential equation describing transmission losses as a function of distance, inflow, channel width, time parameters of flow and effective hydraulic conductivity. The resulting equation has an analytical solution and simulates runoff volume and peak discharge rates for individual storm events. The outflow hydrograph is fairly well approximated with a triangular approximation. The model is simplified and constructed to require a minimum of observed data for calibration. It can also be used for ungauged basins in arid regions through parameterization.

344 Sharma, K.D., Murthy, J.S.R. and Dhir, R.P. (1996) Modelling sediment delivery in arid upland basins. Transactions of the ASAE, 39: 517-524

An upland sediment delivery model was developed for estimating the sediment delivery rates at the rising, peak and recession stages of a flow hydrograph in an arid upland basin. The model uses a steady state sediment continuity equation and a first order reaction model for deposition since the initial potential sediment load is always greater than the overland flow transport capacity, calculated by the Yalin method in the arid regions. It is sensitive to unit width discharge and the Manning's roughness coefficient. A simplified version of the Yalin equation when used with the model accurately approximates the sediment delivery rates in the arid upland basins.

345 Sharma, K.D., Vangani, N.S. and Kalla, A.K. (1988) Modified runoff curve numbers for arid rhyolite basins. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 109-113

As against the soil conservation service hand book values of 90-92, the actual optimised CN was found to be 74, indicating a lesser volume of runoff from these basins than estimated by the SCS method. The hand book CN value over predicted runoff by 31 to 54% for storms > 100 mm, and by 88 to 267% for storms < 50 mm. Reasons for the same have been discussed. A significant correlation (r=O.82, n=89) was found between the observed and predicted values using the modified CN based on the measurements.

346 Sharma, K.D., Singh, H.P., Pareek, O.P. and Yadav, R.C. (1983) Infiltration in relation to slope characteristics, antecedent soil moisture and other soil properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 15-21

Correlation and regression analyses using data on infiltration rate, degree and length of slope, antecedent soil moisture indices, soil texture and sorptivity from 16 runoff plots having different slopes and slope lengths were carried out. Water infiltration into the soil took place through the water free pores being directly proportional to pore volume (r=0.5468) at field capacity. As such, it was found to be inversely proportional to antecedent moisture (r= -0.5468) and relative moisture content (r=- 0.4952). A negative correlation was obtained between infiltration rate and silt content (r= -0.6583) as a result of closing of pore space by silt particles which disperse easily under low clay content. Major infiltration in unsaturated sandy soil was assigned to capillarity(r=0.8157). It was not found to be correlated with slope, length of run, sand and clay contents. The multiple correlation coefficients between infiltration rate and other soil properties were higher and significant. Variation of about 48% in the infiltration rate was accountable to the soil texture alone whereas 93.97% variation was attributed to antecedent soil moisture content and the soil texture.

347 Sharma, K.S. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994) Estimating transmission losses in an arid region - A realistic approach. Journal of Arid Environments. 27: 107-112

Transmission loss in ephemeral streams in arid regions is important not only in its obvious effect on downstream flow reduction, but it also forms a part of water balance. Three regression equations were developed for relating transmission loss to channel characteristics for an arid region in north-west India. Two equations utilising log-transformed data are a better predictor of transmission losses. Although there was some scatter, the transmission loss data are generally consistent with that previously published for other regions.

348 Shukla, J.P. and Pandey, S.M. (1991) Suitability of electrical resistivity survey for selecting anicut site in order to augment ground water - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 187-195

Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using Schlumberger configuration were conducted at three anicut sites at villages Binjwaria, Rampura and Manaklao, on Rampura rivulet, originating from Binjwaria of district Jodhpur. A total of 162 VES data were obtained along and across the main stream. A close distribution of

observation has enabled mapping of sub surface topography. In order to augment the ground water of the area, these anicuts on this rivulet are proposed. Resistivity parameters reveal that sandstone is likely to encounter shallow depth at Binjwaria and therefore it is the best suitable site for anicut. Gradual depth to sandstone increases towards Manaklao as evident by the fence diagram. Hence suitability of constructing anicut in this direction is less.

349 Singh, D., Singh, Y.P., Bairwa, S.P., Dass, P., Porwal, C.P. and Mathur, K.M. (1996) Isotope study of ground water in arid areas of Jaisalmer. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 313-317

In order to understand the ground water recharge process in Shergarh area of arid Jaisalmer district, an environmental isotopic study based on measurement of D, 18O and 3H contents was carried out on shallow ground waters. The area as characterised by very low rainfall, sandy terrain and very little vegetation. Water level in the scattered shallow wells and hand pumps varies from 10 to 30 m. Stable isotope analysis of water samples indicate very high depletion of the heavy isotope contents, i.e. _D~-50% and _ 18 0-6 to -7% and suggest quite old origin of these waters. The 3H contents are also very low. A 3H tracer injection experiment of Mehrana indicated negligible recharge due to modern precipitation. The ground water is potable to brackish, the TDS ranging from 200 to 1500 mg l-1. A higher fluoride content was observed in two wells.

350 Singh, N. , Kolarkar, A.S. and Bohra, P.C. (1994) Quality of ground water and its effect on soil properties in Samdari- Siwana- Balotra area of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 287-293

These waters are moderate to highly saline and sodic with EC range of 240 to 33213 uScm-1 and pH from 7.0 to 9.5. These waters have marked concentration of chloride of sodium with high soluble sodium percentages in 97 per cent samples. In all cases, calcium is lower than the magnesium, except in few samples of low salinity of C1 and C2 classes. The value of SAR ranges from 1.85 to 96, and 54.5 per cent water samples fall under high to very high SAR classes. The content of RSC in well waters ranges from 0.4 to 38.6 me L-1, and 29.20 per cent waters have RSC more than 5 me L-1. The saline water irrigated soil has pH of 7.1 to 8.5 at the surface and 7.3 to 8.6 in the subsurface, while the EC varies at these locations from 249 to 9565 and 359 to 2123 uScm-1 respectively. The total area affected by the use of such problematic waters is 880.75 km².

351 Singh, S. (1966)

Impact of present and palaeo drainage systems on geo-environment of the Indian desert and adjoining regions. National Geographer. 31: 177-192

In the Indian desert and adjoining areas, exhibit positive and negative impacts over the geo-environment of the desert and its surroundings. Positive effects have contributed to the evolution of alluvial plains, saline depressions and salts, ground water resources and also the cultural development in these areas. On the contrary, the increasing biotic stress on the drainage systems has created several environmental problems like salinity, erosion and flood hazards, etc.

352 Singh, S. (1976) New inter-relationships between quantitative geomorphic characteristics of the drainage basins of western Rajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 12: 53-57

The result of the study on new inter-relationships revealed that bifurcation ratio and stream length, bifurcation ratio and total basin area and stream frequency and drainage density are closely related to each-other. These geomorphic variables could be used for evaluating the hydrological conditions of the different drainage basins.

353 Singh, S. (1977) A note on the photo-geomorphic technique for locating ground water resources in Rajasthan desert. The Indian Journal of Geography. 12: 83-84

The findings of the study conducted in a region in east of Jodhpur district reveal that the photo-geomorphic technique developed at CAZRI Jodhpur can be employed for locating and exploiting ground water resources in other regions of Rajasthan desert.

354 Singh, S. (1977) Quantitative analysis and evaluation of the geomorphological characteristics and surface water potentials of the drainage basins in western Rajasthan (India). Indian Journal of Geography. 12: 59-67

An attempt has been made to discuss the morphohydrological characteristics of the small agricultural drainage basins in the western Rajasthan. Quantitative analysis of the geomorphological characteristics revealed that phylete-Scheit and rhyolite pediments will have better surface water potentials than that of granite pediments and older alluvial plains.

355 Singh, S. (1981) Geomorphology as an important tool in the exploration and planning of water resources in the Indian desert. Development Policy and Administration Review. 7: 23-37

In the present paper, the impact of the geomorphology on the distribution, development and planning of water resources in different parts of the Indian desert has been discussed.

356 Singh, S. (1984) Dynamics and morphology of meandering rivers in western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 213-219

Morphometric characteristics of the meandering rivers viz., amplitude, length and width of the meander belt, width of the existing channel, mean radius of curvature, their relationships and nature and size of the river bed material are discussed in this paper. The width of the meander belt is significantly related to its length and width of the existing channel. The length of the meander belt and amplitude are significantly related with the width of existing channel. Predication of length, width and amplitude of the meander belt can, thus, be done by taking into account the width of the existing channel. Lands located within the meander belt from 515 to 1890 m are highly unstable and these should be avoided for constructing dams and bridges etc. In the top layers of the point and the sand bars, sediments are coarser but finer in the bottom layers.

357 Singh, S. (1984-85) Role of geomorphology in the exploration of ground water resources in an arid environment : A case study of Jodhpur district. The Indian Journal of Geography. 14: 53-67

It has been inferred from this study that the geomorphic features like the nature and thickness of surface sediment, presence and extent of surface and sub-surface drainage patterns, presence and extent of structurally weak zones, slope and altitude, natural levels, meander loops and scars, buried stream beds, presence or absence of deposits which would release salts to deteriorate the quality of water, presence or absence of concealed structures and well developed lineaments influence the distribution and development of different types of aquifers and the quality and quantity of ground water. It has also been observed that remote sensing in conjunction with the geomorphic features of the landforms is a fast and sharp technique for obtaining the ground water information and to select promising areas for more detailed geophysical investigations and exploitation of potential aquifers.

358 Singh, S. (1988)

Application of remote sensing techniques for exploration and management of ground water in the middle Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 231-239

In the middle Luni basin, eleven landforms, which control the development and distribution of different aquifers, have been identified by using remote sensing techniques in conjunction with ground truth. Ten aquifers having different ground water potentials have been identified and located. Morpho-hydrological characteristics of these aquifers led to the delineation of the recharge (donor) and recharged (receptor)zones for proper management of ground water.

359 Singh, S. (1994) Remote sensing in the evaluation of morpho-hydrological characteristics of the drainage basins of the Jojri catchment. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 273-278

Quantitative evaluation of the morphological characteristics of the drainage basins of the Jojri catchment using remote sensing techniques and ground truth has revealed that the drainage basin area, drainage density, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio and circularity ratio influence the surface runoff and peak discharge. The mean annual runoff estimated for all the drainage basins varies from 7.74 to 106.28 ha m. The relations established between morpho-hydrological variables have shown that the mean annual runoff is significantly correlated with drainage basin area, total stream length and first order stream frequency and have a practical application in basin hydrology.

360 Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1979) Application of aerial photo-interpretation in the investigations of the small drainage basins in sandstone region of Jodhpur. The Deccan Geographer. 17: 616-628

In the present paper, the authors have attempted to establish the mathematical relationships between geomorphic characteristics of the drainage basins and mean annual runoff. It is inferred that mean annual runoff is geomorphologically related to total stream length, drainage density and first order stream frequency. This relationship could be used to predict the hydrological or geomorphic characteristics of other basins of this region.

361 Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1994) Prediction of sediment yield from the Bandi catchment using morphometric characteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 109-112

Morphometric characteristics of different drainage basins, their interrelationship and regression analysis for the prediction of sediment yield from the Bandi catchment have been highlighted in this paper. The regression analysis of sediment yield with different morphometric characteristics showed that the sediment yield from different drainage basins could be predicted by constant of channel maintenance, followed by relief ratio and drainage density.

362 Singh, S. , Ved Prakash and Bhargava, R.K. (1974) A note on physico-chemical analysis of water samples collected from different parts of Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 377-380

Most of the samples had high chloride values as well as high total dissolved solids contents. Incidence of alkalinity was also noted in most samples. The colour odour, pH, total hardness and sulphates content of most of the samples analysed more or less conformed to the standards set for potable water.

363 Singh, S. , Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1988) Temporal change detection in river courses and flood plains in an arid environment through satellite remote sensing. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 16: 53-56

Temporal changes in ephemeral river courses and associated flood plains, which could not be detected by LANDSAT MSS due to its poor spatial resolution of 80 m, have been identified and mapped within 10% accuracy by LANDSAT TM False colour composite because of its higher spectral and spatial resolution of 30 m. Over a period of 28 years (1958-86), the river courses widened up to 1.8 times through bank erosion due to the recurring flash floods. The flash floods have also caused morphological, soil fertility and landuse changes in the associated flood plains, which could also be monitored by the LANDSAT TM.

364 Somani, L.L., Gandhi, A.P. and Paliwal, K.V. (1972) Note on the toxicity of fluorine in well waters of Nagaur and Jaipur districts in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 42: 752-54

In Nagaur district fluorine content varied from 1.5 to 13.3 ppm with an average value of 5.5 ppm whereas in Jaipur district it varied from 4.4 to 28.1 ppm with an average value of 12.2 ppm. The large number of waters in Nagaur district are confined up to 8 ppm of fluorine whereas in Jaipur district, about 50 per cent waters contain fluorine between 8 and 18 ppm.

365 Sundara Sarma, K.S., Chandrasekharan, H., Datta, D., Mookerji, P. and Das, D.K. (1993)

Geo-electrical investigation on sub-surface configuration and groundwater salinity in Indira Gandhi Canal command, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 145-150

Knowledge of sub-surface configuration and studies on perched water salinity are important for efficient water management decisions in Indira Gandhi Canal command, western Rajasthan. Results of geo-electrical investigations carried out at the Lunkaransar State Agricultural Farm in the IG Canal command, indicated that gypsiferous layer is responsible for the occurrence of perched water varied from 2 to 26 m in thickness. Highly saline water is encountered beneath it in confined conditions. Salinity levels of the perched water was found to be governed partly by the nature of soils and partly by the sub-surface flow of excess irrigation water.

366 Tanwar, B.S. (1979) Salinity hazards in sub-surface waters of desert region in Haryana. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 5: 17-24

The eastern fringe of Thar desert lies in the Haryana territory. The subsurface water is 2 to 50 m deep and is fresh to highly saline. Ground water quality is inherently brackish or highly saline with variation in EC from 3 to 45 mmhos cm-1 but the flushing of saline water with fresh water seepage from local surface water bodies has caused favourable modifications in salt balance and hydro-geological regime. Ground water of better quality with EC 0.35 to 2 mmhos cm-1 occurs in shallow aquifers in vicinity of natural or artificial recharge source. Shallow and deep ground water structures exist in the isolated areas of the desert region. The frequency distribution of well waters and salinity hazards have been discussed. It is obvious, the desert region is scarce of water resources and improved management of water resources is one means of alleviating acute deficiency in water supply. One promising management technique is integration of ground water and surface water supplies and local storage units.

367 Trivedi, P. (1984) Toxic well water in Surnana village of Bikaner district. Transactions of Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 54-57

The well water has high EC value and is sodium chloride type. It contains unusually high concentrations of nitrate (3400 ppm) and fluoride. This water is very hard and is not suitable for domestic as well as animal consumption. Toxicity of water is due to high fluoride and nitrate contents. This water was highly saline and not useful for irrigation purpose.

368 Trivedi, P. (1986) Quantitative assessment of nitrate in a well water of Pachpadra village of Barmer district of western Rajasthan. Transactions of Indian Society of Desert Technology. 11: 99-100

The analytical determination of nitrate in routine analysis of ground water is often neglected as its concentration is to be negligible as compared to other anions. This is so because there does not exist any nitrate bearing mineral in nature and whatever amount of nitrate present in ground water is the oxidised product of nitrogen. Nitrate content in ground water has been attributed to biological activity of nitrogen fixing bacteria, plant decay, animal and agriculture waste and excessive use of fertiliser. For bat infested cave areas nitrate up to 450 ppm has been reported.

369 Vangani, N.S. (1994) Runoff potential of nadis in different landforms in the Guhiya catchment, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 19-22

Small earthen embankment dug out ponds called nadis are the principal drinking water sources in the Indian desert. The structure and functioning of this ancient practice is studied in relation with geomorphic units to design for greater storage and better utilisation of runoff water. The interrelationship between runoff volume and catchment area in different landforms have been explained by regression equations. It is revealed that in buried pediments, the nadis should be constructed under catchment slopes of less than 1%.

370 Vangani, N.S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1979) A method of evaluating development priority based on inventory of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 35-47

Availability of water is one of the important factors for the development of any area, specially for arid and semi-arid areas. So far very little importance is being paid to evaluate various parameters governing the water potential of any area while formulating any development plan. In this paper authors have suggested the method for evaluating various parameters governing the surface and ground water potentials which would give a sound basis for formulating a development plan and assessing the priority areas.

371 Vangani, N.S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1990) Index catchment - A tool for water balance study in the arid zone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 1-7

A considerable area of western Rajasthan is composed of impeded drainage basins bounded by the dune ridges and eroded rocky outcrops. Method for computing ground water balance of impeded basins as independent hydrological unit have been termed as Index catchments. The results obtained from three different methods of water balance computation of two index catchments in the Nagaur district and that of the district area, were statistically analysed and were found to be of the same order. It has been suggested to adopt the `Index catchment's, a method of water balance studies for minimal time and manpower requirements.

372 Vangani, N.S. and Kalla, A.K. (1985) Manning's coefficient of roughness for rivers of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 258-262

Generalised value of coefficient of roughness 'n' give an arbitrary estimate of the discharge because every river section has its own geomorphological and geological conditions. For monitoring discharge from any river section, the coefficient of roughness 'n' must be computed as a convenient method so as to minimise the error.

373 Vyas, N. and Nama, H.S. (1991) Pollution ecology of freshwater reservoir at Jodhpur, with special reference to micro-organisms. Geobios. 18: 33-37

Ecology of Akharaj-ji-ka-talab, a pollution prone pond of Jodhpur, was studied during April, 1987 to September, 1988, for some physico-chemical and biotic factors. Air and water temperature varied from 19.5°C to 29°C and 17.2°C to 27.5°C, respectively, pH from 6.5-8.0, free CO2 ranged from 17 to 26 ml l-1, carbonate alkalinity from 11 to 32 ml l-1, dissolved O2 from 1.9 to 13.6 ml l-1. Biotic community consisted of bacteria, protozoan, helminth eggs, rotifers and arthropods.

Plant Resources

374 Agharkar, S.P. (1952) Plant ecology of the Rajputana Desert. Bulletin of the National Institute of science, India. 1: 246-247

A brief list of common trees, shrubs and herbs of the Indian desert is given. The flora is regarded as a mixture of the Western (Arabian-African), Eastern (Indo-Malayan) and general Indian and widely distributed elements. They are found in varying proportions in the different parts, the western types being more common in the west, and the eastern types being found near foot of the Aravallis.

375 Arora, R.K. and Mehra, K.L. (1981) Plant genetic resources of arid and semi-arid lands of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 145-154

Two distinct types of arid environments, namely the tropical and the extra-tropical, prevail in the Indian sub-continent. The eco-geographic distribution, regional diversity and the present status of exploitation/utilisation of the plant genetic resources of the hot and cold arid lands of India, are discussed. In both the zones, cropping patterns change from area to area, depending upon the amount of available water. The botanical wealth of (i) the cold desert of Ladakh, Lahaul and Spiti, and the adjoining tract, and (ii) the tropical desert of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the semi-arid belt in the eastern Maharashtra and down south, is enumerated as the families represented. The causes of plant genetic diversity occurring in both regions are briefly discussed. The nature and extent of the prevalent diversity is analysed of major crop groups, viz., cereals and millets, grain legumes/pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, fibre crops, forage, spices, condiments and useful wild plants.

376 Arun Kumar. (1975) Variety, standing crop and net community productivity of the vegetation on a hard ground and stabilised dune near Pilani, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 124-134

Variety ratio (species/individuals) increases progressively with the ageing of community. The greatest growth of green biomass and underground biomass occurred in August-September which corresponds to the period of maximum rainfall. There was a considerable reduction in green biomass following maturity on the advent of dry season. Simultaneously there was a substantial depletion in the underground biomass also. The turnover of underground biomass is very high, the value being 0.94. the total annual net community production on sites I and II are 370.75 and 83.57 g m-2 yr-1 respectively and the corresponding rates of production on yearly basis are 1.01 and 0.20 g m-2 day-1 on these two sites.

377 Bansal, R.P. and Sen, D.N. (1981) Dispersal strategies in plants of the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 3-14

Seeds of Indian desert plants have developed various types of adaptive dispersal mechanisms. Most seeds are dispersed by autochory and wind currents; only a few by birds and mammals, including man. One of the outstanding features of these seeds is that they possess structures which provide extended atmospheric

buoyancy. The parachute-like pappus of Compositae is perhaps one of the most common, but Asclepiadaceae possess a similar mechanism. The fruits of a number of Gramineae have long awns, with pointed ends which become attached to clothing and mammal hair, and cannot be easily removed. Hooks and barbs, which compose the surface covering of many fruits and seeds, are also important appendages for dispersal by animals. When such structures are absent, as in some members of the Scrophulariaceae, smaller and lighter seeds are produced and dispersal is effected by wind currents. There are clear archetypic constraints on the types of dispersal mechanism adopted by related groups of plants, and within whole families similar mechanisms are often found.

378 Bhandari, M.M. (1962-63) Notes on Indian desert plants ii. On the identity and nomenclature of Talinum portulacifolium (Forsk.) Aschers and schweinf. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 176-179

Desertification of Talinum portulacifolium and its socio-economic importance have been discussed. It grows on rocks almost unapproachable to animals and man.

379 Bhandari, M.M. (1963) Notes on Indian desert plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 181-184

Critical notes on the identity and nomenclature of four species of Indian desert plants were reported. These species were currently reported to be new records for N.W. Rajasthan. They are Cassia obtusa, Cleome quinquenervia and Dignathia hirtella.

380 Bhandari, M.M. (1967) Flora of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 200-210

A large number of corrections and additions are needed in the recently published Flora of Rajasthan. In the present communication, which is first of a series dealing with additions and corrections, 19 taxa have been included, which are either new records for the area or need corrections in the nomenclature, citations and synonymy. Critical and field notes have been appended in most of the plants included here.

381 Bhandari, M.M. (1977) A new species of Sida (malvaceae) from the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 455-457

Sida tiagii Bhandari sp. nov. (Malvaceae) has been reported from Indian desert and its biology and plant characters have been described.

382 Biswas, K.R. (1962) Desert vegetation. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science, India. 1: 247

Botanical surveys are considered imperative and such studies should include xerophytes in various parts of the country. The actual areas covered by xerophytic, psammophytic, halophytic and lithophytic communities should be worked out. Autecological studies of different species are suggested.

383 Durani, P.K., Singh, G. and Kachroo, P. (1975) Phyto-sociological studies on the vegetation of Ladakh desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 75-86

The present paper analyses the vegetational changes from temperate to arid climate along 350 km long tract from Sonarmarg to Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State. Data from seven sites indicate the reduction in vegetational cover and number of species towards xeric valleys of Leh. The woody species which are predominant on Kashmir side of the tract disappear and mesophytic herbs are replaced by tufted low herbs with massive rootstocks on Ladakh side.

384 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1973) Phyto sociological changes in an enclosed area on old alluvial flats of Jodhpur in the Indian arid zone during a period of five years. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 52: 99-108

Phyto sociological variations on the old alluvial flats in western Rajasthan at Jodhpur in an enclosure were recorded for a period of five years by charting ground vegetation during different seasons of the year. During the study period subnormal rains were recorded except in 1967 and 1970. Perennial grasses are the prominent contributor to the basal cover in all the seasons. Ephemeral and thermophytes contribute relatively less after the post-monsoon season due to heavy loss of moisture by evaporation and downward penetration to sub-soil layers. Annual grasses in their percentage frequency and density suffer heavily during successive droughts. A decrease in total percentage basal cover was recorded under enclosure. Perennials remained alive during adverse soil moisture conditions due to their relatively deeper root system. Deep soil layer is interestingly enriched during April-June by vapour condensation into lower subsoil layer.

385 Gupta, R.S. and Krishnaswamy, V.S. (1952) Rajputana desert - Its vegetation and its soil. Indian Forester. 78: 596-601

Chemical analyses show that Rajasthan desert soils do not contain salts in quantities toxic to plant growth and that they are present in that desirable moderation to impart a certain amount of impermeability to the soils, to keep rain or other water in the region of the plant roots for a longer time. They indicate that the soils are moderately rich in nitrates which are readily available to plants. The percolation experiments conducted with a typical sample of desert soil suggest how floods are caused in Rajasthan sandy deserts even with small rainfall and how the large flat expanses of land near the mouth of Luni river remain inundated for long periods even after the rains.

386 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1977) Eco-climate and the primary production of the ephemerals in the desert ecosystem. Geobios. 4: 190-193

Boundary of aridity or humidity is a zone which fluctuates from year to year with variations in climate. Ecoclimatic formula for the years 1972, 1973 and 1974 were computed. The aridity index was maximum in 1974 and minimum in the year 1973. This aridity index is correlated with the biomass production. A positive linear correlation between annual precipitation and biomass was reported.

387 Jain, S.K. (1963) "Invasion of plants in arid regions of India". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India. Section B. 33: 58-60

In India arid and semi-arid conditions are met with chiefly north west in the States of Rajasthan, Kutch and Saurastra. It has been suggested with reasonable evidences that about 25 centuries ago, this area supported a flourishing population and was richly populated. Due to various climatic, political and biotic influences the tract has become devoid of vegetation. Xerophytic flora has gradually established in the area. Recent plant collections of the author from Rajasthan and Kutch revealed that a number of plants reported earlier only from Arabia and Sind are now frequently met within these States. Examples are Juncus maritimus, Premna resinosa, Dipterygium glaucum , Decaisene Astragalus prolixus, Cassia angustifolia, Heliotropimu calcarsum, Chrysopogon aucheri, and Asparagus dumosus.

388 Jha, P.K. and Sen, D.N. (1981) Ecology of Indian arid zone weeds IX- Echinops echinatus Roxb. Geobios. 8: 69-71

E. echinatus which is threatening as a weed in cultivated and waste places, adapts well under diverse conditions. Although it possesses medicinal value in hoarse-cough, hysteria, dyspepsia, scrofula and

opthalmia but attention for its control as a weed, is needed. Due to characteristic spinous globular head inflorescence, this weed is named here as "spine ball".

389 Joshi, M.C. (1956) Plant ecology of Bikaner and its adjacent areas in comparison with the rest of western Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 35: 495-511

The vegetation of Bikaner and its adjacent areas is described. The vegetation is described to a definite ecological status, viz. Calligonum-Zizyphus-Capparis association. Comparison of vegetation of Bikaner with neighbouring areas of western Rajasthan shows similarity with the vegetation of Jaisalmer, Phalodi and sandy plain of Shekhawati in the east.

390 Joshi, M.C. (1958) Preliminary survey of the sand dune vegetation of Pilani and its neighbourhood. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 37: 309-327

A preliminary report of the sand dune vegetation of Pilani and its neighbourhood is reported. Location and topography of the area are described. Environmental factors like climate, physiography, soil and biotic influences are given. The existing vegetation growing within the area is in discontinuous patches of plant associations which vary from patch to patch and give the region the appearance of a typical scrub jungle. A brief account of the plants growing on different types of dunes and soils has been given. No definite ecological status had been assigned to the vegetation of the area. The existing vegetation seems to be a Prosopis-Capparis climax association.

391 Joshi, M.C. and Kambhoj, O.P. (1959) Autoecology of Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 38: 8-34

The morphology and ecology of G. pharnaceoides are reported. The plant grows in patches in open sandy areas and sand-dunes. It sprouts with the first monsoon showers and completes its life-cycle in 5 to 8 weeks. The environmental factors influencing the species revealed that the species, which is of medicinal value, is well adapted for xerophytic conditions and is both "drought-evading" and "drought-escaping". The average capsule and seed output per plant is 188 and 940, respectively; the capsule numbers increasing with height and age of plant. Its aggressive capacity is low. The plant grows healthiest in sand and most stunted in black cotton soil.

392 Kanodia, K.C. and Gupta, R.K. (1969) Sand dune flora of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 65: 681-695

About 60% of the arid region of western Rajasthan is sandy and a major portion of this is occupied by sand dunes. These dunes are found mostly in Bikaner, Churu, Barmer, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts, though scattered patches are also met in Pali, Jalore and Sirohi, Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts. The present studies are aimed at making a preliminary record of the flora of some of these sand dunes, based on the plants collected during our surveys.

393 Kaul, A. and Vinod Shankar. (1988) Ecology of seed germination of the chenopod shrub Haloxylon salicornicum. Tropical Ecology. 29: 110-115

From 10 to 30° C the germination was in the increasing order and at 40° C it was slightly reduced. The germination response was equally good in both light and dark. Increase in moisture stress and levels of salinity shows adverse effect on rate as well as percentage germination. Various chemicals viz. sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate do not inhibit germination equally. Maximum decline was observed in the seeds germinated in solutions of magnesium sulphate and sodium bicarbonate.

394 Lekhak, H.D., Jha, P.K. and Sen, D.N. (1983) Ecological races: adaptation of Aerva javanica to the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 99-105

Two forms of Aerva javanica look so unlike that they are frequently mistaken for different species. The flower, a conservative organ, shows scarcely any difference, but variations were observed in pigmentation, leaf shape and size, hairy covering survival and distribution. The two have been recognised as distinct `broad-leaved' and `narrow-leaved' forms. Morpho-ecological variations are discussed.

395 Mathur, T. and Sen, D.N. (1972) Ecology of Indian desert VIII. On the water relations and assimilate balance of some desert plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 19-30

A reduction on the water loss and stomatal openings took place when the soil water decreased. The percentage of absolute moisture in Calotropis procera was found to be the maximum among the four species, probably because of latex. It was minimum in Prosopis cineraria. The percentage of relative water content of P. cineraria, P. juliflora and T. purpurea decreased but in C. procera increased with

decrease in soil moisture. The polysaccharides were detected only in November and the presence of monosaccharides in summer months had led to a high osmotic potential, resulting in an enhanced water uptake. The values of total nitrogen do not appear to show any particular trend in relation to the survival or otherwise of these desert plant species.

396 Meher-Homji, V.M. (1985) Classification of the Indian arid zone : Bioclimatic and phyto-geographic approaches. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 191-211

An attempt has been made to demarcate the arid and the semi-arid zones of India using bioclimatic and vegatational criteria. An index of aridity-humidity based on the values of precipitation and length of dry season seems to delineate the dry zones fairly well with varying degrees of aridity. another approach is to apply the climatic formulae of several authors to a station for a number of individual years. A truly arid station is one turning out arid according to all the formulae, all the years. Vegetation types also help in characterising the degrees of aridity; we have in decreasing order of aridity, the Calligonum type of the desert sand-dunes. Prospis-Capparis-Zizyphus-Salvadora of western Rajasthan, Acacia-Capparis decidua of northern Gujarat and the Deccan, and Acacia senegal-Anogeissus pendula and A. pendula of the Aravallis.

397 Nair, N.C. and Kanodia, K.C. (1959) Study of the vegetation of Ajit sagar bundh, Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 524-557

The vegetation on the hills is regarded to be a thorny scrub. The poor vegetation is attributed to the limited water supplying capacity of the soil, and the existing vegetation is considered to be the deterioration product of a climatic climax vegetation. Of the 384 plants listed, 379 are angiosperms which include 126 cultivated and 253 indigenous plants. Leguminosae, compositae and gramineae are the most dominating families. The largest genera include Indigofera, Heliotropium, Cyperus, Euphoriba, Commelina and Tephrosia.

398 Puri, G.S. (1952) Present position of plant ecology of the deserts of Rajasthan and Saurashtra. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science, India. 1: 233-241

The environmental factors and the vegetation of the Indian desert are discussed. Afforestation is suggested, by maintenance of plantations along river banks, hill-sides, parallel sand dunes, coastal dunes, north-west face of the Aravallis and along the sides of tributaries of Luni river.

399 Puri, G.S. (1954) Plant ecological research in India. Indian Forester. 80: 435-441

Ecology is the synthesis of all the diverse sciences that are concerned in the study of plant environment. This present phase in the ecological research is, therefore, of synthesis and application of ecological knowledge to problems of regeneration, growth, development and management of forests and other forms of vegetation. The ecological knowledge will also be applied to problems of erosion, proper land utilisation, Van Mahotsava, nature conservation and other human affairs.

400 Puri, G.S. (1960) Edaphic controls of vegetation on a regional scale in India. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 80: 151-155

In Rajasthan and Kutch, the relation between edaphic conditions and vegetation is not clear due to uniform and intense biotic interference and formation of immature soils. P. spicigera forms the climax community on sand dunes and sand plains. On limestone, A. senegal and G. tenax form the dominant community. Alluvial soils known as "rakhals" are covered by Acacia leucophloea, A. senegal, A. arabica, G. tenax, G. villesa and P. spicigera. Sandy areas are colonised by Euphorbia nivulia.

401 Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K. (1961) "Succession of plant communities in the Rajasthan Aravallis". Indian Forester. 87: 745-750

The plant communities occurring at Mount Abu, Ajmer, Rajgaddi, Bhitur, Pachmata, Kishenpubra and Bir Jhunjhnu on the Aravallis ranges in Rajasthan are described. The successional trends in the vegetation are discussed and have been shown in a chart.

402 Raheja, P.C. (1965) Influence of climatic changes on the vegetation of the arid zone in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 64-73

The conditions of aridity in western Rajasthan were set, in the geologically recent and sub-recent time consequent on the rise of Himalayan and Siwalik ranges. In the protohistoric and prehistoric times the whole region was well drained by the mighty river system, desertic conditions were set in about 1500-2000 BC The process was hastened by the invasion of Huns and Gurjar nomadic tribes from central Asia. There is evidence that precipitation is slowly decreasing in this region as heat and moisture balance are becoming adverse. The present vegetation cover in relation to micro-climatic zones has been diagrammatically represented and its floristic

characteristics have been described. Experimental work conducted to rehabilitate vegetation and its likely influence on micro-climate have been discussed in the text.

403 Rao, R.S. (1970) Studies on the flora of Kutch, Gujarat state (India) and their utility in the economic development of the semi-arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 125-142

So far about 700 species covering 95 families have been reported. Families like Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Convolvulaceae and Cyperaceae have been found to be predominant. Among these more than 70 species of grasses of and 50 species of legumes from the main source of fodder in semi- arid zone of Kutch where the maximum temperature in summer is about 39° C and the minimum in winter 10° C with a very scanty rainfall of 350 mm. The Banni grasslands of Kutch are renowned for cattle wealth, Forage grasses like Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Panicum antidotale, Chrysopogon fulvus and a few others have been found to be most nutritious, bringing about higher yield of milk when judiciously mixed up with legume species of Alysicarpus, Desmodium and Indigofera. To add to this, growth of soil stabilisers like species of Saccharum, Themeda and the cultivation of salt thriving species of Sporobolus, Chloris, Cenchrus and others for reclamation of saline tracts, have to be encouraged. Other natural resources like gums of Commiphora wightii and Acacia species, essential oils from Cymbopogon martinii and Vetiveria zizanioides and medicinal extracts from species of Withania, Psoralea, Grewia, Peganum can be developed by the systematic cultivation of these species in their natural habitat. By utilising such limited plant-resources data of floristic studies and by proper planning on the various aspects suggested above, coupled with the suitable exploitation of the underground water resources, the economic standards can be satisfactorily improved.

404 Rao, R.S. and Kanodia, K.C. (1962) Studies on the vegetation and flora of Jodhpur division, Rajasthan state. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 16-47

Useful notes on habitat, flower colour, flowering and fruiting, season based on field studies and supported by Herbarium material of 322 species collected from different parts of the Jodhpur division are given under the enumeration of species. Nine species have been newly recorded for the Rajasthan state.

405 Rao, R.S. and Kanodia, K.C. (1963)

Studies on the vegetation and flora of Jodhpur division, Rajasthan state. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 35-60

The plants occurring in Jodhpur division of arid zone have been described in detail.

406 Santapau, H. (1959) Lecto types of the species and varieties described by Blatter and Hallberg in their `flora of the Indian desert'. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 56: 276-281

The new species and varieties discovered from Rajasthan desert by Father Blatter and Hallberg and deposited in Herbarium are detailed in this paper.

407 Satyanarayan, S. and Gaur, Y.D. (1967) Phyto-sociological variations in floristic composition of the vegetation in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 178-199

Studies on the sociological variations in the floristic composition of the monsoonal vegetation of the alluvial plains of the arid zone have shown the occurrence of only five species in summer, of which the perennials Cenchrus setigerus and Eleusine compressa are the dominant and remain in living condition, up to April. Three weeks after the first showers, the number of species increased to 24 and a fortnight later to 26. During the monsoon period of 30th July to 22nd September, the perennials except C. setigerus increase in the number of colonies and decrease in the number of individuals. Among the annuals C. biflorus and Digitaria adescendens, Aristida adscensionis and Eragrosits ciliaris behave like the perennials. Forbs rapidly increase in number but perennial weeds germinate more slowly. Ephemerals like Urochloa panicoides and Tragus biflorus do not stand in competition with other species. Weeds compete successfully with the others. Changes in the cover-growth are accompanied by relative increase in the height-growth. Eleusine compressa proves to be the best growing species among all the grasses of alluvial plains. The highest percentage cover and density of annuals are found during the middle of monsoon, while in perennials it may be up to end of monsoon. Mortality in annuals is due to their short life period and poor establishment and lack of competitive power. A. adscensisnis, C. biflorus, D. adscendens, C. arenarius and Tribulus terrestris behave sometimes as annuals or biennials or perennials depending on the environmental conditions. The soil profile is divisible into five zones according to the stratification of the root zones.

408 Satyanarayan, Y. (1963)

Ecology of the central Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 82-100

The plant communities of central Luni basin in western Rajasthan have been grouped into five formations: (1) mixed xeromorphic thorn forest, (2) mixed xeromorphic woodland, (3) dwarf semi-shrub desert, (4) psammophytic scrub desert, and (5) succulent halophytic desert. The mixed xeromorphic thorn forest occurs on erosional land-forms of granite and rhyolite hills with skeletal soils. The mixed xeromorphic woodland is characteristic of depositional plains of older alluvium, with calcareous sandy loam soils overlying a hard pan. The dwarf semi-shrub desert is confined to the younger alluvium in the flood plains, consisting of loamy sand, calcareous throughout the profile. The psammophytic scrub desert is characteristic of sand plains and sand dunes formed by deep fine sands of aeolian origin. The succulent halophytic desert is confined to saline alluvium with medium heavy calcareous and saline soils.

409 Satyanarayan, Y. and Gaur, Y.D. (1968) Phyto-sociological changes of monsoon vegetation in semi-rocky habitats. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 47: 371-381

A brief description of the semi-rocky habitat with its climatic particulars is given. The physical and chemical properties of soils are described. The herbaceous perennial and annual vegetation are subjected to considerable seasonal changes in their floristic composition, cover, density, composition and mortality. Floristic composition and density are least in summer and highest in the middle of monsoon mainly due to rapid growth of annuals and sprouting of perennials. Perennials show continuous increase in percentage cover throughout the season while the annuals last only for a few weeks during the monsoon and disappear due to lack of moisture in the surface layers and improper establishment. Tephrosia purpurea and Eleusine compressa are the most drought-resistant species of their habitat.

410 Satyanarayan, Y. and Shankaranarayan, K.A. (1964) Vegetation of Bellary district, Mysore state, II. Vegetation types. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 54-62

The flora which is grouped under the Deccan phyto-geographical province consists of 285 species, belonging to 228 genera and 68 families. There are 180 genera with 221 species of dicots and only 48 genera and 64 species of monocots. The dominant families are leguminosae, gramineae, compositae and euphorbiaceae. The

forests of the district are categorised into different communities based on the dominant species.

411 Saxena, S.K. (1977)

Desertification due to ecological changes in the vegetation of Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 367-373

Over-exploitation of the natural vegetation by way of overgrazing and removal of tree species for fuel and for other purposes and cultivation of marginal lands like sand dunes etc. lead to a series of ecological changes in the desert area of western Rajasthan due to which the whole tract becomes susceptible to erosion hazards and this finally leads to desertification.

412 Saxena, S.K. and Singh, S. (1976) Some observation on the sand dunes and vegetation of Bikaner district in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 313-322

The morphology and vegetation of five types of dunes namely parabolic, longitudinal, transverse, barchen and shrub-coppice of Bikaner district have been discussed. The dunes of the first three types belong to an old dune system. Within the systems, the parabolic dunes occupy larger areas, are better stabilised and contain higher percentage of calcium carbonate and fine sand particles than all the other types of dunes. Two vegetation types have been recognised on dunes of the old system, viz. "psammophytic scrub desert" and "mixed xeromorphic thorn forest". Calligonum polygonoides-Panicum turgidum is the most common plant community of psammophytic scrub desert which occurs on all three types of dunes of the old system. The plant density and number of trees are more on parabolic dunes than other dunes which also indicate better stabilisation of the former types of dunes. Presence of Prosopis cineraria on the lower slopes of longitudinal dunes and that of Haloxylon salicornicum on the lower slopes of the transverse dunes have been observed. The therophytic species found on three types of stabilised dunes are more or less similar, except for their densities. However, only a limited variety of species occur in the western sector. It is inferred from these studies that the dunes of the old system do not need any plantation to ensure their stability but must be protected from biotic interference. The dunes of the new system are active and must be stabilised through suitable dune stabilisation techniques involving the use of psammophytic indigenous species which are well adapted to the existing environmental conditions of the sand dunes.

413 Shanti Sarup. (1952)

Plant ecology of Jodhpur and its neighbourhood. Rajasthan University Studies (Biological Science). 1: 29-36

The great Indian desert is spread principally in the west and north western part of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner divisions of Rajasthan, India and the Thar district in Sind. The general aspect is that of a succession of dry undulating plains of shifting sand dunes of various sizes. The desert area lies between 24.5 N and 30.5 N latitude with hot summers and cold winters. The summer temperature is among the highest in the world and coincides with the season of the greatest droughts. In the west and the north west part of the desert the rainfall is not more than a few inches and is very irregular. Humidity is low. Three ecological zones are recognised. To the south and south east of the region near the Aravalli hills but not strictly in the desert. Here some natural vegetation occurs.

414 Shanti Sarup and Vyas, L.N. (1957) Ecological studies on the vegetation of Jodhpur tehsil. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 36: 589-590

Six plant associations are distinguished according to different situations, viz. (1) hills, (2) mixed hill and plains, (3) plains, (4) sand dunes, (5) roist rock streams and (6) saline river beds and loamy soils.

415 Singh, R. and Joshi, M.C. (1986) Distribution and cycling of potassium in soil-vegetation components of sand and dune herbaceous vegetation around Pilani, Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 265-276

The distribution and cycling of potassium in the herbaceous vegetation were studied in sand and dune regions around Pilani at five sites from June, 1973 to May, 1974. Only 3-7% of the total soil potassium was involved in the biological circulation. Maximum uptake (3 g m-2) of potassium occurred in interdunal lows during rainy season, out of which 83% was reflected in above ground live shoots and 17% in roots. The transfers were higher during winter. The maximum release of potassium through roots and litter decomposition occurred during winter season. On all the five sites, the total potassium annually absorbed by the vegetation ranged from 1.45 g m-2 to 3.35 m-2, 40-67% of it was returned to the soil through root and litter decomposition.

416 Singh, R.P. and Bahar, N., Prasad, B. and Gupta, M.K. (1991)

Ecological studies on Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. in Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 119-122

The study was conducted in the cold desert of Spiti valley in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Plantation of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn in one hectare can meet the fuel wood needs of twenty families in this region. Total biomass on dry weight basis was 34.27 t ha-1 and energy ranged from 3.5 to 4.4 K. cal g-1 dry weight.

417 Singh, R.P., Nav Bahar and Prakash Chand. (1992)

Autoecology of Capparis spinosa Linn. in cold desert of Spiti valley in Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 291-293

Capparis spinosa Linn. is a dominant trailing shrub of cold desert of Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. Its seed has hard seed coat dormancy which can be overcome by concentrated sulphuric acid treatment and mechanical scarification. Root system contributes maximum (65.33%) to the total biomass followed by above ground biomass (34.66%). A single plant covers 4.24 m² areas of soil by aerial portion. Root of single plant can bind soil up to 3.43 m² with the strong lateral roots. The taper rate varies from 0.42 to 10.4 which itself is an indication of strong root system.

418 Singh, V., Mathur, K., Sethia, M., Bhojak, S. and Nag, T.K.

(1990) Ascorbic acid from some arid zone plants of Rajasthan. Geobios. 17: 35

Studies on free endogenous ascorbic acid content in different parts of some of the plants common to arid zone of Rajasthan which form a large part of vegetation were made. Plants of Rajasthan have biosynthetic potential to produce free ascorbic acid in every stage of growth which is regarded as one of the essential constituent of livestock feed.

419 Suresh Kumar. (1992) Comparing classification and different ordinations of vegetation in the Thar desert of India with implications in resource management. Tropical Ecology. 33: 110-131

Importance value (RIV) data of perennial vegetation sampled in tenth hectare quadrates at 251 sites covering all habitats in Jaisalmer were analysed for classification and ordinations. Results obtained in respect of vegetation data of sandy undulating hummocky plains are however, discussed here. Classification of vegetation by Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN)

revealed three site classes and four species classes, both arranged along a gradient of soil texture. Of the ordination analysis by Polar Ordination (PO), Principal component analysis (PCA), Reciprocal averaging (RA) and Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), site and species classes obtained in DCA were most near to the natural situation. Moreover addition of five non-existent species with zero RIV to the main matrix, completely aborted RA, compressed PO and PCA outputs but these were completely eliminated by DCA and TWINSPAN. Six site and ten species classes, which corresponded to each other in DCA were an improvement over TWINSPAN classes. Examining these classes for trends of 19 vegetational and 10 edaphic parameters alongwith its ecological status, dominance diversity curves, beta diversity and dominance concentration provided cues for vegetation management on these sites.

420 Suresh Kumar. (1996) Trends in structural compositional attributes of dune-interdune vegetation and their edaphic relations in the Indian desert. Vegetatio. 124: 73-93

Vegetation of 127 sites on different aspects of dune-interdunes in the Indian Thar desert was classified using TWINSPAN. TWINSPAN groupings of sites separated better vegetated dunes of the north-east form the poorly vegetated dunes of the north-west and the south-west. Of the different ordinations using non centred, centred and standardised principal component analysis, reciprocal averaging and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the site and species classes in DCA correlated well with ten edaphic and ten vegetational attributes of each site. Strong correlation of vegetation groupings with soil texture, moisture holding capacity and low correlation with pH and electrical conductivity revealed the possible importance of soil physical properties in affecting vegetation composition. The eleven species classes in TWINSPAN were regrouped into 18 species classes in DCA, which separated highly frequent species from those of less and least frequent species. Based on dominance-diversity attributes, Calligonum polygonoides-Lasiurus sindicus was brought out as bioedaphic climax stage. Correlation of ordination scores in different site groupings with vegetational attributes showed specific trends : From the zero of x, y and z axes to their maximum, the ordination scores of grasses and browse species declined while score of spinous species increased. The sites near the origin of the x, y and z axes were therefore least degraded and those at or near the maximum of x, y and z axes were most disturbed as was confirmed by the dominance diversity trends. Thus trends of compositional and functional attributes of vegetation

of sites in different groupings helped in inferring a site's degradation status.

421 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1985)

Vegetation ecology of the Guhiya catchment in the upper Luni basin - India. Tropical Ecology. 26: 1-11

Dry tropical forest type is confined to the east of the Guhiya catchment on the Aravalli ranges. The alluvia and the isolated hillocks in the west of the catchment are covered by Desert thorn forest type. Seven grass covers i.e. Propetium-Eragrotsis type, Dactyloctenium-Eleusine type, Dichanthium-Desmostachya-Cynodon type, Cenchrus type, Aristida type, Chrysopogon-Sehima type and Sporobolus-Chloris type have been identified. Three grass covers, viz. Cenchrus type, Dichanthium-Desmostachya-Cynodon and Chrysopogon-Sehima type are higher in successional hierarchy and exhibit specific edaphic affinities. The sprinkling of trees and shrubs in each grass cover varies in composition and density, by and large, according to the soil texture and the relief.

422 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1987)

Vegetation ecology of the Bandi catchment in the upper Luni basin, western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecology. 28: 246-258

In the Bandi catchment (2748 km2) of the upper Luni basin, bulk of the area (73%) was cropland and the remaining 27% area supported natural vegetation. In the forest area (13.4%) two distinct zones were: 1-forests on the Aravalli ranges in the east occupying 13.03% of the catchment area, and 2-forests on the alluvia and hillocks in the western part of the catchment covering 0.40% area. The first type closely corresponds to the Northern dry tropical forest and the second to the Desert thorn forest. In the 13.35% of the catchment area located mostly in the western part, seven grass covers were identified. These are : Oropetium thomaeum-Eragrostis ciliaris occurring over 3.92% area, Dactyloctenium sindicum-Eleusine compressa on 3.48% area, Dichanthium annulatum-Desmostachya bipinnata-Cynodon dactylon on 3.2% area, Chrysopogon fulvus-Apluda mutica on 1.79% area, Cenchrus ciliaris-Cenchrus setigerus on 0.30% area. Sporobolus marginatus-Chloris virgata on 0.28% and Aristida spp. on 0.30% area. Tree and shrub cover in these types varied according to the topography, soil depth and texture.

423 Vinod Shankar. (1988)

Vegetation ecology of the Indian Thar desert. Indian Journal of Ecology and Environmental Science. 14: 131-155

Environmental factors, vegetation types and their successional status have been briefly discussed. Different classical approaches used for vegetation description and classification in India are reviewed. Based on a study of 26 interdunal plains in Jaisalmer district, it is shown that multivariate analysis and ordination techniques are most appropriate for summarising spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in plant communities.

424 Vinod Shankar and Dadhich, N.K. (1977) Effect of long term exclosure on changes in dune vegetation. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 381-386

Protection led to improvement in the species diversity and richness. Marked improvement in the botanical composition, relative frequency and relative cover of herbs and shrubs was also noticed on the top, the slope and at the base of protected dune. Protected dune was rich in species of higher ecological status e.g. Calligonum polygonoides, Panicum antidotale and Sericostoma pauciflorum etc. Mobile barchan dunes supported under-shrubs of lower ecological status e.g. Crotalaria burhia and Aerva persica was almost devoid of grassy vegetation. Wind seems to be a major ecological factor in the distribution of species to windward and leeward side of the dune. Protection also improved herbage yield.

425 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1984) Ecological distribution of Haloxylon salicornicum (MOQ.) bunge as an aid to the reconstruction of the lost courses of the Saraswati river in the Indian desert. Tropical Ecology. 25: 227-238

Studies on the geographical and ecological distribution of a chenopod shrub, Haloxylon salicornicum in the western Rajasthan revealed its predominance in three situations meeting its niche requirements viz., dry beds of prior courses of the river Saraswati, sand dunes and sandy undulating interdunal plains underlain with gypsum at varying depths. Based on its distribution pattern, four abandoned courses of the Saraswati have been reconstructed and certain courses suggested by other workers confirmed.

426 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1984) Ecology of crop-area weeds in Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin in Rajasthan. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 5: 321-327

Twenty nine species of weeds occurring in Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin were sampled for estimating their abundance on different landforms and botanical composition in a variety of crop fields in both rabi and kharif. Phenology of these weeds was

observed. The estimate of total dry matter of crops and the weeds revealed 2 to 4 times more dry matter in weeds as compared to that of the crop.

427 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1986) Top feed and fuel wood resources of the Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin and measures to upgrade them. Indian Journal of Range Management. 7: 53-62

Existing vegetation was invetroyed and its condition was evaluated on ten characteristic habitats in the Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin. Quality of different representative sites on these habitats was assessed on the basis of plant and soil indicators. Based on existing vegetation, its condition and sire quality, measures have been suggested to upgrade the top feed and fuel wood resources.

428 Whyte, R.O. (1976) Bioclimatic and taxonomic consequences of tectonic movement and orgeny. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 247-269

Nine major periods are recognised in the palaeo-climatic and recent history of the South Asian subcontinent, associated with or created by the major geological events, the arrival of the South Asian Plate and the orgeny of Tibet, the Karakorum and the Himalaya. Only in the eighth and ninth of these periods would conditions have begun to favour the dispersal and rapid speciation of the herbaceous vegetation thus indicating how remarkably young is the rich graminaceous flora of the present day.

Land Use

429 Abichandani, C.T. and Sen, A.K. (1977) MLRU' mapping - a concept of composite mapping unit for integrated land survey. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 263-270

Working out a composite mapping unit for integrated regional survey, with the aim of providing a basis for the assessment of resource potentials of an area deserves special cartographic attention. The hitherto available mapping techniques do not fully serve the purpose under Indian arid zone conditions. A new composite mapping unit-Major Land Resources Unit (MLRU)-has been evolved based on the principle of classification of lands having recurring patterns of biotic and abiotic environments. The cartographic techniques and advantages of the MLRU system have been described.

430 Balak Ram. (1981)

An appraisal of land distributed to the weaker sections in Silora block (Rajasthan). National Geographer. 16: 119-125

Social work and research centre, Tilonia has undertaken a project entitled `Development for increasing agricultural labourers and scheduled castes in Silora block, Ajmer, Rajasthan. About 1618.7 ha of land were distributed amongst 1000 landless labourers and scheduled castes under the government's land allotment scheme. But many of the allottees have not been able to secure the actual possession of the land and some are even not inclined to accept the same owing to poor fertility of the soils and inaccessibility. Besides, some of the allottees have been forcefully driven away by the concerted efforts of the former owners. The SWRC aims to pick up 200 farmers every year and highlight the following details concerning (a) identification of allottees, (b) location of water on the unutilised land, (c) digging of new wells, (d) water and soil testing, (e) land development, viz., land levelling, contour bunding, etc., (f) crop rotation, (g) tillage operations, and (h) supply of basic inputs, i.e., seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, etc.

431 Balak Ram. (1987) Importance of detailed land use mapping for operational research project area in arid zone. Indian Cartographer. 7: 313-321

Central arid zone research institute has recently taken up Doli and Jhanwar villages of Jodhpur district for Operational Research project. For this a detailed mapping of the present land use has been done. Aerial photographs were used in locating and delineating the actual boundaries of different land uses and to incorporate recent charges. Over a period of last 25 years irrigated area is substantially increased, particularly in Doli village but the over-exploitation of ground water has also caused sodicity/salinity problems. No additional land has been put under cultivation but long fallow area is decreased. The paper concludes with the important points of detailed land use mapping in identifying and selecting the lands for various extension and demonstration activities for Operational Research Programme.

432 Balak Ram. (1990) Mapping detailed land use changes under different landforms in an arid region. Indian Cartographer. 10: 276-279

Detailed mapping of land-use and cropping in five villages located under different geomorphic units of an arid region has been carried

out for 1963-64 and 1983-84 and changes over time and space are worked out. In younger alluvial plain and flat buried pediment irrigated double cropped area has significantly increased and at the same time fallow land has declined. Rainfed agriculture has developed in older alluvial plain with good communication network. No specific change has occurred in villages occupied by sand dunes except that the long fallowing system has declined. Changes in cropping pattern and reasons thereof are also discussed in the light of varying micro environment.

433 Balak Ram, Sharma, J.R. and Ghosh, T.K. (1989) Feasibility of digital image processing techniques in land use mapping of Indian desert. Indian Cartographer. 9: 450-455

A study was undertaken by the Division of Resources Survey and Monitoring (Central Arid Zone Research Institute) in collaboration with RRSSC, Jodhpur to map present land use of an arid zone area by digital image analysis of TM and IRS-IA data. The paper discusses the results of this study. The paper lists the various land use classes which could be correctly identified on the TM scene. The land use classes which could not be identified have also been listed and the reason for their getting mixed up with other classes has been explained. The paper suggests a method by which more land use classes can be identified correctly. The various plus points of digital image processing as emerged from the study have also been briefly discussed.

434 Balak Ram and Chauhan, J.S. (1994) Mapping the marginal lands in arid zone of western Rajasthan using satellite imagery. Indian Cartographer. 14: 117-153

Increased farming practices over marginal lands disregarding their potential and regeneration capabilities has caused serious problems of land degradation in recent years, particular in arid zone. The lands which are not suitable for agriculture owing to their inherent limitations and physio-climatic conditions, but still cultivated once in three or more years, yielding an average return of not more than the production cost, are termed marginal lands. Cultivation on such land is uneconomic and involves high probability of crop failure. Based on the visual interpretation of LANDSAT TM and IRS LISS-II FCC and aerial photographs supported with field survey, the marginal lands of the western Rajasthan have been identified and mapped. Characteristics, limitation and consequences of the use of different categories of marginal lands are discussed. Feasibility of remotely sensed data are also highlighted. The paper includes the major findings and suggested potential use of these lands.

435 Balak Ram and Chauhan, J.S. (1994)

Satellite based appraisal of land use and related problems in coastal desert of India. Indian Cartographer. 14: 152-153

Coastal desert of Gujarat constitutes 62180 km2 or 19.6% area of Indian arid zone. Of this 73.4% is occupied by Kachchh district alone. As compared to `Thar' desert the land use and related problems of this region are quite different. Out of total geographical area its mainland constitutes only 42.81% while rest is occupied by salt ranns even though per head total land area comes to 1.57 ha and that of agricultural lands 0.63 ha. But the lands are not properly and fully utilised owing to vast stretches of rocky/stony and salt affected terrain associated with salinity, water erosion and other natural hazards as well as meagre surface and ground water resources subjected to inhospitable climatic conditions. The uneconomic and over-exploitation of natural resources have aggravated land degradation and caused serious land use problems. In order to formulate any planning for sustainable development for such a fragile region, the appraisal of land use and related problem is a pre-requisite. The present study aims to map and focus the present status of landuses, pinpoint the problem and potential areas and assess their use and misuse.

436 Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal. (1988) Mapping the landuse characteristics of an arid environment : a case study of Bandi watershed, western Rajasthan. Indian Cartographer. 8: 359-369

Landuse mapping reflect the resource potentials, the nature and level of exploitation which forms basis for development planning. Based on landuse survey and mapping and available related information, decadel, lateral and regional landuse changes and the variations in and along the sub-catchments have been studied and discussed. Irrigated and double crop areas have been substantially increased during the last decade while fallow lands, and culturable wastes have been decreased. The paper also concludes with the major findings on problematic areas and areas available for further development.

437 Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal. (1995) Landuse problems and potentialities of hot arid coastal region of India. Indian Cartographer. 15: 34-39

Arid zone in India constitute 317090 km2 area of which 19.61% is concentrated in Gujarat state. Jamnagar district occupies 9.45% of

India's total arid zone and about 22.72% arid area of Gujarat. The low erratic and high variable rainfall, shallow soils, vast stretches of rocky/gravelly uplands, salt affected lands, moderate to severe water erosion and saline and meagre groundwater potentials are some of the major hazards restricting the proper use of land and contributing to the low food and fodder production. Constantly increasing population injudiciously used and even over exploited some of the vital land resources far beyond their use and regeneration capability. In order to make sustainable land and water resources development planning for such a fragile ecosystem, the proper assessment of the present status, problems and potentials of lands under different systems of management is a must. The present study is one such attempt in this direction. Based on semi-detailed survey and remotely sensed data, the present land use mapping of Jamnagar district has been done. Spatial distribution and characteristics of different land use categories are discussed, their related problems are highlighted and potential areas are pin pointed. Suggestions are also made for rational utilisation of lands.

438 Balak Ram and Joshi, D.C. (1984) Land use soil relationship in an arid zone area. The Deccan Geographer. 22: 505-510

Land use pattern in relation to soil characteristics has been studied in a typical arid zone area. The sandy area covered with varying intensity of dunes, hummocks and loose sand is under single cropping with varying intensity of cropping. Dune soils have low intensity (20 to 30 per cent) as compared to interdunal are as (60 to 80 per cent). The area of moderately deep to medium textured soils, free of over burden sand double cropped. It may be inferred from the studies that beside other factors land use pattern is closely related with the soil characteristics.

439 Balak Ram and Kolarkar, A.S. (1993) Remote sensing application in monitoring land-use changes in arid Rajasthan. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 14: 3191-3200

Land-use changes in various parts of arid Rajasthan were identified and mapped on reconnaissance, semi-detailed and detailed levels using multidate remotely-sensed data, supported with field check and secondary information. During the last three decades the net sown area in arid Rajasthan has increased by 36 per cent while current and long fallows have declined by 29 and 41 per cent, respectively. The net irrigated area has increased by 140 per cent. Forest and pastures become highly degraded although their areas

have increased to some extent. Land-use changes that occurred during the 1979 and 1990 floods are also discussed. In addition, the advantages and limitations of remote sensing and their comparison with traditional methods are also highlighted.

440 Balak Ram, Chauhan, J.S. and Sen, A.K. (1989) Mapping the use and misuse of lands of Indian arid zone. Indian Cartographer. 9: 450-453.

A large part of the Arid zone lands are either not properly utilised or misused. To assess their use and misuse is the prerequisite for regional planning. This can be better achieved through systematic land use survey and mapping primarily based on remote sensing techniques. The techniques to assess and map such use and misuse of lands are discussed and supported through an example of Barmer district of Rajasthan where 49% lands are found to be not properly utilised and 31% are misused. Merits of the techniques and utility of the maps are highlighted in the text. Possibilities in further improvement of the mapping and its relevance are projected in the concluding part of the paper.

441 Balak Ram, Gheesa Lal and Sen, A.K. (1983)

Land use in the Guhiya Catchment. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 65-75

The characteristics of the present land use in the Guhiya catchment of the Luni basin and the factors affecting the land utilisation are discussed. Distinct cropping patterns, practices under different categories of lands are discussed. The results of survey, over and under exploitation of lands, potential and problem areas are pin pointed. Measures for proper land use are finally suggested.

442 Daulay, H.S. and Henry, A. (1987) Desert ecological environments and their management systems for optimising crop/plant production. The Geographer. 34: 26-38

The paper described the agro-ecological zones, climate, land use pattern, soil conservation for improving the desert biome, viz., sand dune fixation and wind erosion control, natural vegetation of hot arid zone, animal husbandry, human ecology and improved crop husbandry practices.

443 Daulay, H.S. and Henry, A. (1988) Crop diversification and alternate land use system for rural land use planning in Indian arid zone. The Geographer. 35: 13-22

The system of agriculture followed in arid areas indicates the limitation imposed by aridity. Based on the land use capabilities of the land holding, scientific technology developed in recent past has revealed that much can be achieved by choosing right species of trees / crops / grasses / forestry / horticultural crops, better agronomic practices, fertiliser use and soil and water management.

444 Dhir, R.P. (1981)

Role of integrated natural resource survey in development planning. Development Policy and Administration Review. 7: 67-73

The paper gives in brief the purpose and methodology of natural resource survey and outlines the advantages of integration of survey data of multidisciplinary nature. It illustrates the type of information generated in terms of resource characterisation, assessment of potential for development and treatment needs for realisation of the same. Best interpretations are possible through an interaction of surveyor, resource management specialist and development planner.

445 Gheesa Lal. (1987)

Impact of ground water on the land use changes in the desert environment : a case study of Borunda village. The Geographical Observer. 23: 35-44

The problem of food in Rajasthan, particularly in western Rajasthan, is very acute and serious. The evidences for food problems are available in the economic and agricultural history records of Rajasthan, in which numerous instances of crop failures and lack of proper food supply are cited. Every third year is a drought year, which affects the agrarian economy of the region severely. In addition to this, the cultivable land is not sufficiently available to the farmers, because of large expansion of sandy waste, stony waste gravelly waste and barren land in the region. Thus, not many changes have been observed in the landuse pattern even under the green revolution period, except in certain pockets where sweet ground water is available. In Borunda village sweet ground water is available in lime-stone formation and filled valleys. The extensive use of this ground water potential has not only changed the land use pattern but also has pushed up the economy of the village as a whole.

446 Gheesa Lal and Sen, A.K. (1990) Land use mapping by IRS data in Jalore district of western Rajasthan. Indian Cartographer. 10: 283-291

An attempt has been made to prepare a map of the current land use of Jalore district in the arid western part of Rajasthan by the use of IRS data with limited field check. The landuse characteristics and their relationship with other basic resources of the various units have been described. The percentage of identified land use units like cultivated land (75.6%) including short and long fallow, the cropping patterns and other practices have been described. Besides, different types of wasteland (10.2%), the landuse of settlements and water features (4.1%), forest (2.0%) and permanent pastures and orans (8.0%) are also described. Although the major categories of land utilisation have been mapped, it is concluded that further studies are required on waste and degraded lands, reclamation of marginal lands and correct estimation of pasture lands and orans though remote sensing and other methods. The entire cartographic work was carried out by analysing IRS data and it was found that it was comparable to LANDSAT TM. data.

447 Gheesa Lal, Balak Ram and Malakar, A.R. (1991) Significance of detailed land use mapping for resource management and micro level planning in arid environment. Indian Cartographer. 11: 246-252

Land use in arid zone is very important factor affecting the agricultural economy. The rational utilisation of land resources is of great importance for agricultural development and regional planning. In this context study of land use planning based on detailed land use mapping and survey is the first step towards putting out lands to the proper and rational use. Local and regional land use surveys and mapping at the village level are most helpful in the field of rural development planning. Such studies assume significance in arid areas of western Rajasthan, where the resources have not been fully assessed. The region is represented by monocropping rainfed agriculture where choices of crops is very limited. The extent of cultivation and crop production is very uncertain and least dependable. Pastures are highly degraded. Sand movement is main problem of this region. During the last two decades long fallowing practices are considerably declined. Agricultural land with intensity of cultivation below 40% are not suitable for crop production and hence silvi-pastural practices should be adapted. Other cultivated lands require agro-forestry practices and improved dry farming technology.

448 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1965) Observations on geomorphology and land use of Kitnod village. The Geographical Review of India. 27: 143-156

There are five landform units such as flood plains, aggraded alluvial plains, alluvial fans, hills with bare surface and the graded river bed. The flood plain is recent and most productive and supports most of the village population. The texture of soil of the flood plain ranges from sand to loamy sand having very low fertility status. Yet the flood plains show higher organic matter content. This area is the potential source of subsurface water which is used for irrigation and stock. Keeping in view the soil type water is fairly good for irrigation and is not likely to create salinity problem. Interpretation and analysis of aerial photographs of this region have revealed that the climate was humid in the past when the vast aggraded alluvial plain (old flood plain) was built up. Condition was deteriorated later and the land surface covered with blown sand. Productivity was reduced. People migrated to the newly formed flood plain in the north where they could counteract the desiccation with subsurface water. The degenerated land in aggraded alluvial plain (old flood plain) was left uncared for, subject to very high wind erosion hazards. The capability of land and its use described in the paper depict only the present phase of arid environment although the initial landform is of fluvial origin.

449 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. and Singh, S. (1968) Processes and extent of erosion and its effects on land use in the central Luni basin, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 15-29

There is no relation between the slope of the lands and wind erosion. Slope only plays a significant role in water erosion in the piedmont zones and hills. In the central Luni basin wind erosion is prominent and covers 42.16 per cent of the total area. Water erosion is quite negligible. It affects an area of 0.74 per cent. About 3.32 per cent of the total area is affected by both water and wind erosion. The rest of the area is practically free from erosion. The west and north-west sectors of the region have dunes, hummocks and blown sand.

450 Mann, H.S., Lahiri, A.N. and Pareek, O.P. (1976) A study on the moisture availability and other conditions of unstabilised dunes in the context of present land use and the future prospects of diversification. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 270-284

The prospects of plant production on desert dunes have been considered with special reference to prevailing soil plant-environment conditions. The soil moisture status of unstabilised dunes is consistently more than the stabilised ones where vegetation exists, although the moisture conditions of unstabilised dunes, as such may vary from one place to other depending on rainfall and

other variations. High rate of water use by the dune vegetation, which is linked with the decrease in their leaf temperature, seems to be the main cause of low soil moisture status of stabilised dunes. Observations on soil temperature during the hottest period of summer days indicated a sharp fall up to 20 cm depth from surface and at lower depths temperature variations were minimum. The conserved moisture in barren dunes, however, is not sufficient to meet the total water need of a rabi or a kharif crop although soil fertility may not be a serious limitation. The resource of conserved moisture of unstabilised dunes is being profitably utilised by certain farmers in Bikaner area, who sow water melon and long melon in March and make use of this moisture for early growth of plants while natural precipitation meets the needs of later developmental stages. The details of this unirrigated farming on barren dunes have been described with special reference to cultural practice, plant growth behaviour, rate of transpiration and chemical composition of plants. The prospects of diversification of such agricultural practice have been considered where a need for developing a suitable cropping pattern, in association of grass and trees, has been felt which may fetch maximum returns with minimum of erosion.

451 Mann, H.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1977) Irrational land use and desertification in Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 387-394

The prevalent land use practices, soil fertility, agricultural practice, livestock population and grazing pressure, fuel consumption etc. provide ample evidence to illustrate how the arid eco-system is slowly but inexorably degrading beyond ecological capabilities and resilience leading to a stage of entropy in the arid tracts of Rajasthan. It has been suggested that land capability is a basic tenet of any conservation policy but such a policy should be both dynamic and flexible and commensurate with the resources.

452 Roy, B.B., Gupta, R.K. and Pandey, S. (1970) Natural resources and their development in Mahendergarh district of Haryana state. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 65-76

Mahendergarh district with an area of about 3474 km2 consists of two bio-climatic regions, namely arid and semi-arid zones. Maximum temperature of 41-42° C sometimes rising to 47° C, is recorded in the months of May- June, while the minimum temperature is recorded in December-January. The annual rainfall varies from 300 to 500 mm. The desertic soils with sandy to loamy sand texture are found in the arid part and soils belonging to sierozems are found in the semi-arid part. The main problems are

shifting sand dunes, severe wind erosion, degraded pastures and scarcity of water. Recommendations for solving these problems have been made.

453 Sen, A.K. (1968) Crop yield map of Rajasthan. The Deccan Geographer. 6: 77-88

In the first part of the paper the cartographic techniques adopted for preparing the 1:2 million crop yield map of Rajasthan has been described. In the second part of the paper the crop yields and their variations as evident and interpreted from the map are critically analysed. It is found that the primary cereals like barley, maize and wheat, although they are the minor produce of Rajasthan trend higher yields than the secondary cereals which are the major produce of the State. The study shows the cultivation in the State is still dependent on rainfall and the fluctuation in rainfall results in variation of yield. The variation of yield is not so striking in general because there are very little changes in land use and area under crop in the years under consideration.

454 Sen, A.K. (1974)

Categorisation of land utilisation units in arid zone. The Deccan Geographer. 12: 61-72

The paper deals only with the scheme of land utilisation mapping units for detailed reconnaissance mapping and as such the description and characteristics of various units are not dealt with in details. To prepare land utilisation maps to show the extent and distribution of the units field surveys are conducted as general practice. Recently aerial photo-interpretation techniques are being applied extensively for such surveys. Use of aerial photographs can expedite land utilisation survey and mapping work, photo interpretation enables preparation of tentative land use before survey is undertaken.

455 Sen, A.K. and Singh, S. (1977) Significance of geomorphic factors on land use planning and development in Bikaner. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 13-24

By a faithful correlation of the land use and geomorphic maps, arising out of our field surveys, the variations of land use in different geomorphic units are worked out. The relationship between the geomorphology and the land use in the area is then examined. It shows that relation exists between the two. The macro and micro geomorphic factors affecting the intensity of cultivation are studied in this context. In this area, wind erosion and slopes have been

found to be the important factors which influence the distribution of cultivated lands and the intensity of their use. The data obtained in the course of field surveys are statistically analysed in order to find out the significance of micro geomorphic differences. The effect of erosion is more pronounced and significant than other factors. As such, it is suggested that any programme adopted for land use planning should be in the direction of wind erosion control, aided or correlated with modern dry farming or irrigation farming techniques.

456 Sen, A.K. (1980) Methodology of land use survey and mapping in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 307-319

In aggraded older alluvial plains the intensity of cultivation and erosion are negatively correlated and the correlation is significant at 1 per cent level. Intensity of cultivation and slopes are also negatively correlated which however is non-significant . In interdunal plain erosion and intensity of cultivation are negatively correlated. The degree of correlation is non-significant. The study reveals : (i) as degree of erosion increases, intensity of cultivation decreases in aggraded older alluvial plain; (ii) effect of erosion is more pronounced; (iii) slope increases as erosion increases; (iv) wind erosion control is the primary need to put more land under cultivation and (v) cultivation on marginal lands should not be practised.

457 Sen, A.K. and Abraham, C.T. (1966) Crop belts and cropping patterns of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 105-116

Rajasthan is predominantly an agricultural state where 75 per cent of the total population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The highest concentration of agricultural land is in the north eastern districts of the state where 50 to 75 per cent of the total area is cultivated. The extent of cultivated land is lowest in the arid zone. The geographical distribution of crops reveals the predominance of secondary cereals like bajra, jowar and small millets. About 18.5 per cent of the total cropped area is under pulses while only 9 per cent of the total cropped area is under commercial crops. The intensity of cropping is very high in the districts of Chambal valley due to irrigation facilities and high rainfall and in Dungarpur, Udaipur and Bhilwara districts due to high rainfall. It is medium in Ajmer, Banswara and Chittorgarh districts. It is very low in the districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jodhpur which form part of the Indian desert. Six crop belts in Rajasthan

have been demarcated and mapped on the basis of 45 per cent or more coverage of the total cultivated land and the area occupied by the major crop. Bajra belt is the most important covering 58.05 per cent of the total area.

458 Sen, A.K. and Chakraborty, S. (1958)

Selection of appropriate legends for soil and land use maps. The Geographical Review of India. 20: 97-103

The aspects to be incorporated in soil and land use maps are suggested and legends for detailed soil and land use maps in black and white and multicolour are worked out. The advantages and disadvantages of colour and black and white maps are discussed.

459 Sen, A.K. and Gheesa Lal. (1974) A comparative analysis of present land use in two typical areas of west Indian arid zone - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 75-83

To assess the use and misuse of lands and to visualise the land use problems of the Indian arid zone, land utilisation surveys have been conducted in Bilara (rocky desert) and Shergarh, (sandy desert) tehsils. The survey and mapping works have been based mainly on aerial photo-interpretation. The present land use pattern of the tehsils has been described. A comparative analysis of the results in both the tehsils has been attempted. This has enabled us to draw the problems of land use in different environmental set-up of the arid zone. The study reflects on some problems like detailed soil and land capability surveys on waste land, reclamation of marginal land, correct estimation of pasture land etc., which require further consideration.

460 Sen, A.K. and Gheesa Lal. (1988) Land use characteristics of Jaisalmer district, western Rajasthan. National Geographer. 23: 169-178

Jaisalmer, the largest district of Rajasthan, lies in the heart of the Great Indian desert, Thar. The district is very sparsely populated with low agricultural production. However it has immense resource potential which has not been properly utilised. Rather the uneconomic land use practices and unscientific utilisation of resources have accentuated the menace of soil erosion and desertification hazards, Recent observations have proved that the desertic conditions have further deteriorated which need our immediate attention. Hence, programmes for a balanced regional planning should be taken up immediately. Rajasthan canal is expected to be extended up to Ramgarh, along the northern part of the district, well within the heart of the desert.

461 Singh, H.P. (1986) Problems and principles of management of desert soils. Current Practices in Geotechnical Engineering. 3: 123-151

The normal features of tropical and sub-tropical deserts - low rainfall, hot summers, large annual and diurnal variations in temperature and low humidity - are to some extent modified in the littoral. The major difference is the humidity which is high in coastal deserts. Nearly 70 per cent of the desert region is covered by wind worked sandy soil-sands, loamy sands and sand dunes (Dhir 1977) . The remaining area is under medium-textured, old and recent alluvium (brown light loams and grey brown loams), sandy, rocky and gravely soils (Skeletal or Lithosolic), salt marches (Kutch area) and sierozems. Rocky and gravelly soils are particularly met with in Gujarat. It would, therefore, appear that sandy soils dominate the desert environment.

462 Singh, S. (1987) Impact of geomorphology on land use planning in the Rajasthan desert. Annals of the Association of Rajasthan Geographers. 7: 7-14

The morphological properties, erosion and slope have a pronounced effect on the agricultural productivity, cropping patterns and intensity of cultivation. Flat older alluvial and interdune plains, flat buried pediments and younger alluvial plains due to almost level slope and slight water and wind erosion hazards have better agricultural potentials. Whereas undulating older alluvial and interdune plains due to undulating topography and severe to very severe wind erosion/deposition hazard are fit for occasional cultivation. The crop yield of these landform units could be increased by using proper land use and soil and water conservation measures viz., use of high yielding crop varieties, proper doses of fertilisers, contour furrows, contour bunding, trenching, strip cropping, shelterbelts and stubble mulching. The sand dunes and rocky gravelly surfaces should be developed into silvi-pastures and pastures, respectively to increase the forage production.

463 Singh, S. (1996) Geomorphology in the appraisal of natural resources for integrated sustainable land use planning of an arid environment. Indian Journal of Geomorphology. 1: 47-75

Significance of geomorphology in the growth, development, distribution, appraisal and assessment of the physical potentials and limitations of natural resources viz., landform, soil, vegetation, surface and ground water and landuse of Challakere taluka,

Chitradurga district has been highlighted in this paper. Development and management of surface and ground water, agricultural lands, grazing lands, animal husbandry, saline/alkali soils and agro-industries have been recommended for integrated sustainable land use planning of the taluka.

464 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1992) Landforms and land use planning in western Rajasthan. Landuse and Agricultural Planning. 4: 147-159

In the present paper the morphological and LANDSAT spectral characteristics of landforms and their impact on land use planning in Barmer district of western Rajasthan has been described. It has been suggested from the findings of this study that animal husbandry and agro-industries should be main occupation of the people residing in the western part of the district whereas the crop husbandry and animal husbandry will be main source of livelihood.

465 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1994) Types, distribution and management of sand dunes in western Rajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 30: 30-36

In the western Rajasthan about 58 per cent area is covered by different type of sand dunes which adversely affect the agriculture, settlements and means of transportation. The morphological characteristics of different dune types have been highlighted. Due to increasing biotic impact these dunes are degraded and hence suitable measures for their management and rehabilitation have been recommended.

466 Singh, S., Sharma, K.D. and Bohra, D.N. (1993) Satellite remote sensing in land use planning of arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 33-42

Satellite remote sensing using IRS-1A(LISS-1) False Colour Composites (FCCs) of kharif and rabi seasons for the year 1988-89 in conjunction with ground truth enabled to identify and to map different landuse/land cover categories at levels I and II in Jodhpur district comprising an area of 22,85,000 ha of western Rajasthan. The extent of different landuse/land cover categories from IRS FCC products and revenue records has been computed and tabulated. The area mapped from IRS FCC products for all the landuse/land cover categories is less than that of revenue records due to the small scale and poor resolution of the remotely sensed data. The suitable cropping patterns, plant species and soil and water conservation

measures have been suggested for the rational land use planning of different landuse/ land cover categories of the district.

467 Vats, P.C. (1970) The role of aerial photography in land use planning. University Studies in Geography. 2: 61-66

The aerial photographs of 1:25,000 and 1:40,000 scale are interpreted to study the various landforms i.e. geomorphological features, hydrological features, geological information, type of soils, vegetation, cropping patterns etc.. Generally vertical photographs are used to demarcate the boundaries.

468 Vats, P.C. (1981)

Geomorphic factors of land use planning of village Kharda. The Deccan Geographer. 19: 35-44

Based on geomorphological characteristics Kharda village has been divided into 5 major landform units, viz., hills, rocky/gravelly pediments, flat buried pediments, older alluvial plains and tanks. The land use patterns under different landform units vary according to physical potentialities of the units. Flat buried pediments, moderate deep older alluvial plains and tank bed have good agricultural potentialities whereas hills and rocky/gravelly pediments are not suitable for cultivation. Shallow to moderately deep older alluvial plains, saline buried pediment plains have comparatively less agricultural potential. Ways to best utilisation of these units have been suggested. It may be inferred from the above findings that the information on the geomorphic factors will significantly contribute to rational land use planning of Kharda village (Pali district).

469 Vats, P.C. (1983)

Geomorphic factors in land use planning: a case study of village Asan tiloria. The Geographical Observer. 19: 11-17

In Rajasthan agriculture and animal husbandry are the predominant sources of earning of the people. The scope of irrigation is limited and the cultivation depends mostly on rains. Generally, every third year there is drought which adversely affects food and fodder production. Physical conditions like landforms, soil and quality of water pose a serious constraint to cropping patterns and practices. Of the parameters mentioned above, landforms assume dominant role in determining the rational land use planning.

470 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1983)

Impact of geomorphology on the land utilisation in western Rajasthan - a case study of Nagaur district. The Deccan Geographer. 21: 441-448

The utilisation of the land under different landform units viz., rocky, gravelly, flat and undulating pediments, flat, saline and undulating alluvial plains, saline depressions, sand dunes and interdunal plains and younger alluvial plains vary according to the physical potentialities and limitations of these landform units. The percentage of cultivated land under above landforms varies from 30 to 70.5. The highest percentage of the cultivated land is in the buried pediments and the lowest percentage is in the sand dunes. The statistical correlation between the geomorphic factors and the cultivation intensity revealed that the slope and erosion influence the utilisation of the different land-form units. Rational and proper utilisation of these different landform units according to their capabilities have been suggested.

471 Vats, P.C., Ghose, B. and Pandey, S. (1972)

Land utilisation in a village of western Rajasthan - a case study. The Geographical observer. 8: 1-10

The utilisation of land in various ways in arid and semi-arid western Rajasthan has mostly been conditioned by the prevailing climate and availability of water resources. The farming efficiency is also very much related with these two factors. A case study of Parasurampura, one of the villages of western Rajasthan has been presented in this paper. The total geographical area is 10852.50 acres. The total population as per 1961 census is 5155.

Land Degradation

472 Balak Ram and Chouhan, J.S. (1992) Remote sensing in mapping the vulnerability and dynamics of the gullied lands in Sikar district, Rajasthan. Indian Cartographer. 12: 47-50

Gullies born land degradation is a serious and enlarging problem of sandy soil region when a single heavy downpour may permanently erode the top soil. Sikar is the only district of arid Rajasthan where this process is more dominant and occupies about 2% of its area. But even within the district their extent, nature, severity, land use, vegetative cover, morphological characteristics and production potentials vary from region to region. Thus, before planning the management and rehabilitation of such land, it is obvious to make an appraisal and mapping of such land and also the changes over

time and space. This can only be possible through the studies of multidate satellite imagery and aerial photographs. The present study is one of such attempt in this direction. Expansion of gullies occurring in different environmental conditions have been studied and mapped. The impact of such land degradation process on socio-economic life of region is also discussed. Suggestions are made for rehabilitation and management of these lands. Besides, utility and limitation of satellite imagery experienced in the present study are also highlighted.

473 Dhir, R.P. (1977) Soil desertification due to over exploitative human effort. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 321-330

In over two thousand year old history of human settlement in western Rajasthan, the whole area appears to have been populated and politically organised by the 8th century AD From then onwards through Medieval and late Medieval periods there has been only a slow growth of population under a dominantly pastoral land use. However, from the third decade of present century, there had been a continuous sharp increase in population with a parallel increase in incidence of arable farming. This human activity is manifested in increased component of loose sand and hummock formation with some loss in productivity in form of reduced fertility and poor stand of crops.

474 Dhir, R.P. (1993) Problem of desertification in arid zone of Rajasthan- A view. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 79-88

Though vicissitudes have occurred in the past, the climate with its assemblage of good and bad years is believed to have remained steady from the historic period up to the present. The dominant sandy soils have high basic erodibility but are conservative of moisture and fertile enough to support a vegetation cover as is permitted by the rainfall regime. The natural vegetation is diverse, well adapted, largely palatable and efficient builder of biomass. Therefore while granting an ecological fragility to the area, the natural endowments are not the root cause for all the degradation taking place in the arid region of western Rajasthan. The tract has long history of human settlement and landuse but the past six-seven decades, have witnessed a vast expansion of crop-based landuse. This has occurred partly at the cost of the earlier fallow farming system but mainly by taking cultivation onto new lands including the dunes and the areas where climate is only marginally conducive to farming. The change is the direct outcome of the rising human

population and man's increased competence. The situation has lead to greatly increased incidence of wind erosion and generation of drift sands, including appearance of barchans. However, overall the land productivity losses are fortunately mild so far though other costs are considerable. A more serious consequence of man's intervention has been in the open pasture lands, where more than two thirds of the area is in a state of largely severe degradation. Declining water table in good aquifers due to over exploitation is another alarming development. Scientific research has given a set of technologies and likewise impressive strides have been made in development of irrigation, electrification, means of communication, drinking water supply and afforestation. However, application of technologies has been tardy and environmental content of development effort is meagre. The crying need is containment of biotic pressure, reverting of marginally suited lands to pastures and a scientifically sound management of resources.

475 Dhir, R.P. (1994)

Strategy to combat desertification and wind erosion. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 22: 125-133

The natural vegetation is diverse, well adapted, mostly palatable and nutritious as well as an efficient builder of biomass. The soils, though sandy and highly erodible are fertile enough to support a vegetation cover as permitted by rainfall regime. Agriculture is essentially a mixed farming enterprise and bespeaks generations of experience and human wisdom. Despite these, the recent spurt in human and livestock population pressure with a somewhat exploitative management have caused widespread degradation. Deterioration of pasture lands, depleting groundwater resources and wind erosion are the major manifestations. Control effort of the past few decades has some positive effect but outstripping degradation remains a big challenge. Major expansion of development programmes with peoples participation, containment of further build-up of human pressure, rehabilitation of degraded pasture lands, restructuring of landuse with increased emphasis on animal husbandry and adoption of simple wind erosion control measures are some of the ingredients of a control strategy.

476 Ghose, B., Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1977) Desertification around the Thar - A geomophological interpretation. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 290-301

Desertification around the peripheries of the Thar is still a controversial topic. The author's studies on the different geomorphic aspects of the Thar desert in Rajasthan indicate that the desert is

not expanding towards its eastern peripheries at present although there are evidence of more than one climatic fluctuations and consequent expansion and contraction of the desert during the past. The present study also shows that there are indications of recent shrinkage of the desert in areal extent. However, the unscientific exploitation of resources by man have resulted in wind depositional and salinity hazards and is causing serious ecological imbalances.

477 Kar, A. (1986) Physical environment, human influences and desertification in Pushkar - Budha Pushkar lake region of Rajasthan, India. The Environmentalist. 6: 227-232

The hazard of desertification is now threatening one of the most celebrated and sacred lake regions in India, the Pushkar- Budha Pushkar region, which is situated within Aravallis, in Rajasthan. While, on the basis of known climatic records and physical potentiality of the land, secular changes of climate can be ruled out as a possible cause for the present situation, the location of the zone along the fringe of the desert, and its inherent vulnerable nature due to its terrain characteristics, are more important factors for consideration. A lack of understanding of the type of responses of the terrain to indiscriminate biotic activities, and a reluctance to take any measure to stabilise the ecosystem by the alien group of people residing in the area, have resulted in destruction of the natural vegetation, accelerated the movement of sand from the formerly well-stabilised dunes and sandy plains, and deteriorated the lake environment. However, such destructive trends could still be reversed through well planned programmes of afforestation, soil and water conservation, and people's supportive participation.

478 Lukose, N.G. (1977) Palynological evidence on palaeo-climate of Jaisalmer basin and desertification of Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 342-348

The palaeo-climate of Jaisalmer basin, during Albian to Sub-Recent times inferred on the basis of palynological studies carried out on various rock formations representing the above geological period, is discussed. On the basis of the evidences, it has been postulated that semi-humid conditions started during the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary period gave way to progressive and continued aridity during the successive geological periods, thereby leading to the formation of the Thar desert.

479 Mann, H.S. (1977)

The desertification process - an overview. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 279-280

Process of desertification and factors responsible for desertification process have been presented in a diagram.

480 Mann, H.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Kalla, J.C. (1974)

Desert spread - a quantitative analysis in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 103-113

In this study an attempt has been made to examine quantitatively, the spread of desert through comparison of parameters like land-use, availability of water. and crop yield performances between desert area and bordering districts for more than 13 years. The results do not support the popular belief that the desert is on the march to engulf adjoining areas to the east of the desert.

481 Prakash, M. (1958) Tree lands or grass lands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 84: 384

Suggests that in areas receiving mean annual rainfall less than 10" grass lands should be given priority over tree lands for amelioration of the desert conditions.

482 Raghav, K.S. (1988) Desertification process in the north-eastern part of the Aravalli mountains fringing the Thar desert, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 221-229

The distribution of sand dunes in space and time and nature of present drainage system in the north-eastern part of the Aravalli mountains indicate a gradual desertification. The natural and anthropogenic causes of desertification have been discussed.

483 Raina, P. (1992)

Influence of degradation on the fertility status of sandy soils. Current Agriculture. 16: 43-50

Surface soil samples were collected from degraded and non-degraded sites of cultivated, pasture and oran (wood land) and analysed for pH, EC, organic carbon, available potassium and available phosphorus. All the three nutrients were higher in soils of non-degraded sites than degraded sites in the three land use systems. The decrease in the organic carbon content in the soils of degraded sites was more in oran (50.7%) followed by cultivated (50.3%) land and pasture (39.4%). In case of potassium the decrease was

apparent in cultivated (55%) soil followed by oran (35.2%) and pasture soils (12%). Decrease in the available phosphorus content was maximum (72.4%) in pasture soils followed by cultivated (52.9%) and oran land (52.3%). In all cases significant differences were observed in degraded and non-degraded soils under different land uses (P=0.05). The F test indicated that the interactions between land uses and degradation were significant at 5% level.

484 Raina, P. (1994) Assessment of soil degradation hazards in Jalor and Ahor tehsil of Jalor district (western Rajasthan) by remote sensing. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 22: 169-181

In the present study efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various land degradation processes with the aid of LANDSAT TM imagery data of 1988 and ground truth verification. The kind, extent and degree of land degradation have been mapped. In an area of over 4,124 sq. km. 51% was affected by water erosion and 30% area by wind erosion. Nearly 1.14% area is affected by salinity. Degradation due to combined effect of water and wind erosion and water erosion and salinisation has affected 8.20% of the study area. 1.53% area is free from any hazard. Remaining 7.85% area comes under hills and rivers. Nearly 44 per cent area is subjected to moderate and severe degradation which can easily be combated by techniques referred.

485 Raina, P. and Joshi, D.C. (1994) Desertification and soil health hazard in Indian arid zone. Current Agriculture. 18: 55-64

The desertification processes as the soil health hazard in the Indian arid zone have been discussed. Natural soil body, well aggregated; maintaining optimum moisture-air relationship, nutrient availability and rich soil fauna regulating biochemical processes has been considered as a "healthy soil". The processes causing desertification, viz. aeolian hazards, water erosion, floods and salinisation have adversely affected the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils. Reduction in nutrient availability, compaction of soil, deposition of aeolian/fluvial sediments, stripping off of the surface soil and reduction in the soil organism population are the ultimate effects of desertification, which deteriorate the soil health.

486 Raina, P. and Sen, A.K. (1991) Soil degradation studies under different land use systems in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 11-15

Local (micro level) soil degradation processes going on in Jhanwar and Doli villages of Jodhpur district in different land use systems have been studied. The cultivation on marginal land accelerate the wind erosion and the use of poor quality irrigation water is creating sodicity problem in soil resulting in severe degradation. Pasture land has been completely degraded due to over exploitation of the vegetation resulting in severe wind and water erosion. However, the land under oran have suffered the least degradation. Influence of degradation on fertility status of soils has been observed.

487 Raina, P., Joshi, D.C. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1991) Land degradation mapping by remote sensing in the arid region of India. Soil Use and Management. 7: 47-52

In arid regions of India, cultivation of marginal areas and overgrazing of pastures have resulted in degradation of land. Accelerated wind erosion on sandy surfaces and water erosion on the shallow soils of piedmont areas are both common. LANDSAT Thematic Mapper sub-scenes have been used to map the type, extent and degree of degradation. In an area of over 5000 km², 42% was affected by wind erosion and 50% by accelerated water erosion. A quarter of the whole area needs urgent attention for soil conservation.

488 Raina, P., Joshi, D.C. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1992) Mapping of soil degradation by using remote sensing on alluvial plain, Rajasthan, India. Arid Soil Research Rehabilitation. 7: 145-161

Identification and mapping of areas affected by various soil degradation processes in medium textured alluvial plain of arid region of India was performed. Impact of degradation on physico-chemical properties of soils was evaluated. Soil degradation processes were identified by using LANDSAT TM FCC subscene and ground truth verification. The kind, extent, and severity of degradation were mapped. Soil stripping, sheet wash, gully erosion, and natural or man-induced salinisation were the major soil degradation processes. In an area of over 3563 km², 52% of the area was degraded due to soil stripping, sheet wash, and gully erosion, and 8% due to salinity. Degradation due to combined water erosion and salinisation covered 33% of the total area. Nearly 30% of the area needs urgent attention to arrest the process of soil degradation. Soil degradation processes have resulted in the loss of organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium.

489 Roy, B.B. and Pandey, S. (1970)

Expansion or contraction of the Great Indian Desert. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 36: 331-344

The evidences show that the Great Indian Desert is a part of the Afro-Asian desert belt which stretches from the west coast of North Africa to almost up to the Aravallis in Rajasthan. From the discussion of the points in favour as well as against expansion of the desert and possible causes for its origin, it emerges that the desert is more or less stationary and is neither expanding nor contracting. There has, no doubt, been some movement of the unstable sand dunes here and there, but this is only the effect due to the local phenomena.

490 Sen, A.K. and Balak Ram. (1987) Mapping of land degradation by remote sensing method. Indian Cartographer. 7: 300-305

Central Arid Zone Research Institute of India, Jodhpur is conducting research work for monitoring desertification in the arid and semi arid regions of India. An attempt has been made in this paper to focus on the significance of remote sensing techniques to conduct this work in a fragile eco-system like desert. The paper concludes with a note that in an inaccessible area like desert this technique has more advantages than traditional ground survey. Actually this expedites and increases the efficiency of mapping work.

491 Sen, A.K. and Mann, H.S. (1977) A geographical appraisal of the expansion and deterioration of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 281-289

An attempt has been made in the paper to examine the creep and deterioration of Indian desert on the basis of some physiographic and topographic parameters. The extent of the Great Indian Desert and its geographic limits have been defined. The Indian desert has been identified as a true desert. The creep of the desert has then been considered in relation to the increase and decrease of desertic sand, the extent of sand dunes, water table, climatic phenomenon, drainage system and soil. The paper includes a note on the causes of the deterioration of the conditions within the desert.

492 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1985) An attempt at soil degradation mapping in Guhiya catchment in arid western Rajasthan, India. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. 5: 49-58

Maps of soil degradation and soil degradation hazards highlight areas that are most at risk from misuse. This paper describes the mapping of about 3000 km² of arid western Rajasthan, where the principal hazards are wind erosion, biological degradation and salinisation. Soil degradation continues despite increasing concern about it from natural resources professionals and planners. Clearly, a greater awareness needs to be generated concerning continued mismanagement of resources. The preparation of maps showing the risks of soil degradation and its rate seems to be one of the more pragmatic way to generate the required awareness and encourage sound land use planning. With this aim, we mapped soil degradation in Guhiya catchment of Luni river in arid western Rajasthan. Soil survey had already been completed and the provisional methodology for soil degradation assessment proposed by FAO/UNEP/UNESC) (1978, 1979) was followed. The method is relatively simple, and may be adopted at different scales and in different environments.

493 Singh, S. (1983) Anthropogenic factors and desertification of different landforms (ecosystems) in the Rajasthan desert, India. Man and Environment. 7: 87-97

It has been observed that the desert landforms (ecosystems) created by the past climatic fluctuations have undergone conspicuous morphological changes due to the impact of biotic activities and their biological productivity has also declined to a great extent. In the present article, an attempt has, therefore, been made to investigate the impact of the anthropogenic factors on the desertification of different desert ecosystems and to suggest some methods to control further desertification.

494 Singh, S. (1995) Desert spread and desertification- some basic issues. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 87-98

Significant variations detected from the multidate and multispectral satellite images and ground truth on the climatological, physical and biological resources have conclusively proved that the Indian desert is not spreading towards east and north-east. Contrary to it, the former limit of the desert was more extensive and wide-spread and the desert has shrunk to the west. However, due to increasing human activities and climatic fluctuations in the last few decades, the desertification processes like wind erosion/deposition, water erosion, salinity /alkalinity and vegetation degradation have depleted the biological productivity of four major landuse systems of

the Indian desert. Thus, the desert spread and desertification are two different problems.

495 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1983) Role of photogeomorphology in the reclamation and development of Rajasthan desert. Geological Survey of India. 49: 1-10

Integrated geomorphological surveys and studies on the different aspects of applied geomorphology with the help of photo interpretation have been completed in 80,000 sq. km., area of Rajasthan desert. These studies reveal that the existing landforms of the desert are the outcome of fluvial and aeolian processes. The major lacunae in the reclamation and development of Rajasthan desert are the water scarcity, salinity, erositional/depositional hazards and active dunes. Photo-geomorphological analysis of these problems will provide guidelines to the planners and policy makers for the reclamation and development of the Rajasthan deserts.

496 Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kar, A. (1978) Geomorphic changes as evidence of papaeoclimate and desertification in Rajasthan desert, India (Luni development block - A case study). Man and Environment. 2: 1-13

Geomorphic studies using remote sensing techniques revealed that in Luni block different ecosystems are affected by climate-genetic geomorphic processes and biotic activities leading to desertification under two major dry phases. Drifting sand and salinisation are two important factors of desertification. If present trend of desertification continues then 18,000 ha land will be affected by sand deflation and 4030 ha land by salinisation. In order to check this menace rational and scientific methods of land utilisation should be adopted for the areas vulnerable to biotic desertification.

497 Singh, S., Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1990) Temporal change detection in uplands and gullied areas through satellite remote sensing. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 171-177

Upland and gullied areas, the potential indicators of desertification, can be identified and mapped reasonably and reliably within ± 10% accuracy through LANDSAT TM false colour composite images in conjunction with ground truth. Due to increased biotic activity, the areal extent of uplands in the Jodhpur district decreased by 20% over a period of 28 years (1958-86). On the other hand, the areal extent of gullied areas, due to increased fluvial activity increased from 198.5 to 242.0 ha during the same period. These temporal

changes indicate that the desertic environmental conditions are deteriorating in the region.

498 Singh, S., Kar, A., Joshi, D.C., Balak Ram, Suresh Kumar, Vats, P.C., Singh, N., Raina, P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1992) Desertification mapping in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 237-246

In this article by using the 1990 UNEP definition of desertification an attempt has been made to map the desertification hazards in the western Rajasthan. The first stage involve the mapping of dominant landuse in different rainfall zones. This was followed by dominant and associate processes of desertification and their severity for desertification status.

499 Singh, S. , Kar, A., Joshi, D.C., Suresh Kumar and Sharma, K.D. (1994) Desertification problem in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 191-202

Desertification problem in western Rajasthan as caused by accelerated and natural processes and manifested through degraded features like sand sheets, drifting sand, active dunes, deflation hollows, rills, gullies, soil crust, salt encrustation, impeded drainage conditions, poor vegetation cover, low plant density and low biomass production under different rainfall zones, has been highlighted in this paper. In the less than 300 mm rainfall zone, wind erosion/ deposition, salinisation and waterlogging are the dominant processes of desertification. In the more than 300 mm rainfall zone, water erosion and wind deposition are the major processes leading to degradation of the croplands and grazing lands.

500 Suresh Kumar. (1992) Assessment of vegetation degradation : Status of methodological research. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 53-62

Vegetation degradation manifests itself at plant, community and regional levels. Basic parameters at the plant level viz., habit, vigour, yield, litter, and seed bank; at the community level, viz. botanical composition, plant density, dominance, cover and extent, biomass and carrying capacity, quality and palatability, ecological status, age distribution and finally at the regional level viz. biological spectrum, dominance-diversity relations and stability, resilience, equilibrium status are discussed. Using these parameters a score card has been devised and presented in the paper for assessing degradation of vegetation.

CROP IMPROVEMENT

Cereals and Millets 501 Bhatnagar, M.P. and Kumar, K. (1960)

Anthesis studies in Rajasthan bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 30: 185-195

The spike took about six days to emerge from the sheath. The maximum emergence of the spike from the sheath took place on fourth and fifth days. Anthesis always began when the spike was partially in the sheath. It took place in three flushes and lasted for 12 days. The stigma took five to seven hours for coming out of glumes to assume the forked condition and receptivity lasted for 18-21 hours. The styles between 1/10th to 1/4th of the total length of the spike from its tip were the first to come out and two days were required for completing the emergence throughout the spike. The maximum number of styles emerged during day time between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. and their peak hour in a particular spike was 12.00 hours on the second day. Stamens emerged during day and night and they required four to nine days to complete their emergence throughout the panicle. The first stamen emerged two or three days after the style from a point ranging from tip to 1/3rd of the total length of the spike downwards. The maximum number of stamens came out between 0 hours and 2:00 a.m. while minimum number came between 3.00 to 6.00 p.m. Anthers took 15-20 minutes to dehisce and the filaments elongated 3-7 mm. During rains very little or no dehiscence took place.

502 Bidinger, F.R., Mahalakshmi, V., Talukdar, B.S. and Sharma,

R.K. (1995) Improvement of landrace cultivars of pearl millet for arid and semi-arid environments. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 105-110

Successful cultivars for arid and semi-arid environments must combine adaptation to drought stress for dry years with a reasonable yield potential for better years. Improving the yield potential of adapted landrace cultivars may be the easiest way to achieve this combination for breeding programs with limited resources. This study, conducted with four adapted pearl millet landrace cultivars, compared the yield improvement from one cycle of S1 progeny plus mass re-selection with that from top-crossing the landraces on an early male-sterile line, with a good combining ability for grain yield. A single cycle of re-selection increased mean yield of the landraces by 11% over seven test environment, ranging in yield from 470 to 3010 kg ha-1. Top-crossing raised yields by an

average of 32% over the same test environments. Top-crossing increased responsiveness to improved environmental resources, as the advantage of the topcross hybrids over their parent landraces increased as environmental mean yield increased. Re-selection, in contrast, increased mean yield but did not improve the response of the re-selected cultivars to a changing environmental yield level.

503 Chaudhary, B.S., Subba Rao, G.V., Saxena, M.B.L. and Manga, V.K. (1981) Note on phenotypic stability in population vs. hybrids of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 457-458

Phenotypic stability study of 12 varieties of pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. F.) stapf and Hubb.] under arid environments revealed that stable populations coupled with high yielding ability will be more suitable than hybrids for unpredictable climate of arid zones.

504 Gill, C.B.S., Sastry, E.V.D. and Sharma, K.C. (1993)

Line x tester analysis in local ecotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) S & h) of Sikar district of Rajasthan for quality attributes. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 171-174

A line x tester analysis with 143 lines developed from local ecotypes collected from Sikar district of Rajasthan and 5 testers of fodder pearl millet revealed that differences between the progenies were significant for all the quality characters studied. Combining ability analysis indicated that variances due to GCA were non-significant while the variances due to SCA were significant for all the qualitative traits studied, indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action in the control of the inheritance of the quality traits. Comparison on the basis of GCA effects indicated that lines 62 and 131 are the desirable ones for most of the quality traits studied. The crosses exhibiting desirable SCA effects had testers which did not have desirable GCA effects for the quality traits.

505 Henry, A., Gupta, Y.K. and Sisodia, N.S. (1983) Components of grain and dry matter yields in sorghum. Forage Research. 9: 43-48

Genetic advance and correlation were studied for grain yield, dry matter yield and their components using 30 genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.). Grain yield was significantly and positively associated with ear girth, days to maturity, test weight and plant height, while significant negative association was observed with ear length. Dry matter yield was significantly

associated with total green weight, leaf weight, stem weight, plant height, leaf length and leaf number. Non-significant association of protein content was observed with both grain yield and dry matter yield. Estimates of heritability and genetic advance revealed that there was ample scope for improvement of these characters by practising phenotypic selection without adversely affecting the quality. Path coefficient analysis of dry matter yield indicated that green weight and leaf length were the two major characters that directly contributed to the total dry matter production.

506 Hooda, M.S., Solanki, K.R. and Kishor, C. (1978)

Phenotypic stability of green-fodder yield in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 358-362

Genotype-environment interaction for green-fodder yield in pearl millet was studied by growing 6 inbreds and their 15 F, hybrids in 4 different environments. A large portion of the genotype-environment interactions was accounted for by the linear regression on environmental means. Although inbreds 'A 296' and 'F 848' and hybrid 'Anand' x 'F 1284' were stable, their mean performance was below average. 'NB 72' x 'F 1284' had stability with above-average mean and was suitable for favourable environments. Lack of association between mean performance, responsiveness and between responsiveness and stability of genotypes suggested a possible involvement of separate genetic systems in the control of these parameters.

507 Joshi, P. (1992) Genetic variability in ‘Kharchia’ wheat (Triticum aestivum) from salt affected areas in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 103-106

Kharchia wheat collections revealed significant variation for all the eight attributes including grain yield and four indices, both under normal and saline conditions. Salt stress had maximum effect on number of grains spikelet-1 due to high abortion in central florets. Three distinct mechanisms of salt tolerance were identified. Collections with high yield potential could be grouped in types with high susceptibility for spikelet index and those having poor grains spikelet-1 index. Third group included entries with low yield potential but performance at par under salinity due to internal cancellation in component performance. Suggestions for their utility in salt stress breeding were made.

508 Lekh Raj and Khairwal, I.S. (1994)

Rate of germination, seedling vigour and field emergence in pearl millet hybrids and their parents. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 121-123

Hybrids and the cytoplasmic male sterile lines had the same germination percentage, but the hybrids showed higher germination index and the rate as well. Hybrids also had higher dry weight per seedling, vigour index and seedling vigour in the field. Significant and positive correlation were found between standard germination and field emergence, and also between dry weight per seedling, vigour index and seedling vigour.

509 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985)

Inter-relationships and path-coefficients of yield and its components with synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet. Crop Improvement. 12: 130-132

Correlation and path-coefficients of yield and yield components with synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet revealed positive association of synchrony of ear emergence with ear girth, ear weight and yield per tiller, negative association with tiller number per plant and 250 grain weight and no association with grain yield per plant. Yield per plant, however, showed maximum positive direct effects on synchrony of ear emergence followed by ear weight.

510 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986)

Combining ability and heterosis for root and related traits in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 164-167

A line x tester study conducted with 4 lines, 2 testers and their 8 crosses in pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb] indicated the preponderance of both additive and non-additive gene action for dry root weight. Non-additive gene action was predominant for root length, root number, dry shoot weight and total dry matter. High heterosis over the mid-parent was observed for dry root and shoot weights, total dry matter and root length.

511 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986) Genetic analysis of synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 221-223

A study of the diallel crosses involving 10 inbreds of pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.] showed preponderance of both additive and non-additive gene effects with complete dominance for synchrony of ear emergence. The rank correlation between mean performance of parents and their general combining ability was positive and highly significant. Heterosis ranged from 7.80 to 87.59% over the mid-parent and from 12.86 to 80.21% over the better parent. Heritability in narrow sense was

moderate (0.51). The results suggested the possibility of improvement of synchrony of ear emergence through selection.

512 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1988) Association of root and related traits at different growth stages in pearl millet. Crop Improvement. 15: 105-106

Studies on 18 genotypes of pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf & Hubb] at three growth stages, of crop revealed significant variability for number of roots, root length, dry root, shoot weight and total dry matter in fifteen and thirty days crop stages. The number of roots and root length were positively correlated with dry root weight, dry shoot weight and total dry matter. Dry root weight showed positive association with dry shoot weight and total dry matter. Association of traits from different crop growth stages revealed that root length and dry root weight from fifteen days crop showed positive association with the thirty days crop stage. Thus screening for root characters can be made in early crop stage of fifteen days old seedlings.

513 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1990)

Variability for seedling vigour and its association with yield in pearl millet. Crop Improvement. 17: 83-84

Variability studies on seedling vigour under rainfed and irrigated conditions in fifty eight genotypes of pearl millet revealed significant differences among genotypes in both environments. Early seedling vigour was positively correlated with grain yield plot-1 and plant population under rainfed condition and negatively correlated with relative per cent yield reduction under rainfed conditions. No such association was observed under irrigated conditions.

514 Manga, V.K., Chaudhary, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1989)

A study on synchrony of ear emergence, yield and related characters under arid environment in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 23: 223-229

Variation for synchrony of ear emergence, yield and related characters was studied among thirty genotypes of pearl millet. Significant differences existed among the genotypes for all the characters studied. Genotypes were clustered into six groups on the basis of synchrony of ear emergence and grain yield per plant. Crossing among selected genotypes of different clusters for developing a desirable high yielding line having high synchrony of ear emergence has been emphasised.

515 Manga, V.K., Gupta, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985) Path coefficient analysis in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 25-29

Path coefficient and variability studies in thirty genotypes of pearl millet revealed high values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation and genetic advance for grain yield plant-1. There was positive association of grain yield plant-1 with plant height, tillers plant-1 and ear weight, and negative association with days to ear emergence. Path analysis revealed direct contribution of tillers plant-1 and ear weight to grain yield and indirect contribution to grain yield or ear length and girth through ear weight.

516 Manga, V.K., Gupta, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986)

Phenotypic stability of synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet. Genetica Agraria. 40: 363-368

Thirty genotypes of pearl millet were tested for synchrony of ear emergence in three environments. Significant genotype X environment interactions were observed. Both linear as well as non-linear components of genotype x environment interactions were significant. Fourteen genotypes showed complete absence of genotype x environment interactions. In two genotypes, CR30 and BD111 only linear component of genotype x environment interaction was significant, while non-linear component was significant in the remaining fourteen genotypes. Positive significant correlation were found between X and b as well as b and S2d for this trait. Genotype V2DIB having the highest synchrony of ear emergence was highly unstable and responsive, while Serere 38-142, CM46 and ICMS7703 were stable and average in performance and response.

517 Manga, V.K., Venkateswarlu, B. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985) Gene action for nitrogenase activity in the roots of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 391-392

In a diallel cross involving 5 inbreds of pearl millet both additive and dominance gene action, with predominance of the latter, was noticed for nitrogenase activity in the roots. Heritability in narrow sense was low (0.28). Both dominant and recessive genes in equal proportions governed high nitrogenase activity. The results indicated the possibility of improvement of nitrogenase activity through selection for early plant types with small ears.

518 Manga, V.K., Venkateswarlu, B. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1987)

Combining ability and heterosis for non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 135-137

In a diallel set involving 5 inbreds, viz. 'D 24', 'P 631', 'AIB 2', '76 K 2' and 'CR 28' of pearl millet both additive and non-additive gene effects played an important role in expression of non-symbiotic N2 fixation. 'P 631' x '76 K 2' showed a significant heterosis for nitrogenase activity over the mid-parent, while 'AIB 2' x '76 K 2' x '76 K 2' x 'CR 28' showed a significant high heterosis for this trait over the mid-parent as well as better parent. Selection of high-yielding plants in the segregating population of these crosses, their conversion to inbreds and subsequent utilisation in breeding programmes is suggested.

519 Sagar, P., Kapoor, R.L. and Jatasra, D.S. (1984) Phenotypic stability of drought index in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 207-211

Phenotypic stability of drought index in pearl millet was investigated by growing 80 genotypes in six environments including four water stress conditions. G x E (linear) interactions showed significant differences indicating that performance of the genotypes in stress conditions could be predicted.

520 Saxena, M.B.L. and Chaudhary, B.S. (1977)

Studies in the breakdown of male sterility in some male sterile lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) under conditions of arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 427-432

The expression of stability in eight male sterile lines of bajra in relation with temperature, relative humidity, day length and rainfall were studied during kharif 1974 and 1975 M.S. lines 23D2A, 101A, 111A and 239D2A gave out pollen shedders and the frequency was very low in the second year. Correlation for temperature (positive) and relative humidity (negative) with pollen shedding plants were found significant. Negative correlation for day length and rainfall were, however, non significant.

521 Saxena, M.B.L. and Subba Rao, G.V. (1980) Adoption and genetic divergence in pearl millet germplasm of arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 399-405

Heterozygosity might be the cause of wide adaptation because of high out crossing and populations maintained as open varieties. The unpredictable environments in the arid areas may also be a cause for genetic diversity. It is emphasised that locally adapted diverse population may be exploited for pearl millet breeding programme for arid areas and the population from Barmer district could be of great value.

522 Sharma, A.K. and Choudhary, B.R. (1994) Variability studies in foxtail millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 331-332

Maximum genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for effective tillers plant-1, followed by biological yield plant-1, test weight, grain yield plant-1 and main spike weight suggesting existence of genetic variations for these traits.

523 Sisodia, N.S., Henry, A. and Gupta, Y.K. (1983) Genetic divergence in grain sorghum. The Madras Agriculture Journal. 70: 678-80

Genetic divergence was assessed in 30 varieties of sorghum using D² statistics for eight characters related to yield. The population was grouped into 8 clusters. Clusters II, I and III were large and consisting more than two third of the total population. Days to maturity, plant height, ear girth and ear length were mainly responsible for genetic divergence. Clusters with small statistical distances were considered less diverse than those with large distances. Only genetically diverse lines with specific characters of interest and having high yield potential should be intercrossed. The varieties belonging to V and VII, respectively, were found genetically diverse and also of high yield potential and as such could be crossed with varieties belonging to II for evolving high yielding and early maturing varieties.

524 Yadav, O.P. (1994) Factorial analysis of downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Crop Improvement. 21: 72-74

Twenty crosses of pearl millet produced by crossing each of the four male-sterile lines with five pollinators differing in their reaction to downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc. Schroet) were evaluated for disease incidence. The pollinators P 1449, a recently identified resistance source from Senegal, and ICMP 85410 and male-sterile lines 841 A and 81 A were identified as good combiners for transferring the downy mildew resistance to their progeny. On the other hand, pollinators J 104 and 7042 S and male-sterile line 843 A proved as poor combiners. The mean downy mildew incidence of crosses was in order of resistant X resistance < resistance X susceptible < susceptible X susceptible indicating thereby the preponderance of additive gene effects in the inheritance of downy mildew.

525 Yadav, O.P. (1994)

Influence of A1 cytoplasm in pearl millet. Plant Breeding Abstracts. 64: 1375-1379

The commercial production of hybrid seed of pearl millet is based on cytoplasmic genic male sterility, commonly referred to as cytoplasmic male sterility. Among the available sources of male sterile cytoplasm, the A1 source has been exploited most in breeding commercial F1 hybrids. The objective of this review is to report the influence of A1 cytoplasm on the incidence of major diseases, expression of agronomic traits and combining ability in pearl millet. It has been conclusively established that the A1 source of male-sterility inducing cytoplasm does not confer higher susceptibility to downy mildew, the most important disease of pearl millet, or to leaf blights. In the case of smut, where pollination affects disease development, a wide range of results are available on the role of A1 cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic source has been shown to have desirable influence on combining ability for grain yield, yield attributes and grain yield per se. The possible danger of exploiting a single source of cytoplasm is discussed and the future direction of research is indicated.

526 Yadav, O.P. and Manga, V.K. (1992) Factorial analysis for threshing ratio, grain yield and its attributes in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 307-308

Factorial analysis in pearl millet revealed that additive genetic variance played a predominant role in the inheritance of time to flowering, ear length and grain yield, whereas dominance variance was more important in the genetic control of threshing ratio, plant height and dry fodder yield. Pollinator CZI 848 exhibited high GCA effects for both threshing ratio and grain yield.

527 Yadav, O.P. and Manga, V.K. (1995) Visual evaluation for seed yield in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 301-303

The effectiveness of visual discrimination for seed yield was studied in pearl millet. Results indicated that it is possible to visually discriminate the lines for seed yield in case the differences among them were large but not when such differences were small. Plots intermediate in yield were more prone to misjudgement during visual evaluation in comparison to high or low-yielding ones. The observer's perception of yield was influenced by plant height and earliness resulting into over estimation of actual yield for certain plots and under estimation for others. In general correctly classified

lines were taller, while no particular trend was observed with respect to earliness.

528 Yadav, O.P., Manga, V.K. and Gupta, G.K. (1993) Influence of A1 cytoplasmic substitution on the downy mildew incidence of pearl millet. Theortical and Applied Genetics. 87: 558-560

Large-scale cultivation of pearl millet F1 hybrids in India has led to increased incidence of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola). There is concern that the A1 male-sterile cytoplasm used in all the hybrids released so far is responsible for this increase. The influence of A1 male-sterile cytoplasm on downy-mildew incidence in pearl millet was studied by comparing the disease reaction of 40 pairs of F1 hybrids, each pair carrying respectively A1 male-sterile and normal B cytoplasm. Mean downy-mildew incidence was similar in the hybrids carrying either A1 male-sterile or B cytoplasm. The general combining ability of lines with and without A1 cytoplasm was found to be similar for downy-mildew incidence. These results indicated that in pearl millet A1 cytoplasm is not associated with increased downy-mildew incidence. The possible danger of using only one source of cytoplasm has been briefly discussed.

529 Yadav, O.P., Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1994) Ontogenetic approach to grain production in pearl millet based on path-coefficient analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 64: 233-236

Path-coefficient analyses, based on ontogeny of pearl millet plant, were carried out during rainy seasons (kharif) of 1990 and 1991 to study the relationship among grain yield, yield components, pre-flowering period and threshing ratio. Thirty genotypes were grown for 2 years at Jodhpur under natural moisture stress during grain-filling stage. Variation in grain yield primarily depended on threshing (%) and panicles m-2. However, 500-grain weight had negligible influence on seed yield. More days to flowering affected adversely the threshing (%), whereas panicles m-2 positively influenced it via pre-flowering period. High threshing ratio increased the 500-grain weight considerably. The variation in panicle length did not significantly influence any trait.

530 Yadav, O.P., Mathur, B.K. and Manga, V.K. (1993) Path analysis of pearl millet yield and yield components under moisture stress. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 21-23

Grain yield of pearl millet is influenced by several yield components. Path coefficient analysis was conducted to study the relationship

between grain yield and its components. Thirty hybrids of pearl millet were grown under natural terminal moisture stress at Jodhpur. Grain yield mainly depended upon threshing percentage, biological yield and number of panicles m-2. Early maturing genotypes yielded higher. Longer duration of pre-flowering period affected inversely seed weight and threshing percentage. Seed weight showed negligible direct effect on grain yield but influenced it through threshing percentage. Similarly plant height influenced grain yield via biological yield.

Legumes 531 Arora, R.N., Saini, M.L. and Paroda, R.S. (1986)

Gene effects and heterosis for some quantitative characters in clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 199-202

Studies on gene effects, heterosis and inbreeding depression for eleven quantitative characters in two crosses of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] revealed that additive, dominance and additive x additive genetic components were predominant in Mills x Durgajay whereas HFG60 x Durgajay exhibited dominance x dominance gene effects for most of the traits. Both duplicate and complementary type of epistasis were involved in most of the characters in both the crosses. High heterosis and less inbreeding depression were observed for pods/plant and seed yield plant-1 in Mills x Duirgajay.

532 Bhandari, M.M. (1990) Path analysis in moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 147-148

Direct effects of pod length, pods per plant, hundred seed weight and days to maturity except plant habit were less on seed yield than indirect effects via straw yield per plant.

533 Bhandari, M.M. and Mehrotra, H.N. (1990)

Genetic divergence in moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 227-230

Varieties included in clusters with maximum inter-cluster distance are obviously genetically more divergent. Varieties in the clusters V and VIII are the most divergent. It would be therefore to incorporate such varieties in the breeding programme.

534 Chaudhary, B.S., Lodhi, G.P. and Arora, N.D. (1981)

Heterosis for grain yield and quality characters in Clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 638-642

In a 6 x 6 diallel cross of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taub.] heterosis for grain yield varied from 9.43 to 95.90% over the better parent and from 4.64 to 94.23% over the best check. Among component characters, high heterosis was present for plant height, number of clusters plant-1, number of pods cluster-1 and number of branches plant-1. For gum content the heterosis was 12.23% over the better parent as well as the check. A good relationship was found between genetic diversity and hybrid vigour. 'HFG 381' x 'No. 2', 'HFG 381' x 'D 39-1', 'HFG 445' x 'D 39-1' and 'D 39-1' x 'No. 2' showed maximum heterosis for grain yield and gum content.

535 Choudhary, B.R. and Bhatnagar, S.K. (1995) Correlated response of seed yield in clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 319-320

Maximum correlated response in yield was expected through selection on component traits like pods plant-1 (3.34), pods cluster-1 (2.23) and cluster plant-1 (1.20). This indicated that indirect selection, made on these component traits, would not be effective as direct selection for the yield itself.

536 Choudhary, B.R. and Sharma, A.K. (1996) Path analysis of yield and yield components in clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 163-164

The traits, viz., pods plant-1, pods cluster-1 and clusters plant-1 were significantly and positively correlated with seed yield plant-1. The direct effects obtained in path analysis showed that number of pods plants2 was the most important component of seed yield. Selection based on these traits would lead to further improvement in seed yield of clusterbean.

537 Chaudhary, M.S., Ram, H., Hooda, R.S. and Dhindsa, K.S. (1973) Effect of gamma irradiation of yield and quality of guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (Taub)]. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 19-22

The seeds of guar were irradiated with 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Kr doses of gamma rays and the X2 population was raised. Investigations were made to study the effect of irradiation on grain yield and its protein and gum contents. Yield per plant has been found to increase with increasing doses of gamma rays. Similar trend has been observed for protein content of the grains. The gum content was also higher in all the gamma ray treatments as compared to control.

538 Dwivedi, N.K., Bhandari, D.C., Dabas, B.S., Mandal, S. and

Rana, R.S. (1996) Variability in clusterbean germplasm with fallacious bracts. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 151-153

Most of the collections had normal, linear, subulate and hair like bracts, whereas, twenty four collections from Mehsana district of Gujarat had leaf like bracts on all the inflorescence.

539 Henry, A. (1993) Note on performance of clusterbean genotypes on dryland of western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 19: 338-340

Performance of diverse group of genotypes, G 8, medium late branched genotypes unbranched genotypes and early maturing genotypes were tested under rainfed conditions. In medium late group 2470/12 (Maru-guar) and HFG-75 were high yielding genotypes both under normal and late sown conditions. Among the unbranched genotypes, PLCa-119, PLG-85 and PLG-174 proved better. Among early maturing genotypes HG-7-2 (Naveen) and Suvidha were the best.

540 Henry, A. (1995) Note on performance of moth bean genotypes on drylands of western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 21: 149-151

Performance of 23 genotypes of different centres were evaluated from 1982-1985 so as to select the desirable genotypes for the region and for use in breeding programme. The high yielding genotypes were IPCMO-995, PLMO-34, IPCMO-996 and IPCMO-999. Out of these, former three were responsive to favourable growing conditions. Genotype IPCMO-433 was suitable for unfavourable growing seasons, while IPCMO-371 had unit responses to the changing environmental conditions.

541 Henry, A. (1995)

Phenotypic stability in moth bean for seed yield on drylands of western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 21: 58-61

Performance of 33 genotypes was evaluated under dryland conditions. The genotype x environment interaction was significant and both linear and non-linear components were significant. Genotype JMS-23 had average stability and was suitable for favourable growing season. Genotypes like JMS-18 and JMS-7 were stable under favourable and less favourable environments,

respectively, and were low yielders. Genotypes like JMS-11, JMS-19 and T-16 had near unit responses to the changing environmental conditions and better yielders but had low stability.

542 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983) Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 467-468

On rainfed lands 24 clusterbean varieties collected from all over India were grown for 4 rainy seasons (1977-1980). The genotypes reacted considerably with the environment in different years. Much of the interaction was accounted for by the presence of linear component, although non-linear component was also significant. Study indicates that exploitation of HFG-75, HFG-182, Durgapura safed and `4210(26)' which had high yield and stability, will help in improving the productivity of the clusterbean variety 2470(12) performed well in unfavourable seasons.

543 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983)

Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in moth bean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 469-470

In monsoon season of 1978, 1980 and 1981, 13 varieties of moth bean were evaluated under dryland conditions. Genotype `T 2' and `Jodhpur Local selection' gave more seed yield than the rest of the varieties. But `T 2' showed almost unit response with less deviation from regression and `Jodhpur Local selection' was more responsive to favourable seasons. Thus, `T 2' being stable for seed yield, could be used as a parent in breeding better moth bean varieties.

544 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983) Genotype x environment interactions of induced mutants in moth bean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 70: 705-708

Genotype-environment interaction was investigated over 3 years (1977, 1978 and 1980) for grain yield in respect of 25 moth mutants evolved by treating `Jadia' a locally adapted variety of the region, with chemical mutagen (EMS). There was a significant variation for genotypes and genotypes x environment interaction for grain yield. The mutant genotypes, JMM-259, JMM-60 and JMM-211 appeared to be best suited for favourable growing seasons, whereas mutant genotypes JMM-242, JMM-25, JMM-277, JMM-202, JMM-273 and JMM-265 gave stable performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. In general the mutants were able to exploit the favourable growing seasons better than check varieties.

545 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983) Performance of induced mutants in moth bean. Indian Journal of Genetics. 43: 342-44

Seeds of `Jadia' variety of moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal] were treated with aqueous solution of EMS with 0.3% concentrations and 25 mutants showing a higher number of pods than the parent were isolated in the M2 generation. The mutants were further carried forward up to M5 and M6 generations and tested under dryland conditions for their yield performance along with other high yielding varieties. It was observed that mutants, `JMM-211', `JMM-259', and `JMM-60' consistently maintained superiority in yield and pod number per plant over their parent `Jadia' under varying conditions of rainfall. They also exhibited a combination of higher yield potential, earliness in maturity and high degree of tolerance to drought conditions. It has been proved that variation for pod number per plant and growth pattern in moth bean could be brought about by induced mutations.

546 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1984) Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 71: 217-220

Genotype x environment interaction was investigated for grain yield in 12 branched genotypes of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub), under rainfed conditions, during monsoon seasons (1979-1981). There was a significant variation for genotypes x environment interaction for grain yield. The linear as well as non linear components were significant and between the two, linear component was higher in magnitude. The genotype `Durgapura Safed' was the most stable genotype under fluctuating environmental conditions. Genotypes `HFG-556' and HFG-189' were best for favourable growing seasons while `DSE1J' and `DSE16J' were suitable for unfavourable growing seasons.

547 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1984) Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in single stemmed varieties of clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 71: 603-605

Genotype-environment interaction for yield in clusterbean was studied by growing 10 unbranched genotypes for 3 years during monsoon seasons of 1979-1981. There was a significant variation in respect of genotype x environmental interaction for seed yield. A large portion of these interactions was accounted for by the linear regression on the environmental means; although the non-linear

component was also significant. The genotype FS-277 was found to be comparatively stable with high mean yield and average response to the changes in environmental conditions. The genotype HFG-134 had the highest mean yield, and was found especially suitable for unfavourable growing seasons. Thus, the exploitation of these varieties in a breeding programme will help in improving the productivity of the crop.

548 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988) Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58 : 684-86

A 6-year experiment comprising 9 genotypes of horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.; syn. Dolichos uniflorus Lam., D. biflorus auct. non Linn.] collected from Rajasthan showed a significant variation for genotypes and genotypes x environment interaction for seed yield. Both the linear and non-linear components were significant. In general, the deviations from regression were significant for all the genotypes. `PL selection' showed average stability and high potential for seed yield under normal and late-sown conditions, whereas `SN selection' had higher seed-yield potential under normal-sown condition.

549 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988) Relative performance of pigeon pea genotypes in an arid region of western Rajasthan. International Pigeonpea Newsletter. 7: 8-9

The performance 15 varieties of pigeon pea during the winter of 1979 /80 and 1982 /83 indicated that variety `Basant' gave a consistently higher performance in both the years, followed by `Bahar', as well as a higher level of productivity per day over the other varieties tested.

550 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990) Induced dark brown mutant in moth bean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 501-504

Seeds of `Jadia' variety of moth bean were treated with aqueous solution of 0.3% Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. Four mutants having dark brown seed coat colour, increased number of pods and early in maturity with varying plant characteristics were isolated in M 2. The mutants were studied further up to M 6 generation and the segregation not conforming to the mutant plant types were discarded and tested during kharif along with parent and superior checks. It was observed that mutants JMM-DBS-1, JMM-DBS-2 and

JMM-DBS-3 consistently maintained their superiority in early maturity, higher number of pods per plant and maintained dark brown seed coat colour as compared to its parent and check Jwala having buff seed coat colour under varying rainfall situations. It is suggested that these JMM-DBS mutants could be utilised as genetic marker in future hybridisation programmes.

551 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986) Genetic divergence in moth bean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 298-99

Fifty three promising genotypes of moth bean were grown during the rainy season of 1978 for study of genetic divergence. In the present study, `Sojat Local', `Absar', `4425', `4301-12', `4307-1' and `Jaipur-1' showed high statistical distances and contained high yielding and early maturing genotypes. Crosses among them may result in high yielding moth bean types suited to the rainfed cultivation.

552 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1990) Correlation and path coefficient analyses in pigeon pea. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 440-42

Seed yield per plant in pigeonpea showed significant positive correlation with plant height, number of branches, number of clusters and number of seeds pod-1. Similarly, path coefficient analysis indicated the importance of number of pods plant-1, which had maximum direct effect on seed yield. However, characters like plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of clusters plant-1

and number of seeds per pod affected seed yield via number of pods plant-1. Therefore, selection based on early maturity, medium tall plant height, moderate number of branches plant-1, number of clusters plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 with more number of pods plant-1 and medium seed size is expected to improve the seed yield in pigeon pea.

553 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1990) Genetic divergence in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 116-120

Twenty four promising varieties of clusterbean were evaluated for genetic divergence. Genotype belonging to clusters IV (HFG-408, HFG-363) V (D 39-1, Kutch-8) and VII (FS-277) are separated by high statistical distances. It would, therefore, be logical to effect losses among these genotypes so as to evolve desirable high yielding variety.

554 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1992)

Genetic divergence in pigeon pea. Madras Agriculture Journal. 79: 41-47

Forty two genotypes of pigeonpea have been studied for genetic divergence. Clusters V and IX and II and VIII were separated by high statistical distances and contained genotypes having early maturity, medium tall plant height, moderate number of branches per plant, Number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod with more number of pods per plant and medium seed size. Hence crosses between the genotypes belonging to these clusters will effect high yielding lines suited to the rainfed conditions of the region.

555 Henry, A. and Mathur, B.K. (1987) Studies on correlation and path coefficient analysis in clusterbean under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 157-162

Seed yield per plot and seed yield per plant were positively associated with number of pods per plant. Plant height had negative association with number of branches while number of branches had positive association with number of clusters per plant in both the environments. Path analysis at genotypic level revealed that characters like higher number of pods per plant with more number of branches, 100 seed weight and number of seeds per pot with medium early maturing and medium dwarf plant type will give more seed yield per plot in seasons having early cessation of rains. In environment with relatively better distribution of rains, the plant type which have medium tall in plant height, late in maturity and high seed yield plant-1 together with more number of pods plant-1, clusters plant-1, seeds pod-1 and 100 seed weight will result in higher level of seed yield plot-1 in case of clusterbean.

556 Henry, A., Daulay, H.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1990) Phenotypic stability in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 417-421

There was a significant variation for genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in clusterbean. The linear as well as non-linear components were significant. Genotypes guar 46-P7 and guar 44-P15-2 were stable under fluctuating environmental conditions. Genotypes guar 46-P24-1, 4210(26), guar 46-P16-2, guar 44-P10 appeared to be the best for favourable growing seasons, while guar 46-P3-1, guar 46-P17-1 and guar 46-P27-1 were suitable for unfavourable growing conditions. The exploitation of these

genotypes in a breeding programme will help in improving the productivity of the crop in its growing areas.

557 Henry, A., Daulay, H.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986) Correlation, path coefficient analysis and genetic diversity in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 73: 11-16

Thirty six genetically diversified clusterbean were studied for 10 metric traits during monsoon 1978 for the correlation, path coefficient analysis and genetic diversity. Seed yield plant-1 showed significant positive correlation with number of pods plant-1, 100 seed weight, plant height, number of branches plant-1 and number of clusters plant-1. Similarly path coefficient analysis indicated the importance of number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, which had maximum direct effect on seed yield. However, plant height, number of branches plant-1 and number of clusters plant-1 affected seed yield via pods plant-1. Mahalanobis D² statistics was used to assess the genetic diversity among the genotypes which could be grouped in 5 clusters. The distribution of genotypes in different clusters was not according to their places of origin.

558 Henry, A., Mathur, B.K. and Daulay, H.S. (1984)

Genetic divergence in clusterbean. Forage Research. 10 : 89-94

Genetic divergence was assessed in twenty and twenty seven genotypes of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) during rainy seasons of 1979 and 1980 respectively, using D² statistics for 11 characters alongwith seed yield. The population was grouped into 5 and 8 clusters in environments E1 and E2, respectively. Seed yield, pods per plant, clusters per plant, branches per plant, plant height, days to maturity and 100-seed weight in environment E2, were mainly responsible for contributing towards genetic divergence. Genotypes belonging to Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab were found to be distributed in more than one cluster IV and V in E1 and cluster II from clusters I and VI in E2 were separated by high statistical distances. Hence crosses between the genotypes belonging to these clusters may generate more variability to these attributes. However, it may or may not be of fixable nature.

559 Jindal, S.K. (1985) Genetic divergence in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) under rainfed conditions. Genetic Agriculture. 39: 19-24

Fifty two indigenous and exotic strains of cowpea were assessed for genetic divergence using D²-statistic. The strains were grouped into eight clusters. Cluster I consisted of maximum number of genotypes.

Inter-cluster distance was maximum between clusters III and IV. The clustering pattern of the strains, in general, did not follow their geographical distribution. Use of the strains 3183-1, EC 123292, TVU 3427-2 and 757, selected from different clusters, in hybridisation programme for getting desirable segregates is advocated.

560 Jindal, S.K. (1988) Intra-specific divergence in moth bean for grain yield and its components. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 267-270

Genetic divergence, as measured by Mahalanobis D² statistics was studied in 22 diverse genotypes of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal). The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Geographic diversity did not seem to have a direct association with genetic diversity. Use of IPCMO 1015, IPCMO 569, IPCMO 939, IPCMO 911 and Jadia in crossing programme is advocated.

561 Jindal, S.K. (1989)

Harvest index and its relationship with yield components in cowpea grown under arid conditions. Transaction of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 14: 73-79

Fifty five genotypes of cowpea were used to study the association between harvest index, seed yield and its components. Phenotypic correlation coefficients of harvest index with number of pods plant-1, seed yield and number of bunches plant-1 were positive and significant. Harvest index was largely affected by seed yield which was largely influenced by plant height and number of bunches plant-1. An ideal plant type of cowpea may be developed having a tall plant with maximum number of bunches and early maturing for its cultivation in arid areas.

562 Jindal, S.K. (1989) Path coefficient analysis in fodder cowpea grown under rainfed conditions. Madras Agriculture Journal. 75: 121-124

The correlation coefficients both at the genotypic and phenotypic levels between seven quantitative characters and path coefficients at the genotypic level were estimated using thirty nine strains of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp) grown under rainfed conditions. All the characters viz. green fodder yield, leaf weight, stem weight, number of branches, plant height, leaf number and stem girth were positively and significantly correlated among themselves. Based on path coefficient analyses, branches/plant was found to be the major component for fodder yield and leafiness.

563 Jindal, S.K. and Gupta, B.S. (1985)

Genetic divergence in fodder cowpea. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 1-3

Genetic divergence for 7 characters was assessed in 39 strains of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using D²-statistics. The population was grouped into 5 clusters, of which 2 had only a single strain each. The varieties differed significantly for the 7 characters considered collectively. Leaf number and branches plant-1 contributed maximum towards the total divergence.

564 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1983) Adaptability in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) for seed yield in rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 83-86

Twenty two genotypes of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) were evaluated for their seed yield over five environments to gather information on stability parameters. Both linear and non-linear components of the interactions were significant and the prediction of performance across environments appeared to be difficult. The genotypes namely IPCMO 911 and IPCMO 259 were high yielding and phenotypically stable across rainfed environments.

565 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1983) Studies on variability and character association in moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 221-226

A study was undertaken to determine the extent of genetic variability for grain yield and seven other quantitative characters, inter-relationship of these characters and the cause and effect relationship of grain yield with other characters in 22 strains of moth bean. Strong correlation of yield with pods plant-1, pod length, seed pod-1, plant height, clusters plant-1 and 100-seed weight were observed. The path-coefficient analysis indicated that pod length and pods plant-1 exerted positive direct effects on grain yield.

566 Jindal, S.K., Singh, Saroj and Satya Vir (1982) Metroglyph and index score analysis of morphological variation in fodder cowpea. Forage Research. 8: 83-86

Metroglyph and index score analysis performed on 39 strains of cowpea suggested that three distinct morphological complexes can be recognised. Use of strains 434, 702, TVU 37 and TVU 1035-1 is advocated in breeding programmes in fodder cowpea.

567 Jhorar, B.S., Solanki, K.R. and Jatasra, D.S. (1985)

Genetic architecture of gum content in cluster bean under different environments. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 39-45

Genetic architecture of gum content in cluster bean has been investigated using numerical and graphical analysis of a six-parent diallel cross under different environmental conditions. Environments exerted substantial effect on gene expression. The character was governed mostly by non-additive gene effects. The additive genetic component was stable whereas the dominance component significantly interacted with environments and was, thus, unstable. The mean degree of dominance invariably revealed overdominance in all the environments. Symmetry of positive and negative genes was observed in the parental population. One to four dominant genes governed inheritance of the gum content. Heritability estimates were low in all the environments. Graphical analysis revealed that cultivars HG 182, FS 277 and DPS possessed the maximum number of dominant genes and hence their exploitation in breeding programmes for developing varieties with high gum content has been suggested.

568 Kackar, N.L. and Henry, A. (1984) Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in clusterbean. Indian Journal of Genetics. 44: 465-468

Genotype-environment interaction was investigated under rainfed conditions over three years (1977, 1978 and 1980) for seed yield in respect of 24 genotypes of clusterbean. There was a significant variation for genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for seed yield. The genotypes HG 182, FS 277, D 39-1, 1260/17 and Durgapura safed appeared to be best suited for favourable growing season, whereas genotypes 2470/12 and 4210/16 gave stable performance under fluctuating environmental condition. The exploitation of these genotypes in a breeding programme will help in improving the productivity of the clusterbean.

569 Kumar, D. (1995)

Variability studies in induced mutants of moth bean on rainfed arid lands. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 125-128

In genetically diverse and stabilised mutant lines of moth bean, irrespective of the year, number of pods plant-1 had the maximum estimates of GCV (49%), broad sense heritability (69%) and the genetic gain (78-85%). Heritability for the grain yield during dry year was moderate (46%), but was quite high for days to 50%

flowering (74.20%). During dry season, plant height and number of pods plant-1 had significant positive association. The days taken to 50% flowering and the number of pods plant-1 were most important traits for yield improvement through selection, during dry and the wet seasons, respectively.

570 Rangaswami, G.N. and Ayyangar, B.A. (1993)

A note on the chromosome numbers in cluster bean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 63: 934-935

The chromosomes of the cluster bean (Cyamopsis psoralioides) are best seen in buds fixed between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. The haploid number as counted in pollen mother cells is seven. The diploid number, as counted in cells of the ovary wall, is 14. These numbers are similar to those of the genera, in the tribe, Vicieae of Papilionae.

571 Saini, M.L., Jhorar, B.S. and Solanki, K.R. (1977) Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 344-347

Genotype-environment interactions for the grain yield in clusterbean were studied by growing 10 genotype in 4 different environments. There were genotype-environment interactions, and a large portion of these interactions are accounted for by the linear regression on the environmental means. Although the non-linear component was also significant, its magnitude was approximately one-third of the linear component. Varieties 'No. 2', 'HFG 281', 'HFG 444', 'HFG 363' and 'HFG 244' were most stable, and thus their response to change in environment could be predicted. 'HFG 444' was the most promising variety.

572 Singh, V.P., Yadava, R.K. and Chowdhury, R.K. (1981) Note on determinate mutant of clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 682-683

Observations suggested that closer plantings have a tendency to suppress determinate growth habit.

Oilseeds

573 Bhargava, B.D. and Saxena, N.B. (1964) Phenotypic variations and its heritable component in some important quantitative characters contributing towards yield in til (Sesamum indicum L.) Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 85-90

Genotypic variability was studied in 8 progenies of til, under refined conditions. These progenies exhibited large variations among

various phenotypic characters. The genetic coefficient of variation, heritability estimates and genetic advances were computed. Characters like branching and grain weight were found to have high heritability and high genetic advance and as such these traits are of considerable value to the breeder for plant selection.

574 Dhari, R. and Yadava, T.P. (1993) Inheritance studies of some biochemical and anatomical traits in Brassica juncea (L) Czern & coss for aphid resistance. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 199-200

The characters in question were under the control of both additive and non-additive genetic components, the former being more important. Under such a situation maximum improvement may be expected through conventional breeding procedures which could exploit both additive and non-additive type of genetic components.

575 Gupta, B.S. and Chopra, D.P. (1984) Genetic variability, correlation and path-coefficient analysis in sesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 1030-1033

Genotypic coefficient of variation was high for clusters and capsules on branches in 12 genotypes of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.) Heritability was high for branches on plant, followed by clusters on branches and capsules on main shoot. High heritability coupled with genetic advance was observed for clusters on branches and capsules on branches. Capsules on branches affected seed yield directly as well as indirectly. Plant height had a negative direct effect. Hence emphasis should be given to the selection of dwarf plants having branches with more capsules.

576 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1985) Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in castorbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 72: 196-198

Twelve promising genotypes of castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) were evaluated for seed yield during monsoon season of 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1982. Genotype x environment interactions were significant indicating the differential response of genotypes. A major portion of the interaction was accounted for by the presence of linear component although non-linear component was also significant. The genotypes (Aruna) and (279) appeared best suited for favourable growing seasons, whereas genotypes 1578 and R 63 gave stable performance under fluctuating environmental conditions.

577 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1985) Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in Indian mustard. Madras Agriculture Journal. 72: 347-49

Genotype x environment interactions were investigated during winter season over three years (1979-80, 1981-82, and 1982-83) in respect of 17 promising genotypes of Indian mustard under limited moisture supply conditions. There were significant differences among the genotypes and the environment. Genotype `T 59' was a stable genotype and was able to take the advantage of the favourable growing conditions as well yielded reasonably high under less favourable growing conditions as compared to rest of the genotypes studied.

578 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1987)

Genotype-environment interactions for seed yield in sesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 622-624

A 4-year rainfed experiment showed a significant variation for genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for seed yield of 14 genotypes of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.). The linear as well as non-linear components were significant. Deviation from regression was significant for most of the genotypes for seed yield. 'TC 25' gave the maximum mean grain yield (257.50 kg ha-1) and showed near-unit responses under fluctuating environments. 'T 13', 'T 43', '4-2', and 'Pratap' were better genotypes in favourable growing seasons (with better rainfall distribution). 'N 32' performed better especially in the years of long spell of drought. An improvement in stability of these genotypes through breeding programmes would lead to the improvement of the productivity of the crop in the region.

579 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988) Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in brown sarson (Brassica rapa var. Ulti). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 634-635

Ten promising genotypes were evaluated for seed yield during the winters of 1982-83 1983-84 and 1984-85 with 3, 2 and 1 irrigation respectively. The mean square due to genotype x environment interaction was significant, indicating that the genotypes interacted with the environmental conditions. The estimates of stability parameters for `Pusa Kalyani' approached unity and high mean seed yield. However, `BID-10' gave the highest mean seed yield and was constant in its performance in all the 3 environments besides being stable.

580 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988)

Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Subsp. juncea). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58 : 794-795

Performance of 25 genotypes of Indian mustard was evaluated for seed yield. Of the 25 genotypes tested, 20 had significant deviation from regression for seed yield. Pusa bold, RH 8133, T 59 , RK 8203 and RLC 1012 performed well under high yielding environment. DIR-147 performed best under low yielding environment, whereas DIR-146 and RK 8202 gave almost unit responses to the different environmental conditions.

581 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990) Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in yellow sarson. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77 : 570-571

Five genotypes were grown during winter season of 1982-83 to 1984-85 under limited moisture supply conditions. Genotypes DYS-3, DYS-2 and YID-3 had almost unit responses to changes in environmental conditions. YID-3 has less deviation value with high yield and hence stable. The genotype YID-1 was found suitable for favourable growing environments.

582 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990) Phenotypic stability for seed yield in Indian mustard. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 533-536

Twenty nine promising genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss) tested for their seed yield and phenotypic stability, interacted considerably with environmental conditions that prevailed in different situations. Both linear and non linear components were significant. S²d value was significant for 19 genotypes. Genotypes DIR 153 and RH 827, though having high S²d values, had almost unit responses to changes in environmental conditions and were high yielders. Genotypes RK 8302 and RK 8301 had high mean seed yield and indicated stable performance in high yielding environments. However, it was T 59 with high deviation value, which gave higher productivity in such situations. Genotypes RIK 81-1, RK 8304 and RS 83 performed promisingly in low yielding environments with latter two genotypes giving stable performance.

583 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990) Phenotypic stability for seed yield in Indian rape. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 522-525

The performance of 11 diverse promising genotypes of Indian rape (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) evaluated for genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in four environments revealed that the genotypes interacted considerably with environmental conditions. Both linear and non-linear components were significant. Genotypes Sangam, TGC 1, PT 507 B and T 9 performed better especially in high yielding environments. Out of these except TGC 1, all had large deviation values from regression. Genotypes TLC 1, TK 6 and TH 63 were found promising under less favourable situations. PT 43 had almost unit responses to the changing environmental conditions and was a stable genotype; However, it was low yielder.

584 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)

Phenotypic stability for seed yield in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 471-474

There was a significant variation in respect of genotype x environmental interactions for seed yield in safflower. A large portion of these interactions was accounted for by the linear regression on the environmental means, although non-linear component was also significant. The crop, in general, gave better performance when grown in closer row spacing of 30 cm under favourable moisture conditions. However, under moisture stress, no marked yield response was observed to the different row spacing. Genotypes like C 438 and AN 1 were found to be stable with high mean yield and average responses to the changes in the environmental conditions. Hence their exploitation in a breeding programme will help in improving the productivity of the crop.

585 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)

Phenotypic stability for seed yield in taramira. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 510-511

Genotype x environment interactions investigated for seed yield in taramira (Eruca sativa L.) during winter seasons over three years revealed significant variation for genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for seed yield. The major portion of the interaction was accounted for by the presence of linear components as non-linear component was non significant. The genotype RTM-1 gave the maximum mean seed yield and showed near unit responses under fluctuating environments. Genotypes LDCH-2 and RTM-2 performed better under favourable and unfavourable growing seasons respectively.

586 Jain, T.C. and Misra, D.K. (1965)

Two new varieties of Ricinus communis for arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 43-45

Two varieties of castor (Maru-1 and Maru-2) meant for cultivation in arid zone have been described about their characteristics with plant, inflorescence, fruit and capsules.

587 Jindal, S.K. and Labana, K.S. (1986)

Combining ability in a complete diallel cross of Indian mustard. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 75-79

The nature of combining ability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (Linn.) Czern. & Coss.) was studied in a set of diallel crosses (including reciprocals) of 14 lines for primary branches, secondary branches, length of main shoot, siliquae on main shoot, plant height, days to maturity, seed yield plant-1 and 1,000-seed weight. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were equally important for all the traits. Reciprocal differences were significant for all characters except primary branches and days to maturity. None of the parents appeared to be good general combiner for all the characters. `T 59' and `RLM 196' were good combiners for seed yield and some yield-contributing characters. `RL 18' x `T 6342' and RLM 188' x `T 6342' appeared to be good for yield and most of its contributing characters. Both additive and non-additive gene effects might be exploited and recurrent selection might be practised for exploiting the genetic variability.

588 Kumar, D. (1984) Combining ability for seed yield and its components in brown sarson in arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 41-46

A diallel involving 10 inbreds of brown sarson, revealed the significance of non-additive gene effects in inheritance of plant height, main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot, number of primary branches plant-1, 1000-seed weight and seed yield plant-1, whereas non-additive gene effects were important for number of secondary branches plant-1. Two inbreds (IB 14 and IB 15) were best general combiners for seed yield. The former with maximum seed yield was also a good combiner of siliquae on main shoot. IB 19 was characterised with maximum general combining ability estimates and means for main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot and number of secondary branches plant-1. IB 10 x IB 19 followed by 1B 10 x IB 15 and IB 15 x IB 19 were the best specific combiners for seed yield.

589 Kumar, D. (1988)

Tolerance of oilseed to salinity and alkalinity - A review. Current Practices in Dryland Resources and Technology. 4: 183-201

Efforts have been made to review the oilseed crops and their cultivars for relative tolerance on a wide range of experimental conditions of saline and alkaline situations. Although huge germplasm of oilseeds is available yet only a fraction has been screened for tolerance to saline and alkaline conditions, hence number of suitable strains is too meagre. Barring sunflower to some extent oilseeds are in general rated moderate to highly susceptible for seedling emergence. Moreover, due to lack in reporting of agro-climatic conditions, type of soil and salinity and stage of evaluation, data on tolerance of genotypes becomes unreliable. There is no suitable salt tolerant cultivar in groundnut, sesame and castor; and that of Indian mustard towards alkaline situation. Ethiopian mustard (B. carinata L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.) have been observed better tolerant than whole of the brassica group in alkaline condition. Sunflower has been observed equally tolerant to saline (ECe 8.6) and alkaline (pH 9.3) conditions for emergence. Promising strains of important oilseed crops have been listed in the present review.

590 Kumar, D. (1993) Variability studies in Indian mustard on normal and saline soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 25-28

Study on variability in 30 genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L) Czern & Coss] indicated higher estimates of GCV, PCV heritability and genetic advance for number of primary branches and siliquae plant-1 on normal soil; and for seedling emergence, number of siliquae on main shoot, number of secondary branches plant-1 and seed yield on saline soil. Number of siliquae plant-1 on normal soil; and seedling emergence and plant height on saline soil had significant positive association with seed yield. Seedling emergence and plant height exhibited maximum direct positive effects on seed yield on saline soil.

591 Kumar, D. (1995)

Salt tolerance in oilseed brassicas - present status and future prospects. Plant Breeding Abstracts. 65: 1439-1447

Tolerance of oilseed brassicas to salt stress is a complex trait, which is greatly modified by cultural, climatic and biological factors and by the high degree of heterogeneity on saline soils. Brassicas exhibit susceptibility to salinity at seedling emergence and early seedling growth but are relatively more tolerant at later growth stages,

particularly from flowering to siliquae formation. The amphi-tetraploids Brassica napus, B. carinata and B. juncea are more tolerant of salinity and alkalinity than their respective diploid progenitors ( B. campestris, B. nigra and B. oleracea) and also other diploids (B. tournefortii and Eruca sativa [E. vesicaria]). B. napus followed by B. carinata have proved more promising in extended cool climates whereas B. juncea is more suited to arid and semi-arid regions with short winters. Early maturing bold seeded cultivars tolerant to salinity are available in B. juncea, while few promising tolerant cultivars have been reported in B. napus and B. carinata. The mechanism of salt tolerance differs among species. There are many selection parameters for salt tolerance which, however, require confirmation for commercial exploitation. Research reports on the extent of variability for salt tolerance and the genetic of the trait are limited and fragmentary.

592 Kumar, D. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1989) Genetic variation of salt tolerance in seedling emergence, early growth characters and phosphatase activity of sunflowers growing on arid soils. Journal of Arid Environments. 16: 263-269

Seedling emergence on the 16th day of sowing; seedling height, leaf, shoot and root dry matter plant-1 in seedlings of 30 day old were reduced by 81.9, 65.0, 72.2, 86.0 and 54.4%, respectively at salinity levels of ECe 20.5 dS m-1 over the controls. Hybrids KBSH-13 and NSH-30, with 30.0 and 25.0% emerging at this salinity, were rated best of the genotypes, while hybrids KBSH-9 and NSH-98 showed distinct superiority in growth characters. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the rhizospheres of KBSH-9 and NSH-98 were many times higher on saline than on control soils. There were sharp differences between tolerant and susceptible genotypes for phosphatase activity and total P nutrition on saline soil (ECe 16.0 dS m-1 ).

593 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1985) Line x tester analysis for certain quantitative traits in brown sarson on normal and alkaline soils. Sabrao Journal. 17: 21-28

A study of heterosis and combining ability in brown sarson on normal and alkaline soils indicated a preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the expression of seed yield and its components. Assam selection and BSH-1 among the males and IB-3 and IB-1 among the females were the best combiners for seed yield and its chief components on normal and alkaline soils, respectively. The GCA and SCA estimates varied considerably with the soil

conditions, with SCA highest in IB-7 x BSH-1 and IB-5 x Pusa kalyani for seed yield in normal and alkaline soils, respectively. Nineteen crosses in normal soil and 13 crosses in alkaline soils showed significantly positive heterosis for seed yield. IB-3 x Pusa kalyani and IB-9 x BSH-1 had the highest heterosis for seed yield and its important components, in normal and alkaline soils, respectively. IB-8 x Assam selection was the only cross with positive SCA and heterosis for seed yield in both soil conditions.

594 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1986)

Combining ability in taramira under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 229-233

Combining ability analysis of a diallel cross among 10 inbreds of taramira [Eruca vesicaria (Linn.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.; syn. E. sativa Mill.] revealed that both GCA and SCA variances were significant for yield and all its components except siliqua length and 1,000-seed weight. The GCA : SCA ratio indicated the preponderance of non-additive genetic variations for all the traits except primary branches and seed yield plant-1, which showed additive variance. The best general combiners were 'Ldh Comp 1-3' for seed yield, main shoot length and number of siliquae on main shoot; 'TMC 13 p 4' for number of branches plant-1 and 'RTM 2-1-6' for siliqua length. 'T 27 P 7-9' x 'TC 13 p 4' and 'RTM 2-1-6' x 'Ldh Comp 1-3' were the best specific combinations for seed yield and its important components. There was no close agreement between the mean performance and the GCA effects.

595 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1986) Genetics of yield and its components in taramira. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 167-170

In a 10-parent diallel cross of taramira dominance was found to be significant for all traits except siliqua length for which additive component was important. Dominant genes were in excess of recessive genes for all traits except 1,000-seed weight and seed yield plant-1. The genes controlling the desirable characters like more height, longer main shoot, larger siliquae and heavier seeds were recessive. Narrow-sense heritability was high for siliqua length, main shoot length, 1000-seed weight, plant height and seeds siliqua-1, and low for seed yield. Rapid genetic advance in siliqua length could be brought out by simple selection. Heterosis could be exploited for other traits including seed yield.

596 Kumar, D., Daulay, H.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1987)

Phenotypic stability of certain growth characters of sesame at the flowering stage. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 47-54

Ten strains of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied in 8 environments to characterise the stability of 5 growth traits at the anthesis stage. Linear component was more important for leaf dry weight plant-1, dry matter plant-1 and pre-flowering growth rate, whereas non-linear component was involved in days to 50% flowering and fresh weight of leaves plant-1. Strain C 6 with below average in linear response was the most stable and early to flower; and also exhibited maximum stability of dry matter plant-1 in the poor environments. TC 171 with variable responses was unstable in all the traits. Stability of Pb 1 in the poor environments was realised on leaf dry weight and dry matter plant-1, whereas in better environments it showed stability to other 3 traits. With moderate pre-flowering growth rate and below average response, Patan 64 was the most stable for this trait.

597 Kumar, D., Yadav, I.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1988)

Combining-ability analysis for quantitative traits of rocket-salad (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) grown on normal and alkaline soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58 : 11-15

A 8 x 8 diallel cross of rocket-salad or taramira indicated the preponderance of additive genes for pod length and non-additive genes for primary branches plant-1 on both normal and alkaline soils. The main shoot length and seed yield plant-1 were influenced by additive genes on normal soil, whereas by non-additive genes on the alkaline soil. Parent `ITSA' had the maximum estimates of general combining ability for seed yield on both the soils and was also a best combiner for plant height and pod length on the normal soil and an average combiner for main shoot length on alkaline soil. `TC 35' was also a good combiner for yield on these soils. `T 27' x `RTM 13' on normal soil and `RTM 13' x `TC 35' on alkaline soil were the best specific combiners for seed yield. The former cross also showed significant specific combining ability for pod length, whereas the latter for main shoot length on alkaline soil.

598 Nehra, M.R. and Sastry, E.V.D. (1995) Varietal diallel analysis for yield and yield traits in taramira (Eruca sativa L.) Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 35-38

A varietal diallel performed in taramira, indicated complex inheritance for seed yield and its component traits. The heterosis component accounted for more than 70% of the total sum of squares,

and among the heterosis components, the SCA component accounted for more than 70% to the total heterosis sum of squares. Trend between the per se performance and the varietal heterotic effects were reverse. The crosses involving RTM-465 or RTM-314 were the best for mean seed yield including yield traits and the SCA effects.

599 Singh, R.P., Malik, B.P.S. and Singh, D.P. (1987)

Variation for morpho-physiological characters in genotypes of Indian mustard. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 225-230

A study of 179 genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) indicated significant differences among genotypes for various morpho-physiological characters, except for seeds siliquae-1, morning leaf-water potential, primary branches plant-1, and siliqua length. Range of means and coefficients of variation suggested that substantial genetic variability for different morpho-physiological characters existed within Indian mustard. Seed yield was positively correlated with shoot height, siliquae plant-1 and primary and secondary branches plant-1, but siliqua plant-1 and seeds siliqua-1 were negatively correlated with the water loss from the excised plants. The oil content showed significant and positive correlation with shoot height and 1,000-seed weight and negative with water loss from the excised plants.

600 Yadav, I.S. and Kumar, D. (1984) Stability for harvest index in taramira. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 1088-1089

Pooled analysis of variance for stability indicated that the genotypes showed variability and were sensitive to the sowing date and N fertilisation.

601 Yadav, I.S. and Kumar, D. (1984) Variability, correlation and path studies in taramira. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 30-35

A study of variability and inter-relationships in taramira (Eruca sativa Mill.) indicated that secondary branches plant-1, siliqua length, seeds siliqua-1 and 1,000-seed-weight possessed higher estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance. In the early-sown as well as the late-sown crop, the association of seed yield with siliquae on main shoot and siliquae plant-1 and siliquae on main shoot had maximum direct positive effects on seed yield.

Others

602 Godawat, S.L., Sharma, A.K. and Bordia, P.C. (1995) Stability analysis in blond psyllium (Plantago ovata). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 797-799

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1992-93 and 1993-94 to study stability in 12 promising genotypes ('RI 49', 'RI 87', 'RI 88', 'RI 89', 'MSB 2', 'MSB 4', 'MSB 6', 'MSB 8', 'Sel 10', 'G12', 'HI 2' and 'HI 5') of blond psyllium under 4 different environments. Variance due to genotypes, environments, genotypes x environment interaction and its linear and non-linear components were found significant for spikes plant-1 and seed yield. The genotypes 'RI 89' and 'GI 2' had high mean, regression coefficient around 1 and non-significant deviation from regression for seed yield. These genotypes were found suitable in different agro-climatic conditions of Mandor and Udaipur in Rajasthan.

603 Mathur, S.C., Mathur, P.K. and Chandola, R.P. (1971) Genetic variability in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 513-515

Genetic variability of 6 quantitative characters, viz. plant height, number of branches, days to flower, days to maturity, grain yield per plant and 1,000-grain weight, was studied. The characters like 1,000-grain weight and yield per plant showed high heritability and a high genetic gain, because of additive gene effect. Therefore these characters may be used in advanced plant-breeding programmes.

604 Mehta, K.G., Patel, R.H. and Kachhadia, B.T. (1981)

Phenotypic stability for seed yield in cumin. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 643-645

The adaptability of promising selections of cumin (Cuminum cyminum Linn.) under various environments was studied from 1973-74 to 1977-78. Genotypes, environments and their interactions were highly significant, and g x e (linear) and pooled deviation were significant. 'VIJ 5' showing highest mean yield, lower regression (b1) value than unity and negligible deviation from regression (S²d) was the most promising and suitable for both favourable and unfavourable environments.

CROP PRODUCTION Agronomic Practices

605 Bhati, D.S. (1988) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) response to sowing date and spacing. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 437-39

Delay in sowing from 7 to 27 November adversely affected yield (decreased 29.5% yield) and yield attributes along with growth parameters. The crop sown on 7 November gave highest yield (12.1 q ha-1) and yield attributes. Closer row spacings of 20 and 30 cm gave significantly higher yield than 40 cm row spacing. The yield plant-1

and pods plant-1 were higher with wider row spacing (40 cm). Plant height, primary branches plant-1, seeds pod-1, pod length and test weight were not effected by row spacing.

606 Bhatia, P.K. and Sundarsan, Y. (1992) Water use efficiency in Pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 : 305-306

The photosynthetic rates of all the genotypes were similar at vegetative, half bloom and dough stages but at the physiological maturity stage, there was a significant decline. The estimated values of the 21 genotypes for water use efficiency were also statistically similar at the various growth stages.

607 Bhatnagar, M.P. (1961) Responses of barley to nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilisers under Rajasthan conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 5: 188-192

Application of 60 lbs N acre-1 has given statistically higher yields over control and 20 lbs N acre-1 through (NH4)2 SO4. At higher levels of N, i.e. 60 lbs acre-1 application of P2 O5 @ of 64 lbs acre-1 has given profitable returns which was not economical with low levels of nitrogen 20, 40 lbs acre-1.

608 Bhatnagar, M.P., Bhargava, P.D. and Gandhi, S.M.. (1960) Performance of improved wheat varieties in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agronomy 5: 80-88

Condition of the different regions of Rajasthan differ and hence the whole state divided into four different regions according to the soil and climate. (a) northern region (Shri Ganganagar)- c 591. (b) north western zone (Mandore - Jodhpur) RS-9-11, RS 31-1 and NP 718. (c) north eastern region -1 Durgapura W. zone RS 31-1. Bassi and Ajmer. RS 31-1; NP- 718, Hy 65 and (d) southern region (Kota and Udaipur) NP-718, and RS 31-1.

609 Bishnoi, O.P., Umamaheshwara Rao, V. and Singh, D. (1985) Heat unit requirement for growth and development of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 241-250

The experiment on the heat unit requirements of four pearl millet varieties had three dates of sowing. The heat unit requirement for emergence of leaves did not differ within varieties up to 4 or 5 leaf stage but the difference surfaced later on, towards emergence of the last leaf. The heat unit requirement for appearance of nodes was almost similar and in variety BJ 104 it was maximum 91152.5 day C). The variety HC-4 accumulated maximum heat-units. With consecutive delay in sowing from 18 July to the following two dates, the heat unit requirement for year emergence, seed setting and maturity increased.

610 Bishnoi, U.R. (1966) A note on the estimation of leaf area in two varieties of sorghum. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 255-256

In the present investigation, a suitable constant factor was worked out for finding out leaf area in the field. For this purpose several leaves of two sorghum varieties at full maturity stage were taken at random. Their length from base of the leaf blade to the tip (along midrib) and breadth at the point where it was maximum were recorded. The arbitrary area of these leaves were then worked out by multiplying their lengths and breadths. The Planimeter readings of the leaves were taken three times for each and their average were considered as exact area. The exact area of about 300 individual leaves were determined by planimeter and a constant factor was calculated by dividing the exact area with the arbitrary area of the same leaf. This constant factor was later utilised in calculating the leaf area in the field.

611 Choudhari, S.D. and Varade, S.B. (1986) Sorghum leaf sugary exudate caused by plant water status and environment. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 121-26

Leaf injury with sugary exudate in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench] was found to occur at air-saturation deficit at 22 to 33 mm Hg. minimum temperature of less than 18.1° C, and morning humidity 55 to 74%. This was partly borne out by higher transpiration rate and low leaf turgidity. Rapid transpiration at critical air-saturation deficit reduced the osmotic potential by utilising soluble sugars. The increased potential gradient seemed to cause higher water flux from the soil. An increase in turgor and swelling pressure seemed to have ruptured the cell-wall, through which cell-sap oozed out.

612 Dass Sain, Kapoor, R.L., Jatasra, D.S. and Kumar, P. (1985) Regression analysis of general adaptation for grain yield in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 223-227

There was a significant interaction between 82 genotypes (inbred, F1's and checks) of pearl millet with dates of sowing and levels of nitrogen fertiliser. Both linear and non-linear components contributed to the total genotype x environment interactions. There appeared to be a feasibility of predicting phenotypic performance across the dates of sowing and levels of nitrogen fertiliser. There seemed to be scope for genetic improvement of productivity and stability because 17 crosses ranked above the best available standard `BJ 104'. These desirable hybrids could be used for population improvement. The parents were less responsive and more stable than their F1's. Inbreds `5141B' and `L 111B' were good general combiners for yield and `700251-2-1 was a good combiner for stability.

613 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, R.P. (1981) Effect of seed treatments and seeding depths on crop stand establishment and yield of sunflower and safflower. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 35-40

Irrespective of the seeding depths, soaked seeds of sunflower resulted in higher values of mean coefficient of velocity of emergence than the unsoaked seeds. Whereas the seed yield of sunflower was not significantly influenced by seeding depths, soaked seeds resulted in 16 per cent higher yield over the unsoaked seeds. In the case of safflowers, neither the seeding depths nor pre-sowing seed treatments influenced the seed yield significantly.

614 Daulay, H.S., Ahuja, C.P. and Singh, R.P. (1974)

Studies on the seeding depths and pre-sowing treatments on the seedling emergence of sunflowers and safflowers. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 231-236

Soaked and unsoaked seeds were dibbled at depths of 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm. Sowing of sunflower and safflower seeds at 3 and 5 cm depths resulted in higher seedling emergence than the other depths tried. Soaked seeds of sunflowers and safflowers performed better at the shallower seeding depths (3 and 5 cm). From the view point of final plant stand, 5 cm depth appears to be optimum for planting sunflowers and safflowers.

615 Daulay, H.S., Chakravarty, A.K. and Bhati, G.N. (1968)

Inter-cropping of grasses and legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 265-269

Two experiments on inter-cropping with dhaman (Cenchrus ciliaris) and sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) singly and in combination with mung, moth and guar were conducted at various fertility levels in the Central Research Farm, Jodhpur on sandy soil in the first year of establishment of the grasses. Inter-cropping increased the forage yield of the grass by 20-30 per cent in the mixtures as compared to the yield of the grass alone. Under arid condition moth and guar were found to be the most compatible legumes for inter-cropping with dhaman and sewan and this practice may be a source of additional income to the farmer. Moisture status of the soil improved when the legumes grown in association with dhaman.

616 Daulay, H.S., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1978)

Studies on the relative efficiency of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and mung (Vigna radiata) in utilising rainfall and stored soil moisture on drylands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 19-29

In almost all the seasons, bajra HB-3 gave consistently higher grain yield and moisture use efficiency than rest of the varieties tried. Amongst mung varieties, mung S8/S12 in 1971 and 1972 and G-2 in 1973 resulted in higher seed yield and moisture use efficiency. Considering the relative efficiency of Bajra and mung varieties together, cultivation of mung S8 in years of normal and sub-normal rainfall years and Bajra HB-3 during good and well distributed rainfall years, appears to be an appropriate choice of crops providing higher moisture use efficiency and monetary returns.

617 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982) Effects of N and P rates and plant densities on the yield of rainfed Sesame. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 52: 166-169

Plant densities in the good rainfall year (1976) did not influence the seed yield significantly, but in the subnormal year (1977) yield was highest with lowest plant density (250,000 ha-1). Irrespective of quantum and distribution of rainfall, seed yield increased with an increase in the N level. P did not affect the yield significantly in both the years. On an average, the response per kg N was 9.3 kg seed at 30 kg N ha-1 and 8.0 kg at 60 kg N ha-1. For obtaining high yields, application of 60 kg N ha-1 was equally profitable.

618 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1980)

Fertiliser use in rainfed sunflower. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 50: 825-828

A progressive increase in the yield of sunflower was recorded with the corresponding increase in the levels of both N and P in 1975 and only to N levels in 1973. Similar trend was observed in the consumptive use and moisture use efficiency with N levels only. Responses per kilogram of nutrients for the doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) were 9.0, 7.5, 7.4 and 2.8, 2.5 and 1.8 kg seeds ha-1, respectively. The corresponding figures for the return per rupee invested in nutrients were Rs. 5.63, 4.73 and 4.65 for nitrogen and Rs. 0.90, 1.00 and 0.75 for phosphorus at 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1, respectively.

619 Dayal, R., Singh, A. and Saraf, N.H. (1973) Preliminary study on movement of available water in sandy loam soils under dry farming conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 172-178

The study on movement of availability of moisture under dry farming conditions in relation to time of planting/sowing, reveals that the crops planted in the early stages of rainfall provides better utilisation of moisture and its availability during the crop growth. Late planting has shown that there is a deficit of moisture in the effective root zone at the later stage of crop growth which results in low yields.

620 Datta, D., Das, S.N., Pathak, S. and Sharma, J.R. (1995)

Studies on water-use efficiency and energy gain of some crops grown in Sikar district. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 273-281

Relative suitability of six crops (maize, pearl millet, mung bean, gram, wheat and mustard / toria) grown at Neem ka thana tehsil of Sikar district were evaluated with respect to their consumptive water need, energy use scenario and water-use efficiency under rainfed conditions. Among Blaney-Criddle, Radiation and Thornthwaite methods, the first one agreed well with Mo-Penman method in all the seasons, except during summer and could be used for calculation of PET. The variability among different methods of calculating PET was less (cv = 16.51%) in kharif than in rabi crops (cv = 28.21%). Toria always had minimum water requirement while maize and pearl millet had comparatively higher water requirement with no definite order. In kharif season, mung bean was found to be the highest gainer of energy and harvested photosynthetically active radiation most efficiently, whereas, during rabi, all the crops had positive energy balance and gram was the highest energy gainer.

Wheat had the highest water-use efficiency among kharif and rabi crops. Considering water requirement, energy gain and water-use efficiency, mung bean was the best selection during kharif and toria/mustard during rabi season.

621 Faroda, A.S. (1970) A note on the effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on growth and fodder yield of barley. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 22-25

Application of 30 Kg N ha-1 irrespective of its source increased the plant height and green fodder yield per hectare over unmanured control. Five irrigations were found slightly better in terms of green fodder yield per hectare as compared to lower irrigation levels.

622 Faroda, A.S. (1972) Effect of seeding rates and row spacings on fodder production of moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 183-186

Seeding rates of 20 and 25 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher green and dry matter ha-1 as compared to 15 kg ha-1. The differences between 20 and 25 kg ha-1 were, however, non-significant. Line sowing at a row spacing of 25 cm was found to be significantly better than broadcasting and line sowing at 59 cm row spacings.

623 Faroda, A.S. (1973) Note on the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on fodder production of cowpea (Vigna sinensis). Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 7: 217-218

Cowpea provides highly nutritious fodder and is grown throughout the country. Very little attention has been paid towards fertilisation under semi-arid rainfed conditions to increase the production potential. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to find out optimum doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash for cowpea grown as rainfed crop under semi-arid conditions with average annual rainfall of 50 cm.

624 Faroda, A.S., Chauhan, D.S. and Daulay, H.S. (1970)

Effect of different plot size and frequency of irrigation on fodder production of Oats. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 4: 73-76

Oats is an important fodder crop during rabi season. Different plot size and frequency of irrigation were tried. Maximum green fodder yield per hectare and net profit Rs ha-1 were obtained with the plot size of 3x1.5 m and irrigation at 8 days interval.

625 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1992)

Integrated resource management for sustained crop production in arid region of India. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. 7: 157-160

In arid areas of western Rajasthan, major constraints responsible for low plant production include low and erratic rainfall, high evaporation, and low soil fertility, particularly with respect to organic carbon and nitrogen. These problems lead to acute shortages of grain, fodder and fuel-wood. Sustainable crop and biomass production can be achieved through adoption of agroforestry, silvipastoral, and agri-horticultural systems. Integrated nutrient and moisture management practices can help in controlling pathogens and in improving the soil environment for higher sustained production.

626 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1982)

Effect of post emergence cultivation on weed growth nutrient uptake and yield of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 241-247

One post emergence cultivation of 5 cm depth done after 20 days of seedling emergence substantially reduced weed population, lowered soil bulk density and increased root growth and proliferation. This led to an average increase in production of pearl-millet from 3.4 to 11.8 q ha-1 with higher uptake of nutrients. In the absence of weeds also one post emergence cultivation was found useful in raising the average production from 9.5 to 11.8 q ha-1. More cultivations, however, were not found useful in further raising the level of crop production.

627 Gupta, J.P. and Yadav, R.C. (1978)

Soil crust formation and seedling emergence in relation to rainfall intensity and mode of sowing. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 26: 20-24

Field trials three simulated rainfall intensities (0, 1.47 and 2.11 cm/min) and three modes of sowing (ridge, furrow, and flat) were undertaken to find out the effect of soil crust formation on the emergence of mustard and sunflower seedlings. The results indicated maximum emergence ranging from 69.80% for mustard and 60-65% for sunflower under no rainfall-conditions (no crust formation). However, under low and high rainfall intensity conditions (low and high crust strengths, respectively) the emergence was found to range from 59-75% and 38-54% for mustard and 39.57% and 21-40% for sunflower, respectively. Harrowing and

sprinkling water treatments were found to lower crust strength and thus improved the emergence of seedlings. The use of double seed rate and 10% phosphoric acid solution at the rate of 1000 l ha-1 was not found effective in improving seedling emergence.

628 Henry, A. and Kumar, D. (1991)

Performance of some varieties of oilseed crops on drylands of western Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 113-120

An evaluation of a wide range of varieties of til, sunflower, groundnut and safflower indicated that variety of PB Til-1 and TC 25 of til; BSH 1, MSFH 9 and MSFH 7 of sunflower gave consistent higher seed yield under fluctuating environmental conditions. These varieties were relatively early in duration. In groundnut, variety G 201 gave superior performance in good rainfall years. However, in drought year the crop does not hold any promise in the region. In safflower, under adequate moisture supply conditions varieties like APPR-1 and JLA 900 and under limited moisture supply conditions, varieties like A-1 and S-4 gave higher seed yield and productivity per day.

629 Jadhav, J.D., Mokashi, D.D., Shewale, M.R., Gaikwad, C.B.

and Patil, J.D. (1994) Thermal requirement for pearl millet crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 299-302

The accumulated heat units and number of days for various growth stages decreased under delayed seeding. The variation in accumulated heat units and number of days required for various growth stages did not indicate any definite trend. The early crop received maximum thermal energy compared to later seeded crop in all the years of experimentation.

630 Joshi, N.L. (1987)

Seedling emergence and yield of pearl millet on naturally crusted arid soils in relation to sowing and cultural methods. Soil and Tillage Research. 10: 103-112

In drill sowing, higher penetration strengths of 108-128 K Pa were recorded on day 3 which slightly decreased on days 4-5 and again increased to 162-172 K Pa on day 7 after sowing during the years of crust formation. Minimum penetration strengths (64-74 K Pa) were recorded where farm yard manure (FYM) was applied over seed furrows. High rates of emergence (19-20 day-1) and ultimate emergence (65-69%) with a low mean period of emergence (3.5-3.6

days) and seedling mortality (30-34%) were recorded with FYM applied over seed furrows. Furrow planting in a ridge and furrow system improved emergence parameters as compared with drill sowing and was dependent on the compactness of the ridges. Application of FYM over seed furrows gave significantly higher yields compared with drill sowing, seed soaking and mixed sowing with legumes. The mixing of FYM in the soil gave a higher number of plants than did mixed sowing of pearl millet and a legume in the years of crust formation, although yields were the same.

631 Joshi, N.L. (1988)

Millet yield under natural drought conditions on arid loamy sand soil : cultivar differences. Effect of planting dates, and relative energy yield equivalent. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2: 203-216

Crop yields by pearl, foxtail, and proso millet cultivars grown under various drought conditions on loamy sand arid soils were determined in field trials covering three consecutive seasons. The average yield for pearl millet under normal sowing (leading to moderate drought stress) was 1026 kg grain ha-1. Under similar conditions, the foxtail and proso millets produced 62 to 66% less grain than pearl millet. In late sowings, where all crops encountered prolonged drought, pearl millet yielded 223 kg grain ha-1 while small millets produced about 5% as much. The greater drought tolerance of pearl millet was ascribed to its well-developed root system. Root dry weight was strongly correlated with grain yields. Under arid conditions drought tolerance may be a more desirable characteristic than drought avoidance. Applications of N reduced the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. Consumptive use by pearl millet was 35-42% higher than by small millets but gave three to four fold better water use efficiency. The radiant energy use efficiency of pearl millet was 0.65% compared to 0.14-0.18% for small millets. The pearl, foxtail, and proso millet plantings required 6041, 5102, and 4801 MJ ha-1 of commercial energy input to yield 54, 307, 15,493 and 16,095 MJ ha-1 output, respectively, based on total crop biomass produced. The highest energy output per unit of commercial energy input (Eo:Ei values for foxtail and proso millets were 3.22 and 3.55 under normal sowing. Late sowings (resulting in prolonged exposure of crops to drought) reduced the Eo:Ei to 4.81 for pearl millet, whereas in small millets this ratio decreased to less than unity.

632 Joshi, N.L. (1989) Efficient use of energy inputs in rainfed pearl millet. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 25: 91-102

The paper summarises the results of four field trials aimed to gauge, quantify and determine relationships between various energy inputs and output to augment pearl millet productivity and energy use efficiency. Application of 40 kg N ha-1 with one manual weeding involving 8034 MJ ha-1 total energy input resulted in 72% increase in grain production, and a total energy output of 39817 MJ ha-1 compared to 27226 MJ ha-1 output without nitrogen. Nitrogen accounted for 12591 MJ and the weeding for 21886 MJ ha-1 energy output. Combined application of these resulted in complementary of 15.5% over effect of individual input. The least specific energy of 1.76 MJ kg-1 biomass with the highest energy output per unit input (7.45) was recorded by the application of 40 kg N ha-1 together with herbicide application. Energy output per unit of energy input varied with the cultivars, BJ 104 being the most efficient. Intercropping grain legumes with pearl millet increased the total crop productivity as well as the energy output. The intercrops clusterbean, dew gram and green gram, with only 91 MJ ha-1 extra energy input resulted in 7938, 3810 and 2215 MJ ha-1 additional energy output, respectively. The energy output between the paired and uniform-row planting with the same plant populations in a good rainfall year was similar, while in a subnormal rainfall year the paired planting gave significantly higher energy output.

633 Joshi, N.L. (1991)

Leaf dry weight and area relationship to estimate the leaf area of pearl millet and green gram. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 75-78

Estimates of leaf area could accurately be made from the leaf weight at all stages in pearl millet and up to 60 days in greengram. Further leaf area could be predicted from any of the equations with statistically equal precision as the leaf area increased with dry weight.

634 Joshi, N.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1986) Economising nitrogen use for pearl millet in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 321-325

Economic analysis of the response of six pearl millet varieties to nitrogen application was done to determine minimum fertiliser doses which can economically substitute optimal nitrogen doses. High magnitudes of coefficients of determination (R²) were obtained for CM 46, PHB 12 and local cultivar. The varieties BJ 104 and BD 111 registered medium degrees of R². The nitrogen alone could not generate more than 18% R² in WCC 75. The optimum nitrogen level for local, BJ 104, BD 111, CM 46, PHB 12 and WCC 75 was 63.95, 65.98, 74.37, 84.19, 82.47 and 181.34 kg ha-1, respectively. The

highest nitrogen utilisation efficiency for maximised and optimised production was 17.86 and 20.52 kg grain kg-1 N with BJ 104. The 'pragmatic' N levels revealed possibility of maximum nitrogen curtailment (62 kg ha-1) from optimum nitrogen level in WCC 75 while about 24 kg N ha-1 curtailment was possible for CM 46 and PHB 12. The varieties BJ 104 and BD 111 were highly sensitive to N curtailments with a reduction of 16 and 19 kg N ha-1, respectively from the optimum doses.

635 Joshi, N.L. and Singh, P. (1985) Additive and complimentary effects of various agronomic inputs of the yield on pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 218-222

Nitrogen, as an independent input, increased the grain and stover production linearly. In the absence of weeding, nitrogen effect was however, not reflected in the grain yield. Nitrogen and weeding interaction indicated linearly additive effect up to 40 kg N ha-1 and thereafter, non-linearly additive. Chemical weeding was better than the conventional hand weeding. Application of boron, zinc and FYM led to increased yields while Azotobacter inoculation had no such effect.

636 Joshi, N.L. and Singh, Y.V. (1994)

Estimation of crop water requirement and crop planning for virgin arid lands under canal command. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 113-116

Irrigation planners need information on crop water requirement for project planning in command area. Under Indira Gandhi Nahar Project stage-II about 1.012 M ha area would come under irrigation. The estimated annual evapo-transpiration (ET) demand in Indira Gandhi Nahar Project stage II area ranged between 1833 mm and 2897 mm. The maximum reference ET of 2897 mm in Jaisalmer district was due to the harsh climatic conditions of the region, while the minimum annual ET of 1833 mm for Ganganagar district was due to the boundary effects of developed irrigated agriculture. Variations in the water requirement of various crops in different districts was estimated. In the absence of detailed field experimentation, modified Penman method was found appropriate for estimation of water requirement of crops in the command area. With an overall irrigation intensity of 87 per cent, 354200 ha under kharif, 474140 ha under rabi and 50600 ha under perennial cropping was found appropriate, based on water availability constraint factors.

637 Joshi, N.L. and Yadav, M.S. (1982)

Leaf area determination in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke). Indian Botanical Reporter. 1: 73-74

Leaf area measurements are required for the assessment of photosynthetic activity and transpiration rates, the important phenomena for crop productivity and water use efficiency. To determine the actual leaf area for CAZRI local, BJ-104, BD-111 and PAB-12 were 0.7570, 0.74249, 0.7832 and 0.7567, respectively. Based on these factors an overall average factor (0.7554) was worked out for pooled analysis. The regressions of actual leaf area on the estimated leaf area were worked out for individual cultivar and a pooled regression overall cultivars. The highly significant correlation coefficient between actual leaf area and 0.7554 x L x W leaf area was evident from lack of scatter from the least square fit of the data.

638 Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patil, R.G., Patel, G.A. and Patel, I.S. (1995) Response of dryland sorghum to sulphur application. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 31-33

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons from 1989 to 1992 to study the effect of sulphur on dryland sorghum grown on a Typic Ustipsamments deficient in available S. Three sources of S, viz. ammonium sulphate (AS) gypsum (GS) and elemental sulphur (ES) were tested at 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg S ha-1 levels along with two controls. A significant fodder yield response to S was obtained only when the rainfall distribution was favourable (895 mm. 41 rainy days) and yield levels were high. Application of 20 kg S ha-1 through gypsum or elemental sulphur, or use of ammonium sulphate to supply 80 kg N ha-1 was found advantageous, both from yield and economic point of view.

639 Khan, G.M. and Agarwal, S.K. (1985) Influence of sowing methods, moisture stress and nitrogen levels on growth, yield components and seed yield of mustard. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 324-327

A 2-year field experiment on sandy-loam soil showed that ridge-and-furrow sowing was significantly superior to the conventional flat sowing in increasing plant height, branches plant-1 , dry matter, siliquae plant-1 , seeds siliqua-1, 1,000-seed weight and seed yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L) When compared with moisture stress, an ID/CPE ratio of 0.4 enhanced all the growth and yield characters and a ratio of 0.6 further increased plant height and dry matter. Application of N up to 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased all the

characters, but a further increase to 120 kg N ha-1 was no better than 80 kg N ha-1.

640 Khan, M.A. (1989) Influence of tillage methods and mulches on soil moisture and yield of gram and wheat under rainfed condition. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 277-283

Influence of tillage methods in association with mulches was studied on the conservation of soil moisture, its utilisation and the yield of gram and wheat crops raised on a vertisol under rainfed condition. In gram subsoiling + gypsum and sub-soiling + saw dust treatments, respectively, retained soil moisture 17.5 to 21.5% and 16 to 20% higher than light harrowing + no mulch and no-tillage + no mulch treatments. In wheat, soil moisture was 9.4 to 9.9% and 8.2 to 8.8% higher under deep ploughing + gypsum, and sub-soiling + gypsum treatments compared to light harrowing + no mulch and no-tillage + no mulch treatments, respectively. Soil moisture utilisation by gram and wheat was better in deep ploughing + gypsum treatments. The highest grain yields of gram and wheat were obtained with sub-soiling + gypsum and deep ploughing + gypsum treatments. Deep tillage and gypsum proved superior to other tillage and mulches on soil for moisture conservation, its efficient use and grain yields of the gram and wheat.

641 Krishna, G.V.S.R. and Yadav, M.D. (1985) Forecasting yields of pearl millet and sorghum in arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 21-24

Yield forecast models for pearl millet and sorghum, have been developed. Yield of the pearl millet can be predicted at about 10 weeks after sowing, using the weighted rainfall, minimum temperature and eye estimates while that of the sorghum at about 11 weeks after sowing using the rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, average sunshine hours and eye estimates.

642 Krishna, G.V.S.R., Joshi, N.L. and Gupta, B.S. (1986)

Optimum size and shape of plots and blocks for experiments on pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 234-236

Optimum size and shape of plots and blocks for conducting experiments on pearl millet have been worked out by growing 5 different varieties in various size of plots and blocks.

643 Krishnamoorthy, C.H., Chattopadhyay, S. and Rao, S.B.P.

(1966)

Safflower for better utilisation of shallow and medium black cotton soils of Bellary area. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 44-48

Jowar and cotton failed miserably in the saline alkali soils of field 4A-I, the yield of both the crops being never more than 58 percent of the average from a normal soil. On the other hand safflower did fairly well. Even on soils with salinity in 30-45 cm layer, the yield of safflower is approximately 80 per cent, and when grown in the entire 4A-I the yield is hardly different from the yield in a normal soil. It is concluded that in the Bellary region, it is not economical to grow jowar or cotton crops on soils with salinity at 30-45 cm or 45-60 cm depths, whereas, safflower is found to be a paying crop even in these soils. Since the yield of safflower from such area is not much different from the yield in normal soils, it appears there is no advantage in growing safflower in soils which are more suitable for jowar or cotton.

644 Krishnan, A., Singh, S.D. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1981) Effect of plant population and nitrogen on water-use efficiency of pearl millet in the arid zone of the western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 865-870

In rainfed pearl millet there was a significant increase in the seasonal consumptive use (Et) from 218 mm with no N to 268 mm with 120 kg N ha-1. Water-use efficiency in terms of kg of grain produced mm-1 of evapo-transpiration was the highest with 60 kg N ha-1, being 3.54, 5.38 and 4.83 kg mm-1 under N0, N60 and N120 respectively. No difference in water-use efficiency was noticed for spacing levels of 10 and 20 cm. Thus the crop grown with optimal N, which was about 60 kg ha-1, gave much higher production than the unfertilised crop, without significant increase in the water requirement. The soil-moisture storage predicted by climatic water-budgeting method agreed well with the observed storage when the initially measured soil-moisture storage was taken into consideration. The conventional prediction method under-estimated the soil-moisture storage.

645 Kumar, R., Singh, V.P. and Faroda, A.S. (1988)

Response of mustard cultivars to nitrogen under irrigated and conserved soil moisture conditions. Crop Research. 1: 230-233

An experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, (HAU), Bawal, Haryana, India during winter (Rabi) season of 1985-86, to study the effect of nitrogen on yield and yield attributes of mustard cultivars (T 59, RH 30, Pusa Bold, RH 8113) grown under irrigated and conserved soil moisture conditions. Yield and yield attributes

increased significantly due to 60 kg N ha-1, whereas 1000 seeds weight increased significantly at 90 kg N ha-1. Application of two irrigations, first at blooming and second at siliqua development stage also increased the yield attributes significantly.

646 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1985)

Effect of sodicity and seed rate on seed yield and oil content of Indian mustard. Current Agriculture. 9: 21-26

Response of certain varieties of Indian mustard to salinity indicated that the germination of seeds decreased linearly with rise in salinity, whereas seed yield, oil content and oil yield plant-1 increased up to EC 12 dS m-1 and decreased thereafter. Appress Pod possessed maximum germinability of seeds whereas T 59 was better to others in respect of seed and oil yield plant-1. T 59 and Appress Pod cultivars did not reflect any adverse effects of salinity on their oil content. Effect of seed rate and salinity on yield and oil content of Appress mutant cultivar indicated that 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0 kg seed rates gave maximum seed yield at control, 4 and 8 dS m-1 salinity levels, respectively. Maximum oil content at control and EC 4 dS m-1 was observed with 5 kg whereas, the same at 8 dS m-1 onwards was observed with 5.5 kg seed rate. Oil yield in general showed a close association with seed yield over the levels of salinity and the seed rates.

647 Lahiri, A.N. (1966)

Role of anti-transpirants with special reference to water turn-over in arid plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 97-104

A great need is felt for developing ideal anti-transpirants and for the simultaneous study of their merits under different plant and environment conditions. Nevertheless, present achievements in this field suggested that plant anti-transpirants have a great possibility for moisture conservation in arid and semi-arid areas where native plants commonly transpire at a very fast rate till the low soil moisture brings about high diffusion pressure deficit in leaves and reduces the rate of transpiration.

648 Mali, O.P. and Mali, A.L. (1991)

Response of promising cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes to row spacing and phosphate levels. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 672-673

'RC 2' cowpea gave the highest seed yield as compared to other varieties. The dry weight of nodules, nitrogen accumulation in nodule, NPK uptake and other yield contributing characters were

also improved by phosphatic fertilisation. Graded dose of P affected the grain production significantly where in P at 17.2 kg ha-1 registered the highest yield.

649 Malik, A.S. , Faroda, A.S. and Singh, J. (1986)

Effect of interculture on performance of pearl millet under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 239-241

Interculture with wheel hand hoe and country plough gave significantly higher grain yield of pearl millet over all other treatments. Interculture resulted in better weed control and lesser use of soil moisture.

650 Malik, A.S., Singh, J. and Faroda, A.S. (1991) Impact of integrated agronomic practices on raya and gram production under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 217-220

Improved varieties, improved management (sowing with ridger seeder and proper hoeing and weeding) and recommended dose of N and P fertilisers (40 Kg N + 20 Kg P2O5 ha-1 for raya and 20 Kg N + 40 Kg P2O5 ha-1 for gram) gave maximum average yield of raya (18.3 q ha-1) and gram (20.1 q ha-1). Improved varieties of raya (Prakash) and gram (H-208) alone gave 50 and 92 percent higher yield, respectively, over local varieties. The yields of raya and gram with improved management practices were 40 and 51 percent higher, respectively, than conventional management. In both the management practices, the recommended dose of fertilisers gave significantly higher yield over one-third but was at par to two-third of the recommended dose.

651 Mallapa, M. and Radder, G.D. (1992) Performance of rabi crops in relation to stored soil moisture at sowing. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 263-268

Investigation on response of different rabi crops to the stored soil moisture level (125, 200 and 275 mm) at sowing revealed that sorghum, sunflower, wheat and gram could extract the soil moisture from 60 to 100 cm soil depth. A low soil moisture level (125 mm), sorghum utilised more moisture and recorded the highest per cent increase in total dry matter and grain yield. However, irrespective of soil moisture level, sorghum recorded the highest grain yield, water use efficiency, crop equivalent yield and net income. Rabi sorghum at low soil moisture level (125 mm) and safflower and sunflower at medium (200 mm) and higher (275 mm) stored soil moisture levels gave higher grain yields and net income.

652 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1975)

The place of pulses in India with particular reference to the arid zones. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 251-262

The possibility of alleviating India's food protein deficiency through the propagation of high-yielding pulse crops with the aid of the indigenously developed improved production technology has been discussed. The need for vigorous extension efforts at this stage, rather than further research in the field of pulse crop production has been emphasised. The importance of the arid and semi-arid regions in this context has been highlighted.

653 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1977)

Oilseeds in India with special reference to arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 240-256

The hectareage, production and the average productivity of major oilseeds viz. groundnut, rape and mustard, sesamum, linseed and castor in the country during the last two decades (1955-56 to 1973-74) have been stated and future strategies suggested. Over the decades the area and production levels of 12 millions ha and 5.7 million tonnes respectively in the fifties increased by 30 and 40% respectively in the seventies. The area and also the production of decades remained highly unstable. Over these years the area and production of groundnut increased by 21 and 54% respectively while that of rape and mustard by 6.5 and 80%. In case of sesamum and linseed the increase in the production has been in proportion to the increase in the area. Contrary, inspite of 11.5% decrease in the coverage under castor in the country, the production increased by 45.5%. Average productivity of groundnut, sesamum, linseed and castor in the fifties and seventies is comparable. The increase in total oilseeds production in the country was mainly contributed by the increase in the productivity of rape and mustard and castor besides increase in the hectareage under other oilseed crops.

654 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1977)

Sorghum in India with special reference to arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 95-106

The hectareage, production and the average yields of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) in last two decades have been stated. Area, production and also the average yields recorded during the fifties and seventies are comparable. Over the base year of 1967-68, marked as the year of green revolution, the average hectareage in sorghum during 1968-75 decreased by 7.3% while the production by

16.9% inspite of 1.5% increased coverage under the hybrid varieties. During a decade of the green revolution (1967-75), the total production increased by 2.4% inspite of 2% decrease in total hectareage compared to those a decade preceding the green revolution (1955-65). This increase was mainly for higher national productivity and total production in 67-68 and 74-75. The average productivity of 500 Kg ha-1 attained in the late fifties remained more or less same in the sixties and decreased to around 450 kg in early seventies. The existing varieties do have potentialities to yield many fold higher than those presently obtained but only under proper management conditions. In this paper it has been emphasised to allot priorities to increase in coverage under the high yielding varieties and their cultivation under suitable management conditions through massive extension programmes for an early increase in the total sorghum production in the country.

655 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1978) Maize in India and in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 52-58

The position of maize production has been highlighted with retrospective effect. The impact of technological advances including introduction of new hybrids on total maize production has also been assessed. Average production per unit area per se, poor coverage under hybrid varieties and the dominance of old and conventional methods of cultivation practices appear to limit the total production of maize in the country. For an early rise in the total maize production, allotment of priorities to the extension of available varieties and technologies over further intensification of research has been suggested.

656 Mann, H.S., Singh, P. and Malhotra, S.P. (1976) Pearl millet in India and in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 53-62

Present status and future prospects of pearl millet cultivation in India in general and in arid zones in particular have been discussed.

657 Mehta, U.R., Shekhawat, G.S. and Mathur, B.N. (1970) Method and rate of fertiliser application in bajra varieties under Barani condition. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 17-21

A field trial was conducted at the Government Agriculture Farm, Mandore (Jodhpur) for three kharif seasons (1963 to 1965) to study the effect of two different levels of nitrogen, applied in single or in split doses; with phosphatic fertiliser (broadcast and drilled) and without phosphatic fertiliser on the grain yield of bajra (var. Chadi

and R.S.J.). Both the varieties yielded at par. There was no difference in yield due to broadcast or placement of phosphatic fertiliser. Basal application of 30 Kg N ha-1 with 15 Kg P2O5 provided the highest yield.

658 Misra, D.K. and Jain, T.C. (1968)

Castor bean production in India's arid zone. World Crops. 20:

Castor can be grown on poor to fertile soils in arid to humid climates. For better development of the crop well-drained coarse soils are usually preferred to heavy soils. Suggestions made on the basis of investigations for the cultivation of castor in arid regions are detailed.

659 Misra, D.K. and Vijay Kumar. (1963)

Influence of depth of seeding on emergence, growth, crop stand and yield of Pennisetum typhoides in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 114-122

Maximum field germination was in case of seed placement at 7.62 cm soil depth. The final plant height at maturity showed similar trend as in emergence studies. The maximum plant height of 127.8 cm was obtained in seed placement at 7.62 cm soil depth. The maximum number 4.1 tillers per plant was recorded in case of seed placement at 7.62 cm soil depth. A mean increase of 9.8 per cent in grain yield was recorded during the four years period of experimentation in case of seed placement at 7.62 cm.

660 Misra, D.K., Manohar, M.S., Daulay, H.S., Jain, G.L., Vijay

Kumar, Mathur, M.K. and Jain, T.C. (1966) A critical appraisal of two Pennisetum typhoides varieties in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 36-43

Hybrid No. 1 produced 87% more tillers, 29% more number of leaves on main shoot as well 66% more on tillers but had slightly less plant height as compared to R.S.K. Amongst the yield attributing characters, Hybrid No. 1 indicated reduced ear-head length and grain size than R.S.K. However, Hybrid No. 1 gave 69% increased grain yield which is mainly due to 167% increased number of fertile tillers and ear-heads. There was a decrease in water potential of bajra leaves with the corresponding depletion of soil moisture.

661 Moolani, M.K. (1966)

Effect of N-P fertilisation on growth and yield of gram. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 127-133

Nitrogen application alone at 10 and 20 kg ha-1 depressed the grain and straw yield of gram and yield contributing characters. Superphosphate application stimulated vegetative growth, seed setting, grain and straw yield. Grain yields increased directly with the increasing dose of superphosphate. Phosphate alone or in combination with nitrogen promoted rapid growth and increased the crop yield significantly. The best treatment for more number of branches, better pod formation and increased grain and straw yield was with N20 P60.

662 Nehra, D.S., Singh, R., Newas, R. and Bishnoi, O.P. (1995)

Effect of temperature on radiation-use efficiency in toria (Brassica compestris Var. toria) crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 121-124

A field experiment was conducted on toria crop for three seasons (1989-90 to 1992-93) to study the effect of temperature on radiation-use efficiency (RUE). Two cultivars, Sangam and TH 68, were sown on three dates. Delay in sowing from first week of September to first week of October significantly increased the RUE. Efficiencies varied from 3.07 to 4.07 g dry matter MJ-1 of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation for toria crop in three different years. Across years, varieties and sowing dates, RUE and mean temperature of the whole season were negatively associated.

663 Patidar, M., Joshi, N.L. and Singh, H.P. (1996) Effect of tillage on yield and moisture use efficiency of clusterbean in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 147-149

Grain and straw yields were significantly influenced by tillage treatments. Maximum grain yield was recorded with cross disc harrowing followed by single disc harrowing. The total water use in harrowing treatment was more than plough plant system.

664 Porwal, B.L. and Mathur, M.K. (1973) Response of bajra varieties to nitrogen application. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 77-81

From the results of the experiment on comparison between ten bajra varieties at three levels of nitrogen application, it could be concluded that under rainfed condition, Hybrid bajra-1 with nitrogen dose of 40 kg N ha-1 could be recommended.

665 Ram Niwas and Sastri, C.V.S. (1995) Seasonal influence on biomass of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum R. (Br.) Crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 147-148

Greater absorbed PAR, sunshine hours and DTR among the weather parameters, and CGR and DMC among the growth parameters, contributed more to higher dry matter production. Various response functions between weather and growth parameters were generated.

666 Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1994) Determination of crop growing period in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 229-231

Simple criteria has been used for determination of crop growing period (CGP) in arid/semi-arid regions of Rajasthan based on information about soils, crop water requirement and assured rainfall of the region. Through the soil-water-budgeting of long-term rainfall in relation to crop water requirement, the assured CGP at selected locations of Rajasthan was worked out using a computer programme. The assured CGP thus analysed varied from 3 to 13 weeks under shallow soils and from 5 to 15 weeks under deep soils. A test analysis of CGP-pearl millet grain yield relationship for the arid region of Jodhpur district is also presented.

667 Rao, D.S., Poonia, B.L. and Ahuja, D.B. (1995) Performance of castor (Ricinus communis) cultivars and their response to fertiliser and plant protection. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 648-51

Castor hybrid GCH 4 showed superiority to Aruna for 1,000-seed weight, oil content, and seed and oil productivity and less incidence of jassid (Empoasca flavescens Fabr.). The former gave additional oil yield (723 kg ha-1) and net return (Rs 6609 ha-1) compared with the latter. Hybrid GCH 4 significantly responded to fertiliser application in terms of seed and oil types. However, yield of Aruna was at par under fertilised and unfertilised conditions. Two cultivars responded significantly to plant-protection sprays, recording higher seed and oil productivity and net return than their unprotected crop. Despite low jassid infestation in GCH 4 compared with Aruna, both suffered similar loss in yield in unprotected plots.

668 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Vyas, B.M. (1983) Risk analysis for kharif crop production under rainfed conditions in Nagaur district. Mausam. 34: 111-116

The planting schedules, the probabilities of occurrence of sowing rains and the chances of getting satisfactory yield for crops of 75 to 90 days duration at five different stations in Nagaur district are presented. Short duration crops are less risky compared to medium duration crops. The low yields in respect of medium duration crops is due to the fact that crops suffer moisture stress during

physiological maturity stage. This can be avoided to some extent either by transplanting the crops around 26th week or by providing supplementary irrigation during the stress period with the surplus water harvested if any. Measures to be taken under severe to moderate stress condition have also been indicated. The possibilities of raising rabi crops under conserved moisture condition in the high rainfall zones have been examined.

669 Singh, K.C. and Prasad, M.V.R. (1977)

Soil moisture depletion and moisture use efficiency of some guar varieties. Forage Research. 3: 67-69. The variety 2470 (12) showed the highest moisture use efficiency (4.38 kg ha-1 mm-1), the lowest being in case of FS 277 (3.03 kg ha-1 mm-1). The consumptive use was highest in case of 4210 (26) (404 mm), where as FS 277 had the lowest (397 mm). The water requirement of guar was more at seedling and grand growth stages and least at grain development stage.

670 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D., Acharya, G.V.N. and Chary, G.V. (1978) A note on the effect of sulphate of potash on hydraulic conductivity, water holding capacity and crop yields under rainfed agriculture at Anantapur. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 236-238

The results indicate that the rates of hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity of the soil and increased by 25 to 30% and 10 to 16% respectively under all the cropped plots of 50 kg potash level at the final stages as compared to control. The root weight of all the crops had also increased by 25 to 40% with increasing dose of potash application. Besides application of K2O at a 50 kg ha-1 significantly increased the grain yields of groundnut, bajra and sunflower but not Setaria.

671 Sahu, D.D. and Sastry, P.S.N. (1992)

Water availability pattern and water requirement of kharif crops in Saurashtra region, Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 127-133

Climatic water balance on weekly basis for individual years in respect of three main agricultural research stations in Saurashtra region was evaluated and periods of water deficits and soil moisture recharge were worked out. Aridity index with reference to crop phenophases was determined and the reference crop ET, water requirement , water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) in each of the phenophases for the important kharif crops, pearl millet, sorghum, groundnut and cotton were evaluated. In general, analysis

showed that Junagadh has large surplus while the Jamnagar and Rajkot showed mid-seasonal moisture deficit with no water surplus during any week in the growing season. In case of Junagadh, for the four crops studied, the coefficient of variation in water requirements at individual growth stages of crops are also discussed.

672 Saini, S.S., Singh, J.P. and Faroda, A.S. (1987)

Effect of soil profile moisture levels, seed rates and row spacings on chickpea yield. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 5-9

Effect of initial soil profile moisture (100, 150 and 200 mm m-1), seed rates (25, 40 and 55 kg ha-1) and row spacings (30, 60 and 90 cm) on the performance of chickpea was studied. The soil moisture levels of 150 and 200 mm-m-1 gave similar grain yield of chickpea but they were significantly better than 100 mm m-1 soil moisture level. The row spacings of 30 cm and 60 cm gave significantly higher grain yield than 90 cm row spacing. The 30 and 60 cm row spacings were, however, comparable. There was significant increase in the yield of chickpea with 40 kg seed ha-1 over 25 kg seed ha-1. Seed rate higher than 40 kg ha-1 did not increase the yield significantly.

673 Sankhla, H.C. and Mathur, R.L. (1968)

Effects of growth-regulating substances, inorganic fertilisers, oilcakes and soil pH on germination of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Seeds. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 38: 270-274

Experiments show that up to 84 per cent germination of cumin seeds can be obtained by treating the seeds with 100 ppm solution of IAA in comparison to 46 per cent in the control. Nitrogenous fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate at 22.4 kg ha-1 and urea at 44.8 kg ha-1 could give germination of 82.5 per cent. In case of oil cakes, castor gave 75 per cent, while sesamum at 1:50 and 1:100 gave 70 and 72.5 per cent germination, respectively. In case of pH the best germination was obtained at 8.5 pH. At pH 9.3 it decreased, while towards acidic side it went on decreasing as the pH was decreased.

674 Saksena, A. and Bhargava, P.N. (1983) Suitability of kharif crops to agro-climatic conditions of Jamnagar. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 143-150

Suitability of kharif crops for Jamnagar district has been examined on the basis of the data on productivity of crops, rainfall, evaporation and soil characteristics. It is observed that Jamnagar has a safe crop growing season of 17 weeks from 24th to 40th standard week. Variation in average yields of these crops has

indicated that cotton crop is more adaptable to the agro-climatic variations than other crops. Performance of groundnut is better than that of bajra and jowar. Critical examination of weekly moisture availability Index (MAI) has shown that if there are 8 or more weeks with MAI _50 during the entire crop season yields of crops are normal in jowar and bajra and mild reduction in groundnut yield. The yield of cotton is not significantly reduced till number of such weeks is 4 or less. Fitting of requirement and availability of soil moisture shows that cotton and groundnut should be sown around 24th week and jowar and bajra around 26th week. Growing of cotton and groundnut should be encouraged in the district.

675 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1995) Allelopathy of pearl millet as influenced by vegetative and reproductive stage of crop growth. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 293-296

The root and shoot aqueous extracts from vegetative and reproductive stages of pearl millet cv. MH 179 were assayed at concentrations of 20,40,60 and 80 g L-1 (fresh weight basis) for their effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of pearl millet. Rate of germination declined with increase in concentration of both root and shoot extracts while ultimate germination, root and shoot length were maximum at 20 g L-1 and decreased with further increase in concentrations with extracts of vegetative stage. These parameters were inversely related with the extracts concentration of reproductive stage and were minimum at the highest concentration. The highest concentration assayed resulted in 17.7 and 29.4% decline over control in germination with root and shoot extracts of vegetative stage. The corresponding decline caused by extracts of reproductive stage was 57 and 25.6%, respectively. The results of the study suggest that extracts of reproductive stage were more phytotoxic than the extracts of vegetative stage.

676 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1995) Auto-allelopathic effects of pearl millet. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter. 36: 58-59

After harvest, root and shoot residues were extracted with distilled water and blended. Extracts were filtered and centrifuged to a supernatant concentration of 100 g tissue DW L-1. Applications of 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 g l-1 supernatant were assessed on seeds placed on filter paper in Petri dishes. Root and shoot length was measured 7 d after germination. Application of root and shoot aqueous extract up to 20 g l-1 had no effect on germination rate compared with the control. However, application of 40-80 g l-1 of either root or shoot

extracts resulted in a decline in germination, germination being reduced by 60.4% compared with the control by 80 g root extract l-1. The root growth of seedlings increased significantly at the lowest concentrations of root and shoot extracts and was only decreased at 80 g l-1. No significant differences were observed for shoot length for any root or shoot extract treatment. It is suggested that the agronomic importance of autotoxic effects may be greater in low-rainfall areas where less dilution of toxins takes place.

677 Saxena, A. Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1996) Allelopathy in agroecosystems. Field Crop Abstracts. 49: 891-899

The effect of allelopathic interactions on growth and yield under monoculture, crop rotations and agroforestry, the influence of crops on weeds and weeds on crops, and allelochemicals are discussed in this review. Allelopathic interactions between plants and other organisms offer alternative uses in agriculture, including decreasing dependence on synthetic pesticides for the control of diseases, insects and weeds. Most of the research work on allelopathy has involved testing of aqueous extracts under laboratory conditions. These studies require validation under field conditions. Such findings would open up the scope of breeding crop varieties with allelopathic potential and the development of ecologically safe agrochemicals. The thrust areas and future research needs are also discussed.

678 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1996) Autotoxic effects of pearl millet aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 255-260

The root and shoot aqueous extracts of pearl milet cv. MH 179 were assayed at 20, 40, 60 and 80 g l-1 (dry weight basis) for their effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of pearl millet. Rate of germination declined with the increase in concentration of both root and shoot extracts while ultimate germination, root length, shoot length and total dry matter were at a maximum at 20 g l-1 concentration and then decreased with further increase in concentrations of both extracts, indicating concentration rate dependency. All concentrations of extracts increased the mean period of ultimate germination compared to the control. The highest concentration assayed (80 g l-1) resulted in 60% and 40% decline in seed germination with root and shoot extracts, respectively, compared to control. The results of the study suggest that root and shoot of pearl millet contain water soluble compounds which are autotoxic.

679 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1997)

Effects of tillage and cropping systems on soil moisture balance and pearl millet yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 178: 251-257

Three tillage treatments, viz. minimum tillage (one harrowing), conventional tillage (two harrowing, cross) and deep tillage (ploughing followed by two harrowing), and four cropping systems, viz. mono-culture of pearl millet, pearl millet-clusterbean rotation, mono-culture of pearl millet with 5 t ha-1 farm yard manure (FYM), and intercropping of pearl millet and clusterbean, were compared. Deep tillage improved the soil moisture storage, water use efficiency and grain yield of pearl millet while consumptive use of water was higher with minimum tillage. Total dry matter yield with deep tillage and conventional tillage was 23.2 and 10.2% higher than minimum tillage in the season 1, and the corresponding values for season 2 were 30.7 and 13.3%. The pearl millet-clusterbean rotation and mono-culture of pearl millet with the application of 5 t ha-1 FYM gave 17.2 and 6.1% higher yield than mono-culture of pearl millet, respectively. Maximum water use efficiency was observed in rotation followed by FYM application.

680 Shah, H.C. and Mehta, B.V. (1959-60)

Comparative studies on the effect of ammonium chloride and other fertilisers on the yield and crude protein content of pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 4: 105-112

Significant response to N fertilisation was obtained in three seasons. Nitrogen at 40 1b increased yield significantly over 20 1b N dose. Crude protein content of straw and grain was also significantly increased with the nitrogen dose. The percentage of reserved nitrogen in grain and straw was decreased with the increasing rates of N. The regression analysis employed to study the relationship between the yield and crude protein content of pearl millet showed that there was no significant correlation between the two.

681 Sharma, R.C., Godawat, S.L. and Choudhary, B.R. (1995)

Stability analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 834-835

High yielding genotype 'UM 116' was stable for seed yield and may be exploited for cultivation and used in breeding programme for stabilising the productivity of fenugreek.

682 Sheelvantar, M.N., Ratnam, B.P. and Tilve, N.S. (1991)

Evapo-transpiration and water balance of maize. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 107-110

Evapo-transpiration studies were made on maize during the kharif seasons of 1980 to 1987 at Dharwad by using gravimetric lysimeters. The seasonal total ET was 339.7 mm with a daily mean of 2.4 mm. Water balance computation indicated that the maize crop can be raised during kharif season without moisture stress and irrigation. The water use efficiency was 17.78 kg ha mm-1.

683 Shiyani, R.L. and Jha, B.K. (1993) Growth rates and relative contributions of different components towards the production of oil seed crops in Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 55-58

An attempt has been made in this paper to study the compound growth rates in area, production and productivity of major oil-seeds viz. groundnut, sesamum, castor, rapeseed and mustard of the in Gujarat. To measure the relative contribution of area, yield and prices in increase of oilseeds production, decomposition analysis has been carried out. The results revealed that the productivity of groundnut and sesamum remained almost stagnant in all the districts under study, while the area, production and productivity of castor, rapeseed and mustard increased significantly. The Kutch district was an exception in both the cases. Decomposition analysis revealed that the price factor individually contributed the most to increases in the production of groundnut and sesamum, whereas the combination of yield, more area and better price gave positive growth impact for castor and rapeseed-mustard.

684 Shrotriya, G.C., Pareek, B.L. and Mathur, C.M. (1966)

A note on nitrogenous fertilisation on wheat in Pali, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 257-258

Higher temperature, low relative humidity and high winds in the later stages of plant growth caused pre-mature drying of wheat ears resulting in over all low yields. Grain and straw yields and economy of fertiliser application were taken as criteria for evaluating the suitable nitrogen level. Increasing yield responses were obtained up to 112.0 Kg N ha-1. For grain yield this level was statistically significant over 0, 22.4 and 44.8 Kg ha-1 levels giving an increase in yield by 106.7, 61.1 and 45.2% respectively. All the levels higher than 44.8 Kg ha-1 levels were found significant over no nitrogen application.

685 Singh, A. (1979)

Moisture fluctuations, moisture use and water balance under principal land use systems of arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 80-85

In the agro-climate of Pali, Western Rajasthan, moisture in 0.54 cm soil water under cultivated fallow was 12 per cent in rainy season and 8 per cent in winter. In crop land moisture fluctuated between 12 and 6 per cent. Moisture status under grassland and forestry was lower. Maximum (150 mm year-1) water use was recorded from grassland followed by cropped and (135 mm), forest and cultivated fallow. July and August were the surplus months and water deficiency prevailed during rest of the period.

686 Singh, B.P. (1983) Response of mustard and chickpea to moisture in soil profile and plant population on aridisols. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 543-549

In a 4-year field study conducted on the aridisols, high soil moisture (182 to 199 mm in 1-m soil profile) increased the grain yield of mustard by 43% and that of chickpea by 23.3% over low soil moisture (134 to 154 mm in 1-m soil profile). A sparse planting density of 167,000 plant ha-1 (60 cm x 10 cm) was found to be the best for mustard and 222,000 plants ha-1 (45 cm x 10 cm) best for chickpea. The water-use efficiency was maximum when mustard was planted at 45 cm x 10 cm on soil profile having high moisture, and when chickpea was planted at 60 cm x 10 cm on soil profile having low moisture.

687 Singh, B.P. and Dhankhar, O.P. (1982) Note on the response of rainfed Indian mustard grown on aridisols to nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 52: 874-875

Application of N and P increased the water use efficiency as also the seed yield besides a significant enhancement in seed yield. Application of 20, 40 and 60 Kg N ha-1 increased the yield by 7.58, 8.90 and 7.30 kg, respectively for every Kg N applied. The variation in yield in different years was caused by stored profile moisture.

688 Singh, B.P. and Singh, J.P. (1986)

Intercropping of wild turnip in taramira and chickpea in dry aridisols of Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 96-100

In a 3-year field study conducted on aridisols of Bawal (Haryana), wild turnip (tora-sarson; Brassica tournifortii Gouan.) inter-cropped in taramira (Eruca vesicaria) and chickpea in paired rows (2:2) gave 11.1% more total productivity than sole-cropped taramira and 81.9% more productivity than sole-cropped chickpea. Wild turnip and taramira (2:2) gave land-equivalent ratio of 1.06 and 15% more net returns over taramira mono-culture. Parallel inter-cropping of wild turnip in chickpea (2:2) resulted in the highest land-equivalent ratio (1.37), and a net return of Rs. 2,538.55 ha-1 , which was 64% increase over chickpea sole crop. The water-use efficiency was more in a 2:2 system of wild turnip and taramira in the years of normal or good and in a 1:1 system in dry year. It is suggested to grow wild turnip in paired rows (2:2) in taramira and chickpea for more total productivity, net returns and efficient utilisation of moisture in dry aridisols.

689 Singh, D.P., Rathore, D.N., Singh, H. and Vijay Kumar. (1978) A note on crude protein and gum production of two varieties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taub.) as influenced by different seed rates and row spacings. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 329-331

There was no significant difference in % gum or protein in different varieties but production of gum and protein was influenced by varieties and row spacing as the production varied.

690 Singh, K.C. (1982) Response of green gram to phosphorus application in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 275-278

Application of phosphorus (30 to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) to green gram significantly increased the yield over control in two out of three years. Placement of fertiliser (10-15 cm deep) also resulted in significantly higher seed yield over control in one out of two years. The response varied from 1.3 to 2.7 in normal sown crop and 0.9 to 2.0 kg grams kg-1 P2O5 in case of the late sown crop. The response decreased with an increase in the level of phosphorus.

691 Singh, K.C. and Singh, R.P. (1977)

Intercropping of annual grain legumes with sunflower. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 563-567

Inter-cropping of green gram, cowpea, moth bean and groundnut did not affect the seed yield among companion crops, offered severe competition to sunflower. In general, total productivity of the inter-cropping system was 74% higher than the pure cropping of sunflower. Higher monetary returns were obtained from sunflower +

cowpea and sunflower + green gram inter-cropping system over the other systems tried. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 to sunflower grown as a pure crop led to significant increase in yield over 30 kg N ha-1 and the control. However, in case of inter-cropping systems involving green gram and cowpea, application of 30 kg N ha-1 in the second year gave as good yield as that obtained with the application of 60 kg N ha-1, resulting in a saving of 30 kg N ha-1.

692 Singh, K.N., Singh, R.P., Mahabir Prasad, Warsi, A.S.,

Sandhu, H.S., Awasthi, O.P., Shekhawat, G.S. and Narula, P.N. (1972) Effect of methods and rates of nitrogen application on the grain yield of rainfed barley. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 17: 290-293

A multi-locational trial on methods and rates of nitrogen application to rainfed barley was conducted for 4 years under the All India Coordinated Improvement Project on Barley. Barley responded to nitrogen (20 kg N ha-1 in north western plain zone and 20-40 kg N ha-1 in the north eastern, central and hills zones, on an average) and placement of nitrogen at 10 cm depth at the time of sowing proved to be a desirable method of nitrogen application.

693 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1994) Effect of mixed and inter-cropping systems on dry matter and grain yields of component crops in arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 125-128

A field study on sole, mixed, intercropping and strip cropping of pearl millet and clusterbean was conducted to identify the best suitable cropping system for the arid region. Pearl millet and clusterbean grown in alternate rows (1:1) gave mean combined dry matter yields at par with sole cropping of pearl millet but significantly higher than mixed, inter-cropping and strip cropping. The increase was in the order of 42 to 194%. The 1:1 system also produced maximum grain yield among different inter-cropping systems. Better performance of 1:1 system was attributed to creation of more border rows that resulted in the least influence by shorter component crop through the formation of a two tier system. The highest gross and net returns accrued from alternate row intercropping system (1:1) followed by sole cropping of pearl millet.

694 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1994) Performance of pearl millet-based inter-cropping systems under drought conditions. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 8: 277-283

Performance of sole, mixed, row, and inter-cropping systems was assessed under drought conditions. The mean index of moisture adequacy for the initial two weeks of crop growth was (0.62 and 0.69) in two seasons which indicated enough moisture during the seedling stage. The crops faced mild drought (mean Ima = 0.27 and 0.33) during vegetative phases and severe drought (mean Ima = 0.07) during reproductive phases in both seasons. Mixed cropping and row inter-cropping produced lesser yields than the sole cropping, while strip cropping gave better yields and more risk coverage over sole cropping. A pearl millet clusterbean mixture showed superiority over a mixture of pearl millet with green gram or cowpea. Lower yields under row inter-cropping systems as compared with the sole cropping in drought years was attributed to higher populations in row inter-cropping. In strip cropping (4:4 rows), both the components produced grain, thereby showing superiority over mixtures and row inter-cropping. The border rows of strip yielded 12% to 169% higher grain than adjacent inner rows when intercropped with cowpea, green gram, and clusterbean. The pearl millet-greengram strip cropping (4:4) showed the highest land equivalent ratio of 1.26, indicating 26% advantage over sole cropping.

695 Singh, P. (1977)

Productivity constraints in arid land agriculture. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 374-380

The lack of management and methods of crop cultivation have rendered most of the arid lands unproductive. Inspite of several scientific achievements, the productivity on these lands continues to be more or less static at a lower level and dependent on monsoon. On the other hand, the yields from research farms and from National demonstration trials conducted at farmers field have shown much higher production potentials on these lands which essentially suggests to bridge the gap between the obtained and obtainable levels of productivity. Many-fold increase in biomass production on these lands through proper management, besides increasing total food grain production, will be one among the many suggested to check the march of the desert through its various meritorious effects. In this paper some such steps have been detailed.

696 Singh, P. and Joshi, N.L. (1980) Inter-cropping of pearl millet in arid areas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 50: 338-341

In a 2 year study on arid land, double rows of dew gram, clusterbean and green gram planted in the inter-spaces of paired rows of pearl millet (30/70 cm) yielded 381, 381 and 458 kg ha-1 additional grain without adversely affecting the yields of pearl millet. Pearl millet green gram planting ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 decreased the grain yield of pearl millet by 81 and 19%. Cowpea as an intercrop showed maximum competition. On the basis of land equivalent ratio, growing double rows gave the maximum advantage (54%), followed by growing double rows of sesame (31%), single row of dew gram (30%), and double rows of clusterbean (21%) and green gram (19%). Planting 2 rows of green gram in the inter-spaces of paired rows of pearl millet gave the maximum gross return (Rs 2,566 ha-1), closely followed by 1:1 pearl millet green gram (Rs 2,517 ha-1).

697 Singh, R. (1995)

Mixed cropping in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in arid zone of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 276-278

The 2-year study concluded that sowing of a crop mixture of 4 kg seed of pearl millet and 2.5 kg seed of moth bean gave higher pearl millet equivalent yield and cost : benefit ratio than sole pearl millet and other crop combination.

698 Singh, R.C. and Faroda, A.S. (1982) Performance of mung bean varieties under different sowing dates in rainfed conditions. Haryana Agriculture University Journal of Research. 12: 639-643

Seven mung bean varieties were sown on three dates (July 15, August 1 and 18). Variety K-851 gave significantly more seed yield ha-1 than all other varieties during both the years and in the pooled data. This variety out yielded significantly all other varieties under all the dates of sowing except T-44 in August 1 sown crop. Variety T-44 was second best in the first two sowing dates. Variety H 70-16 was lowest yielder under all sowing dates. Variety K-851 had maximum seed yield plant-1 and number of seeds/pod. The number of pods/plant were maximum in S-8 and K-851 while the test weight was maximum in H 70-16. There was significant reduction in seed yield with delayed sowing beyond July 15. The seed yield plant-1, test weight, number of seeds pod-1 and number of pods/plant decreased with delay in sowing.

699 Singh, R.P. (1970) A note on the performance of some promising varieties of barley under irrigated and rainfed conditions and their response to nitrogen fertilisation. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 12: 16-18

Levels of nitrogen did not show any significant differences amongst themselves in the first and second year of the trial. It seems that under rainfed conditions method of application of nitrogen is more important than levels of nitrogen. Barley responds very well to nitrogen application under rainfed conditions provided it is placed in the moist zone at sowing time.

700 Singh, R.P. (1980) Cropping systems for drylands of the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 437-443

Based on the productivity, water conservation and its use and economic returns, different cropping systems including inter and mixed cropping have been discussed. Of all the rabi crops tried, highest returns rupee-1 invested were obtained in sarson (1:5), followed by gram (1:2.8) and linseed (1:2.1). Application of N to linseed and 60 kg N ha-1 to sarson, resulted in the highest net profits. In case of grain the highest net profit accrued due to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

701 Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1976)

Moisture use efficiency of dryland crops as influenced by fertiliser use. IV. Grain legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 285-296

Studies carried out on the response of various grain legumes to fertiliser use under rainfed conditions both at I.A.R.I., New Delhi and C.A.Z.R.I. Jodhpur showed that under Delhi conditions pigeon pea exhibited the highest moisture use efficiency (2.81 kg/mm/ha) followed by mung beans (2.34 kg/mm/ha) and soybean (2.24 kg/mm/ha). Soybean and chick peas had responded to lower doses of fertiliser (40 kg P2O5 ha-1) and to the placement method of fertiliser application, while mung beans and pigeon pea responded to higher levels of fertiliser (80 kg P2O5 ha-1), the broadcasting method proving as efficacious as other methods tried. At Jodhpur mung beans, moth beans and cluster beans had exhibited higher moisture use efficiency and had responded well to fertiliser application.

702 Singh, R.P. and Singh, J.S. (1980) Relative efficiencies of fertiliser sources in dryland areas. Fertiliser News. 25: 34-38

A set of recommendations with regard to the choice and use of different fertilisers have been given, together with future line of work. Considerations like effective cost in the field, per unit of nitrogen, physical characteristics and specific effects on soil properties weigh heavily in the choice of a nitrogen source.

Agronomic efficiency of all N-carriers being about the same, preference should be given to high analysis N-carriers. In a wide range of soil conditions, water soluble sources of phosphorus have been found superior over other forms. Where crop quality is of prime consideration, use of chloride forms of potassium are better avoided, although they may be cheaper source of K than sulphate forms. Complex fertilisers, in particular, nitrophosphates with higher percentage of WSP, hold out great prospects in dryland areas.

703 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1980) Relative performance of rainfed moth varieties grown under different fertility levels. Forage Research. 6: 161-164

A field experiment on the relative performance of six promising moth varieties grown with different fertility levels was carried out in rainfed conditions at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur during kharif seasons of 1976 and 1977. Varieties T2 and T18 excelled other varieties in terms of grain yield. T18 also gave the highest number of pods per plant. Varieties T23 and T25 - both black seeded type, gave the lowest seed yield. Application of phosphorus did not affect the seed yield of moth significantly. Inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium culture did not confer any additional advantage in terms of seed yield of moth.

704 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1981)

Relative performance of moth varieties grown during summer season with different fertility levels. Forage Research. 7: 43-48

In a field experiment carried out for two summer seasons, 1976 and 1977, at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, varieties T 16, T 3 and T 23 exhibited higher yield potential than rest of the varieties tried. Application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 to moth crop and inoculation of seeds with 'Nitragin' resulted in significant increase in seed yield in 1978 only.

705 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1973)

Fertiliser use in drylands of western Rajasthan. Fertiliser News. 18: 31-35

The economics of fertilisers use has been worked out in respect of each crop grown in the cafeteria. All crops grown under dryland conditions exhibited good response to balanced fertiliser use. Forage crops gave the highest response to fertiliser application, the percentage increase over unfertilised crops being 246-318. Jowar among cereals, “guar" (FS 277) among grain legumes and sunflower (Sunrise) gave the highest response to fertiliser application.

706 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1978)

Response of mustard to different levels of nitrogen and row spacings in fields having limited moisture supply. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 234-239

The seed yield of mustard was not significantly influenced by row spacings in any season. Applications of N @ 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 to 'T 59' resulted in significantly more seed yield than the control in 1974-75. In 1975-76, significantly more seed yields were obtained with 60 kg N ha-1 over 30 kg N ha-1. The number of siliquae plant-1 was favourably influenced by N application. The oil percentage and oil yield were more in 'KYSR' than in 'T 59' at all row spacings and N levels. For a high yield of mustard with limited moisture supply, sowing in rows 30-40 cm apart and application of 30 kg N ha-1 seem to be necessary.

707 Singh, R.P., Singh, A. and Ramakrishna Y.S. (1974)

Cropping patterns for drylands of India - An agro-climatic approach. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 145-164

At almost all stations, improved varieties of the conventional crops having higher yield potential and better moisture utilisation efficiency have been identified. For the arid region (Zone I), having moisture index range of -100 to -66.7, new and remunerative crops like sunflower, castor and cowpeas have been indicated. Possibilities of substituting til with sunflower exist in Jodhpur and Anand regions. At Bellary, rabi jowar and safflower have shown great promise. Yields to the extent of 300 per cent could be increased in case of rabi jowar by advancing the sowing date to September. On the red soils of Anantpur, Hyderabad and Hebbal, double cropping in the kharif season is a possibility with promising short duration varieties in years when early monsoon is received. Cotton and safflower could be popularised on the black soils.

708 Singh, R.P., Singh, K.C. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1978)

Effect of systems of planting green gram on the yield, total productivity, moisture use and monetary returns. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 320-323

In a study conducted in 1975 and 1976 both paired-row and triple-row systems of planting resulted in higher grain yield of green gram than the conventional (uniform) system of planting. The highest total productivity, gross returns and moisture-use efficiency were obtained under the paired-row system with one row of pearl millet

in the inter-spaces, the additional gross returns being Rs. 1612 ha-1 over the conventional system.

709 Singh, R.P., Singh, K.C. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1978) Effect of systems of planting pearl millet on the yield, total productivity, moisture use and monetary returns. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 138-142

The paired-row system of planting led to 9.1% more grain yield of pearl millet and an additional monetary returns of Rs 270 ha-1 over the conventional system of planting in uniform rows. The paired-row system of planting proved to be more efficient for the utilisation of moisture from deeper layers of the soil profile than the conventional system, besides exhibiting higher moisture-use efficiency. Inter-cropping of green gram in the inter-spaces, in any of the systems of planting tried, did not lead to either higher total productivity, moisture-use efficiency and gross returns when compared with the pure cropping of pearl millet.

710 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S., Singh, K.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1978) Effect of rates and methods of nitrogen application on the yield and yield attributes of rainfed bajra HB-3 grown in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 136-144

Application of 40 kg N ha-1 either broadcast and incorporated or placed 10 cm deep at the time of sowing resulted in increased grain yields of the order of 44 to 96% over the unfertilised control, the response being 10.0, 5.3 and 3.4 kg grains kg-1 N to 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1, respectively. Response beyond 40 kg N ha-1 was uneconomical. The optimum dose of fertiliser nitrogen for rainfed bajra HB-3 at the current price of nitrogen (Rs 3.80/kg) and current market price of bajra worked out to 47 to 55 kg ha-1. Half soil and half top dressing method of nitrogen application proved most efficacious and gave the maximum net returns (Rs 627 ha-1). It is more economical and safe to apply half the dose of nitrogen (20 kg N ha-1) through placement 10 cm deep at the time of sowing and the remaining half (20 kg N ha-1) as top dressing at 35 to 40 days after sowing.

711 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1977)

Response of brassicas to varying moisture - Initial soil profile saturation and fertility levels. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 22: 90-95

In 1972-73 and 1973-74, neither moisture nor fertility levels, resulted in any significant increase in seed yield. In 1974-75,

however, when a supplemental irrigation of 25 mm was given at flowering-grain filling stage, increase in both fertility and moisture levels led to significant increase in seed yield. Application of bajra husk as surface mulch did not cause any marked difference in soil moisture conditions and seed yield under those conditions.

712 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1981)

Effect of periodical application of nitrogen in organic and inorganic form on the yield of rainfed pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 409-416

In a long-term study conducted from 1975 to 1979, application of sheep manure, in general, gave substantially higher productivity of rainfed pearl millet grown in continuous pearl millet-pearl millet system than application of urea. In 1975, the starting year of the experiment, however, application of urea @ of 40 kg N ha-1 every year gave grain yield higher than that obtained with sheep manure applied @ 40 tonnes ha-1 once in 2 years. In subsequent years, particularly from 1977 to 1979, application of sheep manure gave significantly and consistently higher grain yield and moisture-use efficiency, and increased the soil organic carbon. It also increased the availability of soil P considerably.

713 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1981) Fertilisation of rainfed greengram-pearl millet sequence. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 498-503

In a 4-year field experiment involving green gram - pearl millet sequence, greengram did not respond significantly to inoculation with Rhizobium and application of P. The grain yield of the succeeding pearl millet crop was also not favourably influenced by P fertilisation of the preceding crop of green gram, suggesting only marginal residual effect. However, top-dressing pearl millet with 20 kg N ha-1, at 30 to 35 days after sowing, led to 65.6 and 73.7% higher grain yield over the control in 1977 and 1979 respectively. For sustained productivity, inoculation of green gram fertilised with 40 kg P ha-1, and top-dressing of the succeeding crop of pearl millet with 20 kg N ha-1 was found beneficial.

714 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Joshi, N.L. (1996)

Growth response of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and coss] to irrigation levels in relation to temperature and radiation regimes. Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 379-388

Field experiments on mustard were conducted for 4 consecutive years to quantify crop growth and development in relation to

thermal time under arid conditions. The crop was maintained under (a) three irrigations (control), each of 60 mm depth, (b) at 50% potential evapo-transpiration (PET) irrigation level, and (c) at 100% PET irrigation level. Growth of mustard in relation to accumulated growing degree days under all treatments was closely represented by the Hoerl function. The correlation coefficients ranged between 0.95 and 0.99 and were significant at p= 0.01. The crop irrigated at 100% PET level required less thermal time (40° C d) compared to control crop (45° C d) for appearance of each leaf tip on the main shoot. Heat and energy use efficiencies were higher for the crop irrigated at 100% PET. However, water-use efficiency was higher for the crop maintained at 50% PET rates. Measurements of light distribution within canopy revealed that red to infrared ratio at the bottom of the crop canopy was the lowest at peak flowering stage as compared to other stages.

715 Singh, R.S., Rao, A.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1991) Growth characteristics of mustard crop in response to thermal environment under arid condition. Mausam. 42: 409-410

To study the influence of thermal environment on biomass production and grain yield of mustard grown in three gravimetric lysimeters during rabi seasons of 1986-87 and 1987-88 were conducted. Ambient temperature relationship with phenology, and biomass accumulation were studied with crop maintained at different irrigation rates in sandy loam soils of the region. Heat use efficiency and crop growth rate of mustard were presented and discussed. The study reveals that the reduction in heat units by 24 per cent during vegetation and elongation phases of mustard decreased grain yield by 8 to 10 per cent.

716 Singh, S.D. (1976)

Method and timing of nitrogen application in rainfed bajra. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 308-312

Experiments were conducted over three seasons to integrate timing and method of nitrogen application to bajra such that the effectiveness of fertiliser is maximum and risk in fertiliser use is minimum. Considering results of individual seasons, 30 kg ha-1 of nitrogen can be added at sowing and 15 kg later as topdressing during normal rainfall years, or as spray in moderately dry seasons. Handicapped by lack of spray facilities, 15 kg nitrogen can seldom be applied as top-dressing in dry seasons. In that case only 39 kg ha-

1 basal nitrogen is recommended. Time and methods of nitrogen application carefully selected could minimise the risk in use of fertiliser, besides improving N use efficiency.

717 Singh, S.D. (1985)

Direct, residual and cumulative effects of manure and fertiliser phosphate in a pearl millet-wheat rotation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 104-109

In a 5-year double-cropping study, ‘HB 3' pearl millet grown during July-September did not respond to the application of manure and P, but Kalyan Sona wheat grown during November-March showed a 15% yield increase with the application of manure and a linear increase with the application of P. When the rainfall was low and pearl millet failed, the unused manure and P were utilised by the succeeding wheat. For the maintenance of the soil application of manure or P to any of the crops was not necessary, since there was a 20% build-up of the soil organic matter with a basal application of 60 kg N ha-1 to pearl millet and 120 kg N ha-1 to wheat. To obtain high grain yield and to maintain the soil organic matter at a desired level, a single application of 26 kg N ha-1 in addition to 120 kg N ha-1 as basal dose to wheat in the rotation was found to be optimum. Such a schedule resulted in a total grain yield of 5,250 kg ha-1 year, a 48% build-up in soil organic matter, and a decrease in soil bulk density from 1.67 to 1.62 g cm-3.

718 Singh, S.D. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1976) Yield and nitrogen utilisation by wheat in relation to moisture and fertility levels. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 43-52

Studies undertaken to determine the effect of three moisture levels created by irrigating when available water in 0-30 cm soil depth was 30,50 and 70% (designated respectively as 0, I1, I2) indicated that as the moisture supply was increased from I0 to I2 level, the yield increased to an extent of 33%. On each of these moisture levels, the N-yield relationship was curvilinear, the association, however was close (R²=0.82) at I1 level of irrigation. With increase in moisture supply the general trend was one of a modest decrease in per cent N in grains and N requirements, but the N uptake showed steady increase. Use efficiency of applied N increased with increase in moisture supply but decreased with increasing levels of nitrogen. From this study it seems that irrigation at 50% water depletion level (which corresponded to an average 11 days irrigation interval) and 80 kg N ha-1 make a suitable water-nitrogen combination for optimum yield of wheat and nitrogen utilisation under limited water and fertiliser supplies.

719 Singh, S.D. and Rao, J.S. (1994)

Yield-water-nitrogen response analysis in cumin. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 29-34

The response of cumin [Cuminum cyminum L.] to irrigation and fertiliser N was studied for two years under field conditions using a 2-factor central rotatable design with water and N each at predetermined values -1.414, -1, 0, 1 and 1.414. The actual values, in order to their predetermined levels, were 120, 180, 340 ,490 and 550 mm of water and 0,18, 60, 102 and 120 kg N ha-1. However, interactive effects of water and N were examined at their equidistant intervals. Seed yield to water and yield to N relationships followed a quadratic model, and water x N interaction emerged significant. The crop N requirements varied with variations in the water supplies, the N optima being 22, 44, 65, 87 and 109 kg ha-1 for 120, 140, 360, 480 and 600 mm of water supplies, respectively. The treatment combining 480 mm of water and 87 kg N ha-1 emerged as the optimal package of practices for optimal seed yield of 1467 kg ha-1. The highest irrigation water-use efficiency of 4.1 kg ha-1 mm-1 was obtained from the package comprising 240 mm water and 44 kg N ha-1, but at a low level of production. Thus the least-cost combination of 455 mm of water and 100 kg N ha-1 is recommended for a yield goal of 1500 kg ha-1.

720 Singh, S.D. and Yusuf, M. (1981) Effect of water, nitrogen and row spacing on the yield and oil content of safflower. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 38-43

The yield response of safflower to N was quadratic under adequate (51 cm), negligible and restricted (8 cm) supply of moisture. Narrow row spacing (20 cm) required less water and N to produce the optimum yield than wider row spacing (60 cm). The oil content had quadratic relationship with moisture supply but was independent of row spacing. Its relationship was inverse with N levels when water supply was restricted and direct when it was adequate. Narrow row spacing (20 cm), optimum water supply (29 cm), and adequate N (80 kg ha-1) were necessary for obtaining optimum oil yield.

721 Singh, S.D., Bhandari, R.C. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1985) Long-term effects of phasing of phosphate fertiliser on soil fertility and yield of pearl millet grown in rotation with grain legumes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 274-278

In a 16-year study the yield of pearl millet was found to be 11% higher when the crop was grown in rotation with clusterbean than the pearl millet itself. The yield was 36% higher when 26 kg P ha-1 was applied once in 2 years to the legume instead of to the millet in

rotation. The schedule improved the soil organic carbon by 12% and soil-available P by 25%. When monocropped pearl millet other year, the soil organic carbon could be maintained but the yield was depressed. Application of 60 kg N ha-1 to pearl millet and 26 kg P ha-1 to legume in alternate years resulted in high yields and maintained soil productivity. It saved 60 kg N ha-1 that monocropped pearl millet other wise required in the cycle.

722 Singh, S.D., Misra, D.K., Vyas, D.L. and Daulay, H.S. (1971) Fodder production of sorghum in association with different legumes under different levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 172-176

Yield of green and dry forage of sorghum grown alone were higher than when it was grown as a mixture with cowpea, cluster-bean and green gram, all of which gave identical yields. Sorghum-cowpea gave higher protein yield than the other mixtures, and was also superior to sorghum grown alone at 10 per cent level of significance. Nitrogen application increased the forage yield, and 24 kg N ha-1 was about the optimum dose for total yield of dry matter obtained from different crop mixtures including sorghum grown alone. Nitrogen increased the yield of protein. Three doses of N gave identical protein. At 0 kg N ha-1 the yield of dry matter of sorghum in mixture, computed in terms of pure stand, was 50, 50 and 36 per cent higher when grown with cowpea, cluster bean and green gram than when grown alone, whereas the percentages increase in dry matter of sorghum grown alone and fertilised with N doses were 4.7 to 6.2.

723 Singh, S.D., Misra, D.K., Vyas, D.L. and Daulay, H.S. (1971) Forage production of sorghum varieties in relation to different levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 216-220

Sojat Bavni' variety of sorghum was superior to RS 610, Local Pali and NK 210, but was similar to Meera Type in forage yield. The low stem : leaf ratio of Sojat Bavni (3.5) indicates its palatability and consequent suitability for forage more than Meera Type, which has a stem : leaf ratio of 7.5. The yield of green forage increased with increasing N level; N at 53.7 kg ha-1 was optimum for 'Sojat Bavni'. Seasonal changes occurred in varietal performance and response to N, perhaps owing to the differential rainfall distribution during the growing season. The response to N increased at the normal rainfall, but decreased with high rainfall.

724 Singh, S.D., Singh, R.C., Vyas, D.L., Misra, D.K. and Bhati, N.S. (1973)

Studies of tillage-fertility on pearl millet in sandy arid plains of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 145-154

Plough-plant gave yield as good as other tillage methods, saved Rs 39 to 83 per ha, and thus finds a place in sandy arid plains of Rajasthan. Application of farm yard manure to supply 11.2 and 22.4 kg N ha-1 increased the grain yield over the control by 60, and 100 kg ha-1. Ammonium sulphate on equal N basis gave higher yield and profit. Its most profitable rate at assumed prices of Rs 80 per q of pearl millet and Rs 2 per kg of N was 17.5 kg N ha-1 at which the predicted response was 12 kg and the profit Rs 66. The "minimum rate" of N advocated for average dryland grower was 10 kg ha-1 at which the returns per rupee spent on fertiliser would be Rs 38.2 .

725 Singh, U.B, Shekhawat, G.S. and Mathur, B.N. (1963)

Cultivation studies in bajra III. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 7: 246-251

A maximum seed rate of 4.4 Kg ha-1 with 9-12" row spacing had given better yields at Durgapura and 2.2 Kg with 9"-12" row spacing showed significantly higher yields of bajra over other combinations at Bassi. Fodder yield was highest with maximum level of seed rate i.e. 8.8 Kg ha-1.

726 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D. and Acharya,

G.V.N. (1977) A note on the effect of deep ploughing on basic infiltration rate of soils, root growth and grain yields under rainfed agriculture at Anantpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 149-152

The soil structure was better improved with deep ploughing. The infiltration rates had increased with the depth of root penetration and found to be maximum at the harvesting stage. Significantly enhanced grain yields of castor, redgram and bajra were realised in the deep ploughing as compared to the shallow ploughing.

727 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D. and Acharya, G.V.N. (1978) Studies on water intake and hydraulic conductivity in shallow and deep ploughing operations under rainfed agriculture at Anantpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 291-297

The experiment consisted of two ploughing operations namely shallow (10 cm depth) and deep (30 cm depth) in a strip lot design having six replications. The crops grown were castor(Aruna), red-gram (T-21), groundnut (TMV-3) and bajra (HB-3). It was observed

that breaking up of the hard layer below the plough sole by deep ploughing increased the water intake rate and hydraulic conductivity. It resulted in enhanced root growth and increased yields of castor, redgram and bajra.

728 Subramanian, P. and Ganesaraja, V. (1992) Response of Setaria italica to different management practices under dryland farming. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 269-271

An investigations on the response of dryland Setaria to inter-cropping, maturing and fertiliser levels revealed that growing Setaria with black gram and field bean in 3:1 ratio in a replacement series with a basal application of 12.5 t FYM + 20 kg N + 10 kg P ha-

1 gave 52.3% and 42% higher monetary returns and fodder to cattle population compared to the sole crop. The land use equivalent was also greater by 11.2% in Setaria + blackgram combination and 4.9% in Setaria + field bean combination over sole Setaria. Among the intercrops, blackgram is comparatively less competitive and more of complimentary than field bean.

729 Suraj Bhan. (1966)

Effect of methods of sowing and fertility levels on the yield and quality of jowar (Sorghum vulgare) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) for fodder. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 153-160

No difference between pure and mixed cultures of jowar and guar of sowing was found either on the yield or quality of fodder under normal fertility conditions, however, at high level of fertility, line sowing proved significantly superior over conventional broadcasting. Taking into consideration the yield and quality of fodder as well as production of different quality constituents per hectare, the mixture having seed proportion of 2/3 jowar + 1/3 guar was proved to be the best over other mixtures as well as pure culture of jowar and guar. Nitrogen improved the yield and quality of fodder appreciably over Control. Since two levels of nitrogen did not differ significantly therefore, the lower dose of nitrogen i.e., 30 kg ha-1 may be recommended over 60 kg of nitrogen. Phosphorus application did not show significant effect either on the yield or quality of fodder.

730 Suraj Bhan and Misra, D.K. (1970) Effects of variety, spacing and soil fertility on root development in groundnut under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 40: 1050-1055

The erect variety AK 12-24 showed more primary and secondary roots and greater root weight, but was shallower in its penetration. It was inferior to PG 1 in nodulation and nitrogen content of the roots and nodules. Increased spacing between plants and balanced fertilisation with N and P favoured the development of roots and nodules and increased their nitrogen content. The amount of evapo-transpiration and pod yield were positively correlated with root growth.

731 Tomer, P.S. (1970)

Test weights and protein content in bajra in relation to methods of sowing, manurial treatments and seed rates. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 159-162

Under broadcast sowing, the test weight and protein content in bajra improved appreciably over that under line sowing. Application of 55 Kg N ha-1 at sowing, half as ammonium sulphate plus half as compost gave the highest test weight and maximum contents of protein in grain and stover of 2.5 Kg seed rate gave significantly heavier test weight and non significantly greater protein content in grain and stover.

732 Tomer, P.S., Dalal, S.K., Gill, P.S. and Bishnoi, K.C. (1973) Comparative efficiency of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) varieties with varying phosphorus levels and seed rates. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 163-166

On an average both the varieties were at par in terms of growth and forage production. Maximum forage yield was obtained when FS-277 variety was sown with 55 kg seed ha-1 or variety No. 2 sown with 40 kg seed ha-1. Among phosphorus levels, 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the forage yield significantly over control. There was no substantial increase in forage yield beyond 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.

733 Tsunekawa, A., Kar, A., Yanai, J., Tanaka, U. and Miyazaki, T. (1997) Influence of continuous cultivation on the soil properties affecting crop productivity in the Thar desert, India. Journal of Arid Environments. 36: 367-384

Soil profiles under different cultivation/fallow status were examined in a village in the Thar desert. Among the factors influencing plant productivity at three representative sites, the following were identified:(a) effective soil depth from the surface down to the calcrete layer, (b) clay content and (c) nutritive elements such as N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The distribution of available P was reflected from

a history of landuse, i.e. cultivation and fallowing. The concentration of available P was higher in fallow than cultivated land and in the surface layer than in the lower layers. This was attributed to the absorption of available P by plant roots and replenishment by return in the form of root litter.

734 Umrani, N.K., Daftardar, S.Y., Patil, C.B. and Walujkar, R.B. (1983) A note on the effect of inter row spacing, plant density and nitrogen application on pearl millet BJ-104 under scanty rainfall conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 173-175

Under scanty rainfall condition at Solapur, a population of 1.5 lakh plants ha-1 was beneficial. High population was disadvantageous. In low rainfall situations wider spacing (60 cm) was advantageous and application of 50 kg N ha-1 was found better compared to high dose of nitrogen.

735 Venkataraman, S. (1988)

Some lysimetric observations on the water requirements and water use of pearl millet hybrids at Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 157-159

It is inferred that the moisture requirement of pearl millet crop, irrespective of variety, is equal to 1/3 of pan evaporation and remains static in the first month after sowing. ET would equal to EP 6 weeks after sowing. Moisture extraction of cv HB-3 is better than that of BJ-104.

736 Venkateswarlu, J. (1990) Innovations in improvement of crop production in drylands. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60: 373-381

Drylands in India constitute 70% of arable lands. They contribute up to 45% of foodgrains and 75% of the legumes and oilseeds produced in the country. These are both ecologically and economically disadvantaged areas. Still in the future additional production of foodgrains has to come from these lands only. A research breakthrough came only with the introduction of high-yielding varieties coupled with the use of external inputs like fertilisers along with improved management systems. Some refinements are needed for improving and stabilising the production in drylands. Choice of crops and cropping patterns should be based on assessing the assured moisture supply periods. Versatility in seeding equipment needs consideration. On-farm moisture conservation and residue management are important. Integrated

nutrient-supply systems through trees, livestock as well as chemical fertilisers should be practised. Agronomic manipulation in pest control is important. Deep and strong roots should be a major selection criterion for crops to be grown in drylands. Run-off rain-water harvesting and management would bring stability in production. Marginal lands need special attention, where crops should be grown with trees or in rotation with fodder legumes (lay farming). Network research to correlate productivity with soil series is needed for transferring technologies from the known to unknown areas.

737 Venkateswarlu, J. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1990) Fertiliser use in west dry region. Fertiliser News. 35: 73-75

The west dry zone representing a major agro-climatic zone of the country, comprises of eleven districts covering 32.96% cropped are of Rajasthan state and of this 97% area is rainfed and mono-cropped. The region is characterised by low and erratic rainfall (100 mm to 450 mm annual rainfall) frequented with droughts, and stress of soil moisture and nutrients. These factors are responsible for very low yields and lower response to fertiliser nutrients by crops. To meet the targeted foodgrains production of about 8 million tonnes in this region by 2000 AD, the thrust has to be both on irrigated and unirrigated areas.

738 Venkateswarlu, J. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1991) Nutrient balance and sustainable agriculture in western dry region. Fertiliser News. 36: 75-79

West Dry Zone is characterised by low and erratic rainfall frequented with droughts and stress of soil moisture and nutrients. Fertiliser use is also low and irrational. At the present production level of 320 kg ha-1, the mean fertiliser use is about 2 kg and 27 kg nutrients ha-1 for kharif and rabi crops respectively. The nutrients balance with respect to N, P2O5 and K2O shows a deficit of about 90.4, 14.3 and 95.4 thousand tonnes which is expected to be 79.1, 30.7 and 169.2 thousand tonnes by 2000 A.D. The socio-economic status of farmers in this dryland region is weak. Therefore, for sustainable crop production and to reduce the gap of nutrient deficiencies in this dryland, the adoption of integrated nutrients supply system for mobilising nutrients supply from organic, biological (N-fixation) and crop residues along with the mineral fertilisers is suggested.

739 Vijay Kumar, Raheja, P.C. and Chaudhary, M.S. (1973)

Agronomic studies of bajra (P. typhoides) under dry land agriculture. 2. Nitrogen content of plants as affected by varieties, doses of N and methods of weed control. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 155-162

Overall average protein percentage in bajra plant was maximum at 35 days after sowing (12.6 per cent) and was reduced progressively with the time up to harvest (2.3 per cent). There was no significant differences in the protein percentage of various varieties. However, variety R.S.K. showed better quality grain. Protein percentage in grain and stover was significantly increased by nitrogen application. Every kg of nitrogen per hectare increased on an average 0.035 and 0.061 per cent protein in stover and grain respectively. It may, thus, be concluded that nitrogen fertilisation improved the quality of grain more than that of stover. Weed control measures showed significant increase in the protein percentage of stover in the second year over that in the unweeded plots.

740 Vyas, P., Jambakia, T.K. and Patel, A.T. and Sharma, A.N.

(1990) Phenology growth and yield of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) in relation to rainfall and temperature. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 43-46

The correlation coefficient between growing degree days (GDD) and plant height, leaf area and total dry matter production were 0.91, 0.93 and 0.82, respectively. About 281 GDD were needed for emergence of sesamum seed and about 31 GDD were required to produce 1 g dry matter. The rainfall growing degree days (RGDD) was better than GDD in explaining the phenological stages i.e. 50% flowering and maturity of sesamum crop.

741 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1995) Influence of nitrogen on Indian mustard grown under different levels of stored soil moisture. Journal of Arid Environment. 29: 173-184

Decreasing moisture levels caused a general decline in all observed parameters. Nitrogen fertilisation enhanced the soil moisture extraction (especially below 40 cm depth) and increased the water use through larger leaf area, particularly during the vegetative period without affecting the water use during the reproductive phase. An increase in nitrogen dose increased dry matter production, seed yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake coupled with increased levels of total chlorophyll, starch, reducing sugars, soluble protein and free amino acids, despite a consistent decline in plant water potential and

percentage relative turgidity at all levels of stored moisture. Notwithstanding the decline in the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase under low soil moisture, the increase in glutamate dehydrogenase activity on one hand and nitrogen mediated increases in all these enzymes irrespective of soil moisture status, on the other, possibly helped the fertilised plants to maintain ammonia assimilation.

742 Yadav, N.D. (1992) Parallel cropping of legumes with castor (Ricinus communis) under rainfed condition. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 37: 800-801

The field experiment conducted at CAZRI-RRS Bikaner during 1989 revealed that among different parallel crops green gram was the least competitive as compared with clusterbean giving highest yield of main crop castor. Highest grain yield of clusterbean was recorded in Castor + clusterbean (2:2) system followed by system (2:4). The maximum LER value 1:94 was recorded in Castor + green gram sown in system (2:4).

743 Yadav, N.D. (1992)

Studies on strip cropping of pearl millet + arid legumes in rainfed arid western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 16: 89-92

An experiment on legume + pearl millet strip cropping conducted at Bikaner on sandy loam soil during 1990-92 under arid rainfed condition revealed that highest total produce of main crop(P) was obtained in system P+C (4:4) where as strip crops (C) produced highest total produce and total biological yield in system P+C (4:8). Highest LER was recorded in system P+C (4:4).

744 Yadav, N.D. (1994)

Effect of different planting systems on dry matter production in pearl millet + legume parallel cropping under arid rainfed condition. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 35-38

Parallel cropping of moth bean and cluster bean with pearl miller gave significantly higher total produce and total biological yield than their sole cropping during 1992. Among different planting systems parallel cropping of two rows of legumes with paired planted pearl millet (P+C 2:2) gave highest total biological yield than their sole cropping during both the years. Planting system P+C (1:1) and P+C (2:2) gave highest total biological yield than their sole cropping during both the years. Planting system, P+C (1:1) and P+C (2:2) gave an yield advantage of 137 and 126%, LER of 2.37 and 2.26 during 1990 and 1992, respectively.

745 Yadav, N.D. (1994)

Response of lucerne to phosphate application in arid zone. Current Agriculture. 18: 105-106

Lucerne grown in sandy soils at Bikaner under sprinkler system of irrigation with 4 levels of phosphate (20, 40, 60 & 80 kg ha-1) with uniform dose of 16 kg N ha-1. The maximum green forage and dry forage were obtained with 40 and 60 kg ha -1 phosphate respectively. Out of four cuttings II and III cuttings contributed more than 70% of total forage yield.

746 Yadav, N.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989) Effect of planting systems on different kharif pulses under rainfed condition during subnormal rainfall year and drought year in western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 13: 89-93

Green gram and moth bean gave highest plant height of 76.9 cm and 48.9 cm under 60 cm of planting, during 1986 (sub-normal rainfall, 229 mm) and plant height of 22.6 cm and 24.6 under 60/120 cm and 30/90 cm of planting, respectively during 1987 (extreme drought, 92.6 mm). Clusterbean gave maximum plant height (85.6 cm) and branches per plant (18.1 cm) under 30/90 cm of planting during 1986 but planting in 22.5 cm and 60/120 cm showed maximum plant height (40.4 cm) and branches per plant (15.9), respectively, during 1987. The highest straw yield of green gram and clusterbean was recorded at 22.5 cm of planting and in mothbean under 60 cm of planting during 1986 whereas paired planting system 60/120 cm gave highest straw yield in green gram and 30/90 cm in moth bean and clusterbean during 1987.

747 Yadav, N.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1990) Row spacing and spatial arrangements effect on pulses mono-cropping in rainfed condition in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 14: 9-12

Response of three kharif pulses viz. green gram, moth bean and cluster bean to different row spacings (22.5, 30 and 60 cm) under normal and paired row arrangements (30/90 and 60/120 cm) was studied at Bikaner during 1987 and 1988 under rainfed condition. Number of branches per plant and dry matter production under low and erratic rainfall condition was higher under wider row spacings whereas under paired row arrangement it was at par during subnormal rainfall year. All the crops attained maximum plant height under narrow spacings with lower number of branches per plant.

748 Yadav, R.C. and Gupta, J.P. (1977)

Germination and seedling emergence in relation to soil moisture and post-sowing compaction. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 448-455

Field trials were conducted during 1973-94 and 1974-75 on loamy-sand soil of Jodhpur to find out the effect of post-sowing compaction of seeded rows under different moisture conditions on the germination and emergence of seedlings of mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Post-sowing compaction of seeded rows with narrow iron wheel (20 cm X 5 cm) of 9.2 kg weight resulted in maximum seedling emergence of 70-80% under 7.2-7.4% moisture conditions and 50-60% under 5.5-6.0% moisture conditions. Post-sowing compaction with iron press wheel, besides helping in early completion of emergence, also resulted in high emergence rate. To obtain 75% ultimate emergence without compaction, 9% moisture in the seedbed was found necessary, whereas the use of the iron press wheel brought the same ultimate emergence percentage in less moist seedbed (6% for mustard and 7% for sunflower).

Stress Physiology

749 Abichandani, C.T. and Bhatt, P.N. (1965) Salt tolerance at germination of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and jowar (Sorghum vulgare) varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 36-42

In general bajra is more salt tolerant than jowar at germination stage. Amongst the bajra varieties, eleven show no significant change in germination upto 16 mmohs cm-1 EC, and nineteen show no change upto 12 mmohs cm-1 EC. Varieties AF3 from Bombay and Cumbu x 3 from Madras also do fairly well upto 20 mmohs cm-1 EC. Amongst jowar varieties, three show no significant change in germination upto 12 mmohs cm-1 EC and the rest upto 8 mmohs cm-

1 EC. The highly salt tolerant varieties, Gadra Road, Pokaran an M-47-3, also show over 80 per cent germination at 16 mmohs cm-1 EC.

750 Bohra, S.P. and Bora, K.K. (1992) Salinity - ethylene interaction on activities of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in Paspalum scorbiculatum Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 161-162

Increasing concentrations of salt and enzyme relating substance CEPA (2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid) individually and in combination promoted the activity of glutamate pyruvate

transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase (GOT) and nitrate reductase (NR) and content of proline.

751 Chauhan, R.P.S., Chauhan, C.P.S. and Kumar, D. (1980) Free proline accumulation in cereals in relation to salt tolerance. Plant and Soil. 57: 167-175

In a micro-plot experiment it was observed that free proline accumulation in barley and wheat crops increased with the salt stress. But in sensitive strains of both the crops it did not accumulate in accordance with the preceding values after their tolerance limit and at this point yield reductions were not observed with tolerant strains. Proline accumulation was also found to be related to tissue K / Na ratio and the critical limits of this ratio were observed between 0.60 and 0.34 for barley and 4.2 and 1.4 for wheat.

752 Chopra, Nisha and Chopra, N.K. (1991)

Salinity tolerance of wheat varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 65

Seedling emergence at highest salinity level (12 dS m-1) was maximum in HD-2189. Kharchia was found to tolerate high salinity at seedling stage.

753 Chopra, Nisha and Chopra, N. K. (1993) Tolerance of some sorghum varieties to salt stress in Marwar tract. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 65-66

Among the cultivars, sorghum varieties SPV-678 and SPV-669 were found superior to other varieties in respect of seed yield of varieties tested for salt tolerance. SPV-669 could be considered tolerant because, a variety with least yield decline under increasing salinity and higher salinity level for 50% yield decline is characterised as salt tolerant.

754 Datta, K.S. and Dayal, J. (1988)

Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 31: 357-63

Twenty-five genotypes of guar were germinated at four conductivity levels viz. 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1 with distilled water as control. The seedlings were sampled after 120 hr of soaking. Per cent germination did not vary much with salinity levels while root elongation was consistently increased, the shoot length decreased with increment in salinity. Similarly, fresh weights of shoot and root were considerably reduced, but that of cotyledons was enhanced

with higher levels of salt stress. However, depletion of dry weight from the cotyledons was less with increase in salinity. Of the cultivars studied, PLG-119 and HGS-18 were found relatively salt tolerant and PNB and HG-258 were sensitive.

755 Datta, K.S., Ashok Kumar and Verma, S.K. (1994) Variations in growth and physiology of barley under chloride and sulphate salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 303-307

Sulphate salinity, in general, was found more detrimental than chloride salinity in all the four cultivars. Amongst the cultivars, 6-Row appeared to be more salt tolerant and Maris mink and Sunbar comparatively sensitive in respect of shoot/root length and their ratio, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance to water vapour and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (in 2nd leaf). Even interaction effects of cultivar versus treatment were prominent in cultivar 6-Row and chloride alone in the above mentioned parameters, thereby, indicating the resistance of 6 Row under chloride salinity as well.

756 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1983) A note on the effect of soil moisture stress of different growth stages of sunflower. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 169-171

Sunflower crop is capable of surviving at very low moisture content in the soil profile. Seedling stage was identified as critical stage for moisture stress.

757 Dhawan, R.S., Sharma, N.D. and Chowdhary, J.B. (1987) Effect of salinity on germination and yield components in three of Brassica spp.. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 107-11

When 9 varieties of Brassica species, viz., 'Parkash', 'RH 30', 'RH 7819' and 'RH 7846' and 'Varuna', 'Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (Linn.)], 'BSH 1' and 'Pb 24' Indian colza [B. rapa (Linn.)], 'Sangam' rapessed [B. rapa (Linn.)] and 'Local' wild turnip (B. tournefortii Gouan.), were grown at Hisar in a salt stress @ 0, 60 and 120 me l-1 of NaCl, 'RH 7819', 'RH 30' and 'Pb 24' performed better for germination and yield than the other varieties.

758 Garara, B.B. and Yadav, B.S. (1992) Yield, reproductive efficiency and quality of groundnut as influenced by water stress at different growth stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 273-276

Groundnut was subjected to water stress during flowering, pegging, pod formation and pod development stages at individual, any two and three growth stages alongwith control of no water stress. Water stress significantly reduced dry matter yield, number of flowers, total and effective pegs, pod : peg ratio, pod : haulm yield ratio, pod yield and shelling percentage. These parameters decreased with increase in the cycle/period of water stress. The magnitude of reduction in pod yield due to single, double and triple cycle of water stress over that of unstressed plants was 48.2, 58.1 and 69.7%, respectively. Pod development stage alone or in combination with any other stage (s) with water stress was found most sensitive for pod yield, reproductive efficiency and shelling percentage whereas pegging stage alone or in combination with any other stage (s) was sensitive to haulm yield.

759 Garg, B.K. (1987) Sodium carbonate and bicarbonate induced growth and some metabolic changes in green gram seedlings. Current Agriculture. 11: 41-44

Effects of equal concentrations (0, 15, 30 and 45 me L-1 ) of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were studied on growth and some metabolic indices of green gram (Vigna radiata L. cv.Varsha) seedlings. Both the salts suppressed root and shoot growth and the reduction was significant at and above 30 me L-1. The salt treatments enhanced RNA concentration but reduced chlorophyll, protein and free amino acids. NaHCO3 proved more deleterious than Na2CO3. Free proline did not accumulate under the influence of these salts.

760 Garg, B.K. and Garg, O.P. (1982) Germination and some metabolic characteristics in green gram seedlings as affected by sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. Biologia Plantarum. 24: 28-33

With increasing conductivity both the salts depressed germination, length of shoot and root and their mass. NaHCO3 was more depressive than Na2CO3. The contents of chlorophyll, RNA, protein and free amino acids were higher and affected to a lesser extent under salt stress in leaves of Varsha than Pusa Baiskhi. Pusa Baiskhi was generally more susceptible to salt stress than Varsha.

761 Garg, B.K. and Garg, O.P. (1985) Influence of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate on photosynthesis and respiration in green gram and pea. Current Agriculture. 9: 39-42

Effects of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were studied on chlorophyll, net photosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of green gram and pea. Both the salts increased respiration rates but decreased chlorophyll and net photosynthesis. The reduction was more in green gram as compared with pea. However, Na2CO3 was more suppressive than NaHCO3 in green gram and NaHCO3 was found to be more detrimental that Na2CO3 in pea.

762 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1996) Mechanisms of varietal differences in salt tolerance. Current Agriculture. 20: 1-18

Variation in salt tolerance between and within varieties may be used for the improvement of salt tolerance of cultivated species. The mechanisms causing varietal differences in salt tolerance are not clearly understood. However, it has been found that salt concentrations (mostly sodium and chloride) in leaves reach toxic levels quickly in sensitive than in salt tolerant genotypes. This has been attributed primarily to the ability of roots to exclude the salt from the xylem sap flowing to the shoot. Rates of accumulation of sodium and/or chloride in the shoot are the critical processes determining varietal differences in salt tolerance. Evidences in this regard have been presented and discussed for a large number of crops in this review. In certain species (e.g. tomato and chickpea) both halophytic mechanisms of Na and Cl comparatmentation in vacuoles, as well as glycophytic mechanism of salt exclusion have been simultaneously observed in different cultivars. However, maintenance of high K : Na ratio and potassium versus sodium selectivity seem important factors contributing to salt tolerance of crops. Metabolic processes responsible for varietal differences in salt tolerance, both at the whole plant level and at the cellular level have been outlined.

763 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1996) Physiology of salt tolerance of arid zone crops I. Pearl millet. Current Agriculture. 20: 19-32

Notwithstanding depressive effects of salinity on seed germination and early seedling growth significant genotypic differences reported at these stages indicate possibility of selection of salt tolerant pearl millet lines. Likewise at later growth stages salt tolerant genotypes of pearl millet have been reported. Although populations are relatively more salt tolerant than hybrids but due to high absolute yields hybrids outyielded populations on saline soils. This indicates the scope of developing salt tolerant hybrids from inbreds of salinity tolerant populations. Tall populations with long earheads and bold

seeded and bristled hybrids had high salinity tolerance. Osmotic and specific ion effects have received little attention in pearl millet. In most cases NaCl was more detrimental than PEG. Salt induced water imbalance led to stomatal closure and thereby reduced transpiration rates. Salinity depressed N, P and Ca uptake while Na and K contents increased. However, salt tolerant genotypes accumulated more K and less Na than salt sensitive genotypes. Salinity is also known to reduce photosynthetic rates, levels of chlorophyll, soluble protein and activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase and several others, while enhancing levels of reducing sugars and free proline in pearl millet leaves. Genotypic differences in this respect are also known but deserve further attention. Several management practices such as pre-soaking seed treatments, use of FYM and fertilisers, gypsum application, cyclic irrigation and mixing of saline and canal waters have been discussed in the light of present information for improvement of pearl millet production under saline conditions.

764 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N. and Vyas, S.P. (1981) Drought resistance in pearl millet. Biologia Plantarum. 23: 182-185

The influence of wilting on the levels of free proline, soluble proteins, reducing sugars, starch and on the activities of nitrate reductase, invertase, amylase and pyro-phosphateses have been studied in the leaf tissue of five cultivars of pearl millet at their vegetative stage under pot culture conditions. The metabolic changes could not be correlated with the yield behaviour of the cultivars under a drought condition in the field.

765 Garg, B.K. , Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982) Influence of soil fertility on the growth and metabolism of wheat under salt stress. Biologia Plantarum. 24: 290-295

Fertiliser induced improvement of growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kalyan sona), under salinity stress, was associated with an increase in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and a decrease in the level of chloride in the tissue. The concentration of chloride in grains was also reduced under high fertility as compared to low fertility condition. Under both normal and saline conditions, nutritional improvement leads to higher chlorophyll concentration and increased efficiency of enzymes like nitrate reductase, ATPase, alkaline pyro-phosphatase and amylase in the leaves. This imparts importance to fertiliser application under saline conditions.

766 Garg, B.K. , Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983)

Influence of salts on growth, yield and metabolism of wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 329-335

A popular salt tolerant wheat cultivar, Kharchia 65, showed a highly variable sensitivity to different salts having a similar EC (10 mmhos cm-1). Maximum adverse effects on growth and yield were brought about by Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl while Na2SO4 and KCl caused negligible effects. CaCl2 and MgCl2 reduced dry matter but not grain yield. The magnitude of decline in chlorophyll and soluble protein and increases in free amino acids and RNA contents in leaves depended much on the salt species and age of the plants. General inhibition of nitrate reductase activity, by all salts and particularly by Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 at the advanced stages, suggested the possibility of performance alteration through deranged nitrogen metabolism. Effect on other enzymes were not consistent. Direct influences of the Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 on plants seem as important as their effects on soil physical conditions.

767 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1990) Effect of saline water irrigation on tolerant and sensitive wheat varieties under disparate soil fertility conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 179-189

Improved soil fertility significantly increased the growth and yield of both salt tolerant (Kharchia-65) and sensitive (HD-2009 and HD-4502) wheat varieties under saline water irrigation. This improvement of plant performance was associated with increased concentrations and absolute quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, decreased concentrations of sodium and chloride in the shoot tissue and reduced Na : K ratio. Nutritional improvement led to higher concentrations of chlorophyll and soluble protein and increased activity of nitrate reductase in the leaf tissue. However, the adverse effects on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and metabolism, induced by salt stress, were markedly higher in sensitive varieties, HD-4502 and HD-2009 as compared to the tolerant variety, Kharchia-65.

768 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1993) Effect of plant density and soil fertility on pearl millet under drought and good rainfall situations. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 13-20

Pearl millet (var. BJ 104) was grown in a drought and a good rainfall years with four plant densities (30, 45, 60 and 75 cm rows providing about 2.17 x 105 to 0.91 x 105 plants ha-1) under low and improved soil fertility conditions. Crop performance, water use and nutrient uptake were better due to more favourable soil moisture conditions during the good, as compared to the drought year.

However, in both the years increased row spacing progressively increased the height, tiller number, leaf area, dry matter, grain yield and N and P uptake plant-1. Water use increased with increased row spacing in a good rainfall year but was unaffected by plant population in the drought year. The improved performance of individual plants could possibly be attributed to larger availability of moisture and nutrients under wider row spacing. However, a decrease in plant population below ca. 1.45 x 105 plants ha-1 or 45 cm row spacing reduced the dry matter production, grain yield, leaf area index, water use efficiency and uptake of N and P per unit of area in both the years. It seems that improved performance of individual plants under wider spacing could not compensate for the losses accrued due to a decrease in plant population per unit area beyond a point. Improved soil fertility imparted significant beneficial effects, per plant or per unit area, in both the years. However, the magnitude of this effect was less in the drought year.

769 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996) Relative effects of sodium salts on growth, yield and metabolism of arid legumes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 23: 148-152

Clusterbean was relatively more tolerant to these salts than mung bean and moth bean. Among three salts, NaHCO3 was the most detrimental for growth and yield of these legumes. Na2SO4 was more detrimental than NaCl for pod and seed yields of clusterbean and mung bean while NaCl had more adverse effect than Na2SO4 in moth bean. Increasing salt concentrations decreased chlorophyll content but increased RNA and free proline in leaves at the flowering stage. Activity of nitrate reductase was reduced by salts but activities of acid and alkaline pyro-phosphatases were generally increased. However, the magnitude of these metabolic alterations varied with the crop and type of salt.

770 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1997) Alleviation of sodium chloride induced inhibition of growth and nitrogen metabolism of clusterbean by calcium. Biologia Plantarum. 39: 395-401

Increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) progressively decreased growth and seed yield of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.) which was associated with decreased concentrations of potassium and calcium and increased concentration of sodium in the shoots. Supplemental calcium (2.5 and 5.0 mM) significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl due to enhanced Ca and K uptake and reduced Na uptake. Calcium also alleviated the negative effects of NaCl on activities of nitrogen

metabolism enzymes as well as on contents of soluble protein and free amino acids.

771 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1997)

Sensitivity of clusterbean to salt stress of various growth stages. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2: 49-53

Salt sensitivity varied with the stage of growth, and flowering stage was the most sensitive to NaCl for seed and pod yields. However, dry matter production was affected more adversely by salinity at the seedling stage, followed by vegetative and flowering stages. Salinity induced changes in the levels of certain leaf metabolites (starch, reducing sugars, total chlorophyll, soluble protein, free amino acids and free protein) and activities of enzymes (NR, GS and GDH) also showed stage dependent variations. However, increasing salinity led to significantly higher metabolic derangements which were particularly more pronounced at the flowering stage as compared with other stages of growth.

772 Garg, B.K., Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984) Relative activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in mung bean and clusterbean under dryland condition. Science and Culture. 50: 128-130

This study suggests that the interplay of processes involved in biological N2 fixation and NO3 assimilation may vary widely in different legumes and a generalisation in this area seems rather difficult. NO3 reduction and N2 ase activity seem to be parallel rather than successive processes. But mung bean and clusterbean, under field drought, showed wide divergence in N2-ase, leaf-and nodular-NRA activities.

773 Garg, B.K., Venkateswarlu, B., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984) Nodulation and N2-ase activity in clusterbean and moth bean under salt stress. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 22: 511-512

Salt stress decreased the nodule number, dry weight and nitrogenase activity per plant in both clusterbean and moth bean. The specific activity of the nitrogenase significantly increased under NaCl and NaHCO3 in mothbean but was unaffected in clusterbean. Na2SO4 did not have significant effect on either crop.

774 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984)

Influence of repeated water stress on wheat. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 93: 477-484

Fertility-induced performance alterations in wheat (cv Kalyansona) have been evaluated under two cycles of droughts at various developmental stages and also repeated droughts. The significant alleviation of growth and yield, despite the higher stress experienced by plants under improved soil fertility, seems to be related to larger root growth and greater post-drought nutrient uptake and not to favourable tissue water modulations. Limited wet-period interludes, under repeated stress, reduced these advantages. Stress-mediated increases in proline and free amino acids and decline in chlorophyll content in leaves followed established trends. Their levels, however, were relatively higher under better soil fertility. The proline accumulation was reduced in the second cycle of drought, as compared to the first, indicating an absence of hardening effect.

775 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984) Study of relative consequences of water and salt stresses in pearl millet. Science and Culture. 50: 96-97

Taking all the facts into consideration the cultivar differences do not acquire any significance, while it seems that this crop generally suffers more from salt (NaCl) rather than water stress, under a comparable osmotic condition.

776 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1986) Effects of saline waters on drought affected cluster bean. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 96: 531-538

The influences of saline water irrigation of different concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 me L-1) were compared in droughted and undroughted plants of cluster bean (cv. FS-227) at its critical pre-flowering stage. Observations recorded on plant water status, diffusive resistance, nodulation behaviour and on different metabolic parameters (free proline, reducing sugars, starch and activities of N2-ase and nitrate reductase) after one and seven days of saline water irrigation revealed that the adverse effects were far greater in droughted plants revived with saline water, as compared to those which suffered only salt stress. These resulted in significant declines in growth and yield in the former as compared to the latter case, at all salt concentrations. The seed yield obtained in undroughted plants even under 120 me L-1, significantly exceeded the level of droughted plants revived with non-saline tap water.

Since drought and salt stresses appeared to have cumulative adverse effects, it is proposed that irrigation with saline water at the critical stage, in the beginning of a dry spell, may be more rewarding than irrigation with saline waters at a belated stage when the plants have already suffered water stress. Salinity build-up in soil under this condition was not high.

777 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N., Mali, P.C. and Sharma, P.C. (1993) Salinity-fertility interaction on growth, mineral composition and nitrogen metabolism of Indian mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 16: 1637-50

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was grown under low fertility (IF) [60,40, and 20 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively] and irrigation with saline waters of different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 meq L-1) of the same composition as local ground waters. Although a progressive decline with increasing salinity was observed on all parameters, growth and seed yield was consistently and significantly greater for the IF as compared to LF plants. The magnitude of the detrimental effects at increasing salinity was also less in the IF as compared to the LF plants. An improvement in the concentration and uptake of NPK, particularly N, and an increase in K:Na ratio under IF, stimulated nitrate reductase (NR) activity as well as the ammonia assimilating enzymes, such as GS, GOGAT, and GDH, despite the high salinity. This led to higher levels of free amino acids and soluble protein in the plants. Starch tissue content also showed a marked increase. This suggests the importance of fertiliser treatment under salt stress.

778 Gill, K.S. (1987) Effect of salinity on germination and seedling establishment in pearl millet. Current Agriculture. 11: 31-34

Under salt stress, varieties WCC-75 and C1 X C1 gave higher germination percentage, shoot and root length than varieties CSP-2 and 269 X 269 which gave lowest germination and poor seedling establishment. These tolerant varieties were observed to have lowest sodium content and no significant decrease in potassium consequently keeping low Na/K ratio disturbances than susceptible varieties.

779 Gupta, I.C. (1974) Lithium tolerance of wheat, barley, rice and gram at germination and seedling stage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 103-107

The germination percentage was not affected up to 100 ppm in wheat and barley; up to 10 ppm in rice whereas gram was adversely affected even at 5 ppm. Sand culture experiments in Petri-dishes using Li as LiCl, showed that solution concentration of 5 ppm lithium was not toxic for wheat and barley and 10 ppm for rice but gram seedlings appeared to be most sensitive and critical concentration appeared to be much lesser than 5 ppm. The root extension growth was affected more adversely than shoots. The order of relative tolerance was as rice > barley > wheat > gram.

780 Kackar, N.L., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1978) Influence of morphactin on pearl millet plants under water stress. Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 20: 425-430

The effects of foliar application of morphactin (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm) on Pennisetum typhoides (cv. HB3) have been studied under different soil moisture conditions. Morphactin application reduced the plant height, increased the tillering and leaf number of the main shoot and adversely affected the growth characters associated with the grain production. The overall performance of plants was not improved by morphactin treatment under low moisture regime and it did not impart any efficiency of water use for grain production. Findings on the phosphorus and potassium levels of the shoot tissue suggested a possibility of its interference in the nutrient uptake process.

781 Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1976) Effect of soil fertility on the activities of certain enzymes of desiccated wheat leaves. Plant and Soil. 44: 709-713

Isolated wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Kalyansona) leaves obtained from plants raised under high and low soil fertility were subjected to quick and slow drying conditions avoiding temperature stress. The leaves of plants raised under high fertility display higher enzyme activity (Amylase, acid pyrophosphatase and ATPase) and large chlorophyll content as compared to the leaves of plants raised under low fertility. Adequate nutrition conducive for greater plant vigour brings about an efficient enzyme activity and higher chlorophyll content, despite desiccation, as compared to plants raised under low soil fertility. The hydrature of the tissue need not necessarily be an index of efficiency of metabolism. Under desiccation leaves of plants under high fertility may loose more moisture as compared to leaves of plants raised under low fertility. At the low identical states of hydrature enzyme activities and chlorophyll content remain higher in leaves of plants raised under high soil fertility.

782 Kathju, S., Kackar, N.L. and Lahiri, A.N. (1980) Effects of nutrients, water deficits, CCC and their interactions on growth and development of wheat plants. Agrochimica. 24: 143-148

The study on the effects of CCC on various performance parameters of wheat (var. Kalyansona) grown under high and low soil fertility and soil moisture levels indicated that CCC significantly reduced only the plant height. The effect of CCC on the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the shoot tissue and in grain has also been discussed. High soil fertility even under low moisture conditions seemed to favourably influence the yields.

783 Kumar, A.P., Kumar, A., Masik, S.N. and Shamshery, A.P.

(1981) Tolerance of some barley varieties to salt stress at seedling stage. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 24: 304-311

Twelve varieties of barley were grown at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS m-

1 EC levels using NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and CaCl2 together. Tolerance of the varieties to salt stress differed significantly at different salinity levels. Percentage germination decreased with increasing salinity levels and varieties `DL 7 O' and `RDB-57' showed only 13-16% germination at 20 dS m-1 EC levels. Length and dry weight of shoot and root decreased at the levels of salt stress increased except in varieties DL-157 and DL-171 which showed initially an increasing trend up to 12 dS m-1 EC levels and declined thereafter. Number of roots also decreased as the level of salt stress increased in all the varieties.

784 Kumar, D. (1984) The value of certain plant parameters as an index for salt tolerance in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plant and Soil. 79: 261-72

In a microplot study involving 6 cultivars irrigated three times with waters varied salinity, germination and seed yield plot-1 decreased linearly with rising salinity. Seed yield plant-1 increased with increasing salinity until at a critical salinity level it fell abruptly. Compared with sensitive cultivars, the tolerant ones showed a greater reduction in stomata/unit area (stomatal frequency) at the critical salinities (12 dS m-1 and above) of irrigation water, whereas the decrease in leaf water potential was not so marked at the same salinity levels. Tolerant cultivars were also notable for having a wider K:Na ratio, namely 1.63 and 1.28, respectively, and higher accumulation of free proline, namely 2.1 and 2.3 mole g-1, at respective irrigation water values of 12 and 16 dS m-1. Reductions in yield at these same salinities was lower, namely 27% and 79.8%,

respectively, in tolerant cultivars compared with 59% and 92% respectively, in sensitive ones.

785 Kumar, D. and Malik, R.S. (1983) Salt tolerance in six Indian mustard cultivars. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 28: 325-331

A micro-plot study on salt tolerance of six Indian mustard cultivars revealed significant adverse effects of salinity on seed germination, 1000-grain weight and yield. Grain yield decreased by 48.4 and 86.9% at EC 12 mmhos cm-1 over control during 1978-79 and 1979-80, respectively. Though seed germination was adversely affected by rising salinity, cultivar T-59 was better than others in respect of grain yield hence, was rated tolerant whereas, RL-18 was the most susceptible one. Oil content decreased but, protein and iodine values increased with the salinity. T-59 was inferior to RL-18 in oil and protein content but possessed higher iodine value.

786 Kumar, D., Daulay, H.S. and Sharma, P.C. (1989) Tolerance of castor to soil salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 249-255

Screening of 16 strains of castor (Ricinus communis L.) for salt tolerance in micro-plots, filled with naturally salinized soils of different salinity levels, revealed significant adverse effects of increasing salinity on seedling emergence, plant height, cluster length, stem girth, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Emergence and seed yield were the most seriously affected traits, exhibiting a reduction of 85.0 and 90.0% at the salinity of 16.0 and 12.5 dS m-1 at crop sowing and at maturity, respectively, over the control. Strains VI9 and 1379 and the hybrid GCH 4 had lesser extent of decrease in yield, and had higher values of mean susceptibility index (MSI). These strains were, therefore, better tolerant than the rest. Tolerant strains were, in general, marked with more contents of Na and CI in leaf tissue and had lesser reduction of nitrate reductase at ECe 16.0 dS m-1 corresponding to ECe 12.0 dS m-1 at maturity of the crop.

787 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1987) Effect of salinity and gamma-ray treatment on alpha-amylase activity in 'HD 2009' bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 313-314

Effect of salinity and gamma-ray treatment on alpha-amylase activity in'HD 2009' bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has been studied in this paper.

788 Lahiri, A.N. (1970) Studies on plant-water relationships V influence of soil moisture on plant performance and nitrogen status of the shoot tissue. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 36 B: 112-124

Applications of high doses of nitrogenous fertilisers are not favoured by agronomists under arid conditions. Under unfavourable conditions it leads to the so-called 'burning' of the crop. Our studies indicate that decrease of soil water close to permanent wilting only impedes the intake of nitrogen. The adverse soil moisture conditions, however, affect the photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter production. Under high dose of fertiliser increased vegetative growth is expected to favour greater soil water exploitation. Consequently, if plants wilt, it will automatically increase the ammonia nitrogen in the tissue which being toxic with this process. In conclusion it may be said that the information provided in this investigation presents only a part of the complex influence of soil moisture on plants. It is possible again that the processes of accumulation of other nutrients are altogether different from those outlined here for nitrogen.

789 Lahiri, A.N. (1975) Water use by desertic vegetation and its hydrological implications. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 135-148

Water use behaviour of certain rainfed vegetation of western Rajasthan has been quantified. Most desert trees display large water turn-over which is possibly due to their capacity to tap water from great depths. Changes in moisture conditions in the upper soil layers hardly influence the transpiration and relative turgidity of established trees as it is discernible in their seedlings with limited root system. The consumptive use of moisture of shallow rooted plants like Pennisetum typhoides, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Phaseolus aconitifolius and P. aureus and of grasses with other associated vegetation have been described with special reference to rainfall and soil water conditions. Modulations in water use by vegetation suggested limited prospect of ground water recharge from sandy plains.

790 Lahiri, A.N. (1978) Plant-water relations as a basis for maximising plant production in the arid areas. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44 B: 344-356

This paper deals with various aspects of drought effects on crop plants with insect transpiration potential in droughted plants after

irrigation, nitrogen uptake and metabolism under water stress, nitrogen induced vigour as a measure for drought evasion and prospects of higher production with meagre irrigation water.

791 Lahiri, A.N. and Kackar, N.L. (1985) Influence of potassium on plants under soil water deficit. Potassium and Plant Physiology. 57-65

Increase in the K level in sand culture progressively and significantly increased the shoot growth and K uptake even under acute soil water deficit. Higher growth and larger uptake was, however, noticed when water was not limiting. It appears that reduced nutrient availability may be the principle cause of growth reduction under water stress. under conditions of phasic drought, adequate K fertilisation induced growth and yield restoration, irrespective of the stage at which drought was imposed. This nutrition-mediated drought avoidance could be related to enhanced K uptake in the wet phase and its use in the dry phase. At different soil moisture tensions, when N and P fertilisation promoted dry-matter production and K availability became limiting, measurable decline in K concentration in tissue suggested that K limitation may present a barrier to optimum production. Thus, adequate K fertilisation is important under both favourable and water stress conditions. However, it assumes a greater significance in the latter situation.

792 Lahiri, A.N. and Kathju, S. (1973) Influence of soil fertility on the thermo-stability of different enzymes of pearl millet leaves. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 39 B: 705-709

Activities of hydrolysing-enzymes like acid and alkaline pyro-phosphatase, acid β-glyceropho- sphatase, acid phenyl-phosphatase and invertase were found to be higher in the leaves of Pennisetum typhoides (var. RSK) under high soil fertility as compared to those obtained from low fertility condition. the magnitude of this difference, however, varied in case of different enzymes. In vitro thermo-stability (60±1° C) of these enzymes was more when plants were grown under high fertility condition although prolonged exposure to high temperature caused inactivation in all cases. It was concluded that adequate nutrition conducive for greater plant vigour, brings about efficient enzyme activity and higher level of activity is maintained even under hyperthermia, as compared to plants grown under poor soil fertility.

793 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1965)

Studies on plant-water relationships : Effects of moisture deficit at various developmental stages of bulrush millet. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India. 31 B: 14-23

In general, susceptibility to drought increases with the age of the plant although magnitudes of responses may alter in different phases with respect to different characters under consideration. It seems that the climax of sensitivity for vegetative growth occurs a little earlier to maturity and yields affected at 5th and 6th week stages. It has further been observed with respect to growth characters that in the younger plants effects of drought may be reversed under conditions of optimum moisture regime and this reversion mechanism becomes weaker with ageing. In the light of effects of drought on yield characters, it has been speculated that reversion mechanism during the reproductive phase may not be that effective. Relatively higher moisture content in the older plants under drought conditions and greater vulnerability to moisture stress at those stages lead to the conjecture that in older plants small changes in tissue hydration may bring about large changes in metabolism or it may be that a large part of this moisture remains in an unavailable state.

794 Lahiri, A.N. and Kumar, V. (1966) Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India. 32 B: 116-129

A marked reduction in the growth in height was observed when drought was imposed at the advanced stages. Similarly, for leaf number drought susceptibility increased from the 4th week stage. For the characters of time taken for ear and anther emergence, grain initiation, to attainment of milky stage and for maturation of grains, drought caused minimum adverse effect at the 3-week and the climax of sensitivity was attained at the 6th week while intermediary effects were produced at 4- and 5 week stages. The length of ear was also significantly reduced by droughting at the 5 and 6 week stages. Reduction of thousand grain weight due to drought was only found at the 6 week stage but difference over the control was of a low order of significance. Drought at the 3 week stage caused marked increase in the grain yield per ear but significant reduction was noted at 5 and 6 week stages of droughting. Thus, the reversion of drought effect in the young plants and weakening of this reversion mechanism with age suggests a close relationship of drought sensitivity and senescence in bulrush millet. A parallelism of drought sensitivity at different developmental stages in two varieties (var. RSK and T55), with reference to their respective controls, indicated that the mechanism

of drought action, in general, was similar in both the varieties and a common mode of action may also be operating in all other varieties.

795 Lahiri, A.N. and Sudama Singh. (1968)

Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of National Institute of Science of India. 34 B: 313-322

Quantitative changes in different nitrogenous substances have been studied in 3-week old plants of Pennisetum typhoides with special reference to changes in soil moisture, tissue moisture, relative humidity and temperature in a drought cycle. Alterations in the nitrogen metabolism were largely influenced by the tissue hydration. In the initial stages of tissue dehydration increased accumulation of soluble nitrogen further increased, due to impediment of protein synthesis associated to a certain extent, with proteolysis. Increase in the total nitrogen content in the water-deprived plants could be due to unrestricted nitrogen uptake and greater translocation from root to the aerial organs. Inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in increase in the level of amino-acid nitrogen in the initial stages of tissue dehydration while in the wilted plants degradation of proteins could also be a contributing factor. Ammonia nitrogen, which could only be detected in the wilted plants, showed a sharp decrease on re-watering with an associated increase in the level of amide nitrogen suggesting quick incorporation of ammonia with organic acids as a measure against ammonia toxicity. Increase in the nitrate and nitrite nitrogen in the water-deprived plants lead to the speculation that enzymes participating in the nitrate reduction process may be affected by water shortage.

796 Lahiri, A.N. and Singh, S. (1969) Effect of hyperthermia on the nitrogen metabolism of Pennisetum typhoides. Proceedings of National Institute of Science of India. 35 B: 132-138

This investigation was undertaken to study the effects of hyperthermia on the nitrogen metabolism of Pennisetum typhoides. For this purpose alterations in the levels of various nitrogenous substances have been studied after exposing three-week-old plants to high temperature conditions (48 ±1° C) for different duration of 24 hours. Soil water stress was negligible during the experimental period. High temperature conditions triggered off proteolysis leading to increased accumulation of soluble nitrogenous substances. Increased organic acid production under hyperthermia may be a basis for heat hardiness in plants. Large increase in nitrate and nitrite nitrogen beyond six hours has been thought to be caused by

progressive oxidation of ammonia. The mechanism of action of heat and moisture stress has been compared and differences in metabolic events have been outlined.

797 Lahiri, A.N., Singh, S. and Kackar, N.L. (1973) Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 39 B: 77-90

The adverse effect of drought, no matter at which stage of growth the water shortage was experienced, may be substantially evaded where optimum plant vigour was induced by adequate level of soil fertility, particularly of nitrogen, the variation of which has been studied here. It has been demonstrated in both the varieties that the plant performance remained superior, despite drought, under higher dose of nitrogen. Under such conditions root growth was increased and the ear emergence was hastened. Drought decreased the absolute nitrogen content per plant at subsequent stages as compared to undroughted plants. But high dose of nitrogen helped to maintain high endogenous level of nitrogen per plant under drought conditions and the level was comparable or higher than control plants under lower nitrogen doses. Varietal traits and drought effects have been discussed with special reference to nitrogen level.

798 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. Vyas, S.P. and Mali, P.C. (1987) Responses of clusterbean to soil salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 33-42

Final plant growth and seed yield significantly reduced only at 6 mmhos cm-1 and above. However, the adverse effects of salinity on the levels of leaf metabolites at the pre-flowering stage were discernible at a lower salinity level (4 mmhos cm-1 and above). Activities of different enzymes (i.e. nitrate reductase, protease, peroxidase, acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases) displayed variable sensitivity to salt concentration (2 to 6 mmhos cm-1). Increasing salinity progressively increased the Na concentration and uptake in the shoot tissue without causing significant changes in the N, P and K concentrations. But their uptakes were reduced due to the decline in dry matter production. Taking all facts into consideration, crop has been deemed suitable for cultivation in salt affected areas under summer fallow.

799 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Mali, P.C. (1996)

Genotypic differences to soil salinity in clusterbeen. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 10: 333-345

This study relates the changes in performance (dry matter, seed yield, and leaf area), mineral composition (N, P, K, Na and Cl), concentrations of leaf metabolites (chlorophyll, starch, reducing sugars, soluble protein, free proline, and free amino acids), and activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase at soil salinity of 10 dS m-1 in 10 genotypes of clusterbean. Based on the extent of reduction in seed yield genotypes were initially categorised as tolerant (Malosen and HFG-182), moderately tolerant (AG-111, Kutch-8, KVS -2, DP Safed, and B-22-11-55), and sensitive (Durgajai, FS-277, and B-31-1-55) to increased salinity. The responses between the tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinity were different in all the parameters. The responses of the moderately tolerant genotypes to salinity were variable and inconsistent. The sensitive genotypes had higher concentrations of Na and Cl in the shoot tissue and also a lower K : Na ratio under stress as compared to tolerant genotypes. Some sensitive (FS-277) and moderately tolerant genotypes (DP Safed, KVS-2, and Kutch-8) provided yields comparable to tolerant ones under salt stress because of their high yield potential. Reliable evaluation of tolerance to salinity seems to warrant consideration of diverse physiological parameters in a fairly large number of genotypes.

800 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P., Mali, P.C. and

Burman, U. (1992) Influence of the duration of favourable moisture between droughts on wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 191-194

The first cycle of drought imposed for a period of 10 days on separate sets of plants at 51, 54, 57 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) caused comparable reductions in plant water potential, relative turgidity (RT%) and grain yield. All these plants were simultaneously subjected to a second cycle of drought at 73 DAS for a uniform period of 9 days. Observations on ψ plant, RT, stomatal resistance and also contents of free amino acids, free proline and soluble protein, at the end of the second drought cycle and 48 h after irrigation, indicated that the adverse effects of water stress were more severe in plants which were given shorter (3 and or 6 days) compared to longer (9 and 12 days) periods of adequate soil moisture between two droughts. Changes in the activities of amylase, nitrate reductase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase generally revealed a similar trend. Notwithstanding a larger decline in grain yield under two, as compared to one cycle of

drought, the grain yield was also depressed more under shorter (3 and 6 days) as compared to longer (9 and 12 days) period of adequate water supply between the stress events. Evidences provided here show that, among other factors, the period of favourable moisture between droughts has a significant influence on metabolism and crop performance.

801 Malik, R.S., Karwasra, S.P.S. and Khera, A.P. (1992) Effect of chloride and bicarbonate on sulphur uptake and dry matter yield of raya. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 195-197

A pot culture experiment with sandy soil low in available S was conducted to study the effect of anion application on S uptake and dry matter yield of raya. Sulphur application @ 30 μg g-1 increased the dry matter yield of raya (Brassica juncea Coss) var. RH-30. The deleterious effect of Cl and HCO3 anions was only visible at higher dose of S. High dose of anions reduced the dry matter yield at all S levels. Sulphur uptake was positively correlated with yield and S concentration in raya irrespective of the salts applied.

802 Maliwal, G.L. and Paliwal, K.V. (1970) Salt tolerance studies on some bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) varieties at germination stage. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 18: 209-14

Fifteen bajra) varieties were studied for the relative salt and alkali tolerance at germination stage using five levels each of salinity and SAR. The time of emergence was delayed and the percentage germination decreased with increase in the salinity, SAR or both. Significant varietal differences have been observed in relation to the salt tolerance at the germination stage.

803 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1981) Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of different millet crops. Agriculture Science Digest. 1: 100-102

Relative tolerance of Pennisetum typhoides (BJ 104) Setaria italica (Se-21-1) and Panicum miliaceum (PM 31) to salt solutions of seven different salinity levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mmhos cm-1 ) was studied at germination and early seedling stage. Delay and decline in germination in all the three crops with the increase in salinity was observed. Bajra was found to be the most salt tolerant than either of Setaria and Panicum in respect to germination and root and shoot growth.

804 Manga, V.K. and Yadav, O.P. (1995)

Effect of seed size on developmental traits and ability to tolerate drought in pearl millet. Journal of Arid Environments. 29: 169-172

Seeds of seven genotypes were graded into small and large sizes to study the influence of seed size on the field performance of pearl millet under moisture stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that both seed size and genotypes significantly influenced early vigour, number of tillers per plant, plant height, days to wilting initiation, days to permanent wilting and dry matter production. Larger seeds in general produced vigorous seedlings, taller plants with greater tillering and higher levels of dry matter. Plants from larger seeds took longer to initiate wilting and then permanent wilting compared with plants from smaller seeds. Weight of 1000 grains significantly and positively correlated with all traits studied except plant height. To improve the performance of pearl millet under arid conditions, conditioning of the seed lots for seed size is suggested.

805 Manohar, M.S. and Mathur, M.K. (1965) Germination studies of Pennisetum typhoides seeds treated with succinic acid under different water potentials. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 141-151

Bajra seeds were treated with various concentrations of succinic acid for different periods and were subjected to different osmotic potentials to investigate their effects on the rate, total germination and seedling growth. Succinic acid treatment did not effect any of the characters whereas the osmotic potentials influenced germination and dry weight of seedlings.

806 Manohar, M.S., Suraj Bhan and Prasad, R. (1968) Germination in lower osmotic potential as an index of drought resistance in crop plants - a review. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 82-88

Not much systematic work has been done in the past to confirm any of the prevailing hypotheses. Various workers working with various crop species, using different levels of osmotic potentials, produced from various chemicals, and under varying environmental conditions have reported conflicting results. It is, therefore, difficult to conclude a definite relationship between the germinability of seeds in lower osmotic potentials and its relation to drought resistance in the resultant crop plants. A clear thought, however, seems to emerge regarding the suitability of various chemicals which have been used in the past e.g. sodium chloride, polyvinylpyrrollidone, sucrose, glycerol and mannitol may enter inside the germinating seeds and thus their effects are much more

complex than producing drought. Recent work has, however shown that the true osmotic stress may be produced by using polyethylene glycol (Carbowax) solutions.

807 Mathur, C.M., Moghe, V.B. and Khetawat, G.K. (1967)

Studies on the salt tolerance of various improved wheat varieties at germination and seedling stage in sodium chloride and sodium sulphate solutions. LABDEV Journal of Science and Technology. 5: 254-257

Germination percentage and length of root and shoot in all varieties were more affected by sodium chloride than sodium sulphate at the equivalent concentrations. Kharchi variety and NP 860 performed best with Na2SO4 and NaCl, respectively. In general, Sonara 64, NP 860, K 65, H-7-2 and H-7-8 varieties were found to be salt tolerant to a considerable degree.

808 Meher-Homji, V.M. (1965) Aridity and semi-aridity - a phyto-climatic consideration with reference to India. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 152-163

An improved version of the Schardakow dye technique has been described as applied in the present study for the measurement of water potential of Ricinus communis leaf. This consisted of five leaf discs of one centimetre per millilitre of lightly coloured test solution with methylene blue indicator and two hours of equilibrating period.

809 Misra, D.K. (1956) Relation of root development to drought resistance of plants. Indian Journal of Agronomy 1: 41-46

The study revealed that the capacity of any variety or strain to develop a root system rapidly in the early stages of growth is an important feature of drought resistance in plants.

810 Misra, D.K. (1957)

Drought resistance in plants when grown at different moisture levels and rate of transpiration. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 1: 167-175

Green house investigations were conducted on four strains of corn to study the drought survival percentage of plants raised at 1/3, 2/3 and field capacity available ranges of water in the soil, and the relation between drought resistance and water requirements. The ability of strains to resist drought was significantly influenced by the level of moisture at which plants are grown. the recovery of

plants grown at field capacity when subjected to drought was very poor and comparatively high at 1/3 available moisture. There was no evidence of real difference between drought resistance and drought susceptible strains in transpiration rate.

811 Misra, D.K. (1961) Inducing drought resistance in crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, India. 31: 117-125

The hardening process consisted in allowing plants to grow with scant moisture supply. Plants grown under such stress conditions were assumed to have hardened. Hardened plants processed greater resistance to drought in both resistant and susceptible types.

812 Misra, D.K. (1962) Inducing drought resistance in cereals by pre-sowing seed treatments. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 46-53

The percentage survival of plants after drought from treated seeds was higher at growth stages. This survival increased with increase in plant age. Sodium sulphate, Sodium chloride and Potassium nitrate proved better than ammonium sulphate for pre-seed treatment to induce drought resistance in cereals. Greater degree of drought resistance was shown by plants grown at field capacity as compared to plants grown at two-third and one-third field capacity.

813 Misra, D.K. and Daulay, H.S. (1963) The resistance of bajra seedlings to soil drought. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 7: 240-245

The plants were grown in six inches earthen pots field with well mixed air dried mixture of clay, sand and farmyard manure in equal parts. The artificial drought was created by withholding the soil moisture supply to the plants. The plants were given regular watering, after these were subjected to differential period of drought. The finding are Bajra variety JTR (Jetsar) showed better ability to withstand drought when subjected to 5, 7 and 9-day periods of drought compared to other three varieties tested. Nine day period of drought had caused maximum plant mortality as compared to 5-and 7-day period of drought. The plant survival in direct competition at four and six weeks age when subjected to various periods of drought has exhibited that the order of their survival has been JTR (Jetsar), JJNU (Jhunjhunu), SRDR (Sardarshahar) and RSK. The 6-week old plants showed higher desiccation and crop loss due to plant mortality. This mortality increased with the prolonged as the drought period.

814 Nathawat, K.S., Joshi, P., Bagrecha, L.R. and Bhargava, P.D.

(1969) Influence of soil drought on the relation between yield and yield components in Brassica campestris L. Var. sarson prain. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 39: 397-399

Correlation in Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain was studied under conditions of soil drought for number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and height. A negative correlation between primary and secondary branches was found. The number of pods per plant was positively correlated with primary branches, Primary branches were negatively correlated with yield. The number of pods per plant increased the yield significantly.

815 Paliwal, K.V. and Maliwal, G.L. (1973) Salt tolerance of some arhar (Cajanus indicus) and cowpea (Vigna cinencis) varieties at germination and seedlings stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 135-144

The germination percentage and the height of the seedlings decreased with the increase of salinity. Varieties showed significant differences in their salt tolerance behaviour in germination and elongation of shoots. Most of arhar and cowpea varieties are salt tolerant from 6 to 12 mmhos/cm. In general, arhar is more salt tolerant than cowpea.

816 Patel, M.M. and Mehta, H.M. (1984) Effect of growth regulators on mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and coss.) variety varuna under stress and non-stress conditions of soil moisture. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 249-254

Under non-stress conditions of soil moisture, application of succinic acid and cycocel gave significantly higher yield of mustard. Between growth regulators, concentrations and frequency of spray, the differences were not apparent. Single spray application of 500 ppm succinic acid at 43 DAS along with three irrigation gave 14.10% and with single irrigation gave 11.45% higher yield over no application. The incremental cost: benefit ratios for growth regulators were encouraging. It was 1:6.69 for succinic acid and 1:3.53 for cycocel under stress conditions of soil moisture.

817 Ramesh Babu, V., Murthy, P.S.S. and Reddy, D. Narasimha. (1984)

Moisture stress effects at different phenophases in four groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 13-20

Spanish bunch groundnut cultivars (TMV 2, J 11, DH 3-30 and Jyoti) regulate vegetative growth under moisture stress and exhibit higher rates of leaf area expansion and biomass production upon alleviation of stress. They however, show continued loss of ground cover and biomass production when stressed beyond early pod development phase. No significant variability was observed amongst the four cultivars in the above features. Results indicate that soil moisture stress during the vegetative, flowering, pegging and early pod development caused no significant losses in yields. On the other hand plants with adequate water supply in the above phases that were exposed to stress in their late pod development and pod maturation periods showed significant reduction of yields.

818 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1987) Nitrogen fixation as influenced by water stress in selected crop legumes of the Indian arid zone. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 1: 89-96

The comparative sensitivity of nitrogen fixation process in three crop legumes, viz., mung bean, clusterbean and moth bean was evaluated under varying intensities of water stress in a pot culture experiment. Even a mild level of stress, i.e. a drop in plant water potential of -0.4 MPa significantly reduced the nitrogenase activity in all the three species, while the nodule number and fresh weight showed a gradual decline with increasing stress. The threshold limits for nitrogenase activity were found to be -2.4, -2.2 and -1.8 MPa in clusterbean, mung bean and moth bean, respectively. For a comparative stress level the activity in cluster bean was found to be the least sensitive followed by mung bean and moth bean. With increasing stress intensity there was an accumulation of ureides in both the nodules and shoots of mung bean and moth bean while no effect was found in cluster bean. Water stress also caused a reduction in transpiration and shoot dry weight in all the three species.

819 Rathore, A.K., Sharma, R.K. and Lal, P. (1977)

Relative salt tolerance of different varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at germination and seedling stage. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 53-60

Germination was delayed and the percentage of germination decreased with an increase in salinity levels. The varieties 'Mexican 19’, ‘Russian 20’, ‘Jyoti’, ‘Belodi 16’, ‘N.P. 21’, ‘BHD 44' and 'RSD 29'

germinated satisfactorily up to the EC level of 32 mmhos cm-1. Only two varieties i.e. 'Jyoti' and 'Russian 20' had more than 50 per cent germination at the salinity level of 40 mmhos/cm. 'RDB 1’, ‘RMB 9’, ‘RS 6','C 138’, ‘RS 55’, ‘RD 31’, ‘Mexican 22' and 'BL 41' could germinate satisfactorily only at EC level of 24 mmhos/cm. 'BAG 1’, ‘HD 37','K 15/96-1’, ‘RD 57’, ‘RD 118’, ‘DG 2' and 'DL 26' had the least relative salt tolerance of all the varieties.

820 Reddy, M.P. (1987) Effect of NaCl salinity on protein metabolism of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) seedlings. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 59-69

Seeds of pearl millet were sown in distilled water and in 0.4% NaCl solution of 0.4% (-2.89 bars) and 0.8% (-5.58 bars). Protein, free amino acids, RNA and enzymes protease, nitrate reductase, and RNase activities were estimated in endosperm and embryo axis after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of germination. In cudoslena protein breakdown was delayed by NaCl treatments as compared to control. However, levels of free amino acids were unaffected. The delay in breakdown of protein was not due to proteolytic activity which was unchanged by salinity. However, endosperm exhibited slight enhancement of nitrate reductase activity in saline conditions. NaCl also caused an inhibition in RNase activity and RNA hydrolysis in the endosperm, whereas embryo axis showed an increase in the activity of RNase under saline conditions as compared to control.

821 Reddy, M.P. and Vora, A.B. (1985) Effect of salinity on protein metabolism in bajra (Pennisetum typhoides S and H) leaves. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 190-195

Changes in protein soluble protein, free amino acids and RNA contents and protease and ribonuclease activities were determined in bajra leaves under 0.2 (34.2 meq) and 0.4% (68.4 meq) NaCl salinity during progressive maturation. Protein and RNA contents were decreased by salinity. Soluble protein showed a little variation while amino acid content, protease and ribonuclease activities were increased in leaves of the treated plants.

822 Roy, P.K. (1991) Effect of salinity on variability and correlation in wheat seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 61-63

Genotypic coefficient of variation increased under saline conditions for germination and coleoptile length. Germinability at high salt

concentrations, instead of low or moderate salinity would be a more useful criterion for early screening of genotypes for salinity tolerance.

823 Saxena, M.B.L. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1981) Effect of salinity on the germination and growth of radicle and plumule of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 203-207

Varieties babapuri, RSK and BJ 104 of pearl millet were tested for their tolerance to six levels of water salinity at germination. Per cent germination, radicle length and plumule length were studied. Varieties babapuri and BJ 104 withstood high salinity better than RSK on account of their longer radicles and plumules and these characters are suggested as criterion in selection for salinity tolerance.

824 Sharma, P.C., Mali, P.C., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and

Lahiri, A.N. (1989) Interactive effects of soil fertility and salt stress on the activities of certain enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in mustard. Current Science. 58: 390-392

Increasing salinity of irrigation water progressively reduced the level of soluble protein and activities of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism (NR, GS, GOGAT and GDH) of Indian mustard at pre-flowering and flowering stages of growth. But plants raised under improved soil fertility condition displayed a greater efficiency of all these enzymes despite salt stress at both the stages.

825 Sharma, S.K., Joshi, Y.C. and Bal, A.R. (1984)

Osmotic and ionic effects in salt sensitive and resistant wheat varieties. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 153-158

Twenty five day old seedlings of wheat varieties known for their sensitivity (HD-4502) and resistance (Kharchia-65) to saline conditions were exposed to iso-osmotic levels of NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000) in a hydroponics experiment. NaCl proved more inhibitory to growth of HD-4502 whereas PEG was more detrimental to Kharchia-65. The poor performance of the salt sensitive variety under NaCl was traced to excessive accumulation of Na and Cl ions. The better performance of the salt resistant ‘Kharchia’ was because of its success in osmotic adjustment without exposing itself to excess of ions.

826 Singh, G. (1980)

Relative salt tolerance of different varieties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and cowpea (Vigna catjung) at germination and seedling stages. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 14: 155-158

Five varieties of each crop were given three salinity treatments (2.5-10.0 mmhos cm-1). C. tetragonoloba `Malason' and the cowpea FS 68 were the most resistant representatives of their respective crops.

827 Slatyer, R.O. (1964) Efficiency of water utilisation by arid zone vegetation. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 1-12

Water use efficiency is generally expressed in terms of the 'transpiration ratio", the ratio of transpiration (or, under natural conditions, total evaporation) to apparent photosynthesis (or total dry matter production). Typical values for the transpiration ratio are lowest for high soil evaporation, inadequate photosynthetic surface, and infrequent brief periods of photosynthesis increase the ratio observed.

828 Upadhyaya, A., Reel, S., Tikku, A., Trivedi, S., and Sankhla, N. (1981) Bio-regulants and metabolic patterns under stress. III. Interaction between salt and cycocel. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 6: 128-131

Salt and cycocel (CCC) together inhibited the seedling growth of mung and caused a decrease in leaf pigments, total sugar and reducing sugar levels in the leaves, but sucrose content increased after the treatment. CCC by itself had little effect, but was found to decrease the salt-induced accumulation of proline. Salt and CCC in both cases increased the activities of peroxidase and alpha-amylase, but had no effect on the activity of polyphenol oxidase or alkaline pyro-phosphatase. CCC promoted the activity of acid pyro-phosphatase, but effect was counteracted by salt.

829 Upadhyaya, A., Reel, S., Tikku, A., Trivedi, S. and Sankhla, N. (1981) Effect of salt on early seedling growth and metabolic patterns in mung. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 6: 124-127

Salt inhibited the extension of the hypocotyl and root, and reduced the number of laterals in seedlings of mung. It also induced measurable increases in total sugars, sucrose and free proline but

arrested the formation of pigments and reducing sugars in the leaves. Peroxidase activity increased, but no increase in polyphenol oxidase activity was observed. Activity of alkaline pyrophosphatase was slightly inhibited, but the activity of acid pyrophosphatase was not affected.

830 Varshney, K.A. (1980) Growth and development of two differentially salinized guar varieties under the influence of some hormones. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 23: 199-205

Studies were made to determine the interaction between the growth regulating substances IAA and kinetin and salinity on the growth and development of two varieties of guar. Growth of guar (Var. S 2395) was stimulated with treatments by both of these hormones in controls not treated with salts. Both varieties grow poorly under non-saline conditions because of some hormonal imbalance. IAA was found to stimulate growth at all salinity levels for both varieties while kinetin proved to be inhibitory for growth and elongation of plants at higher salinity level. Chlorophyll content decreased with salt treatment and was not significantly influenced by hormonal treatments. IAA had little influence on water content in roots and shoots, whereas plants treated with kinetin showed reduction in their water contents.

831 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1987) Quantitative effects of field water deficits on N2(C2H2) fixation in selected legumes grown in the Indian desert. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 5: 18-22

The nitrogenase activity of irrigated and rainfed plants of mung bean, clusterbean and moth bean was studied throughout the growth period in order to estimate the reduction in the potential nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) rate due to field water deficits. Nitrogenase activity followed a similar trend in all crops and was dependent on both plant ontogeny and soil moisture levels. The loss of activity due to water deficits varied from 13% to 100% at different growth stages and was related to the plant water potential. The specific activity was directly correlated with the plant water potential under both the treatments. The average loss of nitrogen fixation rate during the season did not differ markedly among crops. There was an accumulation of ureides in the nodules with increasing field moisture stress in mung bean and moth bean while no such effect was found in clusterbean. The significance of these results is discussed in the N-economy of these legumes grown in the drought-prone areas of the Indian desert.

832 Venkateswarlu, B. , Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N.(1983)

Effect of water stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 92: 297-301

The effect of water stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of guar was studied at both vegetative and flowering stages. Stress did not induce any change in the nodule number but caused a significant reduction in nodule fresh weight. Drought-induced reduction in nitrogenase activity was observed at both the stages. Upon rewatering, rapid recovery in the activity was noticed which seems to be related to the adaptation of this legume to arid region.

833 Vyas, S.P. and Sankhla, N. (1977) Role of bio-regulants in growth and productivity of desert plants II. Effects of morphactins on growth, flowering, protein and phosphorus content in Sesamum. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 2: 246-254

Morphactins when used at a low concentration (10 ppm) increased plant height, number of branches, number of nodes and internodal length. The leaf growth and dry matter was also affected favourably. Both the derivatives also promoted reproductive growth. Total protein content of the treated plants decreased but the phosphorus content increased as compared to untreated control.

834 Vyas, S.P., Bohra, S.P. and Sankhla, N. (1973)

Antagonism between morphactin and ethylene in root-coiling of Ipomoea pentaphylla. Zeitscbrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie. 68: 183-188

Ethrel (2-chloroethane-phosphonic acid), and ethylene generating compound, caused extensive coiling of the main root of Impomoea penetaphylla seedlings. This effect of ethrel could be almost completely reversed if morphactin was added simultaneously.

835 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983)

Sensitivity of Sesamum indicum L. to soil moisture stress at different developmental stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 191-197

Results relate performance alteration in Sesamum indicum L. due to water stress at different stages of growth. Stress induced maximum adverse effects at 30 and 40 days from slowing when the grand period of growth and flowering just commenced. Favourable moisture condition at subsequent stages did not alleviate this

irreversible damage although growth, flowering and fruiting continued due to the indeterminate flowering habit of the crop. The yield reduction seemed to be linked with reduction in seed number per capsule and 1000-seed weight. Causes of irreversible changes at the critical stage could not be ascertained from the study of metabolites, such as, proline, free amino-acids, soluble protein, reducing sugars and starch, as well as activities of enzymes like nitrate reductase, alkaline pyro-phosphatase and peroxidase in the leaves, at wilting and recovery of 30-days old plants. Drought mediated reduction in seed yield was associated with increase in oil content and with indications of decline in protein and carbohydrates.

836 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1987) Influence of soil fertility on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under repeated water stress. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 259-266

The dry matter production and seed yield of plants under one or two cycles of drought were significantly more under IF than under LF conditions notwithstanding the fact that ψ plant RT% and diffusive resistance indicated relatively more water stress in the former than in the latter condition. This advantage was, however, lost under three cycles of drought. IF-plants under one or two cycles of drought had higher absolute nitrogen content which declined in the third cycle. Improved soil fertility generally increased both oil content of seeds and oil yield per plant. Droughts marginally increased the oil content of seeds but reduced the oil yield per plant.

837 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1985) Performance and metabolic alterations in Sesamum indicum L. under different intensities of water stress. Annals of Botany. 56: 323-331

Effects of mild (ψ plant - 0.7 MPa), moderate (-1.6 MPa) and severe (-2.2 MPa) water stress on diverse plant processes were compared with the control(-0.2 MPa) at the critical stage of onset of flowering of Sesamum indicum L., under pot-culture conditions. Measurements were taken on different aspects of growth, development and yield, uptake and concentration of N and P in the shoot and also the oil, protein and carbohydrate contents of seeds at harvest. Changes in the levels of leaf metabolites and the activities of leaf enzymes were estimated just before the end of drought periods of different intensities. The effects of water stress on the various parameters generally increased with the increase in stress intensity, but a discernible change, large or small, occurred in all cases under mild stress.

838 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1991)

Effects of duration of `wet period' between two drought events and soil fertility status on performance and metabolism of Sesamum indicum L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 18: 96-100

Longer favourable moisture periods between two drought events at 25 and 35 DAS and improvement in soil fertility status lessened the adverse effects of second drought at 35 DAS. The longer periods of moisture availability has significant effect on growth, yield and metabolic efficiency of plants. The beneficial effects of longer wet periods between two drought events enlarged with improvement in soil fertility.

839 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996) Activities of nitrate reductase and ammonia assimilating enzymes of moth bean under water stress. Science and Culture. 62: 213-214

Increasing moisture stress from -0.70 to -2.5 Mpa progressively and significantly decreased the nitrate reductase activity and soluble protein content in moth bean plants. The activities of prime enzymes of ammonia assimilation (GS and GOGAT) also declined. However, GDH activity increased in plants experiencing a stress of -1.5 Mpa or more. The activity of GDH probably increases as an adaptive mechanism to accumulated ammonia.

840 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996) Response of clusterbean genotypes to shade. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 1: 234-238

In clusterbean genotypes (FS-277, Suvidha and Maruguar) shade (25 and 50%) induced by white cotton fabrics increased the plant water status, transpiration rates, levels of chlorophyll, protein and aminoacids. Activities of NR, GS and GDH increased but GOGAT activity decreased. Increase in pod and seed number per plant due to shade improved the seed yield of shaded plants. Variety Suvidha was most benefited among three genotypes studied, due to shade.

Integrated Nutrient Management

841 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kaul, P. (1978) Loss of nitrogen as ammonia volatilisation from urea on loamy sand soil of Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 242-245

A loss of about 18 per cent took place within 14 days of urea application, the greater part of the loss (10 per cent) occurred during

the first three days. The losses of N as volatilisation can, therefore, be brought down to minimum if urea is placed in the plough depth.

842 Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1981) Evaluation of soil fertility status of stabilised and unstabilised dunes of the Indian desert. Agrochimica. 25: 54-60

The available literature on the soil fertility conditions of the Indian arid zone does not indicate any comparative evaluation of the soils of the unstabilised and stabilised (vegetated) dunes which abound over 58 per cent of 1, 96, 150 km² of this desert. consequent upon the development of the technique of sand dune stabilisation in this Institute, shifting dunes over an area of 5467 ha have also been stabilised through introduction of plants. The crux of the problem in this regard is to assess whether soil fertility status of dunes is adequate for sustaining vegetation and the influences of the introduction vegetation on the fertility conditions of the unstabilised dunes. Present study is directed towards understanding these problems.

843 Aggarwal, R.K. and Prasad, M.V.R. (1981) Cation exchange capacity of roots and its relation to nitrogen addition to soil in certain green gram (Vigna radiata) varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 17-21

Relationship between the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of roots and nitrogen addition to soil was studied in a wide range of green gram(Vigna radiata) varieties. It was observed that CEC of roots at flower initiation stage is positively correlated to the total nitrogen added to soil by green gram varieties and as such may serve as an indicator to select varieties of green gram for high nitrogen addition to soil.

844 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1993)

Changes in soil nitrogen due to cultivation of grain legumes fertilised with phosphate in an arid loamy sand soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 195-196

Phosphorus application to legumes enhanced the per cent N in nodule and weight of nodules. Cultivation of legumes increased in organic carbon by 12.5 to 15.0% over the initial level and with P application, this level further increased from 21.2 to 28.7%.

845 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1994)

Availability and management of nitrogen in soils of arid ecosystem. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 1-18

The available literature on status of soil nitrogen, its succession and transformation under natural ecosystems suggest the variability in arid regions which are dependent on the soil climatic conditions. In Indian arid zone particularly western Rajasthan, the organic carbon and nitrogen are reported as low as 0.05% and 0.007% respectively in sand dunes, however, the stabilisation of dunes with vegetation increases these contents albeit slowly. Amongst tree species , Prosopis cineraria has been found to be a soil fertility restorer. Compared to the figure of 4 kg N ha-1 annum-1 for Indian subcontinent, the precipitation in arid region of western Rajasthan brings about 6-10 kg N ha-1 annum-1, however in Negev desert of Israel, this value goes up to 20 kg N ha-1 annum-1. Amongst different pathways of N loss, NH3 volatilisation is a major process operating in arid region. The ways to reduce such losses have been discussed. Use of on-farm organic residues and inclusion of legumes in crop rotation, are some of the management practices suggested which ensure importance for sustainable production, fertility maintenance and enhancing fertiliser N use efficiency in arid region.

846 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1996)

Integrated use of farm yard manure and fertiliser-N for sustained yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in an arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 29-35

Effects of organic manure (FYM) on yield of pearl millet, efficiency of applied nitrogen and soil fertility were studied under rainfed farming for seven years (1983-1989) in Jodhpur. Pearl millet yield was strongly dependent on the distribution of rainfall, particularly at the reproductive phase. Total biomass yield (grain + straw) was highest for plots receiving FYM @ 10 t ha-1 annum-1 in good rainfall as well as in drought years. Fertiliser nitrogen up to 80 kg ha-1 increased yield in good rainfall years, but in drought years, no significant effect was observed beyond 40 kg N ha-1. Application of fertiliser N along with FYM further increased yield. Yield with 40 kg N ha-1 + FYM was nearly equal to that obtained with 80 kg fertiliser N ha-1 alone. FYM significantly increased the utilisation efficiency of fertiliser N by crop and status of organic carbon, available N, P and micro-nutrients in soil. Residual N effects were observed for plots receiving FYM but no such residual effects were observed for fertiliser N.

847 Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, V.K. (1983) Note on the effect of added sulphur on the mineralisation of nitrogen in desert sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 95-97

A study was conducted to assess the influence of sulphur on nitrogen mineralisation in desert sandy soil which is poor in organic carbon. Application of SO4-S caused a slight decrease in NH4-N up to 90 days of incubation but increased at 120 days while NO3-N followed a reverse trend. Maximum increase in mineralised N was observed after 30 days of incubation period.

848 Aggarwal, R.K. and Singh, P. (1978) Effect of Zn and P levels on the concentration and uptake of N and N / Zn ratio in rainfed pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 267-272

The concentration and total N uptake increased with the increase in levels of Zn and P, but decreased when higher levels of one element were combined with low levels of another. Drought during crop growth increased the concentration of N but decreased total uptake. N/Zn ratio in grain was 2-3 times higher than either in straw or root. Decrease in N/Zn ratio negatively affected the quality and production of grain.

849 Aggarwal, R.K. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1989) Long term effect of manure and fertilisers on important cropping systems of arid region. Fertiliser News. 34: 67-70

The soils of arid region are mostly sandy in nature. They are not only thirsty but hungry too. The yield levels of rainfed crops are low due to low and uncertain rainfall. To realise the crop production potential on sustainable basis, use of mix or organic and chemical fertilisers has been found to be greatly needed in these drylands. Such a blend improves the soil environment and stabilises crop production. The results of studies on long term use of manure and fertilisers conducted in arid regions have been reviewed and discussed in this paper. The results indicate a positive response of organic wastes on yield of crops as well as soil properties. Introduction of legume in crop rotation was found to be beneficial in N economy and soil fertility build up. Smaller but repeated application of organic wastes along with smaller quantities of chemical fertilisers is suggested taking into account the low moisture and high temperature conditions.

850 Aggarwal, R.K., Dhir, R.P. and Kaul, P. (1977) Study on nitrogen fractions in some arid zone soils differentially managed under normal rainfed farming and saline-sodic water use. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 25: 112-117

It was found that there was increase in NO3-N, hydrolysable-N, animo acid-N and hexosamine-N in soils irrigated with saline-sodic

water. The soils under rainfed farming contained higher amount of unidentified and non-hydrolysable-N. Na + and SO4 ions in irrigation water were significantly correlated with soil amino acid and hexosamine-N fractions but negatively correlated with unidentified-N.

851 Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, J.P. and Kaul, P. (1980) Nitrogen mineralisation as affected by the addition of pond sediments and bentonite clay to a sandy soil under different moisture regimes. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 28: 444-449

The effect of addition of bentonite clay and pond sediment, varying in their N contents, to a loamy sand soil under different moisture regimes, on mineralisation of nitrogen was studied under laboratory conditions. With the increase in the moisture level from 4 to 15% there was corresponding increase in nitrogen mineralised in both treated and untreated soils. Maximum mineralisation of N occurred in soil treated with pond sediment followed by bentonite clay and the untreated soil at comparable moisture levels.

852 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1979) Accession of sulphate sulphur through precipitation in arid and semi arid areas of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 253-259

The concentration of SO4-S in rainwater and its accession were studied during 1976 and 1977 of five stations of Rajasthan having an annual rainfall ranging from 215 to 613 mm. The mean annual concentration of SO4-S ranged from 0.75 to 1.56 ppm, maximum being in Jaisalmer. Although the average concentration indicated the highest value for June, the peak concentration during a month varied at different stations. The annual accession of SO4-S added was found to be highly correlated with the amount of rainfall received.

853 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1980) Accession and origin of certain ions found in rainwater over the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 259-264

Monsoon rainwater collected at five different stations in the arid and semiarid regions of Rajasthan, displayed large local and monthly variations in electrical conductivity and in concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. Total accession of ions is related to the amount of precipitation, while correlation between EC and ions, as well as between different ions, indicated among other things, the occurrence of sodium chloride in the rainwater. Ionic

ratios implied that terrestrial, rather than oceanic salts, are the principal source of dissolved ions.

854 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982) Ammonia and nitrate in rainwater over arid and semi-arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 299-305

The average concentration of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen in monsoonal precipitation, at five stations in western Rajasthan (Av. rainfall, 185-607 mm) varied from 0.34 to 1.87 ppm and 0.38 to 4.79 ppm, respectively. Generally, concentrations were higher at the onset of the monsoon. Nitrate nitrogen in rainwater was relatively higher in drier region of Jaisalmer as compared to other areas. Experimental data suggested the lightening may not be the cause for the occurrence of nitrate nitrogen in precipitation. The suspended atmospheric dust, however, seemed to be the principal source of mineral nitrogen of the rainwater. On an average, total annual wash out by rain ranged from 2.97 to 6.95 kg ha-1 of ammonia nitrogen and from 1.84 to 7.11 kg ha-1 of nitrate nitrogen. The ratio of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen varied from 0.50 to 2.00.

855 Aggarwal, R.K., Lahiri, A.N. and Kaul, P. (1980) The accession of nitrogen through rain water in the arid areas of western Rajasthan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, India. 50 (A): 64-68

Concentration and addition of ammonium-N, nitrate-N were determined at three sites in the arid areas of western Rajasthan during the 1975 among individual showers in different months at all three sites. The annual amounts of inorganic-N added per hectare ranged from 9.3 kg in Jodhpur to 24.6 kg. in Pali. The expected addition during a normal rainfall year ranged from 5.2 kg N to 13.4 kg N ha-1. The ratio of NH4-N/NO3-N was found to be approximately 1. The amount of precipitation was found to be highly correlated with the amount of inorganic-N (NO3 + NH4). Each mm of rain seems to add about 28 gm of inorganic-N per hectare.

856 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Sharma, B.K. (1990)

Distribution of nitrogen in some aridisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 430-433

Low total N, (212-518 ppm) in different depths was significantly correlated with organic carbon and decreased with depth in the soil profiles. The major proportion of N was in its organic form which was acid hydrolysable, constituting about 62 to 87 per cent of total

N. Amongst organic-N hydrolysable fractions, the order of distribution in different depths of profiles was amino acid-N (14.3-47.6 per cent), unidentified-N (3.9-45.4 per cent), amino sugar-N (3.7-20.3 per cent), hydrolysable ammoniacal-N (1.0-10.1 per cent). Amino acid-N and total hydrolysable N were correlated with organic carbon ands that of amino sugars-N with clay. A positive relationship of amino acid-N and amino sugar-N with NO3-N indicates that these two fractions contribute to the available N pool of these soils.

857 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Raina, P. (1993) Nutrient availability from sandy soils underneath Prosopis cineraria (Linn. Macbride) compared to adjacent open site in an arid environment. Indian Forester. 119: 321-25

Long term effects of P. cineraria (khejri) on the nutrients status and their availability from the underneath desert sandy soil were studied in comparison to adjacent open soil. The relative availability of nutrients i.e. NPK and S from these soils was studied following missing nutrient technique in greenhouse study. The results on nutrients status showed a significant increase in organic matter, total N, P and S, and available N, P and K contents in khejri soils over non-khejri soil. The dry matter yield of pearl millet in khejri soil increased significantly by 2-3 times over non-khejri soil at all the comparable treatments. Per cent relative yields of nutrients showed the increased capacity of khejri soil to supply these nutrients. In khejri soil, the per cent relative yields due to P, K and S were nearly 100% compared with full treatment of NPKS, while it was 85 per cent for N indicating the lower availability of nitrogen.

858 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Power, J.F. (1997) Use of crop residue and manure to conserve water and enhance nutrient availability and pearl millet yields in an arid tropical region. Soil and Tillage Research. 41: 43-51

Crop residues and manure are often used in temperate regions to control soil erosion and maintain soil organic matter. Because crop residues and manure oxidise more rapidly in warmer climates, benefits from use of these materials may not be as evident for tropical as for temperate soils. In 1991 and 1992, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop residue incorporation in a loamy sand (Typic Camborthid) in Rajasthan, India. Residues of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub], mung bean [Vigna radiata (L) R. Wilczek], and pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.], and farmyard manure (FYM) were incorporated by disking in October. Pearl millet crop was grown the following Kharif (summer)

season with and without fertiliser N. Crop residues increased soil water content at seeding in the order pearl millet > mung bean = farmyard manure > clusterbean. Addition of crop residues and FYM generally enhanced soil fertility status 10 to 20%. Clusterbean residues and FYM increased pearl millet grain yield by 0.1 to 0.2 Mg ha-1, compared with no residue. These treatments also increased straw yields by 0.4 to 0.6 Mg ha-1, but mung bean and pearl millet residues increased pearl millet straw only marginally when compared with no residues. Crop residues plus 20 kg fertiliser N ha-1

provided pearl millet grain yield equivalent to that for 40 kg fertiliser N ha-1 with no residues, thus effecting a 50% savings of fertiliser N. The use of clusterbean residues or FYM with fertiliser N improved N-use efficiency by 20 to 30%. Results indicate that like temperate regions, incorporation of crop residues and FYM in arid tropical soil benefits soil water storage, soil nutrient availability, and crop yield.

859 Aggarwal, R.K., Raikhy, N.P. and Raina, P. (1985)

Effect of elemental sulphur on crop growth and chemical composition of desert sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 69-71

Application of 10 ppm sulphur increased the dry matter yield of cowpea significantly. With higher level (20 to 40 ppm) of sulphur, decrease in yield was noticed. Soil pH decreased with increasing level of elemental sulphur.

860 Aggarwal, R.K., Raina, P. and Praveen-Kumar. (1987) Ammonia volatilisation losses from urea and their possible management for increasing nitrogen use efficiency in an arid region. Journal of Arid Environments. 13: 163-168

The extent of losses by volatilisation of ammonia from nitrogen fertilisers was studied on an arid loamy-sand soil of western Rajasthan under field conditions. Surface application of urea to cultivated soil under kharif resulted in losses of ammonia of 9 and 23% within 20 days for applications of 40 and 120 kg N ha-1, respectively. Losses from the same soil type under a Prosopis cineraria tree community were 7 and 17% for the same rates of application of nitrogen. These slightly smaller losses were probably due to lower temperature and higher organic matter content under the tree community. Mixing urea with sulphur in the proportion 4 parts urea to 1 part of elemental sulphur, reduced the losses by about 50%. Losses were also lower with nitrogenous fertilisers containing sulphate or phosphate ions. The efficiency of use of nitrogen by pearl millet under field conditions increased from 15 to

48% when elemental sulphur was mixed with the urea before application.

861 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, B.K. and Raina, P. (1987) Nature and distribution of fixed ammonium and acid-hydrolysable N in some soils of an arid zone. Tropical Agriculture. 64: 27-32

The fixed NH4-N proportion of total N increased with depth in profiles and its content ranged 6.0-45.6% at different depths. A significant positive relationship was observed between fixed NH4-N and clay contents. The total hydrolysable N proportion of total N varied from 48.9 to 87.4% at different depths and correlated significantly with clay content and fixed NH4-N. From the regression equation relating fixed NH4-N to total acid-hydrolysable N, it was possible to predict fixed NH4-N content in these soils with a fair degree of accuracy. The C/N ratios when calculated from total acid-hydrolysable N remained more nearly constant with very small variations in depth than when calculated from total N or organic N where large variations were observed. Total acid-hydrolysable N is a useful index for fixed NH4-N and the nature of organic matter in these soils.

862 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, B.K. and Raina, P. (1987) Phosphate adsorption characteristics of some aridisols as affected by soil physicochemical properties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 21: 164-170

Four dominant soil belonging to aridisols of western Rajasthan differing in physico-chemical properties were studied for P-adsorption isotherms. The adsorption maxima (b) values varied from 0.12 to 0.46 mg P g-1 soil and were significantly related with organic matter content of soil. However, bonding energy coefficient (k) values varying from 0.036 to 0.439 (µg ml-1 ) showed significant positive relationship with CaCO3 and NH4OAc extractable Ca content. Per cent phosphate adsorption followed the bonding energy 'k' values and thus phosphate requirement of these arid soils with low organic matter and clay depends much on CaCO3 and NH4OAc extractable Ca.

863 Aggarwal, R.K., Dhir, R.P., Bhola, S.N. and Kaul, P. (1975) Distribution of nitrogen fractions in Jodhpur soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 183-190

Non hydrolysable-N and hydrolysable-N ranged from 2.5 to 68.8 and 3.2 to 97.5 per cent of total N, respectively. Relative distribution of different hydrolysable N fractions was amino acid N > unidentified-

N > ammonium- N > hexosamine-N, their contents ranged from 18.8 to 40.0, 14.1 to 50.0, 3.1 to 9.4 and 0.8 to 3.1 per cent, respectively of total N in surface soils. The soils were found to be rich in amino acid N but low in hexosamine-N and hydrolysed NH4-N. Based on simple correlation, organic carbon was significantly and positively related to hydrolysable N, unidentified N and mineralised-N. Hydrolysable NH4-N was found to be significantly negatively related with mineralised-N. Clay content did not bear any significant relationship with either of the organic fractions studied.

864 Aggarwal, R.K., Vangani, N.S., Raikhy, N.P. and

Chatterji, P.C. (1984) Chemical composition of precipitation in major physio-graphic units of Nagaur district of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 119-123

The chemical composition of precipitation with regard to Ca, SO4, Cl, NO3 and F indicated a wide variation in concentration of these ions among four major physiographic units of Nagaur region in Western Rajasthan. In interdunal plain, the precipitation contained the highest concentration of Ca, SO4 and F while Cl content (18.00 ppm) was maximum in sandy plain. The results support the view that the local lithological formations have much influence on the chemical composition of the precipitation.

865 Bhati, D.S., Mathur, J.R. and Sharma, R.C. (1988)

Response of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) to graded levels of N and P. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 63-64

Application of nitrogen significantly increased the grain, straw and biological yield of moth bean. Similarly increasing levels of P2O5 significantly enhanced grain yield and favourably affected various yield attributes.

866 Dahiya, S.S., Hooda, I.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1989) Response of raya to NPK fertilisation under rainfed conditions in Haryana. Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 5: 83-84

Mustard is a major oilseed crop of rabi and its fertilisation has been engaging the attention of scientist due to shortage of edible oil in the country. Since scanty information is available on N P K requirement of raya under rainfed conditions at farmers' fields, hence the present investigation was under taken to study the impact of graded doses of NPK on the yield of Raya RH 30 on farmers field in Rohtak district.

867 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1980) Fertiliser use in rainfed sunflower. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 50: 825-828

A field experiment was conducted to study the response of sunflower(Helianthus annum Linn)' EC 68414 to 4 levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) in the monsoon seasons of 1973-1975. A progressive increase in the yield of sunflower was recorded with the corresponding increase in the levels of both N and P in 1975 and only to N levels in 1973. Similar trend was observed in the consumptive use and moisture use efficiency with N levels only. Responses per kg of nutrients for the doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) were 9.0, 7.5, 7.4 and 2.8, 2.5 and 1.8 kg seeds ha-1, respectively. The corresponding figures for the return per rupee invested in nutrients were Rs. 5.63, 4.73 and 4.65 for nitrogen and Rs. 0.90, 1.00 and 0.75 for phosphorus at 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1, respectively.

868 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982) Effects of N and P rates and plant densities on the yield of rainfed sesame. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 52: 166-169

Plant densities in the good rainfall season (1976) did not influence the seed yield significantly, but in the subnormal season (1977) yield was highest with lowest plant density (250,000 ha-1). Irrespective of quantum and distribution of rainfall, seed yield increased with an increase in the N level. P did not affect the yield significantly in both the seasons. On an average, the response per kg N was 9.3 kg seed at 30 kg N ha-1 and 8.0 kg at 60 kg N ha-1 level. The most economic N was 30 kg N ha-1. For obtaining high yields, application of 60 kg N ha-1 was equally profitable.

869 Ghonsikar, C.P. and Saxena, S.N. (1973) Influence of molybdenum and tryptophane on nodulation in cluster-bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 43: 938-941

Spraying the foliage with 0.2% Mo solution 15 days after emergence of cluster bean seedlings resulted in 46 nodules plant-1, whereas spraying with 0.15% Mo solution 30 days after seedling emergence resulted in 53 nodules plant-1. Pre-soaking of seeds in tryptophane solution, followed by Mo spray, increased the nodule number very significantly. The effect was greatest with 0.1% Mo spray. The effect of tryptophane was not apparent with higher Mo concentration. A very significant increase of about 4½ times in dry weight of pods was observed with 0.2% Mo spray. Tryptophane treatment further

promoted the growth of plants and increased the dry weight of pods plant-1. The increase in N content of grains from Mo spray was phenomenal, the maximum being 2½ times that of the control.

870 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, G.N. and Kaul, P. (1983) Effect of continuous application of farmyard manure and urea on soil properties and the production of pearl millet in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 53-56

Field trials were conducted from 1975 to 1979 to find out the effect of continuous application of farmyard manure in association with urea on soil properties and the production of pearl millet in western Rajasthan Farmyard manure + urea increased the moisture-retention characteristics and decreased the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The combination of these 2 nitrogen sources to supply 50% nitrogen from each proved optimum for crop production. With their combination pearl millet gave 30% higher grain and straw production than with farmyard manure alone and nearly equal to that with urea alone.

871 Gupta, S.P., Gupta, V.K. and Ram Kala. (1993) Response of sulphur to some kharif crops grown in coarse textured soils of Haryana. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 255-256

Sulphur application markedly increased the dry matter yield of pigeon pea, green gram, clusterbean, pearl millet and groundnut. Response of 20 mg S kg-1 soil to crops ranged from 28 to 45% and was highest in pigeon pea followed by pearl millet and groundnut.

872 Gupta, V.K. and Mehta, D.S. (1991) Influence of cadmium-sulphur interaction on growth and nutrient concentration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 23-28

Investigations carried out in net house to study the influence of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 120 μg S/g soil; and 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg Cd/g soil on growth and nutrient concentration of wheat was investigated in net house. Cadmium application repressed and S improved wheat dry matter yield. The depressing effect of Cd on shoot dry matter yield was alleviated by S application. Addition of Cd decreased P, K, Cu, Mn and Zn concentration and enhanced Fe content in wheat shoot. Sulphur application markedly improved P, K, Mn, Cu and Fe concentration but decreased Zn concentration.

873 Gupta, V.K. and Potalia, B.S. (1987)

Determination of critical limit of Fe in soil for predicting response of sorghum to Fe application in aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 139-142

Mean yield of sorghum shoot studied in 18 aridisols was observed to increase by 19 per cent in response to the application of 10 ppm Fe over control. A response of more than 20 per cent was obtained in 54.5 per cent soils. A highly significant positive relationship was obtained between Bray's per cent yield and DTPA extractable Fe. A critical limit of 4.5 ppm DTPA extractable Fe was established to separate Fe responsive soils from non-responsive ones.

874 Gupta, V.K. and Potalia, B.S. (1990) Evaluation of critical limit of iron in aridisols for wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 271-274

The DTPA extractable Fe in 19 surface soils of arid region of Haryana, ranged from 1.4 to 6.4 ppm. A response of less than 10 per cent was obtained in 42 per cent soils while 58 per cent soils gave a response of more than 10 per cent. Soils having less than 3.2 ppm DTPA extractable Fe were highly responsive to Fe application. Bray's per cent yield ranged from 44.5 to 103.7 and was significantly and positively correlated with DTPA Fe. The critical DTPA extractable Fe concentration in soil below which wheat will respond to Fe application was found to be 4.0 ppm.

875 Gupta, V.K., Potalia, B.S. and Mehta, D.S. (1991)

Influence of sources and mode of zinc application on yield and uptake of zinc by wheat in aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 209-211

ZnSO4 produced higher grain yield than ZnO, broadcast method proved superior than placement. Seed coating with 50 g ZnO kg-1 seed, produced higher yield than soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1 as ZnO applied either as broadcast or placement method. Uptake of Zn was more through ZnSO4 at 10 kg Zn ha-1 irrespective of mode of application.

876 Husigi, G. (1975) Soil temperature and nutrient availability. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 87-91

Nutrient availability is governed chiefly by three processes viz., diffusion, mass flow and root interception which are largely affected by soil temperature. Ions like Ca, Mg and NO3 are made available by mass flow while NH4 , Rb, Zn, Mn, Fe and P are made available by diffusion. Soil temperature affects the root extension and the effective soil volume is reduced at low temperature which might also diminish the effectiveness of root as "sink". The net result is the reduced nutrient availability. The effects of soil temperature on

nutrient availability is not known under Indian conditions. It is likely that the yearly variation in crop response to applied fertilisers may be partly ascribable to variation in soil temperature. Cold temperature encountered in winter may reduce the nutrient availability. Mulching with straw, spreading translucent plastic films help to warm the soil. Ridges and orientation of plants in North-south rows may increase soil temperature favourably. Electrical methods of soil heating will be too expensive. However, in summer very high temperatures attained may fix the added P. Shading and irrigation is a common agronomic practice to lower the soil temperatures favourably.

877 Intodia, S.K. and Tomar, O.P. (1994) Effect of Thiourea on growth and yield of foxtail millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 129-131

In foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) seed-soaking with thiourea (500 and 1000 ppm) significantly increased growth and grain yield. Foliar sprays of mercaptoethanol and thiourea increased grain yield by 26.9 and 33.7 per cent, respectively, over control. Significant improvement in harvest index was noted with these two chemicals, but straw and biological yields remained unaltered. Since, foliar spray of urea (1000 ppm) did not have any effect, the effects of thiourea are largely attributed to a function of sulphydryl group.

878 Jain, G.L. (1968) Molybdenum in field crop production. LABDEV Journal of Science and Technology. 6: 67-71

The distribution of total molybdenum in three profiles of Rajasthan representing the arid regions of India was uniform. The solubility or mobility of soil Mo increase with increasing saturation of mineral colloids and humic acids with calcium. Mo in soil is bound primarily be sesqui-oxides. Total Mo varies from 1.6 to 8.4 ppm and available Mo from 0.2 to 4.4 ppm in soils from neutral to moderately alkaline reaction. Most of the Indian soils regarding Mo are above deficiency levels and well below the toxic levels (20 ppm or more). The minimum requirement for normal growth of plants of Mo is 0.12 ppm of dry material. Increasing doses of P fertiliser resulted in a better assimilation of Mo. Plants vary widely in their capacities to absorb Mo from soil. Legumes tend to absorb more than do non-legumes when grown on soil with high soluble Mo. Very minute quantities of Mo are required to permit nitrate utilisation in plants. Appreciably greater quantities are needed in the symbiotic N2-fixation process. Mo increases the drought resistance of oats.

Considerably large quantities of the elements including No enter plants at 28-32° C than at 14-20° C.

879 Jain, G.L. (1971) Secondary and micro-nutrients in relation to crops in arid zone of India : I. Effect of soil application of S, Fe, Zn and Mo on growth, post harvest character and yield of moth. Rajasthan. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2: 125-137

Application of sulphur, iron and molybdenum increased the weight of functional leaves and significantly increased the growth in height, number of functional areas, total number of leaves, straw yield, number of pods, total dry weight and grain yield per plant. Single application of Fe, S and Mo seemed to be better than combined application of any of these or other elements. There were indications of injurious effects of combined application of various nutrients under investigation particularly under dry year.

880 Jain, S.V. and Mathur, C.M. (1961) Efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilisers for bajra production in desert soils of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 25: 151-156

The study has revealed that bajra yield was statistically the same irrespective of the level of nitrogen, i.e. 10, 15 and 20 lbs acre-1 and source of fertiliser i.e. ammonium sulphate, urea and ammonium nitrate at Bassi and Mandore.

881 Joshi, N.L. and Rao, A.V. (1989) Response of pearl millet to Azospirillum as influenced by N fertiliser under field conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 291-297

Response of pearl millet to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, in conjunction with nitrogen application, was studied under field conditions. There was an increase of 37.9% in tillers, 44.3% in heads and 31.2% in test weight upon inoculation. Inoculation effect was reduced with increase in N-application. Azospirllium inoculation resulted in enhanced N2-ase activity and root dry weight. The population of Azospirllium in the roots of inoculated plants was higher as compared to uninoculated once. The inoculation response on grain yield was equivalent to about 13 kg.

882 Kailash Chand., Dixit, M.L. and Gupta, V.K. (1995) Influence of phosphorus fertilisation on Fe and Zn in forage sorghum genotypes. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 313-315

Shoot dry matter yield increased with the application of P. Uptake of Fe in shoots increased with P application. Zinc uptake in shoot

ranged form 21 to 924 μg per pot and this increased with P application.

883 Kathju, S., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1987) Evaluation of diverse effects of phosphate application on legumes of arid areas. Tropical Agriculture. 64: 91-96

Mung bean, moth bean and clusterbean, grown over three successive years under low and variable rainfall on loamy sand soils of arid western Rajasthan, did not reveal any marked effect of phosphate application on the consumptive use of moisture. The effects on dry matter production and seed yield were marginal, but not significant. Uniform distribution of precipitation during the growing period, rather than its quantum, had the more favourable influence on plants. P application induced a small increase in the available P status of the soil and also in N and P uptake. But the weight of nodules per plant and root CEC progressively increased with increasing level of P up to 40-60 kg P2O5 ha-1. P application also led to an increase in soil N, particularly of the hydrolysable organic-N fraction. Effects on mineralised N were marginal. The amount of N2 fixed was greater in mung bean and moth bean than in cluster bean but the mineralised and hydrolysable organic-N fractions increased more under clusterbean. While the phosphate levels did not have any effect on the succeeding pearl millet, the legumes significantly promoted its yield equivalent to > 80 kg N ha-1, despite the prevalence of acute drought conditions. The beneficial effect of clusterbean was found to be greatest, followed by moth bean and mung bean. It seems that the beneficial effect of legume cultivation arose not only from the total N2 fixed but also from the level of mineralised and hydrolysable organic-N contributed by plant residues left in the soil.

884 Kiran Bala and Rao, A.V. (1987) Growth and nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum brasilense as influenced by fungicides. Current Science. 56: 951-953

The present study aims at evaluating the effect of certain commonly used fungicides on the growth and nitrogen-fixing ability of the strains of Azospirillum brasilense.

885 Kiran Bala, Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1989) Occurrence of VAM associations in different plant species of the Indian desert. Arid soil Research and Rehabilitation. 3: 391-396

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infections were examined in 17 different Indian desert tree species. The intensity of infections varied among the species. Maximum infection of roots was recorded

for Azadirachta indica, Acacia tortilis, and A. aneura while A. catechu had the lowest rate of infection. Glomus and Gigaspora were the common VAM genera found associated with roots. VAM infections were common in Opuntia spp. and Euphorbia spp. and the infection rate (30-100%) in these species was comparatively higher than in trees. VAM infection of A. indica (neem tree) was observed on roots up to 250 cm depth. The intensity of VAM infections varied with the availability of water. The deep-rooted growth habit along with VAM infections of, desert vegetation may be a survival mechanism in competition for water and nutrients with shallow-rooted and fast-growing plant species.

886 Kolarkar, A.S., Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981) Effect of July 1979 floods on soils of arid Rajasthan I. Soil fertility status and other characteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 155-161

Wide spread floods of July 1979 have caused great damage to the valuable lands along the banks of the river Luni and its tributaries, supporting prosperous agriculture based on irrigation in arid Rajasthan. The flood waters on these lands have left behind coarse sediments of varying thickness burying down the original fertile soil. Apart from the poor physical conditions of these sediments, they are low in fertility status, particularly in major nutrients as compared to normal soils. Considerable efforts would be required to restore the original fertility and improve the productivity of these lands.

887 Kumar, A. (1987) Note on nodulation and nitrogen fixation efficiency of guar under salinity. Current Agriculture. 11: 85-86

Salinity had adverse effect on number of nodules plant-1, dry weight of nodules plant-1, and nitrogen fixation efficiency (N fixed nodules week-1). However, the number of nodules plant-1 was quite high at EC4 dS m-1 after 6 week of sowing as compared to control.

888 Kumar, V., Mathur, G.S. and Seth, S.P. (1973) Preliminary studies on the fertility status of the soils of Sriganganagar district, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 59-64

For this purpose in all 4475 surface soil samples have been analysed. The soils can be grouped into three soil groups i.e. desert, sierozems and reverine. The nutrient index values for these soil groups show that desert and sierozems are poor in organic matter status, while reverine soils are medium in this respect. Desert soils are also poor in available P and K and normal in reaction, while seirozems are medium in available P and K. Reverine soils are

tending to become alkaline with low available P and medium available K content.

889 Kumar, V. and Seth, S.P. (1983) Studies on soil fertility status of Sri Ganganagar district. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 77-81

Soils were not problematic with respect to salinity and alkalinity. Soils were low in organic carbon and medium to high in available phosphorus and available potash. These studies were initiated so that rational schedule of manurial treatments and other cultural practices could be followed. The nutrient status with respect to N, P and K has been distinguished on Panchayat Samiti basis and recommendations for various fertility groups have been given.

890 Malik, R.S., Karwasra, S.P.S. and Khera, A.P. (1993) Interactive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and sulphur uptake by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea.). Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 135-137

Sulphur content in plants varied greatly in different treatments. Increasing levels of N had non-significant effect on S concentration in plants. In case of P application, maximum S concentration was observed at 40 μg P g-1 with 60 μg S g-1 soil S uptake increased with increase in N application upto 60 μg S g-1.

891 Mathur, C.M., Jain, S.V. and Mehta, H.M. (1959)

Study on effects of micro-nutrients on crop yields in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 4: 36-42

The effects of micro-nutrients in crop yields in Rajasthan was not significant on wheat, barley and gram to borax, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate.

892 Nandwal, A.S., Dabas, S., Bharti, S. and Yadav, B.D. (1990) Zinc effect on nitrogen fixation and clusterbean yield. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 99-103

Zinc significantly increased the nitrogenase activity, carbohydrate and protein contents. At 60 days the contents of protein, carbohydrate and nitrogen were higher than at 80 days. There was some parallelism in total nitrogenase activity and nitrogen content per plant. The seed yield response to zinc as reflected in the number of pods has been discussed in relation to nitrogen fixation and dry matter production. Spray mg with ZnSO4 proved to be the most effective treatment in this regard.

893 Polara, K.B., Patel, C.L. and Pathak, S.R. (1985)

Effect of soil moisture stress on inflow rate on N, P, K, Fe and Mn at various growth stages of groundnut. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 77-79

Inflow rates of N and K were highest followed by those of P, Fe and Mn. At the initial growth period, inflow rates of N, P, K, Fe and Mn have spectacularly higher. Later, these declined with the advancement in growth. Maximum inflow rate of these nutrients have been noted under control (1/3 bar).

894 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. A modification of Douglas and Bremner method for colorimetric estimation of urea. Communications in Soil and Plant Analysis. 20: 2171-2176

The use of H3PO4 in colorimetric estimation of urea by the method of Douglas and Bremner sometimes leads to wide batch variations. A modification of this method is proposed where H2SO4 only is used in place of H3PO4. The use of H2SO4 increased the linear calibration range almost two-fold without affecting the precision of the original method. The developed colour remains stable for 72 hours in the dark.

895 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1987) Substitution of reduced iron by zinc in total nitrogen estimation by modified Olsen's method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 108: 681-682

NO2 and NO3 are not included in the total N estimation by kjeldahl method. A method is proposed to include both of these forms in total N estimations and is based on earlier modification of kjeldahl method by Olsen. It involves oxidation of NO2 to NO3 by KMnO4 and H2SO4 and reduction of NO3 to NH4 with Zn and H2SO4 before conventional digestion.

896 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1988) Influence of some leaf extracts on ammonia volatilisation from urea. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 359-362

The soils alongwith the leaf extracts were incubated in an incubation apparatus designed as per Bremner and Douglas (1971) and the loss of ammonia was studied. The extract of leaves studied reduce the ammonia volatilisation and nitrification and can be used for increasing the nitrogen use efficiency in crop production.

897 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1988)

Reduction of ammonia volatilisation from urea by rapid nitrification. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2: 131-138

Loss of NH3 from urea fertiliser in a cultivated sandy desert soil was evaluated by using various treatment regimes. The nitrification of added urea increased with the pre-treatment of (NH4)2SO4. The increase in nitrification rate was directly related to the amount of (NH4)2SO4 added. When urea was applied after sufficient increase in nitrification rate i.e., 3 to 5 weeks after the pre-treatment with NH4 fertilisers, NH4 produced by the hydrolysis of urea was quickly nitrified, leaving low concentration of NH3 in soil and resulting in decreased losses of NH3. Among different NH3 containing or forming fertilisers, (NH4)2SO4 was significantly better in arresting NH3 loss from a subsequent application of urea. The decreased loss of N was reflected in higher yields of pearl millet.

898 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1991) A comparative study on methods of urea estimation for sensitivity due to changes in the makes / batches of acids used. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 39: 358-360

The present study was conducted to compare variations in all the three methods, i.e. Douglas and Bremner (DB method), Mulvaney and Bremner (MB method) and Praveen-kumar and Aggarwal (PA method), with a view to determine the most suitable method for the estimation of urea so that the error due to batch variations could be minimised.

899 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1996)

Estimation of NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N and total N using the chemifold III with same set of tubes and modifications in apparatus for degassing. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 44: 32-37

A modified method for estimation of nitrite and nitrate is being proposed using flow injection analyser (FIA star Tecator). It can be integrated with ease along with the estimation of ammonium and total Kjeldahl nitrogen on the same chemifold with the same set of tubes. The minimum detectable concentration of nitrate, (5 mg kg-1), by the proposed method was same as that of standard method but the maximum detectable limit was ten times higher. Satisfactory degassing of the reagents was also achieved using ordinary filter paper in the modified apparatus instead of polymer filter disc. By using the proposed modification, the use of different chemifolds and polymer disc can be dispensed. This would remarkably reduce the basic as well as operational cost of the equipment.

900 Praveen-Kumar and Burman, U. (1996)

Visual evidence of nitrate reductase exudation from plant roots. Current Science. 71: 585-586

To prove the nitrate reductase exudation, roots of 22 plant species were kept in contact with filter sheet impregnated with N-(1-naphthyl) ethyl-diamine dihydrochloride, sulphanilamide and potassium nitrate. Nitrate reductase exudation was indicated by the appearance of root impressions in red colour. Nitrate reductase exudation was observed from the roots of 13 plant species even though roots of all species showed its activity.

901 Praveen-Kumar and Tarafdar, J.C. (1997)

Rhizobium-induced changes on nitrate reductase activity in rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Current Science. 73: 204-205

A field experiment was conducted to determine Rhizobium-induced changes in nitrate reductase activity in rhizosphere of clusterbean and moth bean. Effective inoculation with Rhizobium decreased nitrate reductase in rhizosphere by reducing nitrate reductase activity in plants.

902 Praveen-Kumar, Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, B.M. (1989) Nitrification and nitrate movement from ammonium sulphate and urea in sandy soils as affected by their previous applications. Fertiliser Research. 21: 29-36

Two successive applications of urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) at varying intervals were given in two soils, one of which was salt affected. The nitrification and nitrate leaching after both the applications of fertilisers was studied. The nitrification of first application of AS was faster than urea of both soils. However, the nitrification rate of both fertilisers was slow in salt effected soil. The same trend of results was observed with second application of fertilisers. However, the nitrification of second application given within 6 weeks of the first application proceeded at a much faster rate than that of the first application. The amount of NO3 that moved down with periodic water application was related with nitrification rate and the amount of fertiliser nitrified at the time of water application.

903 Praveen-Kumar, Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, B.M. (1990) Effect of method of application of urea, time and depth of water application on movement of urea in an arid sandy soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 394-403

In soil columns movement of urea applied on soil surface and mixed in 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm or 10-15 cm deep layer of soil and its subsequent redistribution as NH4-N was studied in initially dry and moist sandy soil. In the initially dry soil, when water was applied immediately after addition of urea, the urea moved along with the water front but it lagged behind the water front in initially moist soil. The depth of urea movement increased with increase in the amount of water applied and was more in initially moist soil. The zone of NH4-N accumulation widened and shifted to lower depths with increase in the amount of water and initial moisture content of soil. The differences in the pattern of urea movement among the different methods of urea application were marginal in air dried soil, however, in initially moist soil the depth of urea movement increased with increasing depth of urea application.

904 Randhawa, N.S. and Singh, R.P. (1983)

Fertiliser management in rainfed areas - available technologies and future needs. Fertiliser News. 28: 17-32

There is a great potential in rainfed areas to contribute significantly to the country's food production. Scientific fertiliser management holds the key in increasing and stabilising productivity of these areas. Almost all these areas are deficient in nitrogen, low to medium in phosphorus and generally adequate in potash at present level of productivity. Therefore, response to N application is very much apparent in rainfed crops. In P deficient soils, full benefit of applied N is not achieved until P deficiency is taken care of. Potash and zinc response have also been observed in some pockets. Use of amendments like lime, paper sludge, etc. also increase the yield of rainfed crops in problematic soils. Maintenance of optimum plant population and proper control of weeds are considered to be very important agronomic practices in increasing production and productivity of these areas. This paper reviews various agronomic and fertiliser management practices on soil group basis. Due emphasis has also been given to various methods of soil and water conservation. The importance of time and methods of fertiliser application to increase fertiliser use efficiency have been highlighted. Some operational research projects under dryland areas indicate tremendous potentially in increasing fertiliser use and consequent increase in crop productivity. The paper also suggests future line of work in dryland areas.

905 Raikhy, N.P., Aggarwal. R.K. and Raina, P. (1985) Performance of pyrite and gypsum as sulphur source in an arid sandy soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 447-449

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of sulphur fertilisation on an arid sandy soil from two sources viz., pyrite and gypsum, on growth and nutrient uptake by cowpea as well as on some soil properties (pH and available P status).

906 Rao, A.V., Kiran Bala and Tarafdar, J.C. (1990) Dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in soil as influenced by the growth of arid-land crops. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 115: 221-225

The distribution of dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and the activities of phosphatases were studied in the rhizosphere of four varieties each of clusterbean, moth bean and pearl millet grown in pots containing soil low in available P. Activities of DHA and phosphatases were greatest at 25 days after sowing and remained constant from 50 days after sowing until crop maturity. Rhizosphere soils showed higher activities than other soils : 26-158% for acid phosphatase, 66-264% for alkaline phosphatase and up to 292% for DHA. Dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the rhizospheres of legumes than in those of pearl millet. In general, the rhizospheres of guar 'HFG314', mung bean 'PDM62', moth bean 'IPCM0344' and pearl millet 'RCB2' had higher activities than those of other varieties of the same species. Acid phosphatase activity was lower than alkaline phosphatase activity and difference between species and varieties were small and non-significant. The results suggest that the higher phosphatase activities in the rhizospheres of some crops may increase P availability and utilisation from arid soils.

907 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1990) Development of antibiotic resistant mutants of (Azospirillum brasilense) by UV irradiation, their performance on various salts and the growth of pearl millet. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 15: 127-135

Azospirillum brasilense (S14) was passed through UV rays and three antibiotic mutant strains (D, G, M) were isolated. Variation in growth, N2-fixation and level of antibiotic resistance were found among the mutant strains. Bicarbonate was found to be the most toxic, followed by sulphates and chlorides. The process of N2-fixation (N2-ase activity) was found to be more sensitive to all the salts tested as compared to growth. Inoculation of pearl millet with the mutant resulted in significant increase in growth and dry matter production. Mutant showed better performance than the parent strain. UV-irradiated mutants of A. brasilense are more effective

than parent strain and strain G (the most effective one) can be used in biofertiliser production.

908 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1992) Seasonal changes in available phosphorus and different enzyme activities in arid soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 185-189

Available P and phosphatases and dehydrogenase activities associated with arid soil were assessed over a 12 month period under crops, grass, trees and fallow land. There were considerable seasonal fluctuations. Generally, maximum enzyme activities as well as available P status were observed during the rainy season in all the soils, while the activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatases and the amount of available P were at minimum during summer months. The soils under crops and trees had significantly higher activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatases and available P than those observed under grass and fallow. Surface soil had significantly higher available P and enzyme activities compared to sub-surface soil. Enzyme activities and available P status in the soil are dependent upon vegetation, temperature and moisture.

909 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1993) Role of VAM fungi in nutrient uptake and growth of clusterbean in an arid soil. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 7: 275-280

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of VAM fungi on growth and nutrient uptake of clusterbean and to elucidate concurrent role of phosphatases in P uptake. Nodulation, N2-ase activity, per cent root infection by VAM fungi, and the number of VAM spores in the rhizosphere increased significantly upon inoculation. There was no change in the activity of acid phosphatase in the mycorrhizosphere, while alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced, indicating that the enzyme increased the availability of P by the breakdown of organic phosphates. An improvement in dry matter production and grain yield of clusterbean upon inoculation with VAM fungi was evident. Inoculation did not influence the uptake of K and Fe but the concentration of P, Zn, Cu and Mn in the mycorrhizal plants was increased.

910 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1983) Microbial ecology of the soils of Indian desert. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 10: 361-369

A comprehensive study on the microbial ecology of the Indian desert soils was carried out. Although different groups of micro-organisms e.g. fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria were present, but in relatively low numbers. There was

considerable variation in numbers from one site to another within the desert as the physico-chemical characters of the soils varied. Actinomycetes formed a high proportion of the total microflora. In the majority of the soils, 80% of the fungal population belonged to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, while Gram-positive spore formers were the dominant group among bacteria. No significant decline in the population of micro-organisms was observed during summer, in spite of high surface soil temperatures. Microbiological properties of these soils also varied depending on the type of land use pattern : grasslands, in general, supported higher numbers of micro-organisms than tree plantations, cultivated fields of barren land. Stabilisation of shifting sand dunes by the introduction of vegetation has markedly increased the soil microflora. In general the low organic matter content and poor moisture availability of desert soils were the major factors limiting optimum microbial activity.

911 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1983) Pattern of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in moth bean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 1035-1038

A fast-growing Rhizobium isolated from moth bean could nodulate green gram, siratro, cowpea and clusterbean. The nodules, mostly present on the tap root, were spherical and few. Maximum nodulation and nitrogen fixation occurred in the 4th week and then declined. Moth bean showed varied response to inoculation with different strains of Rhizobium and the maximum increase in dry matter and grain yield was obtained with JMT-2D, a strain reisolated from the plants inoculated with the original strain JMT-2 and repeatedly subjected to water stress.

912 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1985) Most probable numbers of Azospirillum associated with the roots of inoculated pearl millet. Plant and Soil. 88: 153-158

Inoculation of pearl millet with Azospirillum significantly increased the numbers of this organism in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, washed and crushed roots and surface sterilised and crushed roots. The maximum number of organisms plant-1 were localised in the rhizosphere. The numbers of Azospirillum on the roots of inoculated plants grown under sterilised conditions were much higher than in the field grown plants. In both cases populations outside the roots were higher than in the surface sterilised roots. The highest number per unit root weight were recorded between 60-75 days of growth. N2-ase activity throughout the growth cycle was very low and was not related to the populations of Azospirillum on the roots. Root

exudates and extracts of pearl millet showed a stimulatory effect on the growth of Azospirillum suggesting their possible involvement in the colonisation of this organism on the roots of inoculated plants.

913 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1985) Salt tolerance of Azospirillum brasilense. Acta Microbiologica Hungarica. 32: 221-224

The effect of various salts on the growth and N2-ase activity of Azospirillum brasilense was tested. Bicarbonate was found to be the most toxic, followed by chlorides and sulphates. Tolerance of A. brasilense to these salts was comparable to that of many species of Rhizobium. SO4 was stimulatory to growth and N2-ase activity up to 40 meq. The process of N2-fixation (N2-ase activity) was found to be more sensitive to all the salts tested as compared to growth.

914 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1986)

Influence of seed exudates of graminaceous plants on Azospirillum brasilense. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 26: 235-238

Seed exudates of Cenchrus ciliaris, Lasiurus sindicus and Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke contained physiologically active compounds like sugars, amino acids and organic acids. There were quantitative differences in the exudation among the plant species with the exudates from grass seeds containing higher amounts of organic carbon, reducing sugars, total and amino nitrogen. The growth of Azospirillum was stimulated with increasing concentration of seed exudates of all the plant species but the stimulation was not directly proportional to the concentration of seed exudates. However the nitrogenase activity increased at low concentrations but levelled off at the higher concentration. The importance of these results in the seed inoculation of graminaceous plants with Azospirillum is discussed.

915 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1987) Nitrogenase activity of pearl millet - Azospirillum association in relation to the availability of organic carbon in the root exudates. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 97: 33-37

There were significant differences in the amount of organic carbon exuded by the roots of different pearl millet varieties. The nitrogenase activity of the axenically grown pearl millet varieties inoculated with Azospirillum was related to the quantity of organic carbon released by their roots. However, the amount of exudate was found to be inadequate for the optimum expression of N2-ase activity

which was considerably enhanced following the addition of carbon source. The stimulation of activity varied with the type of a carbon source and was related to preference shown by the organism for its growth in vitro. There was no significant change in the total plant dry weight following the addition of carbon to the root zone but there was a marginal reduction in the root growth and root/shoot ratio.

916 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1988) Seeds of graminaceous plants as carriers of Azospirillum. Current Science. 57: 257-258

The continuity of the association between this organism and graminaceous plants is maintained by a process of cyclic infection from seed-plant-seed. Further the occurrence of Azospirillum only in the seeds of graminaceous plants and not others, might be one of the main reasons for the close association of this bacterium with graminaceous plants.

917 Rao, A.V., Venkateswarlu, B. and Henry, A. (1984) Genetic variation in nodulation and nitrogenase activity in guar and moth. Indian Journal of Genetics and plant Breeding. 44: 425-428

The nodulation and nitrogenase of 17 varieties of guar and 16 of moth were studied under field conditions. FS-227 in guar and Jodhpur local in moth were found to be the best N2-fixing varieties. No apparent relation was observed between nodulation, nitrogen fixing ability and the grain yield in both these legumes.

918 Rao, A.V., Tarafdar, J.C., Sharma, S.K., Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1995) Influence of cropping systems on soil biochemical properties in an arid rain-fed environment. Journal of Arid Environments. 31: 237-244

The effect of eight crop rotations was studied for 3 years (1990-92) on enzyme activities, nitrifying bacteria, VAM spores organic matter, NO3-N and available-P, on loamy-sand soil under desert conditions. Inclusion of the legume crops, clusterbean or mung bean in the rotation had a beneficial effect on these parameters over fallow-pearl millet, resulting in a significant increase in pearl millet production. Continuous clusterbean for 3 years in rotation gave the maximum increase in soil organic matter, NO3-N, available P and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, nitrogenase) over continuous pearl millet while the trend was reversed for the nitrifying bacteria and VAM spores population. In

general, the effect on soil biochemical properties was greater in surface soil (0-15 cm) than subsoil. However, the build up of VAM spores was greater in subsoil. The results demonstrate that in arid sandy soils, in order to improve soil quality, legumes, particularly clusterbean, should appear for more than 1 year successively in legume-cereal rotations.

919 Sancheti, A.K. and Saxena, S.N. (1972)

Effect of plant growth on the transformation of inorganic phosphorus in soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 51-54

It was found that soils were rich in calcium phosphate content. Soils after superphosphate addition showed decrease in aluminium bound phosphorus and increase in iron bound phosphorus after crop growth. Correlation studies indicated that plants mainly derive their phosphorus from aluminium bound phosphorus.

920 Shah, H.C. and Mehta, B.V. (1959) Magnesium - phosphorus - crude fat inter-relationships in seeds of pearl millet. Soil Science. 87: 320-324

Pearl millet seed samples were analysed for magnesium, phosphorus, and crude fat contents, and their inter - relationships were worked out by regression analysis. Calcium and potassium contents were also determined. Ca and Mg in the seeds of pearl millet were inversely related, and Mg was present in amounts higher than those of Ca . Of the three mineral elements Mg, P and K believed to be associated with the formation of the crude fats in plants. Only Mg had a direct and significant role in crude fat formation. The percentage of crude fat was higher with higher Mg contents and lower with lower Mg contents.

921 Sharma, B.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989) Effect of rate and source of nitrogen and moisture content of soil on ammonia volatilisation from sandy soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 37: 665-669

A series of experiments were conducted on sandy soils under laboratory conditions to measure ammonia volatilisation losses as affected by rate of N application, modified forms of urea, source of nitrogen and moisture content of soil. Ammonia volatilisation losses increased with increase in the rate of N application. Ammonia losses were drastically reduced when urea was blended or coated with neem cake (13.2%), neem oil (11.2%) and shellac losses (9.1%). The higher ratio of FYM than urea suppressed the ammonia volatilisation losses in arid soils. Moderately moist soils (25 and 50%

FC) showed higher N losses as compared with sufficiently moist soils (75 and 100% FC) and relatively dry soils (25% FC).

922 Sharma, B.M., Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1989) Water retention and nutrient availability in a fly ash amended desert sandy soil : a study in vitro. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 4: 53-58

Fly ash collected from two sources, that is, directly from an electric precipitator and an old deposit, were mixed with soil each at 0, 8, and 15% and maintained moisture at 50% field capacity and analysed after one month. Addition of fly ash resulted in a considerable improvement in available water holding capacity and a marginal increase in available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu of the sandy soil. Adsorption maxima of phosphates increased while the bonding energy constant decreased due to addition of fly ash. Fly ash collected directly from the electric precipitator was more effective in improving the moisture retention capacity and available nutrient status of the sandy soil.

923 Shende, N.K. and Sen, S. (1958) Phosphate manuring of legumes. VIII manuring of guar with phosphate and micro-nutrients and its effect on physical and chemical properties of soil. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 3: 89-98

Studies on fertility building of guar was done when different cultural practices were followed. The phosphate and micro-nutrients like boron and molybdenum increased the green matter yield by 31%. The application of phosphate to guar crop improved the nutritive value of the guar. Soil aggregates were formed significantly higher in manured plots.

924 Singh, P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1979) Effect of zinc and phosphatic fertilisers on the incidence of downymildew and the nutrient contents in pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 459-62

Application of Zn had a significant and positive effect on the control of the downy mildew, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, in `HB 3' pearl millet. The effective level of Zn was 15 kg when the disease incidence was less than 45% and 30 kg when it was more. The incidence of the disease had a negative correlation with the Zn content in the grain and a positive correlation with the P content in the straw. The antagonistic effect of P on the concentration of Zn was more pronounced than that of Zn on P.

925 Singh, R. and Joshi, M.C. (1982) Studies on decomposition of root and litter materials in sand dune regions at Narhar near Pilani, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 157-161

In the present study, temperature and moisture have been found critical environmental factors for high rates of decomposition in afforested dune area, non-afforested dune area, and enclosure (sandy plain). Root decomposition was found maximum (52.34%) in October and minimum (13.97%) in January on afforested area. However, maximum decomposition for root materials was found in October on all the sites. The litter decomposition was found maximum (55.46%, 47.64% and 52.60% on afforested, non-afforested and enclosure, respectively) in August during rainy season.

926 Singh, S.D. (1977) Effects of rhizobia inoculation on nodulation and yield of moong [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 79-84

A small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus promotes nodulation profusely during the normal period of branching and flower primordial initiation. This may be the possible reason for the highest number of riped pods on inoculated control plant. Through a such gain in important yield contributing character, inoculated control crop gave 51 per cent higher yield than uninoculated control. For a nominal inoculation cost of Rs. 8 ha-1, such yield gains are bound to grip the attention of farmers. Yield gain of this magnitude could not be obtained either from 20 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, or 30 kg ha-1 of phosphorus, or the two applied together. As far these data show, rhizobia inoculation alone obviated the need for fertiliser nitrogen and phosphorus in moong crop to be grown under natural rainfall conditions.

927 Sinha, K. and Ramakrishna, K. (1996)

Variation among promising genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenun graecum Linn.) for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 331-334

A study was conducted on eleven high yielding varieties of fenugreek along with a local variety to evaluate their symbiotic potential with five local Rhizobium meliloti isolates under controlled conditions. Significant differences were observed among the host genotypes and rhizobial isolates in respect of six symbiotic traits studied on plants cultured for 33 days. Interaction between the host and rhizobia was also significant for all the traits. On the basis of plant nitrogen content, isolate FR 3 and FR 9 were found superior. Host genotype UM 117 was generally a superior symbiotic partner.

928 Tarafdar, J.C. and Praveen-Kumar. (1996)

The role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on crop, tree and grasses grown in an arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments. 34 : 197-203

In the arid region of western Rajasthan, India, the effect of different vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) were studied on trees (Prosopis juliflora), grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and crops (Vigna aconitifolias) under field conditions. Plants were grown in poor fertility sandy soil with a low indigenous VAMF population. After 8 weeks of growth, per cent root infection increased by 2.9 folds in inoculated plants. At maturity of crop and after 1 year growth of grass and trees, shoot biomass, N, P, K, Zn and Cu concentrations were significantly improved in all cases of inoculated plants, although Mn concentration decreased significantly. In general, the effect was most pronounced in tree and Glomus fasciculatum was found to be the most effective VAMF. Increased uptake of nutrients by plants with VAMF under field conditions may be a general phenomenon which would have important implications for elemental composition of plants.

929 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1990) Effect of manures and fertilisers on dehydrogenase and phosphatases in the rhizosphere of arid crops. Polish Journal of Soil Science. 23: 189-193

Effect of manures (cow dung and goat manure) and chemical fertilisers on phosphatases (acid and alkaline) and dehydrogenase in the rhizosphere of arid crops has been studied. Although acid phosphatase activity was not affected much with the application of manures and fertilisers, significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity was observed. In general, effect of fertilisers was more than manures. Among the manures, cow dung showed slightly better than goat manure. Plant P uptake and dry matter yield are found to be strongly correlated with the phosphatase activity in rhizosphere of different crops.

930 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1996) Contribution of Aspergillus strains to acquisition of phosphorus by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) grown in a loamy sandy soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 3: 109-114

The efficiency of different Aspergillus strains in arid soils was studied in pot experiments to evaluate the effects of these fungi on the enhancement of rhizosphere enzyme activities, P uptake by plants, available P status in the soil, dry matter production and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chick pea (Cicer

arietinum Linn.). In wheat, significant increase in phosphatase (acid and alkaline) and dehydrogenase activities were observed upon soil inoculation and in chick pea there was also an increase in nitrogenase activity. Inoculation significantly improved dry matter and grain yield in both crops and decreased the shoot : root ratio. In general, there was a significant improvement in P uptake by plants and crops and extractable P status in the soil. Aspergillus niger was found to be least effective relative to the other fungi. The experiment showed that Aspergillus strains significantly increased the P uptake and biomass yield of wheat and chick pea.

931 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1997) Response of arid legumes to VAM fungal inoculation. Symbiosis. 22: 265-274

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on growth and nutrient uptake of the drought-hardy legumes, clusterbean, mung bean and moth bean. Nodulation, nitrogenase activity, percent root infection by VAM fungi, and the number of VAM spores in the soil were increased significantly upon inoculation. Phosphatase activity was enhanced significantly due to VAM inoculation. An improvement in dry matter production (20 to 38%) and grain yield (15 to 22%) upon inoculation was obtained. Concentrations of N, P, Cu and Zn in the shoot were found to be significantly higher in inoculated plants. However, in general, concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe and Mn remained unaffected. From the results, a positive interaction between Rhizobium and VAM fungi is evident under arid field conditions. All the legumes showed similar effects upon inoculation with Glomus mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum.

932 Tarafdar, J.C., Chatrath, R. and Kiran Bala. (1991) Role of phosphate solubilising bacteria in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) rhizosphere as affected by genotypes in arid soils. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 129-137

The influence of inoculation with phosphate solubilising bacteria (Pseudomonas striata or Bacillus polymyxa) on pearl millet growth. P uptake, available soil P status and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere as studied under field conditions. The establishment of phosphobacteria in the rhizosphere varies among the genotypes. In general, 64.4% increase in P. striata and 71.2% increase in B. polymyxa population were observed after 5 weeks of growth. The fungal population declined by 20% whereas bacterial population increased by 40% due to inoculation. The genotypes showed negligible change in phosphatase activity. Increase in available P in

rhizosphere soil was observed. P uptake and dry matter yield were increased by 16.2 and 20% respectively. The phosphate solubilising bacteria are effective in pearl millet for utilisation of native phosphorus in arid soils.

933 Tarafdar, J.C., Kiran Bala and Rao, A.V. (1989) Phosphatase activity and distribution of phosphorus in arid soil profiles under different land use patterns. Journal of Arid Environments. 16: 29-34

Significant increase in acid phosphatase activity was found below 45-cm depth under vegetation, whereas a gradual decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity with depth was noticed under all types of land use. Increases were observed in fungi under trees and in actinomycetes under crops. Surface soil (0-15 cm) had significantly higher available phosphorus. The available phosphorus content of the soil varies from 15 to 28 kg P ha-1, depending upon the pattern of land use, while that of organic phosphorus is 96-110 kg P ha-1 (i.e. about 15-20% of total phosphorus). In general, a decreasing trend in organic phosphorus was observed in the soil profiles. Phosphatases were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic matter, available and organic phosphorus, and microbial populations.

934 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Kiran Bala. (1988) Production of phosphatates by fungi isolated from desert soils. Folia Microbiology. 33: 453-457

Twelve fungal cultures isolated from Indian desert soils belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Acrophialophora and Alternaria were found to produce both acid and alkaline phosphatases in liquid medium, and their amounts varied from culture to culture. Maximum production of these enzymes was observed with A. niger. In general, acid phosphatase activity was much higher as compared to alkaline phosphatase. The optimum incubation period for the production of these enzymes was found to be 14 days and thereafter started declining. There was a significant and positive correlation between biomass production and acid phosphatase activity but not with alkaline phosphatase.

935 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Praveen-Kumar. (1992) Effects of different phosphatase-producing fungi on growth and nutrition of mung beans [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in an arid soil. Biology and Fertility of Soil. 13: 35-38

The efficiency of different phosphatase-producing fungi in arid soils was studied in pot experiments in order to evaluate the effect of these organisms on the enhancement of rhizosphere enzyme activities, the uptake of different nutrients, dry matter production and grain yields of mung bean. A significant increase in phosphatases, nitrogenase, and dehydrogenase activities was observed upon inoculation. Inoculation with phosphatase-producing fungi significantly increased dry matter production and grain yield compared with uninoculated controls. In general, there was a significant improvement in the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn while no effect on Na, Mn and Cu was recorded. A significant positive correlation was observed between the activities of various enzymes in the rhizosphere on the one hand and N and P uptake, dry matter production, and grain yields of the mung bean on the other. Aspergillus rugulosus was the best phosphatase-producing fungi that were tested, followed by A. terreus. Phosphatase-producing fungi have a significant effect on growth and nutrient uptake in mung bean and indicated that these fungi are particularly important in arid soils.

936 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Praveen-Kumar. (1995) Role of phosphatase-producing fungi on the growth and nutrition of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Journal of Arid Environments. 29: 331-337

The efficiency of different phosphatase-producing fungi (PPF) in arid soils (loamy sand) was studied in pot experiments in order to evaluate the effect of these fungi on the enhancement of rhizosphere enzyme activities, the uptake of different nutrients, dry matter production and grain yield of the clusterbean. A significant increase in phosphatases, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activities was observed. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were most affected upon inoculation. Inoculation significantly improved the dry matter production, grain yield, number and dry weight of nodules and decreased shoot:root ratio. In general, there was a significant enhancement in the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn while no effect on Mn with the inoculation of any PPF on clusterbean. A significant improvement in K concentration due to inoculation of A. fumigatus and Cu concentration with the inoculation of A. rugulosus and A. terreus were noted. A. rugulosus was found to be the best among PPF tested followed by A. fumigatus. The experiment confirmed that PPF have a significant effect on growth and nutrient uptake in the clusterbean and indicated the importance of these fungi on its production in an arid soil.

937 Trivedi, B.S., Patel, K.G. and Patel, L.K. (1996)

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on sorghum varieties grown in semi-rabi conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 129-132

The effect of 0-0, 40-8.6, 60-17.2 and 80-17.2 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels on sorghum varieties GJ-36, GJ-9, Swati and GSH-1 under stored moisture conditions during semi-rabi season was studied. Increased grain and stover yields, total N and P uptake and consumptive water use and water-use efficiency (WUE) were recorded with increasing N and P levels for all varieties. GJ-9 was the best due to its highest yield, lowest consumptive water use and highest WUE at the 80 N-17.2 P kg ha-1 level.

938 Venkateswarlu, B. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980) Influence of different management practices on micro-organisms of a desertic soil. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 20: 149-151

In view of the sparse above ground vegetation and low organic matter content of the desertic soil, it is of importance to know the distribution of various groups of micro organisms in these soils. Studies conducted in other desertic regions of the indicated that the nature of vegetation can influence the microbial activities. However, no information is available on microbial populations from Indian desert and their change in response to different management practices like silvipastural systems which have undertaken for soil conservation.

939 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1983) Response of pearl millet to inoculation with different strains of Azospirillum brasilense. Plant and Soil. 74: 379-386

Inoculation of pearl millet with A. brasilense resulted in significant increase in growth and dry matter both under sterilised and unsterilised conditions. There was a marked stimulation of root growth and increase in the number of lateral roots and root hairs. Nitrogenase activity of the roots was very low and did not support the increase in plant growth due to inoculation. Significant differences in plant growth were observed among the strains of A. brasilense and the most effective strain was S14, an isolate from Cyanodon dactylon. Strains which caused maximum increase in plant growth in all the experiments showed lower specific nitrogenase activity and total N2-fixation in the laboratory but produced higher quantities of auxins in the culture filtrates.

940 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1983) Use of reducing compounds in the cultivation of Azospirillum sp. Acta Microbiologica Hungarica. 30: 99-102

Attempts were made to grow the micro-aerophilic N2-fixing bacterium Azospirillum sp. in complete liquid medium by incorporating some reducing agents. Ascorbic acid, glutathione and Na-thioglycollate stimulated while methylene blue inhibited the growth and N2-ase activity. In complete liquid medium, Na-thioglycollate and ascorbic acid increased the N2-ase activity with increasing concentration upto 800 ppm. With glutathione, growth of the bacterium was increased markedly but N2-ase activity was repressed below 200 ppm. The possibility of employing these compounds for the cultivation of Azospirillum in complete liquid medium seems to be indicated.

941 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1985) Interactions between the root exudates of pearl millet and Azospirillum brasilense. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 95: 237-245

Root exudates of different pearl millet varieties showed quantitative differences in organic carbon, reducing sugars, total and amino acids. The growth and nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum were stimulated by the addition of root exudates in the culture medium. Root exudates were also found to support the growth of Azospirillum in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with Azospirillum significantly enhanced the root exudation in axenically grown pearl millet plants accompanied by an increase in the permeability of roots. N2-ase activity of the inoculated plants differed among the varieties and was related to the amount of organic carbon released in the exudates. Addition of extraneous carbon source significantly increased the nitrogenase activity of the roots as the carbon compounds provided by the root exudates appear to be inadequate for the optimum expression of nitrogenase activity. The implications of these results in the pearl millet - Azospirillum association were discussed.

942 Venkateswarlu, B., Raikhy, N.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1982)

Effect of inoculation and cobalt application on nodulation and nitrogen uptake in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 550-51

The application of cobalt to the soil has been found beneficial for improving nodulation and nitrogen fixation in guar and the effect was more in the presence of seed inoculation with Rhizobium.

943 Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982)

Symbiotic performance of rhizobial strains on guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) grown in a desertic soil. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology. 18: 9-14

A field experiment was conducted to study the symbiotic performance of three rhizobial strains on 4 varieties of guar in terms of nodulation and dry matter production. About eight fold increase in N2-ase activity was recorded in the inoculated plants over the control. Compatibility of the rhizobial strains within the varieties varied. From the symbiotic performance values the strain JG-5 was found to be more compatible with all the varieties as compared to other two strains.

944 Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Raina, P. (1984)

Evaluation of phosphorus solubilisation by micro-organisms isolated from aridisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 32: 273-277

The population of phosphate solubilising micro-organisms was generally low in desertic soils (Aridisols) possibly due to the low level of organic matter and high temperature regime. Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas flourescens, Penicillum pinophillum and Aspergillus niger were some of the predominant phosphorus solubilizers found in majority of the soils. In vitro evaluation of these cultures indicated that fungi were more efficient than bacteria in phosphorus solubilisation. Phosphorus release by all the organisms was associated with the production of organic acids like lactic, glycollic and succinic in the medium. The solubilising effect of A. niger was progressively enhanced by increasing glucose concentration (0.5 to 2.0%) in the medium, but with rock phosphate such enhancement was not observed beyond 0.25%.

945 Venkateswarlu, B., Kaul, P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1981) Nodulation and nitrogen uptake patterns of selected grain legumes in desertic soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 235-240

Wide variations in nodulation and nitrogen uptake have been observed in moong, guar, moth and cowpea, grown in desertic loamy sand soil. Differences in this regard, between the varieties of a legume, however, were not so marked. Guar and moth exhibited relatively poor nodulation as compared to cowpea and moong. Host factors like root growth pattern rather than the soil rhizobial population, seemed to have a direct influence on the nodulation patterns. The time course of nodulation during different growth stages of these legumes showed distinctive patterns.

946 Venkobarao, K., Nair, P.K., Prabhanjan Rao, S.B. and Chattopadhyay, S. (1967) Ineffectiveness of farm yard manure in improving soil aggregation in black soils of Bellary. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 138-145

Application of 12,000 kg ha-1 over a period of 6 years of well rotten farm yard manure neither increased the yield of jowar cotton nor improved soil aggregation in the black soils of Bellary area. Under laboratory conditions, even an application of 50,000 kg ha-1 of well rotten farm yard manure did not improve aggregation. Possible reasons for lack of crop response and soil aggregation are discussed.

Rain Water 947 Abraham, M. and Iyengar, E.R.R. (1976)

Effect of amendments to sand to increase the moisture level for the growth of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides S & H) under salinity stress. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 10: 115-121

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of amendments (vermiculite and FYM) to sand on the growth and ion accumulation in bajra grown with tap water and diluted sea water of 20,000 ppm. Application of vermiculite and FYM increased the moisture content in the substrate compared to only sand without such amendments. Growth of bajra was improved in the salinity treatments when the sand contained FYM singly or in combination with vermiculite. But accumulation of minerals in different plant parts was higher when irrigated with sea water and the effect was more pronounced in the treatment with vermiculite and FYM combination to sand.

948 Bhaskar, K.S. (1985) Effect of straw mulch and anti-transpirant on growth and yield of sorghum (SPV-233) - A note. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 171-174

Significantly higher grain and stover yields were recorded in mulch + anti-transpirant (kaoline) treatment followed by mulch treatment. Maximum gross income was also obtained for mulch + kaoline treatment.

949 Daulay, H.S., Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1979) Effect of different mulches on yield and moisture use of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 108-115

Application of bajra husk and polyethylene mulch gave 25% higher grain yield over control. Crop grown in the mulched plots exhibited higher moisture use efficiency over the unmulched control. Besides the mulches were found effective in modifying thermal and moisture regimes conducive to growth and development of pearl millet. When

the rainfall distribution was uniform, mulches did not show any advantage. Bajra husk in general was found to be the cheapest.

950 Gupta, J.P. (1978) Evaporation from a sandy soil under mulches. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 287-290

In a sandy soil also, mulches play an important role in checking evaporation. Polyethylene has been found to be the most effective followed by organic and rubble mulches in conserving soil moisture.

951 Gupta, J.P. (1980) Effects of mulches on moisture and thermal regimes of soil and yield of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 132-138

Throughout the growth period mean maximum soil temperature was under higher polyethylene and lower under bajra husk mulch in comparison to control. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth was higher by 1 to 3° C under polyethylene and lower by 2 to 4° C under bajra husk. A significant decrease in temperature with depth was noticed under polyethylene while there were minor changes under bajra husk. Maximum grain yield of pearl millet was obtained from soil under polyethylene followed by bajra husk and control with water use efficiency of 10.4, 8.5 and 6.0 kg mm-1 ha-1 , respectively.

952 Gupta, J.P. (1985) Improvement of soil physical environment for increased crop production. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 46-54

Soil preparation with conventional tillage (3 disking) and reduced tillage (one disking) and post sowing compression of seeded rows with an iron roller of 10 kg weight provided favourable environment for faster seed germination, seedling emergence of mustard and the yield of pearl millet grown in kharif season. During summer season the use of light and frequent irrigations of 30 mm at E=30 mm were found highly useful in increasing the yield of tomato and okra crops. The application of pearl millet straw as mulch at the rate of 6 t ha-1 lowered the maximum day time temperature (measured at 2 P.M.) by 3-8° C, increased the soil moisture status by reducing the evaporation from soil and thus markedly increased the yield of these vegetable crops. Drip system of irrigation was also found to be highly useful to improving soil environment and increasing the production of potato crop grown in winter and cucurbits grown in summer. Application of pond sediments at the rate of 76 t ha-1 and the use of farmyard manure (8 t ha-1) alongwith urea optimised soil physical environment and increased the production of pearl millet and green gram by 30% to 50% more than the control. These

techniques could, therefore, be used for improving soil environment and achieving higher and sustained crop production.

953 Gupta, J.P. (1986) Moisture and thermal regimes of the desert soils of Rajasthan, India and their management for higher plant production. Hydrological Sciences. 31: 347-359

During the high rainfall water percolated down a 900 mm soil profile at Palsana, leading thereby to low moisture regimes and a moisture utilisation by the grass vegetation of only 276-294 mm. Wide variations in diurnal soil temperatures ranging from 28° C to 56° C at the surface and from 33°C to 37°C at 300 mm depth were observed at Jodhpur leading thereby to downward movement of moisture time (0400 h). The moisture movement was predominantly in the vapour phase as observed by higher values of thermal vapour diffusivity. The monthly variations in soil temperature controlled the movement of moisture which was observed by the increase in the profile moisture storage during the winter month of December at Beechwal and Palsana. An integration of management techniques such as a sub-surface moisture barrier of pond sediments, water harvesting, and the use of pond sediments and farmyard manure, increased the initial moisture storage of the 600 mm soil profile from 73 to 91 mm. It also significantly increased the height, canopy diameter and dry matter production of pruned material of Acacia tortilis tree seedlings from 980 to 1750 mm, from 594 to 1100 mm, and from 40.6 to 123.5 g respectively.

954 Gupta, J.P. (1987) Effect of tillage and mulch on soil and the growth and yield of cowpea grown in the arid tropics. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 1: 161-172

To conserve soil, to save petroleum, and to improve the physical environment, soils should be minimally tilled for crop production. Our understanding of the tillage effects on light textured soils of the arid tropics for crop production is limited. Studies were conducted from 1982 to 1984 to find out the effect of tillage and surface mulching of loamy sand soil on physical properties, growth, and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. FS-68) grown in arid western Rajasthan, India. Reduced soil tillage (one disking with a disk harrow) for three years significantly increased the final organic matter content decreased the moisture retention, soil bulk density, soil strength and steady state infiltration rate. There were, however, marginal differences between reduced and excessive tillage (three disking). Under all the tillage conditions, mulching the inter row spaces with native weeds (6 t ha-1) increased the organic matter,

infiltration rate, moisture retention and decreased the bulk density, soil strength and maximum temperature at 10 cm depth. Tillage increased the grain yield (mean of 1983 and 1984) from 8.2 to 12.3 q ha-1. There was, however, no significant difference in yield obtained from reduced and excessive tillage treatments. Mulching significantly increased the grain yield from 50 to 150% with no tillage, 25 to 45% with reduced tillage and 25 to 40% with excessive tillage with lower water use and higher water use efficiency.

955 Gupta, J.P. (1989) Integrated effect of water harvesting, manuring and mulching on soil properties, growth and yield of crops in pearl millet mung bean rotation. Tropical Agriculture. 66: 233-234

Field trials were conducted for three years (1982-1984) to evaluate the integrated effect of water harvesting, manuring and mulching on soil properties, growth and yield of pearl millet and mung bean. Continuous crop production using water harvesting along with manuring and mulching significantly increased organic matter content of the soil, steady state infiltration rate, moisture retention in soil. As a result of this there was an increase in soil moisture storage and a reduction in maximum temperature up to 6-7° C during the crop growth period and thus significantly increased the growth and yield of mung bean and pearl millet.

956 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980) Effect of asphalt sub-surface moisture barrier on water characteristics and productivity of sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 445-450

Asphalt moisture barrier helped in more water retention and efficient utilisation of applied N fertiliser resulting in higher grain yield and dry matter production of bajra. Its use can be more profitable for cash crops like vegetables, sugarbeet etc. Water use efficiency can be enhanced significantly by the use of asphalt barrier.

957 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980) Soil physical properties and nitrogen mineralisation as affected by bentonite clay and pond sediment amendments. Agrochimica. 21: 416-423

The result of a laboratory study to find out the effect of the addition of bentonite clay and pond sediment on physical properties and mineralisation of nitrogen showed improvement in moisture retention characteristics at 1/10th and 15 bars tension and also the available water capacity of the modified soils. Hydraulic conductivity and bulk density was found to decrease while total

porosity and dry aggregates > 0.25 nm increased. Total mineralised nitrogen (NO3 + NH4) was also found to increase with increase in addition of amendments particularly pond sediment and also period of incubation. However, increase was more with the addition of pond sediment than with bentonite clay.

958 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980) Use of an asphalt sub-surface barrier for improving the productivity of desert sandy soils. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 215-222

Field studies were conducted during 1974-80 to determine the effect of an asphalt sub-surface barrier 2 mm thick at a depth of 60 cm on crop production, water and nitrogen conservation. The results showed 100 per cent increase in moisture and nitrogen retention. This led to an average increase in the production of pearl millet by 40-60 per cent.

959 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.K. (1986) Effect of tillage and mulching on soil environment and cowpea seedling growth under arid conditions. Soil and Tillage Research. 7: 233-240

One disking and three disking with a disc harrow up to 15-cm depth improved the soil environment and increased the final seedling emergence count, but did not affect the population of Macrophomina phaseolina in soil. Disking also increased plant growth and markedly reduced seedling mortality. Placement of weed mulch in-between the crop rows at the rate of 6 t ha-1 along with disking treatments significantly increased the mean moisture status of the 15-cm soil depth, significantly decreased the mean maximum temperature of the 10-cm depth by 3.9° C and thus increased plant growth and dry matter production. Mulching also markedly reduced the population of M. phaseolina and the mortality of the cowpea seedlings.

960 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1983) Effect of grass mulching on growth and yield of legumes. Agriculture Water Management. 6: 375-383

With increasing amounts of grass mulch there was a decrease in maximum soil temperature and an increase in root growth, nodulation, shoot growth and plant water status, particularly during periods of moisture stress. Mulching reduced weed population and weed growth. At 9 t ha-1 of mulch there was an increase of 200% in the average production of green gram, dew gram and cluster bean. Though there were no significant differences in water use by the crop, water use efficiency was generally higher in mulched plots.

Waste grass therefore can be used favourably as mulching material for increasing crop production.

961 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1985) Effect of mulches on hydro-thermal environment of soil and crop production in arid western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 131-142

The application of grass mulch at the rate of 6 t ha-1 decreased maximum temperature of the soil by 1 to 9° C, reduced evaporation loss and increased emergence of the pearl millet during the hot month of June. During kharif, the magnitude of temperature reduction however, narrowed down to 1-6° C : polyethylene mulch, on the contrary, raised it by 1 to 3° C. The mulches also suppressed weed growth improved moisture status of the soil and thus, increased production of the pearl millet and okra Abelmosehus esculentus (L.). With increase in the application rate of grass mulch, there was also reduction in the water status of the soil and plant, and improvement in the root growth and nodulation. Mulch application @ 6 t ha-1 led to 40% increase in production of the green gram over control. these mulches, can, therefore, be used to manipulate the soil environment for increasing crop production under arid conditions.

962 Gupta, J.P. and Rao, A.V. (1989)

Effect of mulching on nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp cylindrica) grown in arid western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 59: 181-182

Mulching increased the height, leaf area and dry matter of green gram and cowpea. Nodulation and N2-ase activity of these crops under mulching were significantly higher compared to that under no mulch. But mulching did not significantly effect the water use but increased the water use efficiency in terms of grain production. Though the cost benefit ratio for mulch was not economically beneficial but it helped to conserve soil and moisture resources increase the overall productivity of the soils.

963 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Kaul, P. (1979)

Effect of the application of pond sediments on soil properties and yield of pearl millet and green gram in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 875-879

In a 2-year field trial, application of pond sediments to a loamy sand soil was found to have increased the moisture-retention

characteristics, available water capacity and wind-stable aggregates and decreased the infiltration rate of the soil. N and organic matter also increased with an increase in the quantity of pond sediments. Pond sediments @ 76 ha-1 increased the moisture retention at 0.3-bar tension, N and organic carbon, resulting in 40-50% increase in the grain yield of 'BJ 104' pearl millet and 'RS 4' green with associated increase in the N uptake, water use and water-use efficiency.

964 Jain, B.L. and Singh, R.P. (1980)

Run-off as influenced by rainfall characteristics, slope and surface treatment of micro-catchments. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 119-125

Minimum threshold values of rainfall for inducing run-off from run-off strips were found to vary between 3 and 5 mm for moist surfaces and 7 to 9 mm for dry surfaces. Total amount of run-off increased linearly with the quantum of rainfall, the run-off fraction of rainfall increasing with the intensity of rainfall. Increase in the slope and surface application of bentonite and tank slit increased the run-off by 5 to 7 per cent. Micro-catchments having 4 per cent slope provided 40 to 70 per cent of rains in run-off and increased available rain water in run-off skips by 50-80 per cent of the total rainfall during the crop seasons.

965 Jain, B.L. and Singh, R.P. (1982)

Crop yields as influenced by run-off and soil moisture storage. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 19-23

Field trials carried out for four consecutive years, 1974 through 1977, at the CAZRI-Regional Research Station, Pali-Marwar revealed that micro-catchments (run-off plots), irrespective of slopes, provided 50 to 80 per cent additional run-off to the cropped strips (run-on plots). Higher yields of the order of 40 to 60 per cent were obtained in the run-on plots over control, besides relatively higher moisture content in the soil profile.

966 Misra, D.K. (1965) Effect of encap mulch on growth of Pennisetum typhoides. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 230-231

Use of emulsion mulch sprayed in 22.8 cm bands along the sides of the roads did not show any beneficial effects on soil moisture conservation as well as on growth attributes of pearl millet.

967 Misra, D.K. and Bhattacharya, B.B. (1963) Effect of bentonite on growth and yield of wheat in arid zone. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 2: 45-49

The application of bentonite increased the water holding capacity both in desert and alluvial soils. In desert soils the water holding capacity showed an increased trend with the increasing doses of bentonite application and the same was of the order of 6.50, 13.02 and 16.27 per cent more in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 per cent bentonite doses. Thus water retention capacity of desert soil and consolidated alluvial soils was enhanced by bentonite application.

968 Oswal, M.C. (1994) Water conservation and dryland crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 95-104

In this paper, the work on rain water conservation, harvesting and its appropriate use in dryland crop production, carried out by various dryland centres located in hot arid and semi-arid regions of India receiving annual rainfall up to 750 mm, has been reviewed. The generated technology of water conservation and its productive use is capable of greatly improving and stabilising dryland crop production. This requires selection of short duration and low water requiring crops/cropping systems, effective moisture conservation measures, establishment of crops under ridge-furrow system and farm pond for harvesting run-off for providing life saving/critical irrigation. Further research is required on refinement of the technology for pond water harvesting and water budgeting under bare and cropped conditions with different crops. For rapid diffusion of the technology costume-hire services for deep tillage, ridge furrow cultivation and recycling of water harvested in farm pond is required.

969 Singh, S.D. (1985) Potentials of water harvesting in the dry regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 9-20

The paper briefly describes basic needs, potential sites, systems design, production potential, and future research and development opportunities of the water harvesting technology. Run-off, for catchment to cultivated area ratio of 0.5, varied from 38 to 68% of the growing season rainfall. Each hectare of the cultivated area thus received 140 to 636 mm of rainfall although the actual rainfall was 117 to 528 mm in different years. As a result, run-off concentration technology facilitated cropping under otherwise too dry a condition for agriculture, lead to increased and stabilised yields, lowered the risk of crop failures and saved production inputs. The total production from two-thirds cropping of a unit area (one-third going to the micro-catchment) by runoff farming was the same as from the conventional cropping under flat surface control.

Irrigation Water

970 Bhaskar, K.S. (1986) Comparative performance of different wheat varieties under saline water irrigation in Marwar tract of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 92-94

Comparative performance of different wheat varieties under saline water irrigations in Marwar tract of Rajasthan has been studied in this paper.

971 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, R.P. (1980) Optimum utilisation of limited water resources of arid lands for efficient crop production. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 203-213

In order to have precise comparison among various crops for their efficiency in utilising limited irrigation water, mean yield and moisture use efficiency data pertaining to treatment combinations involving low water regimes x fertility level in respect of all the crops was converted to money value at the current market price. Among various crops, mustard exhibited the maximum money out turn followed by peas, safflower, barley, wheat and gram. In all the crops, medium fertility level resulted in the highest money out turn, the exception being in case of wheat and safflower where high fertility level resulted in slightly higher money out turn than the medium fertility level.

972 Deo, R. and Ruhal, D.V.S. (1971) Effect of salinity on the yield and quality of Indian rape (Brassica campestris L. Var. sarson Prain) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 134-136

Indian rape was more tolerant to salt than linseed. The yield of rape and linseed decreased significantly at the electrical conductivity of 17.5 and 6.1 mmhos cm-1, respectively. Boron had less effect on rape than on linseed. The percentage of oil decreased, but the iodine value increased with an increase in salinity. Addition of boron decreased the iodine value of linseed.

973 Dhir, R.P. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (1975) Effect of saline water irrigation on chemical composition of Kharchia wheat in farmers' fields. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 20: 215-217

Analysis of plant samples collected from 23 fields, irrigated with saline to highly saline waters containing mainly sodium chloride, showed that though content of sodium increased with increasing salinity or sodium in irrigation water and soil, contents of major

nutrients including calcium and magnesium in plants were unaffected. Phosphorus and potassium contents in plants correlated significantly with the available content of these elements in soil.

974 Dhir, R.P., Bhola, S.N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977) Performance of Kharchia 65 and Kalyan Sona wheat varieties at different levels of water salinity and nitrogenous fertilisers. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 244-248

A microplot experiment was conducted during 1972-73 and 1973-74 in a split plot design with 3 levels of N (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and 4 levels of water salinity (upto 16 mmhos/cm) on a loamy sand under arid environment. 'Kharchia 65' performed better than Kalyan Sona wheat and showed only negligible decrease in yield up to 8 mmhos salinity of irrigation water. The yield data were supported by tiller number, grains ear-1, 1000 grain weight and protein content. There was a response to N application, particularly up to 8 mmhos ECi level.

975 Dubey, D.D., Sharma, O.P. and Khan, S.M. (1985) Release of non-exchangeable sodium from saline water irrigated vertic ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 297-303

Soil irrigated with different SAR waters were repeatedly extracted with normal potassium and magnesium acetates to find the release of non exchangeable sodium and changes in its cationic bond energy during leaching. The release of Na decreased rapidly with progressive extraction. KOAc extracted more sodium than MgOAc but the differences were small to detect significant amounts of non exchangeable Na and zeolite. Quasicrystal formation and differences in hydration state seemed to cause partial immobilisation of sodium in case of MgOAc extraction. The CEC of K-saturated soil was lightly higher than the Mg-saturated one. The ESP determined by using these values differed slightly but correlated significantly with the routine method. Sodium was loosely bound with the clay in soils irrigated with waters having SAR of 19 and more. The binding of sodium increased with repeated extractions. Reclamation of soils irrigated with high SAR water would require more amendment.

976 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1995)

Plant responses to saline sprinkling waters. Current Agriculture. 19: 1-11

Crops sprinkled with saline irrigation waters are potentially subject to additional damage by foliar salt uptake and leaf burn.

Susceptibility to foliar injury depends on leaf characteristics, rate of absorption and concentration of salts (primarily Na and Cl) in the leaves as well as weather conditions and water stress. Deciduous fruit trees are more susceptible. At present guidelines do not exist to correlate the leaf injury with leaf salt concentration and the information on the relative salt tolerance of crops to saline sprinkling water is rather inadequate. Plant response to saline sprinkling waters, the mechanism of foliar salt absorption and the effect to environmental factors on foliar salt injury have been discussed in this review. Based on the available, although limited information, the relative tolerance of crops to saline sprinkling waters has been described and the methods to minimise sprinkling injury have been outlined. It has been suggested that larger and less frequent irrigations be practised to reduce the foliar salt damage and irrigation should be done during night hours when the evaporation and wind velocity are low.

977 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984) Effect of saline waters on pearl millet under drought. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 41-45

A study on the influence of saline waters (Composition similar to local ground waters) at the critical pre-flowering stage of pearl millet (cv. BJ-104), under drought and undrought conditions, revealed that a significantly higher dry matter production and grain yield can be achieved if the water stress is avoided through irrigation with sub-standard waters (160 me l-1). The derangements in the levels of a number of leaf metabolites, induced by water stress, were not normalised even seven days after irrigation with saline waters. Notwithstanding the increasing adverse effects found in most cases with higher salt concentration, metabolic derangements were far less where drought was avoided through saline water irrigation.

978 Gill, K.S. (1988) Stage dependent differential effect of saline water irrigation on grain yield and chemical composition of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 210-212

Saline water irrigation at vegetative growth stage caused severe reduction in grain (100%) and straw yield (59.4%) of `P9' pearl millet at electrical conductivity 10.6 dS m-1 onwards. The reduction was less at flowering and grain-filling stage due to lesser Na and greater K uptake with advancement in growth stage.

979 Goyal, R.S. (1984)

Modification in soil properties due to siliceous irrigation water use. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 32: 781-783

Irrigation with siliceous waters increased the cation exchange capacity of soils and also modified other properties due to high silica potential favourable for the formation of mont-morillonite. Large amounts of silica added through irrigation which may be of the order of 2 q ha-1 per year not only retard soil profile development but also put it in reverse gear, in terms of weathering time, especially under existing climatic features of low rainfall. Six irrigations given with water containing 75 ppm silica increased ESP of the soil from 2.4 to 21.8 and pH from 7.8 to 9.4.

980 Goyal, R.S. (1984) Sieving of ground water silica by soils. Journal of the Indian Society Soil Science. 32: 353-357

The depletion of silica increased with the rise in pH of the soil leachate. There was consistent trend of silica retention by non-saline soil behaving like a sieve. The composition of soil extract indicated similar content of silica irrespective of its original concentration in the extracting water. The amount of silica adsorbed per unit mass of soil decreased with the narrowing of soil to solution ratio. Saline soil exhibited higher affinity to silica adsorption, however, unirrigated non-saline soil generally indicated a steady state retention behaviour. The interaction of other chemical constituents of siliceous saline water with soil indicated sodification due to decrease and increase sodium and calcium concentration, respectively in the leachates whereas magnesium behaved indifferently. Silica again was sieved off from original content of 53.5 µg ml-1 to a steady state concentration level of about 11.5 µg ml-

1 in the leachates.

981 Goyal, R.S. (1985) Effect of irrigation with saline ground water containing silica on crust formation in arid zone soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 235-242

Underground waters of western Rajasthan very often contain high amounts of dissolved silica. The average concentration of silica in waters from alluvium, phyllite and granite rock formation was 31.2, 20.3 and 31.8 ppm, respectively and the samples from phylitic rocks were most saline. The dissolved silica was adsorbed almost instantaneously on both fine and coarse textured soils and the adsorption exhibited a highly significant relationship with its concentration in water. Adsorption reactions involved high free

energies (- G) being 6.11 K Cal degree-1 mole-1 for loamy soils which indicated involvement of chemical type of forces. Increased strength of soil crust was found to be associated with higher amount of silica deposition (from irrigation water). Very high degree of correlation was found between concentration of silica in irrigation water and the soil crust force.

982 Goyal, R.S. and Jain, B.L. (1982) Use of gypsum in modifying crust conducive condition in saline water irrigated soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 447-454

Saline water irrigated soils prone to soil dispersion, exhibit problem of water stagnation during rainy season. The high sediment load in stagnant water impregnates the soil with fine soil particles rendering the soil poor in hydraulic conductivity with increase in the soil crusting. Gypsum application to soil irrigated with saline water (6-12 dS m-1) reduced soil dispersion, water stagnation concentration of silt and clay and also decreased crust strength besides lowering the suspension load in ponded waters. Row application of gypsum was found to be equally effective even at its low application dose of 1 t ha-1 in comparison with broadcast method. The performance of flat bed system proved better than ridge furrow system as the former responded more favourably to gypsum application. More crust thickness and low moisture content of the soil were found to increase the crust strength in highly dispersed soils. However, gypsum application ameliorated the crust conducive properties of the soils.

983 Gupta, I.C. (1979) A new classification and evaluation of quality of irrigation waters for arid and semi-arid zones of India. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 2: 6-12

The irrigation waters have been classified in 5 classes each on the basis of adjusted SAR, boron and electrical conductivity to determine the usability for irrigation, depending upon the soil texture and crop tolerance. The suggested class limits are: for EC <1.5, 1.5-3, 3-5, 5-10 and > 10 mmhos cm-1; for B <3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-10 and >10 ppm; and for adjusted SAR <10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and >40. Tolerant and semi-tolerant crops have been listed. Whereas, lowest limits are permissible for most of the crops on most of the soils, the highest limits are critical. The critical limits of EC and adjusted SAR decrease as the texture of the soil becomes heavier but in case of boron it is reverse.

984 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1968) Salt composition of some saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 16: 305-313

Irrigation with saline ground waters of varying salinity and sodium-adsorption-ratio values on coarse-to-medium-textured soils increased the soluble-Na percentage in soil solution to 75 and exchangeable-Na percentage to over 30. Irrigation waters contained more Mg than Ca.

985 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970) Seasonal variations in pH and total cation concentration of the saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 4A: 77-81

In four typical semi-arid zone soils with CaCO3 content ranging from 0.3 to 18.5% and with texture ranging from sandy loam to clay loam, salt accumulation was greatest during summer, when surface pH's were 8.5 and lowest at the end of the monsoon, when pH's of 8.5-9.0 occurred. Irrigation with saline waters during the subsequent rabi season when wheat was grown resulted in the re-accumulation of salts and the return of pH to the original level.

986 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970) Seasonal variations in salt composition of some saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. I Effect of rainfall. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 18: 428-435

After the rains (35-45 cm) high salt concentrations were reduced so that the top 40 cm of soil was completely nonsaline. The hydrolysis of Na-clay was of small significance and leaching did not result in high alkalinity. In calcareous soils exchangeable Na was also reduced. Surface soils of the type Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 before the rains, became Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 type after rainfall.

987 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970) Use of salt waters predominant in divalent cations for irrigation in the semi-arid zone of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 40: 711-715

On deep sandy to sandy loam soils under wheat for over 50 years, and irrigated each winter (rabi season) with saline water containing a predominance of divalent cations, high accumulations of salts, except at depths below 40 cm, occurred temporarily, but pH and concentrations of soluble and exchangeable Na in the root zone were not harmful to plant growth. Na adsorption ratios were low and the availability of Ca and Mg ions was high.

988 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1978)

Use of saline water for irrigated soils in western Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44 B: 213-17

A review paper deals with ground water characteristics in western Rajasthan, classification of waters, seasonal variations in the quality of ground waters, characteristics of saline water irrigated soils and effect of rainfall on the salt composition of saline water irrigated soils. In arid and semi-arid zones of western Rajasthan, about 85 per cent of ground waters have EC between 2.25 and 10 mmhos/cm whose SAR values vary largely between 10 and 34.

989 Gupta, I.C. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1986)

Crop tolerance to saline irrigation waters. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 379-386

The available crop yield data in relation to different degrees of salinity of the irrigation waters pertaining to different agro-climatic and soil conditions in India have been analysed. The critical limits of ECiw above which yields decrease by 10, 25 and 50% have been worked out. Barley, wheat, mustard, pearl millet, sorghum and safflower are tolerant (ECiw up to 10.0 dS m-1). Sunflower, cotton, clusterbean, fenugreek, sesame, rice, maize and lady's finger are semi-tolerant (ECiw up to 5.0 dS m-1). Groundnut, pigeonpea, cowpea, onion and finger millet are sensitive crops as these could be grown with waters having EC only up to 3.0 dS m-1. The critical tolerance limits of salinity of irrigation waters decrease as the texture of the soil becomes finer, and annual and seasonal rainfall decrease in the area. Due to higher rainfall and reduction in number of irrigations, the same crop seems to be more tolerant in summer than winter season. Similar soils and similar rainfall pattern may have identical critical limits of tolerance for the same crop at different locations in India.

990 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1975) The effect of different water regimes and nitrogen sources on the yield of wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 194-196

N lignin, a slow releasing nitrogen source when used under limited moisture conditions, helps in getting higher yields possibly due to slow but continuous availability of nitrogen to the growing plants and reduced leaching losses.

991 Handa, B.K. (1964)

Modified Eaton's methods for the calculation of gypsum and leaching requirement of irrigation waters in arid regions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 12: 25-28

Sodium adsorption ratio is superior to the percentage sodium values as an index of the sodium and alkali hazards of the irrigation water, instead of converting them to 70 per cent sodium as envisaged in the formula proposed by Eaton, they are converted to the S1 or S2 class.

992 Jain, B.L. (1978) Soil characteristics and irrigation water hazards. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 337-342

Suitability of irrigation waters in relation to the content of fine mechanical fractions, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity was evaluated in a highly saline sodic ground water zone in the arid region of south west Rajasthan. Salinity hazards of water increased with increase in the content of silt and clay and was predominant in the surface soil layers. Sodic hazards were lowered with increase in silt and clay content, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity of the soils.

993 Jain, B.L. (1981) Salt balance studies in saline water irrigated soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 29: 160-167

Salt balance studies of the soils irrigated with saline water (EC 2.7 to 12 mmhos cm-1 ) in four different crop sequences have shown seasonal cyclic changes in salinity, exchangeable sodium and ionic composition. Salt concentration increased during irrigation cycle, whereas monsoon rain prevented salt accumulation in the surface layers. High salinity of the irrigation water lowered the evapo-transpiration (ET) but increased the leaching fraction (LF) of irrigation water and modified the ionic composition. Irrigation depth, salt concentration and leaching fraction governed the salt accumulation in soil. Only 23-27 per cent of the added salts of sodium and chloride accumulated in the soil and the rest got leached down during crop season itself. Frequent irrigations with saline water were conducive for higher values of ET and LF and to lower the salinity and ESP levels of the soil, thereby resulting in higher yields of different crops.

994 Jain, B.L. and Kaushik, B.D. (1989) Effect of algalization on crop response under saline irrigation. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 37: 382-384

Algalization of sorghum and wheat for two crop seasons, each on saline-sodic soils followed with saline water (EC 2.7 to 12.0 dS m-1) irrigation has shown beneficial effect in economising on nitrogen application. Algalization decreased soluble Na/(Ca+Mg) ratio and exchangeable sodium in sandy clay loam Calciorthid soils.

995 Jain, B.L. and Pareek, O.P. (1989)

Effect of drip irrigation and mulch on soil and performance of date palm under saline water irrigation. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 245-248

Date palm cv Khadrawy and Shamran were irrigated with waters of EC 2.7,6.0 and 9.0 dS m-1. Salt accumulations in soil, considerably higher during irrigation phase in pre-monsoon period were effectively leached by the seasonal rainfall in conjunction with run-off from micro-catchment during monsoon period. No carry over of salts was evident during five years of study. Drip irrigation was effective in limiting the salt accumulation. Gravel mulch did not show any ameliorative effect in saline water irrigation.

996 Jain, B.L. and Saxena, S.N. (1971) Lysimeter studies on the short term effect of composition of irrigation water on the boron accumulation in soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 19: 171-174

Boron concentration in available form and water soluble form (saturation extract) increased in the profile up to 150 cm depth, with increase in boron of irrigation water. Increase in SAR of irrigation water decreased the accumulation of available boron and increased the water soluble boron in the profile. Application of irrigation water having boron concentration up to 1.0 ppm did not lead to accumulation of boron to toxic concentration in the short duration of 3 months.

997 Jain, T.C. (1975) Use of Constant Level Jain Evaporimeter in scheduling irrigation. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 25-28

The "Constant level Jain Evaporimter" described in the paper can be successfully used to measure the evaporative demand of an atmosphere and hence for scheduling irrigation. In this equipment the level of evaporating surface is constantly maintained from a bottle connected with a tube. As soon as the water evaporates, it is refilled with water in the bottle and hence the amount of water evaporated can be accurately read directly from graduation in the bottle. A relationship of 1.4-1.5 is obtained between the values of

this evaporimeter and the U.S. Pan evaporimeter. The equipment is simple, can be easily handled by a skilled farmer, is economical (approximately costing Rs.45/- each) and is a better representative of evaporative demand.

998 Jain, T.C. and Jain, K.C. (1979)

Response of dwarf barley to levels of irrigation and nitrogen in light-textured soils of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 330-335

A 3-year study on the loamy-sand soils of Jobner showed that 'RDB 1' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) consumed more than 40% of total water from the surface 15 cm and 65% from the surface 30 cm of the soil layer. The soil moisture loss and grain and straw yields increased with an increase in the frequency of irrigation, and the depth of irrigation had little effect. The yield did not increase significantly when N fertiliser was over 40 kg ha-1. When the crop received a pre-irrigation, the first irrigation at the stage of crown-root initiation (22-25 days after sowing) and subsequent irrigations of 45 mm at cumulative pan evaporation of 56 mm, its grain yield was 44.6 q ha-1 with 130 kg N ha-1. An average yield of 9.7 kg of grain and 14 kg of straw was produced per hectare-mm of applied water, which gave a gross income of Rs. 13.9, compared with only Rs. 10.2 with the best treatment in wheat.

999 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1994) Amelioration and management of soils irrigated with sodic water in the arid region of India. Soil Use and Management. 10: 30-34

Field studies at five locations on farmer's fields irrigated with residual sodium carbonate waters (RSC) indicated that gypsum applications at the rate of 100% of the gypsum requirement of soil plus the quantity of gypsum required to neutralise RSC in execs of 4 me l-1 decreased SAR values, and improved infiltration rate, crop emergence and wheat grain yields. The soil pH decreased by 0.3-0.4 units. Once soils have been ameliorated by this treatment, further small applications of gypsum are needed to decrease the RSC in irrigation water and avoid further soil deterioration.

1000 Katageri, S.R. and Sheelvantar, M.N. (1991) Influence of scheduling of irrigations on water use, water use efficiency and moisture extraction pattern of chickpea in vertisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 221-225

Under limited water supply scheduling of one irrigation at 45 DAS was found most effective for chickpea with maximum water use

efficiency (6.51 kg ha-1 mm) than scheduling of irrigation either at 30 or 60 DAS on medium black clay loam soil. If water is available for two irrigations, higher yields could be obtained with water use efficiency of 5.28 kg ha-1 mm by scheduling irrigation at 30 and 60 DAS. Under unlimited water supply, maximum yield of chickpea could be obtained by scheduling of irrigation at 30, 45 and 74 DAS with water use efficiency of 5.27 kg ha-1 mm. Maximum moisture was extracted (31.2%) from deeper layers (61-90 cm) when one irrigation was scheduled at 45 DAS followed by two (29.3%) and three (27.8%) irrigation schedules. As the frequency of irrigation increased from one to three, the moisture extracted from top layer (0-30 cm) increased and consequently water use efficiency declined.

1001 Kathju, S., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1993) Effects of supplemental irrigation and soil fertilisation on pearl millet under drought. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 7: 317-326

Pearl millet was grown under rainfed (188 mm precipitation with an early and a terminal drought) or with one supplemental irrigation (63 mm during the early drought at 10 days after sowing) and with (80 kg N, 18 kg P, and 17 kg K ha-1) or without application of fertilisers. Improvement of soil fertility increased the dry matter and grain yield, water use efficiency, mining of soil water, concentrations of some leaf metabolites and the activity of nitrate reductase, despite larger declines of plant and relative turgidity as compared to unfertilised plants under both the rainfed and irrigated conditions. Fertiliser- induced effects on soil water extraction, crop performance, and metabolism were higher under the irrigated as compared to the rainfed condition. Irrigation and soil fertilisation showed an additive favourable effect, possibly because of their similarity of action on different plant processes, notwithstanding their differential effects on the plant water status.

1002 Khan, M.A. (1988)

Sprinklers tested for soil crack problem in arid area. Water and Irrigation Review, Israel. 8: 14-15

The study evaluates the relative merits of water application by sprinkler and conventional surface irrigation of wheat. Water applied during first year and second year by sprinklers was 72.5% and 64.9% less than the volume applied by surface irrigation. The yield of wheat under sprinkler irrigation was 2,560 and 2,780 kg ha-

1 compared to 2,460 and 2,660 kg ha-1 during first and second years, respectively. The water use efficiency of sprinkler irrigation was nearly twice as high as that of surface irrigation during both the

years. Soil cracks under surface irrigation were 2-3 cm wide and 0.5-1m deep, whereas under sprinkler irrigation only a few fine cracks were observed.

1003 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, Y.V. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983) Use of discarded plastic infusion sets from hospitals in irrigation on small farms in arid regions. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 385-389

Discarded plastic infusion/drip sets from hospitals have been used for irrigating cauliflower grown on sandy soils of arid regions, thereby adopting the concept of drip irrigation. Irrigation levels had a significant effect on the yield and 31.5, 23.6 and 15.7 cm of water provided yields of 23.0, 20.8 and 16.7 t ha-1, respectively. The yields were comparable with those obtained with the conventional drip system of irrigation under identical conditions. The system adopted here seems promising for the small farmers located in the dry regions of many developing countries, where an efficient use of water in agriculture is warranted through simple and inexpensive technologies.

1004 Kubsad, V.S., Hunsal, C.S., Vishwanath, D.P., Chimmad, V.P. and Mansur, C.P. (1995) Effect of saline water irrigation on properties of vertisols and yield of Setaria. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 43-45

Effect of saline irrigation water (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 dS m-1) on soil properties, available nitrogen, water soluble cations and yield of setaria (Setaria italica L.) revealed that the soil EC2 gradually decreased after sowing till 61 DAS and it increased till 75 DAS and therefore, again decreased at harvest. The available nitrogen and phosphorus were more in surface layer after harvest and were less affected due to salinity levels. Among the water soluble cations, the concentration of K, Mg and Na increased with increasing salinity and Ca increased upto 6 dS m-1 at both the soil depths after harvest. The grain yield increased upto 6 dS m-1 salinity level and decreased, thereafter.

1005 Kumar, D. (1995) Enhancing and sustaining the production of Indian mustard [(Brassica juncea) L. Czern & Coss] on saline conditions. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 177-188

Salinity is a serious threat for realisation of satisfactory yields of oil crops in irrigated areas of arid and semi-arid regions. Indian mustard which contributes nearly 25% to the national oilseeds

production, suffers heavy yield losses due to its susceptibility to salinity and sodicity, particularly at germination stage. Plant stands in such conditions are poor and too much patchy. Certain agro-techniques evolved through experimentation in prevailing situations which could be helpful have been briefed. High seedling emergence rate on moderately saline (ECi 8-12 dS m-1) and sodic (ESP 30-50) situations; and high seedling emergence alongwith high seed yield per unit area on highly saline and sodic situations are the most sensible growth parameters for selecting salt tolerant genotypes. Amongst the biological parameters, wider K/Na ratio in leaves at flowering stage at the threshold salinity levels has been observed the most pertinent criterion. The cv. DIRA-387, NDR-8604, RLC-1357 and CS-52 have been identified the most salt tolerant ones yielding 10-12% higher over the existing national checks. Increased seed rate (20% higher) over the usual quantity has been found effective in increasing yields with a significant margin at salinity level of ECi 12-16 dS m-1. Saline water application at the tolerant growth stage(s) has tremendous scope for yield enhancement. Saline water (ECi 8-16 dS m-1) may reduce yields by 30-40%, when applied as presowing irrigation, but when applied at the pod formation stage, may reduce yields with a very narrow margin. Application of N on low to moderate saline and sodic situations may follow the usual doses as for non-saline and N @ 120 kg ha-1 on high sodicity levels may be responsive and beneficial.

1006 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1990)

Response of Indian mustard to saline water application at different growth stages. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 15: 121-125

Grain yield averaged over two years was declined by 70, 48 and 1% with the water of ECi 16 dS m-1 applied at all the stages, pre-sowing and at secondary branches initiation, respectively corresponding to the EC of soil extract 12.6, 7.0 and 7.2 dS m-1 at the respective stages. Water of ECi 16 dS m-1 applied at flowering stage, however stimulated grain yield by 15%. Pusa bold was better tolerant than rest of the two strains, nevertheless, seedling emergence was a critical sensitive stage for it, whilst secondary branches initiation stage was more crucial for Prakash.

1007 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1989) Response of wheat to suboptimal nitrogen under saline water irrigation. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 57-61

A micro-plot study on HD 1593 wheat was carried out during 1978-80, in a single-strip plot design with 2 levels of N and 4 levels of

water salinity on a sandy loam soil. Adverse effect of salinity was greatly manifested on grain and dry matter yield during rainfall deficit year 1979-80. Normal level of N (120 kg ha-1) proved optimum at ECi 8 and 12 dS m-1 whilst suboptimal N (72 kg ha-1) was significantly superior at ECi 16 dS m-1.

1008 Kumar, V. , Kumar, D. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1986) Effect of saline water with varying levels of SAR and Ca : Mg ratios on growth and yield of wheat and soil properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 73-80

Plant height, number of spikelets and grains spike-1 and grain yield were markedly affected with poor quality waters. Depression in grain yield was maximum (56.9%) with EC of 10 mmhos cm-1 and least (40.0%) with Ca : Mg ratio of 1:8 over control. Although main effects of SAR and Mg/Ca ratios also drastically affected grain yield. There was more salt build-up with saline water than with SAR values and Ca : Mg ratios. Na content increased dramatically in all the treatments, whereas Ca and Mg were maximum at EC 10 mmhos cm-1 but their high contents were associated to the lower levels of SAR and Ca : Mg ratios. Mg was twice to that of Ca at SAR 10 having Ca : Mg ratio of 1 : 8 and Ec 10 mmhos cm-1 whereas the same was 1 : 1 in other treatments. Contents of Cl and SO4 rose considerably with salinity levels, however remained unchanged with other treatments.

1009 Kumar, V. , Kumar, D. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1987) Effect of saline waters with varying Cl : SO4 ratios and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of bread-wheat and soil properties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 668-671

An experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of saline waters with varied Cl : SO4 ratios and the P levels on growth and yield of bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum L..) and properties of soil. Irrigation with the water of high salinity (> 8 mmhos cm-1) when containing higher proportion of Cl to SO4 (i.e. 9 : 1) would be hazardous for wheat.

1010 Kumar, V., Kumar, D., Singh, S.P. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1987) Response of bajra and wheat to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus grown with saline waters. Current Agriculture. 11: 59-64

Dry matter of bajra and grain yield of wheat were significantly reduced with saline water of EC 12 dS m-1. Usual dose of N (120 kg ha-1) was found optimum for bajra grown with saline waters. For

wheat, lower or higher than usual dose of N (120 kg ha-1) brought down the grain and dry matter yield grown with low to moderately saline waters (<EC 6 dS m-1). With highly saline water (EC 12 dS m-

1) and less nitrogen i.e. 60 kg ha-1, the dry matter and grain yield of wheat were increased by 116.2% and 166.2% respectively. None of the crops responded to P levels.

1011 Maliwal, G.L. and Paliwal, K.V. (1971) Effect of manure and fertilisers on the growth and chemical composition of pearl millet (P. typhoides) irrigated with different qualities of waters. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 136-142

Pearl millet was grown in pot experiment on clay loam soil irrigated with saline waters of 14, 28 or 56 me/1 and sodium adsorption ratios of 5, 10, 25 or 50 with or without FYM, N and P. Growth and dry matter yield decreased with increase in salinity and SAR of irrigation water. It was concluded that P. typhoides can be grown by irrigating with water having TCC up to 28 me l-1 and SAR of 25 and exchangeable sodium value of 32%.

1012 Maliwal, G.L. and Paliwal, K.V. (1971) Effect of mineral fertilising on barley irrigated with waters of different quality. Agrokemia es Talajtan. 20: 163-176

Satisfactory growth of barley and good response to fertilising and manuring at normal rates were obtained when the soil's EC did not exceed 6.5 mmhos cm-1 and ESP was less than 32. Nutrient uptake was adversely affected under saline-alkali conditions; negative correlation existed between ESP values (and salt concentrations) and N, P, Ca and Mg uptake as well as carbohydrate synthesis, whereas Na uptake was positively related to ESP value and soluble Na content (except when mineral fertiliser and organic manure were simultaneously applied).

1013 Moolani, M.K. and Behl, N.K. (1968) Investigations on the irrigation requirements of hybrid maize crop in arid region of Punjab. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 105-115

Consumptive use, seasonal water requirements, and irrigation requirements to maize crop were found to vary from 45-53 cm, 52-72 cm and 20-40 cm respectively under various treatments. These values were found to be highest in maximum delta of irrigations and lowest in minimum delta of irrigation. Irrigation efficiency ranged from 70-81 per cent. The crop used maximum amount of available moisture i.e. 50 per cent from the upper 30 cm soil layer and the

rest is being made from the lowest layer. Application of 80 kg N ha-1 was found to be the most effective but still higher response can be obtained with higher doses in between 80 and 160 kg N ha-1. Distance of 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants was found to be optimum.

1014 Negi, S.C., Kachhwaha, A. and Tak, T.C. (1994)

A rapid field test for estimation of boron in irrigation water. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 151-152

A rapid field test for estimation of boron in irrigation water has been developed under controlled pH of water. Capsules have been prepared consisting of CaO (100 mg), citric acid (2.3 mg), mannitol (100 mg) and bromothymol blue (0.1 mg). The method is described in the paper.

1015 Paliwal, K.V., Maliwal, G.L. and Manohar, S.S. (1976) Effect of the level of salinity of irrigation water on the growth and yield of barley varieties grown on a sandy soil of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 46: 159-164

Studies were conducted for two years on the effect of irrigation with waters of salinity levels ranging from 28 to 240 me l-1 on the yield of 4 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Both straw and grain yield decreased with an increase in the salt concentration and the maximum reduction was 34% in straw yield and 49% in grain yield at the highest salt concentration. Barley could be irrigated with waters having a salt concentration of 80 me l-1. The relative yield potential was in the order: RS 17 > C 167 > NP 21 > RS 6.

1016 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S. and Joshi, N.L.(1990) Effect of irrigation on evapo-transpiration, water and energy use efficiency of mustard crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 259-264

Performance of mustard crop grown at three levels of irrigation (100% PET 50% PET and control) was studied for two consecutive seasons in lysimeters to ascertain its optimum water requirements. Mustard crop responded linearly upto 50% PET and thereafter the water use efficiency (WUE) decreased as a result of lower efficiency of the crop to utilise the excess available water for increasing grain production linearly. Both water and energy use efficiencies (EUE) were found to be higher during flowering, pod formation and seed filling stages of crop. Radiation profile measurements revealed that in mustard crop maintained at potential rate (100% PET),65% of total incident radiation was absorbed by the crop during vegetative

and reproductive stages as against 49% in the control crop which had 70% less leaf area compared to the crop grown at potential rate.

1017 Shankarnarayana, H.S. and Ganu, S.N. (1963)

Properties of soils irrigated by saline waters in arid tracts of western Rajasthan. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 11: 83-89

pH was 7.2-8.6 without irrigation and > 8 with irrigation. EC of the saturation extract was < 2.4 mmhos cm-1 in unirrigated profiles and 3.0-25.0 mmhos cm-1 in irrigated profiles; In one profile it increased with depth owing probably to leaching by monsoon rain. Irrigated soils contained more exchangeable Mg (where the irrigation water was high in Mg) and notably more exchangeable Na than unirrigated soils.

1018 Shankarnarayana, H.S., Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1965) An appraisal of the quality of saline ground waters of arid tract of western Rajasthan for agricultural utilisation. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 13: 103-108

The quality of 74 under ground waters of Jodhpur and 84 of Pali district has been discussed. The waters were highly saline, EC varying between 0.9 and 55.0 mmhos cm-1 and 1.0 and 48.1 mmhos cm-1 in Jodhpur and Pali, respectively. Highest sodium percentage was 96. There was no problem of RSC.

1019 Singh, A. (1977) Effect of irrigation and fertiliser on the yield and quality of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 67-72

Branching, flowering and seed development were the most critical stages of irrigation in cotton and gave 566 kg ha-1 seed cotton yield during 1974 and a mean yield of 350 kg ha-1. It remained at par with higher number of irrigations. Soil being moderate in fertility, the control treatment gave 331 kg ha-1 yield of seed cotton and higher levels of fertility did not push up the yields. When the irrigations were applied at branching, flowering and seed formation stages of plant growth, best quality of cotton fibre was obtained as judged by different indices namely short fibre percentage, maturity of fibre and fibre fineness.

1020 Singh, A. (1977)

Effect of phasic drought on the yield, water use and moisture extraction pattern of hybrid grain sorghum in Marwar tract of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 231-239

Seedling and milk stages were found to be relatively more moisture sensitive. During a drought year application of single supplemental irrigation at milk stage gave 12.7 q ha-1 grain and 59.9 q ha-1 dry fodder yield. Maximum yield in dry season was obtained when the irrigations were applied at all the stages of plant growth for maintaining optimum soil moisture content in the agro-climatic conditions of Pali-Marwar. However, in a high rainfall season irrigation effects were not significant in respect of grain and fodder production of hybrid sorghum. Amount and pattern of moisture use were similar in 1973 but in 1974 maximum amount of water was used with irrigation at seedlings heading and milk stages and peak rate being at 60-90 days age of crop and the entire moisture was utilised from 30 cm soil only. In rainfed condition, moisture was tapped from deeper soil up to 45 cm.

1021 Singh, A. (1978)

Root development of crops under irrigation in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 370-376

The calcareous substratum in soils of Pali (Rajasthan) does not act as a barrier to root growth and ramification. All the crops studied made full root development and exhibited yield potential. Most of the roots of urd, sorghum, wheat, barley and cumin crops were found in the upper 15 cm soil. Crops like chilly, maize, sunflower and safflower expanded their root zone upto 30 cm soil depth and made full growth. Roots of cotton, arhar and raya permeated upto 46 cm soil, made optimum growth and expressed yield potential.

1022 Singh, Ved, Ramdeo, Sharma, S.K. and Verma, B.L. (1995) Effect of irrigation and phosphorus on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) yield in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 644-647

Two irrigations applied to safflower either at rosette + flowering or rosette + seed-setting stages gave significantly higher yield, yield attributes, net return and benefit : cost ratio (1.47) compared with 1 irrigation. Application of 26.4 kg P ha-1 gave significantly higher seed yield and oil yield than the control and 13.2 kg P ha-1. However, irrigation level did not affect the oil content in seed. Interaction effect of irrigation and P on seed yield was significant. Application of P @ 26.4 kg ha-1 gave additional net return of Rs. 1095 ha-1 compared with 13.2 kg ha-1 and of Rs. 2,470 ha-1 compared with the control. Highest mean consumptive use was recorded when safflower received 3 irrigations (rosette + flowering + seed-setting stages) and highest water-use efficiency was obtained when 2 irrigations were applied at rosette + seed-setting stages.

1023 Vijay Kumar, and Raheja, P.C. (1969)

Irrigation studies on cotton in arid zone I. Effect of various methods of irrigation and levels of soil moisture on growth and yield of three varieties of cotton. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 98-104

Variety 216 F and H-14 did not show much difference in various growth and yield characters. Variety Andrews appeared to be total failure in arid soils and needs further investigations. Differences in sprinkler furrow irrigations were not marked but both showed consistent superiority as evident from growth and yield data. As such, furrow irrigation may be recommended for the cotton crop in arid soils. As evident from various observations availability of water to plant decreased progressively from 0.3 to 0.85 atmosphere tension respectively. Consequently growth and seed cotton yield was significantly reduced. It thus appears that cotton may be irrigated between 0.3-0.6 atmosphere soil moisture tension.

1024 Vijay Kumar, and Raheja, P.C. (1969) Irrigation studies on cotton. II. Boll weight and fibre properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 105-108

There was practically no difference in V1 and V2 in various bolls fibre characteristics. However, both these varieties showed significantly higher boll number, dry weight of bolls per plant, ginning out turn and strength of fibre than V3. Reverse was true for 500 seed weight and mean fibre length. Various methods of irrigation did not show any effect on various fibre properties. Fibre strength was, however, significantly increased by flat irrigation over furrow irrigation in the first year. Effect of I1 was significantly superior over I3 for mean fibre length, while reverse was true for fibre strength in 1963.

1025 Vyas, K.K., Khurana, G.P. and Vyas, B.M. (1982) Soil properties as affected by saline irrigation waters of Bilara (Jodhpur district). Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 225-233

Six representative sites irrigated with saline waters in Bilara tract, a south-eastern part of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, were chosen for pedon sampling along with their irrigation waters and analysed for different constituents. The soils have high EC and ESP and are saline-alkali and alkali in character. The irrigation waters are sodic and possess high SAR and SSp values. Irrigation waters are the source of soluble salts in these soils. EC of the waters is significantly related to the EC of saturation extract of soils as also the SAR of waters and soil extracts. The criteria used to classify soils as well as

the irrigation waters as having high salinity hazards are not tenable for well drained light textured soils and need modification.

1026 Wasi, U. Mathur, C.P. and Singh, S.D. (1971) Uniformity of water application from revolving head-sprinkler. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 253-259

The pattern and application efficiency of water at wind velocities less than 3 km h-1 were high with revolving head-sprinkler. The loss of water by evaporation and wind drift was within the limits of 10-15 per cent. The application rate was satisfactory. The water distribution pattern as evident from the uniformity coefficient was uniform. Wind velocities higher than 6 km h-1 resulted in considerable loss and non-uniform application of water. The data on water caught in cans approximately reflected the pattern of internal distribution of soil moisture. The observed non-uniform application of water significantly affected the yield.

Weeds 1027 Bondale, K.V., Daulay, H.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1969)

Chemical control of Chenopodium murale. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 3: 111-112

Proper deals with an experiment conducted to control Chenopodium murale in rabi fallows used for sheep grazing at CSWRI, Avaikanagar. Weekly observations were recorded on the mortality count from the date of spray upto 35th day. Plants which survived even after 5th week of spray of 2, 4-D did not show any appreciable plant growth and development.

1028 Dahiya, S.S., Faroda, A.S. and Singh, J.P. (1987) Effect of weed control methods on growth and yield of pearl millet under rainfed conditions. Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 3: 13-16

Two years field experiments conducted on loamy sand soils revealed that three hoeings done by wheel hand hoe were most effective in controlling Cyperus rotundus (L) and Trianthema portulacastrum (L) in pearl millet. Application of atrazine at 0.25 a.i. kg ha-1. significantly reduced the population and dry matter accumulation by total weeds as compared to two hoeings done at different times. Three hand hoeings done at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing and application of atrazine gave significantly higher yield than other treatments.

1029 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982)

Chemical weed control in green gram and clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 52: 758-763

The predominant weed species associated with both these crops were Cyperus rotundus, Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. and Pulicaria wightiana, Trifluralin, chloramben and alachlor were effective in controlling major weeds of greengram. Though alachlor proved to be the most effective on clusterbean, nitrofen was more effective on P. wightiana. All the herbicides except nitrofen gave more than 100% higher grain yield of greengram than the unweeded-control, but trifluralin and chloramben proved more promising. In clusterbean alachlor, trifluralin and nitrofen proved effective in controlling weeds, giving a yield equal to that of the hand-weeded treatment.

1030 Faroda, A.S., Daulay, H.S. and Bondale, K.V. (1969)

Control of Tribulus terrestris by use of 2, 4-D ester at different levels. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 3: 207-210

Ethyl ester formulation of 2, 4-D was sprayed at the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 Kg ha-1 on Tribulus terrestris. Mortality was recorded from 64 to 96% under different concentrations.

1031 Jalaja Kumari, Sundaramoorthy, S. and Sen, D.N. (1987)

Effect of tillage on weed population and seed reserve in arid soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 105-109

Zero tillage has been found to be very effective in controlling Cyperus rotundus, as the rhizomes do not become free to sprout. Dicots and grasses also showed less presence. However, ploughing the land once or twice and leaving fallow showed insignificant variation in presence of dictos and grasses. The land prepared and left fallow, and then again ploughed in the same season, resulted in lesser emergence of weeds.

1031 Kumar, V., Yadav, B.D. and Yadav, A. (1996) Crop-weed competition in clusterbean under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 79-81

Dry weight of weeds increased with the corresponding increase in the weedy period for first 15 DAS to harvesting. However, reverse was true in the treatments where weeds were not allowed to grow. Grain yield of clusterbean increased significantly when plots were kept weed free upto 15 DAS and beyond.

1032 Mathur, M.K. and Raheja, P.C. (1974) A note on the effects of phenoxy herbicides on the germination and early growth of bajra seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 172-173

At 1000 ppm, all the herbicides reduced the germination and plumule length of bajra seedlings. The length of radicle linearly decreased with an increase in herbicidal concentration.

1033 Misra, D.K. (1962) Tribulus terrestris weed in arid zone farming. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 7: 136-141

Tribulus terrestris is a very pernicious weed in the arid region of western Rajasthan, commonly known as Chota Gokhru or Kanti in Marwar (Rajasthan). It alone was found to cover 4 to 9% of the ground surface in cultivated bajra fields in western Rajasthan. Some of the control measures have been discussed. Control measures be carried out in the early growth stages of the plant before fruits are formed, as these may mature after the death of the plant. Seedlings are easily uprooted by mechanical methods such as hoeing and weeding, depending on the extent of the infestation. Deep cultivation or ploughing , therefore, should be avoided.

1034 Misra, D.K. and Vijay Kumar. (1962) Response of Pennisetum typhoides to weeding in arid-zone farming. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 6: 260-269

Some of the arid zone weeds under study namely Convolvulus pluricaulis, Tribulus terrestris, Indigofera cordifolia, Zizyphus nummularia have shown the root length of 114, 112, 107 and 147 cms. respectively. At 6" soil depth the moisture in an unweeded plot was 2.5% as against 4% in weeded plots. Subsequently, there was 1.8 and 3.1% moisture in second and 1.1 and 1.5% moisture in 3rd observation respectively in control and weeded plots. The moisture retained in weeded plots was significantly higher as compared to plots which were not weeded.

1035 Parihar, G.N. and Singh, R. (1994) Effect of cultural and herbicidal weed management on the yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 309-312

Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 with one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing demonstrated satisfactory weed control on sandy loam soil and recorded 56.8% higher seed yield (892 kg ha-1) and higher benefit:cost ratio (22.42:1) than conventional two manual weedings (569 kg ha-1). Application of 1.0 kg ha-1 pendimethalin alone gave seed yield of 819 kg ha-1. The lowest weed dry weight production was recorded under this treatment.

1036 Sen, D.N., Bhandari, D.C. and Ashraf, N. (1980) Adaptations for survival of weeds in the Indian arid regions. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 99-106

Weeds are an excellent example of the successful struggle for existence. In spite of inhospitable conditions in the Indian arid zone, weeds there have become adapted through a variety of ecological and physiological characters. These include prolific reproduction, variability in colour, size, shape, weight and viability of seeds, various types of dormancy and germination. Seeds possess special types of structures such as papery outgrowths, hooks, stiff haris, stiff ends and spines, which help in dispersal. Vegetative multiplication by means of runners, rhizomes and tubers also takes place.

1037 Singh, R. and Yadav, S.K. (1994)

Effect of method of weed control on nutrients uptake in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 81-82

Two hand hoeings, atrazine at 0.5 kg ha-1 and terbutryne at 0.75 kg ha-1 significantly brought down N and P uptake by weeds compared to one hand hoeing, one hand wheel hoeing, atrazine at 0.25 kg ha-1 and terbutryne at 0.5 kg ha-1.

1038 Singh, R. and Yadav, S.K. (1994) Effect of time of weed removal on nutrients uptake in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 79-80

Uptake of N and P by different weeds increased progressively with an increase in the time of weed removal and was maximum at 60 DAS in Echinochloa colonum and at 50 DAS in Traubthema protulacastrum and Digera arvensis.

1039 Singh, R.P. and Moolani, M.K. (1969)

Chemical control of itsit (Trianthema monogynal) in maize and uncropped land. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 151-156

The experimental results have revealed the promising immediate effects of contact herbicides such as gramoxone and reglone in the control of this weed in uncropped land. The performance of ester formulations of 2,4-D was equally effective but the complete mortality was obtained only after a period of 2 weeks. In maize crop, best results were obtained from the application of simazine at 1 kg I. ha-1. This treatment has completely weeded the plot and gave the maximum yield. The high rate of simazine has controlled the weed but suppressed the crop growth and thus the yield was reduced. The

performance of 2,4-D amine salt at 720 gms a. ha-1 was found next to low rate of simazine.

1040 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Sen, D.N. (1988) Ecology of Indian arid zone weeds- XI : Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linn.) Lamk. Geobios. 15: 235-237

Polycarpaea corybosa is an important weed in arid agriculture. Seeds express an embryonic dormancy. Complete biology of this weed has been described. Nitrates seem to induce seed germination.

Diseases 1041 Arya, H.C. and Kumar, A. (1976)

Diseases of bajra - a serious problem of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 1: 177-182

Last few years green-ear and ergot diseases have been found causing considerable damage to bajra crop in Rajasthan. The menace of diseases has increased due to the susceptibility of newly introduced, high yielding hybrids of bajra. The damage caused is not only in terms of percentage of infection to the crop but more so because of contamination of the grains with both of these fungi, also causing poisoning to human and live-stock. Green-ear infected plant develops acute symptoms of complete proliferation and malformation. The perpetuation of the disease is through contaminated soil and seed. The development of chemical control is still inadequate. The exposure of the infected seeds to 55° C water for half an hour is recommended for control of the disease. Besides few cultural practices and some fungicidal sprays have been reported for its control.

1042 Arya, H.C. and Kumar, A. (1982)

Ergot epidemic of pearl millet in Rajasthan. Recent Advances in the biology of Micro-organisms. 2: 439-451

Results of investigations of pearl millet ergot with special reference to Rajasthan, India, were reviewed and discussed. Ergot appeared in an epidemic form in Rajasthan in 1967-68, 1973, 1975 and 1976. Disease syndrome and etiology of the pathogen were described. The authors also presented a diagrammatic representation of the disease cycle of the fungus. The pathogen produces ergotoxins that cause drowsiness followed by hyperexitation and redness of face in human beings. Ergot was reported as endemic with primary infection by the sclerotial inoculum and secondary spread by means of conidia Environmental factors greatly influence disease development.

Optimum growth of the fungus on Kirchoff's and Leonian's media occurred at 25° C in light between 2000 and 3000 lux.

1043 Bairwa, L.N. and Mahrishi, R.P. (1991) Association of Fusarium moniliforme sheldon with seedling blight and premature stalk rot (Wilt) of Pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 167-168

Symptoms of stalk rot of pearl millet were observed at the anthesis in a patchy and localised manner. Isolations made from the internodes of such affected plants yielded F. moniliforme.

1044 Bohra, A. (1981) Effect of seed coat leachates on fungal spore germination. Geobios. 8: 128-129

Seed coat leaches of some cucurbits have been found to inhibit the germination of various fungi and inhibition varied with the species and this inhibition was attributed to the presence of certain antifungal substances in the seed leachates.

1045 Burman, U. and Lodha, S. (1996) Macrophomina phaseolina induced changes in plant water relations of resistant and susceptible cowpea genotypes. Indian Phytopathology. 49 : 254-259

Susceptibility of cowpea (genotypes to dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid increased with increasing soil moisture stress. Shoot water potential decreased significantly in the healthy and diseased plants of susceptible genotype ARS Durgapura compared to resistant V-265. At severe moisture stress, diseased plants of ARS Durgapura reflected greater magnitude of changes in leaf transpiration, turgiscence and temperature compared to those of V-265. Higher susceptibility of ARS Durgapura to Macrophomina infection was associated with impairment of its water uptake susceptibility of ARS Durgapura to Macrophomina infection was associated with impairment of its water uptake processes.

1046 Gandhi, S.K. and Chand, J.N. (1985) Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the bacterial blight of clusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 376-377

Application of 20 to 40 kg N ha-1, which maintained the normal vigour of the plants, was also conducive to the development of bacterial blight, but further any increase in supply of N from 40 to

60 kg ha-1 had not affected disease severity significantly, confirming similar observations made on bacterial diseases of other crops.

1047 Gaur, R.B., Ahmed, S.R. and Bhari, N.R. (1983) Influence of fertilisers and cultural practices on the incidence of Alternaria leaf spot of clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 199-201

Incidence of Alternaria leaf spot of clusterbean decreased with the increase in nitrogen fertiliser. Minimum disease was recorded at 10 kg N and 20 kg P2O5 per hectare. Crop sown in last week of June escaped the disease and yielded more grains. Widely spaced planting exhibited more disease.

1048 Gupta, G.K. and Gupta, A. (1984) Biochemical components of pearl millet varieties in relation to downy mildew infection. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 269-274

Seeds of the downy mildew resistant pearl millet variety (BJ 104) had more sugar (42.5 mg 100-1 mg) and less crude protein content (16.2 %) than those of the susceptible variety (HB 3) i.e. 31.9 mg 100-1 mg sugar and 20.3% protein. By downy mildew infection, reducing sugars decreased and non reducing sugars increased in leaves of the resistant variety while a reverse trend was observed in the susceptible variety. Crude protein content increased in the leaves of both the varieties. In roots of the resistant variety, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars increased due to infection while reverse trend was noticed in the susceptible variety. In the roots of both the varieties crude protein decreased.

1049 Gupta, G.K. and Gupta, J.P. (1988) Influence of water harvesting and soil moisture on downy mildew incidence in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 277-279

Correlation studies revealed a high negative correlation of the soil moisture upto 30 days of sowing with (%) disease incidence and (%) infection index. Downy mildew incidence on pearl millet could be reduced considerably by proper management of the initial soil moisture level.

1050 Gupta, G.K. and Verma, S.K. (1991) Control of downy mildew of pearl millet with Ridomil. Indian Phytopathology. 44: 458-461

Seed treatment with metalaxyl (apron 35SD) controlled the downy mildew upto 30 days after sowing. Seed dressing (metalaxyl 5g a.i. kg-1 ) followed by a 0.2 % a.i. spray of ridomil ZM-280FW at 23 days

after sowing gave the best results with disease incidence 77.2 % less at 40 DAS. and yield 100 % more than the check. At dough stage, per cent infection index was a better measure than per cent disease incidence to assess treatment differences. Harvest time residues of metalaxyl and of ziram were practically nil.

1051 Gupta, G.K., Lene Lange and Olson, L.W. (1991) Role of internal seed borne mycelium of downy mildew of pearl millet in the transmission of disease in the western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 169-174

Seeds formed close to the affected parts of the partially transformed ears of downy mildew infected plants were analysed for the presence of viable mycelium of Sclerospora graminicola. No viable mycelium was found in such seed. There is very remote possibility of transmission of the disease through the seed produced in arid zone.

1052 Gupta, G.K., Subba Rao, G.V. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1983)

Relationship between meteorological factors and the occurrence of ergot disease (Claviceps microcephala) of pearl millet. Tropical Pest Management. 29: 321-324

Using four meteorological factors, i.e. atmospheric temperatures, relative humidity, sunshine and rainfall, an attempt was made to determine, by a curvilinear regression method, the optimum values for ergot disease of pearl millet. The optimum values for initiation and spread of the disease were found to be 12 mm mean rainfall, 6 h day-1 mean sunshine, 75% mean relative humidity and 20°C mean temperature from protogyny to early flowering of pearl millet. To quantify the relative importance of these meteorological factors, the coefficient of determination was calculated and this showed that atmospheric temperature contributed 45%, relative humidity 35%, sunshine 10% and rainfall 5% towards the total variation of the ergot infection index.

1053 Gupta, R.B.L. (1995) Assessment of losses due to mosaic virus in mustard (Brassica juncea). Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 71

To understand the economic importance of the disease, losses in seed yield and yield components in mustard were assessed and are reported here.

1054 Kumar, A. (1980) Production of phytotoxins in ergot of pearl millet. Seed Science and Technology. 8: 347-350

Production of phytotoxins by Claviceps fusiformis, the causal agent of ergot disease in pearl millet was studied. A considerable inhibitory effect of the sclerotial filtrate was observed on the germinating grains. Root elongation was markedly inhibited in comparison to the plumule. The percentage germination of grains was also reduced from 70% in controls to 30% at 12.5% concentration of the filtrates. Unidentified substances present in the sclerotia are believed to be the cause of inhibition due to allelochemic interactions.

1055 Kumar, A. (1985) Ergot disease of pearl millet - A review of current status. Indian Review Life Science. 5: 93-106

Ergot of pearl millet is the most important disease occurring in all the millet growing tracts of India. The disease has been proved a potential threat to the production of pearl millet since all the high yielding varieties are highly susceptible to it. In this review an attempt has been made to review the work done on this disease during the last decade. Besides taxonomy, reproduction and alkaloids of the fungus, considerable information is available on the epidemiology of the fungus. Appreciable progress has been made towards determining the screening procedure and disease rating scale for selecting the resistant sources, but the information on losses, infection, disease cycle, and control is inadequate.

1056 Kumar, A. (1992) Progress of Alternaria leaf spot on barley cultivars in relation to environment. Current Agriculture. 16: 97-98

Investigations were made to analyse the role of environmental factors in disease development by Alternaria alternata on barley cultivars. Moderately high temperature, normal relative humidity with dry rainless days favoured the disease development. Out of six cultivars evaluated, two viz. RD 31 and BL 2 were completely free from disease but rest of the four cultivars exhibited diverse reactions.

1057 Kumar, A. (1995) Occurrence and incidence of plant diseases in Pali region. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 73-75

As information on plant diseases of the region is inadequate, therefore, extensive surveys were undertaken to determine the prevalence and distribution of diseases on major crops and trees.

1058 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1978) Estimation and identification of alkaloids produced by Claviceps fusiformis loveless on some varieties of pearl millet. Current Science. 47: 633-635

Following thin layer chromatography technique and taking dymoclavine as standard samples the total alkaloid content was estimated between 0.182 and 0.362% (average 0.263%) in honeydew and between 0.160 and 0.548% in sclerotia of C. fusifarmis collected from 20 varieties of pearl millet. The alkaloid content was maximum (0.548%) in cultivar B-463 and minimum (0.160%) in CV RC-216. Six alkaloids were detected : setoclavine, agroclavine, penniclavine, elymoclavine, chanoclavine, and one unidentified.

1059 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1978)

In vitro production of honey-dew in Claviceps fusiformis lov. Current Science. 47: 781-782

Claviceps fusiformis, isolated from pearl millet ergot sclerotia, produced honey-dew like secretion in pink to dark brown colonies after 20 days of inoculation on calcium nitrate agar medium. Conidia from these cultures induced ergot symptoms upon artificially inoculating pearl millet hybrid HB 4. The authors considered that production of honey-dew was not a consequence of parasitism.

1060 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1981) Nature of resistance and susceptibility in vitro in ergot of pearl millet caused by Claviceps fusiformis lov. Phytopathology. 20: 43-45

Five varieties of pearl Millet, viz.: B-389, J-88, PIB- 228, HB-4 and HB-5, were selected to work out the nature of resistance and susceptibility to the ergot inciting fungus C. fusiformis Calli from highly resistant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible varieties were raised on modified Murashige and Skoog's medium. Callus pieces were transferred to 0.6% water agar and inoculations were made. In highly susceptible varieties almost all conidia that came in contact with callus surface germinated and germ tubes penetrated the cells directly, while in highly resistant and moderately susceptible varieties only a small number of conidia germinated. The growth of mycelium was inter-as well as intra-cellular.

1061 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1984) Nutritional studies on Claviceps fusiformis, causing ergot disease in pearl millet. I. influence of nutrient media, light, temperature, pH

and carbon nitrogen ratio. Indian Journal of Mycol Plant Pathology. 14: 256-259

Calcium nitrate medium supported best growth and sporulation of C. fusiformis. Alternate light and darkness. 4.5 to 5.0 pH and 25°C temperature supported luxuriant growth and sporulation. Sucrose gave the best mycelial growth while maltose supported profuse sporulation. Amongst inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium nitrate supported best growth whereas excellent sporulation was obtained on calcium nitrate. Asparagine and glutamic acid as organic nitrogen sources supported growth and sporulation, respectively.

1062 Kumar, A. and Joshi, H.K. (1995)

Development of leaf spot caused by Ramularia carthami and reaction of safflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science. 125: 223-225

A severe leaf spot disease caused by Ramularia carthami Zaprom. was observed in 1983 and investigations were carried out in order to analyse the role of environmental factors in disease development. High temperature and normal relative humidity, with dry rainless days, favoured disease development. Studies on the nature of in-vivo resistance and susceptibility to R. carthami showed that growth of the fungal germ-tube was slower on resistant than on susceptible safflower cultivars, where the germ-tube extended with or without branching and penetrated infected leaves through the stomata. Of the four safflower cultivars evaluated, none were entirely free from the disease, but on the basis of lesion number and size, cultivar IGFRI-116 was rated as highly resistant.

1063 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath (1991) A new banded leaf and sheath blight of pearl millet in India. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 19: 215-216

In August, 1989, a new disease was observed on leaves and sheaths of pearl millet, growing in experimental plots at Pali, western Rajasthan. Disease characteristics are described. A fungus was isolated and identified as Fusarium equiseti. Pathogenicity was confirmed. This is the first report of F. equiseti on leaves and sheaths of pearl millet in India. Field screening showed that incidence of the disease varied between different hybrids and cultivars.

1064 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1991)

Epidemiology of sorghum long smut in semi-arid India. Sorghum Newsletter. 32: 43-45

In October 1990 air-borne teliospores of Tolyposporium ehrenbergii were detected at all heights investigated in a long smut infected field in India. Insects visiting the infected fields were collected and identified. It was demonstrated that only Leptocorisa acuta transmitted the disease but colonies of fungus were also isolated from Coccinella sp. and Nezara graminea.

1065 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1991) Fungicidal control and disease rating-scale of long smut (Tolyposporium ehrenbergii) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 225-227

Seed treatment with thiram was more effective than carbendazim, though neither gave complete control of long smut. Disease severity was recorded at dough stage by estimating the number of sori on an infected panicle, using an illustrated rating scale. Percentages of grain loss per ear and per plot were determined. At present, breeding for resistance appears to be the best approach for controlling this disease, which is severe in areas with annual rainfall < 635 mm.

1066 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1993) Toxin production by Fusarium solani causing Eucalyptus wilt. Indian Forester. 119: 306-309

Toxin production by Fusarium solani, the causal agent of Eucalyptus wilt was studied in-vitro. The fungal culture filtrates inhibited considerably seed germination along with radicle and plumule elongation. Richard's, Conn's, Czapek's, Asthana and Hawker's media were found to support phytotoxin production by the pathogen.

1067 Lodha, S. (1984) Varietal resistance and evaluation of seed dressers against bacterial blight of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Indian Phytopathology. 37: 438-440

Of the 126 collections of guar, 4 collections appeared moderately resistant to bacterial blight under artificially inoculating conditions. Seed treatment with streptocycline (250 ppm) proved effective in reducing disease intensity and increasing the yield of guar grain.

1068 Lodha, S (1989) Soil Solorization for the control of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. in arid soils. Indian Phytopathology. 42:170-171.

Polyethylene mulching for a period of 15 days during hot summer days was found highly effective in reducing soil population densities of Macrophomina phaseolina in arid soils. The reduction was more in top soil layer.

1069 Lodha, S. (1995)

Soil solarization, summer irrigation and amendments for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. cumini and Macrophomina phaseolina in arid soils. Crop Protection. 14: 215-219

Field tests were carried out to examine the efficacy of soil solarization in conjunction with amendments (urea 20 kg N ha-1 and farmyard manure) for the control of wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini) of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) of clusterbean. During the summer of 1987, solarization of soil by covering it with transparent polyethylene sheets for 15 days greatly reduced the population of the two soil borne pathogens at 0-30 cm depth. As a result, significant reductions in the incidence of wilt, dry root rot and weed populations, and improvements in seed yields were recorded in solarized plots. Soil amendments extended the effectiveness of solarization by restricting the rebound of Fusarium, even after two successive crops of cumin, compared to solar heating alone. Similarly Macrophomina populations did not increase significantly after one crop of clusterbean. Populations of these pathogens were also reduced considerably merely by the natural heating of the moistened bare soil after amendments. These results suggest a new approach to disease control by the application of summer irrigation in hot arid regions.

1070 Lodha, S. (1996)

Influence of moisture conservation techniques on Macrophomina phaseolina population, dry root rot and yield of clusterbean. Indian Phytopathology. 49: 342-349

Effect of varying levels of soil moisture on Macrophomina phaseolina populations and dry root rot intensity in clusterbean was studied under arid conditions. Mulching with a layer of pearl millet stover (3.5 ton ha-1), farmyard manure (10 ton ha-1) and low plant population (1.6 lakh ha-1), alone or in combination, effectively conserved available soil moisture of varying levels during different stages of crop growth. This resulted in increased population of resident bacteria with a corresponding decrease in sclerotial counts of M. phaseolina. Correlation of soil moisture with total bacteria were positive but these factors were negatively correlated with M.

phaseolina. In path coefficient analysis, the highest negative indirect effects of soil moisture modified the behaviour of antagonistic micro-organisms. Enhanced soil moisture and a decrease in M. phaseolina population significantly reduced the dry root rot intensity and increased seed yield of clusterbean.

1071 Lodha, S. and Anantha Ram, K. (1993) Effectiveness of streptocycline spray schedules on the bacterial blight intensity and yield of clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 237-240

Thirteen schedules of streptocycline were attempted to record their effectiveness against bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris Pv. cyamopsidis Dye] of clusterbean. Seed treatment (250 ppm) followed by two sprays of streptocycline (100 ppm) at 5th and 7th week after planting significantly reduced the blight intensity and increased the grain yield. The combination provided an additional seed yield of 1.52 kg per rupee of additional investment on the antibiotic.

1072 Lodha, S. and Solanki, K.R. (1992) Influence of solar heating on control of dry root-rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and weeds in arid environment. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 62: 838-843

Solar heating achieved through polyethylene mulching of the soil during hot days could considerably increase the soil temperature. The maximum soil temperature at 2.00 PM in mulched plots was 58°C (wet) and 69°C (dry) at 5 cm depth, which in non-mulched plots did not exceed 53°C (wet) and 63°C (dry). Elevated soil temperatures and a shift in favour of antagonistic micro organisms reduced the populations of M. phaseolina from 350 to 7 sclerotia g-1 soil. This reduction was more in the surface soil, and decreased with an increase in soil depth upto 30 cm. In the arid region solar heating was effective with the application of a single irrigation only. Clusterbean raised in solarized plots gave higher grain yield due to significant control of the dry root-rot and weeds like Indian sandbur (Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.), mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.], heliotrope (Heliotropium subulatum Hochst.), nut grass (Cyperus rotundas L.), bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], spreading hog-weed (Boerhavia diffusa L.) and gisekia (Gisekia pharnacioides L.).

1073 Lodha, S. and Solanki, K.R. (1992) Inheritance of resistance to dry root rot in clusterbean. Indian Phytopathology. 45: 430-433

Inheritance of resistance to dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in clusterbean was studied. Scaling test revealed the presence of epistasis in R x R and S x S crosses and appropriateness of additive dominance model for R X S cross. In gene effect studies, additive, additive x additive and dominance x dominance were more pronounced in R x S cross. Low value of heritability (37.8%) indicated significant role of environmental conditions in the expression of this trait.

1074 Lodha, S. and Vaidya, A. (1990) Influence of soil solarization on the viability of Fusarium solani in an arid environment. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 4: 199-202

Efficacy of soil solarization (polyethylene mulching) was tested against a root rot fungus, Fusarium solani, in hot arid environment. Mulching during the month of June increased soil temperatures by as much as 12 and 9°C at 5 cm depth in dry and wet plots, respectively, resulting in a pronounced reduction of F. solani population. An initial population of 250 propagules g-1 soil was reduced to 13 (dry) and 7 (wet) propagules during a period of 15 days. Elimination of propagules at 15 and 30 cm soil depth was relatively low. Considerable reduction in the Fusarium population occurred in moistened non-mulched soil, indicating a possibility of disease control by the application of a single irrigation in summer months.

1075 Lodha, S., Gupta, G.K. and Singh, Saroj. (1986) Crop disease situation and some new records from Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 311-320

Surveys of plant diseases were undertaken during 1977-1984 in the arid zones of Rajasthan. A comprehensive plant-wise list of commonly occurring fungi, bacteria and viruses is given and includes 28 new host records. Root rots, wilts, ergot, blight and powdery and downy mildews were the most frequent and severe diseases on different hosts. Maximum yield loss (75.36%) was recorded due to yellow mosaic virus on moth bean, followed by downy mildew of pearl millet (50.15%) and bacterial blight of clusterbean (50%). Agro-climatic factors influencing root rots, ergot and mildews development are also indicated.

1076 Lodha, S., Mali, P.C. and Burman, U. (1993) Development of bacterial blight and changes in biochemical components in the resistant and susceptible genotypes of clusterbean. Indian Phytopathology. 46: 354-359

Development of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. cyamopsidis) was studied in five genotypes of clusterbean. Maximum blight intensity (76.6 per cent) and apparent infection rate (0.052) was recorded in Pusa Navbahar. Two sprays of streptocycline significantly reduced the blight intensity and infection rate in all the genotypes. Lesser change in soluble carbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll coupled with more change in phenols and peroxidase due to blight infection in HG 75 compared to Pusa Navbahar partly accounts for the bacterial blight resistance in HG 75.

1077 Lodha, S., Mathur, B.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1990) Factors influencing population dynamics of Macrophomina phaseolina in arid soils. Plant and Soil. 125: 75-80

The population of the fungus increased under continuous mono-cropping with a susceptible host, but considerable reduction was recorded with crop rotation or a change in crop sequence. The effects of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, total microbial population, minimum and maximum soil temperature on the survival of M. phaseolina population were studied in the absence of a crop at different soil depths. Highest population and survival rates were recorded at 0-5 cm soil depth. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were carried out to determine the role of individual factors influencing M. phaseolina population. In winter months, low temperature and high actinomycete population were found to be the major factors governing the reduction of the population of M. phaseolina.

1078 Lodha, S., Sharma, S.K. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1997) Solarization and natural heating of irrigated soil amended with cruciferous residues for improved control of Macrophomina phaseolina. Plant Pathology. 46: 186-190

The efficacy of summer irrigation and soil solarization combined with cruciferous residues was tested against the dry root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in an arid climate. In irrigated amended soil, polyethylene mulching during May increased the soil temperature to 57°C and 50°C at depths of 0-15 and 16-30 cm, respectively. As a result, within 15 days the population of M. phaseolina was almost eradicated (93-99%) at both soil depths. A considerable reduction (75-96%) was also achieved by natural heating of irrigated soil (46-53 C) for 15 days after amending with cruciferous residues. Mulching alone was only partially effective (69-89% reduction). These results suggest a new approach to controlling soil-borne pathogens in hot arid regions by combining summer

irrigation with soil amendment. Amendment with residues alone or in conjunction with soil solarization also increased the population of lytic bacteria against M. phaseolina.

1079 Mahrishi, R.P. (1991)

A new host for pearl millet ergot in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 175-176

It was observed that some grasses like Pennisetum squamulatum, P. massaicum, Panicum antidotale and Cenchrus ciliaris serve as collateral hosts to ergot of pearl millet .

1080 Mali, P.C., Vyas, S.P. and Lodha, S. (1989)

Biochemical components of cluster bean genotypes in relation to bacterial blight. Indian Phytopathology. 42: 559-561

Among the varieties, HG-75 was found to be resistant while pusa Navbahar highly susceptible to bacterial blight. Genotypes differed in metabloic constituents upon infection. Severe infection brought about more of metabolic derangements towards the assimilatory activities in plants which finally resulted in yield reduction. Study suggested the possibility of the use of glutamine synthetase as an additional parameter for determining relative resistance in clusterbean genotypes.

1081 Mathur, B.L. and Prasad, N. (1964) Studies on wilt disease of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. cumini. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 34: 131-137

Wilt of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. cumini is responsible for heavy losses to this crop in Rajasthan. The pathogen may incite pre-emergence death but does not rot the seed. The seed and plant parts may play a role in introduction of the disease in new areas. The fungus is composed of a large number of cultural and pathogenic variants which range from severe parasites to almost saprophytes. Host-range studies showed that the cumin-wilt Fusaria were specific to their own host, although some infection was obtained by few isolates on coriander and carrot in seedling stage.

1082 Mehta, N. and Thakur, D.P. (1986) Role of different grasses in the occurrence of ergot on pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 473-475

Out of 20 grasses and 14 strains of Panicum and Cenchrus tested, only P. antidotale Retz. and C. ciliaris Linn. contracted ergot incidence under artificial inoculation with both ergot suspension of

pearl millet and blue panic-grass (P. antidotale Retz.) in 1982 and 1983. Only P. antidotale has been observed to contract the ergot infection in the field.

1083 Podder, S. and Purohit, D.K. (1993) Changes in protein content of mustard and taramira seeds due to fungal infestation. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 277-278

Seeds of mustard cv Aruna and taramira cv T-27 showed steady and gradual decrease in total protein when inoculated with Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera tetramera, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium pinophilum. The decline continued with prolongation of the incubation period.

1084 Podder, S. and Purohit, D.K. (1994) Aflatoxin contamination of mustard and taramira seeds under storage in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 67-68

Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from seeds of mustard (Brasscia juncea) and taramira (Eruca sativa) collected from different parts of Rajasthan were screened for aflatoxin producing potentials. Forty nine out of 50 and 71 out of 75 isolates from mustard and taramira respectively were toxigenic and elaborated varying amounts of aflatoxins. Similarly when 27 and 38 naturally infested samples of taramira and mustard were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins, 13 and 10 samples were positive for aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin B1 was invariably present in all the contaminated samples and the amount of aflatoxin B1 varied from trace to 489 ppm in taramira, while in mustard it ranged from trace to 729 ppm.

1085 Rathore, G.S., Majumdar, V.L. and Champawat, R.S. (1993) Studies on witches broom of moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 103-105

Yield of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) reduced by 88.75% at 100% to that at zero per cent disease severity. Per cent loss in yield plant-1 increased progressively with increasing disease severity. Plant growth parameters of diseased plants were significantly reduced as compared to healthy plants. Spray of 250 ppm tetracycline hydrochloride suppressed the symptoms of mycoplasma and increased the growth of plant. Seventy one varieties were screened against mycoplasmal withches broom, out of which only 25 were found to be completely resistant.

1086 Satya Vir. (1984)

Assessment of yield loss due to yellow mosaic virus infection in moth bean. Pesticides. 8: 33-34

YM is capable of causing substantial losses even under arid condition of Rajasthan. The cultivation of variety T-2, T-16, IPCMO 943 of mothbean are recommended for cultivation in Rajasthan.

1087 Senecha, P. and Srivastava, H.P. (1981)

Fungi associated with the seeds of moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius L.) Geobios. 8: 75-76

Aspergillus niger, A. termarii, Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, Rhizoctonia bactaticola and Rhizopus arrhizus are more harmful and virulent pathogens as compared to Alternaria dianthi, A. raphani, Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium brefeldianum.

1088 Sharma, S.K., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lodha, S. (1995) Population changes of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini in oil-cake and crop residue-amended sandy soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2: 281-284

Population changes of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini were followed in a sandy soil amended with mustard and castor cakes or nitrogen-enriched pearl millet residues, singly or in combined form. Populations of both the pathogens were reduced by 100% in the mustard-cake amended soil within a period of 30 days after addition. Amendment with nitrogen-enriched pearl millet residue significantly reduced the population of M. phaseolina within 45 days, but not that of F. oxysporum. However, incorporation of pearl millet residue in both types of cakes delayed the rate of reduction. The induced suppressiveness in the cake-amended soil was associated with a substantial increase in the population of antagonistic actinomycetes. Amendment of soil with mustard cake in fields infested with M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum f.sp.cumini may reduce yield loss caused by dry root rot of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)Taub.) and wilt of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.).

1089 Singh, S.K. and Srivastava, H.P. (1988) Symptoms of Macrophomina phaseolina infections on moth bean seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 151-152

Germination of infected seeds varied from 20 to 90% Discoloration of the seedlings at 7 to 15 days was observed and the rotting starts from the root tips. At advanced stage, the stem starts discoloration

with dark brown to black patches and subsequently to whole plants wilts.

1090 Singh, S. and Lodha, S. (1986) Varietal resistance of cowpea to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid, causing dry root-rot and its control. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 56: 552-556

On arid soil, the build-up of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. was more and the mortality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was high when the soil was inoculated with the fungus at the time when the cowpea was sown than when 15-days-old plants were inoculated. Of the 33 genotypes evaluated, `26/4/1', V16', `K39',`25/8/2' and `CO 3' were moderately resistant. In the green-house and field, carbendazim, benomyl and phenyl mercury acetate appeared as most promising seed-dressers in reducing disease incidence.

1091 Singh, S., Lodha, S. and Singh, M.P. (1984) Evaluation of fungi-toxicants against Euphorbia rots caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 127-130

The laboratory evaluation of fungitoxicants indicate that pathogen was most sensitive to carbendazim 50 at 10 ppm concentration but no fungicide checked the rotting completely as soil drench.

1092 Yadava, N., Rathore, G.S., Majumdar, V.L. and Yadav, V.K. (1994) Stomatal response to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid infection in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 91-92

Significant decrease in transpiration rate was observed with increasing degree of infection. Leaf diffusive resistance increased with increasing severity of infection. This shows that infecting fungus Macrophomina phaseolina inhibited the opening of stomata.

Insects and Nematodes

1093 Ahuja, D.B. (1991) Assessment of loss in seed yield due to leaf webber-and-capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis) in different varieties of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 147-49

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1988 and 1989 with 'C 50', 'TC 25', 'CST 785', 'Krishna', 'Improved

Selection 5' and 'RT 46' sesame to assess the loss in seed yield due to leaf webber and capsule borer under rainfed condition at Mandor. The pest caused significant loss in seed yield. 'C 50' showed maximum loss (68.24%) in seed yield, followed by 'CST 785' (57.77%), 'TC 25' (52.48%), 'RT 46' (32.67%), 'Improved Selection 5' (20.88%) and 'Krishna' (12.00%). The difference in seed yield, plant infestation (%) and pod damage (%) between the protected and unprotected plots of all the varieties was significant.

1094 Bansal, S.K., Chaudhary, R.C., Singh, V. and Lakshmi-narayana, J. (1996) Seasonal prevalence and insecticide susceptibility status of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera : Psychodidae) in the north-western thar desert (district Bikaner, Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 377-382

Five species of sandflies viz. Phlebotomus papatasi (71.7%), Sergentomyia punjabensis (19.0%0, S. babu babu (7.3%), S. clydei (1.8%) and S. baghdadis (0.8%) were collected from indoor habitats like human dwellings, cattle sheds and rodent burrows. Maximum density of all the sandflies was observed during the monsoon and post-monsoon season (July-October) followed by spring (March and April), summer (May and June) and winter season (November to February). P. papatasi is susceptible to fenitrothion and permethrin, resistant to DDT, dieldrin and propoxur while a verification was required with malathion. LD50 values for DDT and dieldrin were 4.3 and 0.43% respectively, while LT50 values for fenitrothion, propoxur and permethrin were 42.6, 50.0 and 15.7 minutes, respectively.

1095 Burman, U., Kaul, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1995) Soil amendment induced changes in growth and physiology of nematode infested Solanum melongena. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology. 5: 213-217

Effect of four oil cakes viz. castor, neem, rayada and mustard at 3% w/w and carbofuran at kg a.i. ha-1 to Meloidogyne incognita infested soil on nematode multiplication and growth and water relations of egg plant (var. Pusa Purple Long) was studied at 40 and 80 days after planting. Oil cakes in general proved more efficient in checking nematode population and also alleviating adverse effects of nematodes on the growth of egg plants. On the other hand, carbofuran at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 did not reduce nematode populations though it initially checked transpirational water loss.

1096 Doval, S.L., Mathur, B.P. and Kaul, C.K. (1975)

Studies on the biology and control of Chaetocnema basalis baly (Chrysomelidae : coleoptera). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 57-62

The pest passed through two generations during a single wheat growing period. Under field conditions the activity of first generation starts in the second half of November and that of the second generation in the last week of January. Thereafter the population undergoes hibernation. DDT + methyl parathion, BHC and carbaryl dusts gave very good results in the control of Chaetocnema basalis Baly, in wheat crop.

1097 Garhwal, S.N., Verma, S.K. and Sharma, J.K. (1994) Field efficacy of different insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 159-160

The percentage reduction in the population of cowpea aphids (Aphis Craccivora) 1 day after the insecticide application showed the immediate efficacy of the sprays. Methyl demeton was the most effective, followed by dimethoate. All the insecticides showed maximum efficacy in containing the aphid population after 4 to 7 days of application.

1098 Gupta, B.M. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1985) Effect of BHC dust on germination of groundnut and moth bean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 754-755

BHC 10% dust applied to soil had an adverse effect on the germination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and moth bean [Vigna aconitifolius (Jacq.) Marechal], but a dosage of 20 kg ha-1 had no marked effect on the germination of both the crops.

1099 Gupta, B.M. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1986) Susceptibility of released and elite cumin germplasm to aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 174-176

In a 2-year field experiment, none of the 50 genotypes of cumin (Cumin cyminum Linn.) was to be resistant to aphid. `UC 187', `UC 154', `UC150', `UC 88', and `UC 33' showed the least susceptibility to the attack of the aphid. `UC 47', and `UC 192' possessing the highest volatile oil content were found to be infested by the highest population of aphids, and `UC 88' having the lowest volatile oil content was infested by the lowest population. There was no correlation between the degree of infestation and the plant characters.

1100 Jain, P.C. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1986) Effect of dates of sowing on the incidence of insect pests of coriander. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 56-59

That there was an increase in the population of coriander aphid [Hyadophis coriandori (Das)] by 224 and 226 aphids 5 plants-1, and decrease in the yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum Linn.) by 1.75 and 2.01 q ha-1 with each delay in sowing by 15 days beyond 25 October in 1980 and 22 October in 1981. Date of sowing except 25 October in 1980 did not influence significantly the population of brown wheat mite (Pentrobia latens Muller).

1101 Joshi, M.L., Ahuja, D.B. and Mathur, B.N. (1989) Loss in seed yield by insect pests and their occurrence on different dates of sowing in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea subsp juncea). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 59: 166-168

Loss in seed yield and occurrence of different insects were studied during the winters (rabi) of 1984-87 in 'Varuna' Indian mustard. The crop was sown on 6 different dates under protected and unprotected conditions. The painted bug (Bagrada hiliaris Burm.) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) were major pests causing significant damage. The crop sown in September-October escaped aphid attack but suffered 26.8-70.4% loss in seed yield due to painted bug. The crop sown in November-December was heavily infested by the aphid and the loss in seed yield was 28.8-63.8%. Painted-bug infestation was not severe during these dates of sowing. The highest grain yield and minimum percentage of loss in seed yield were recorded in the crop sown on 15 October in 1984-85 and 1986-87.

1102 Kavadia, V.S. and Verma, S.K. (1970) Quisqualis indica Linn. and Dodonea viscosa Linn. as new hosts of castor semilooper, Achoea janata Linn. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 70: 226-227

The present report records the feeding of A. janata larvae on two additional hosts, namely the hedge plant Dodonea viscosa (Family Sapindaceae) and the ornamental Rangon creeper, Quisqualis indica (Family Combretaceae).

1103 Kulkarni, K.A. and Jotwani, M.G. (1978) Control of sorghum shootfly by carbofuran seed treatment. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 184-191

Studies on the efficacy of carbofuran seed dress for sorghum shootfly control was made at the Regional Research Station, Dharwar and medium research station, Bijapur in kharif and rabi seasons of 1973-74 and 1974-75 on CSH-1 and R-16. Carbofuran treated seeds tried alone or in combination of untreated seeds in the ration of 80:20 and 60:40 gave effective control of sorghum shootfly. Cost benefit studies indicated that among the significant treatments, 80:20 ratio was found to be economical.

1104 Kumawat, K.C. and Kanwat, P.M. (1995) Efficacy of some insecticides against sesame gall fly, Asphondylia sesami felt. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 151-152

A good check of the gall fly damage was afforded by the spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC and phosphamidon 86 EC significantly reducing the malformed capsules to 2.56 and 3.00%, respectively.

1105 Pal, S.K. and Doval, S.L. (1970) Some observations on the white grub Holotrichia insularis Brenske (Melolonthidae: coleoptera) and its control in Jodhpur division of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 151-156

The peak period of activity of the white grubs (Holotrichia insularis Brenske) in six localities in and around Jodhpur covered the period August-September. The highest population density of the pest in these areas was found to be 61,000 larvae per ha in the month of August. Chemical control studies on the pest in a field of bajra crop in Borunda village near Jodhpur revealed that the use of lindane and thiodemeton granules @ 1 Kg actual ingredient per ha is highly successful and economical in controlling this pest.

1106 Parihar, D.R. (1978) Field observations on the nature and extent of damage by Indian desert termites and their control. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 192-199

Desert termites attacked not only the roots of the seedlings but also the trunk and bark of the trees. Monomorium longi Forel. Pheidole smythiesi Forel, Humbertiella indica Sauss, Calotes versicolor and Funambulus pennanti were recorded as new predators of the termites in India. Endrin EC at 0.02% and 0.03% of aldrin EC were found most effective against Odontotermes brunneus, attacking the Dalbergia sissoo trees for one year; while 5% aldrin and 10% BHC dust @ 10 kg a.i. ha-1 proved to be effective against Microcerotermes tenuignathus infesting wheat crop.

1107 Parihar, D.R. (1979)

Life-history of Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti (Bei-Bienko) (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae), Jodhpur, India. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 27: 417-422

P. bispinosa deserti is a very common grasshopper species in the tropical countries. It feeds on grasses, cowpea and seedlings of bajra. Its life history was studied both in field as well as in the laboratory. It has two generations in a year. Copulation is of `riding type'. The number of nymphal instars is variable from 5-7; males have 5 to 6 instars and females 6 to 7 instars.

1108 Parihar, D.R. (1979) Outbreak of katra, Amsacta moorei pest in the rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 140-141

The occurrence of katra (Amsacta moorei) was maximum in Nagaur district where the soils are heavy. Further the incidence was more on pulses and minimum on bajra in all the localities.

1109 Parihar, D.R. (1983) Seasonal variations in population and food preference of grasshopper, Pyrogomorpha bispinosa deserti (Bei-Bienko) in the desert of Rajasthan. Bulletin of Entomology. 4: 1-5

Hopper and adults of Pyrogomorpha bispinosa diserti are fairly abundant in the Rajasthan desert during monsoon (July to September). It has two egg laying periods in a year. Density of both the hopper and adults has been observed to be low in winter and summer months. Peak population of hoppers was found in the month of August and adults in September. Grasshoppers prefer soft green grasses and they meet with a high mortality when they feed on dry grass. Twenty four plants were tested to find out the food preference of this grasshopper. Plant species like Cenchrus setigerus, C. ciliaris, Pennisetum purpureum, Setaria speciolata, Brocharia spp. are most preferred, while Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Tragus biflorus, Eragrostis sp. Dactyloctenium sindicum Cyperus sp. are least preferred.

1110 Parihar, D.R. (1983) Some biological observation on short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) at Jodhpur, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 239-252

Notes are given on the biology of twelve species of short-horned grasshoppers very common in Indian desert. Number of generations per year were noted. Two species, viz., Oedaleus senegalensis and

Sphingonotus rubescens showed egg dispause. Sex-ratios of these species have been determined. Gracid female preferred sparsely distributed short grasses for oviposition and breeding. Seasonal changes in colouration of some species have been observed.

1111 Parihar, D.R. (1984) Eco-biogeography of grasshoppers in Indian desert. Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik. 111 : 219-230

From 1976-1981 survey and sampling of grasshoppers were undertaken throughout the Indian desert, the vegetation of which showed considerable variations. Twenty Seven species in 23 genera were recorded and their classification and biogeography worked out. The faunistic composition of Acridoidea is high whereas that to Tetricidae is the lowest.

1112 Parihar, D.R. (1984) Predation of grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) by lizard (Ophiomorus tridactylus Blyth.) In great Indian desert. Zeitschrift fur angewandte zoologie. 79: 129-133

Lizard, Ophiomorus tridactylus is voraciously predating on a number of grasshoppers in Indian Desert. The rate of predation is highest from August to October, whereas it is the lowest in the winter. Most preferred grasshoppers are Truxalis e. eximia, Ochrilidia affinis, Cyrtacanthacris tatarica, Acrida sp., Hieroglyphus negrorepletus, Chrotogonus t. trachypterus, and while the least preferred are Acrotylus humbertianus and Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti. Poekilocerus pictus is never prayed by the lizard.

1113 Parihar, D.R. (1984) Structure of egg-pods and eggs in a grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology. 31: 79-88

The egg-pod of Peokilocerus pictus is generally elongated, soft, fragile and bent near the base. The posterior pole of the egg points downwards. Eggs are cylindrical and elongated and are occasionally slightly bent. The egg-wall shows a mosaic pattern of hexagonal cells with a thick tubercle at each angle; the tubercles are wanting in the micropylar region. Mean length and with of an egg increases 0.78 mm and 0.70 mm respectively during development. Egg possesses a ring of about 62-66 micropylar canals, which does not seem to penetrate the vitelline membrane.

1114 Parihar, D.R. (1985)

Crop termite damage in Indian desert and its control in castor. Zeitschrift fur angewandte zoologie. 10: 309-315

The subterranean termite, Microtermes mycophagus is the culprit species, degrading castor crop in Indian desert. All the seven castor varieties tested, were found susceptible to termite infestation. The highest infestation (was recorded in 157-B variety, while the least in the local variety. Both root as well as stem were attacked by them. Seed dressing with aldrin 30 EC a 10 ml. per kg seed proved the best treatment and next followed by treatment with aldrin 5% dust at the rate of 10 g kg-1 seed. Pre-sowing soil application of 5% dust at the rate of 37.5 kg h-1 also have good result, but the commonly used BHC 10% dust is least effective for controlling termites of castor crop.

1115 Parihar, D.R. (1985) Ecology of katra, Amsacta moorei butlure (Arctiidae : Lepidoptera) in Indian desert. Bulletin of Entomology. 26: 159-165

The katra (Amsacta moorei) is widely distributed in north India, and it is one of the noxius pests in the desert. The emergence of insect is mostly governed by the erratic rainfall pattern, and it has one annual generation in year. Generally, the caterpillars roost and feed in their early stages for development on the seasonal grasses and forbs, before migrating to the field crops. The highly preferred food crops are pulses like cowpea, moong and cucurbit, and the least preferred crops are guar and chandalia.

1116 Parihar, D.R. (1986) Effect of seed treatment and soil application of aldrin and BHC on termite damage and yield of cowpea. Pesticides. 20 : 41-44

No proper estimates of losses of pulse crops due to termites are available, nor have remedies been worked out, hence this problem was investigated at CAZRI, Jodhpur and main results are reported in this paper.

1117 Parihar, D.R. (1992) Bio-ecology of Acrotylus humbertianus. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 : 143-146

The grasshopper, Acrotylus humbertianus is an important species in Rajasthan desert. It damages grasslands, cowpea and seeedling of bajra crops. In this paper the bioecology of grasshopper is discussed in detail.

1118 Parihar, D.R. (1993) Field observation on pest status of some crickets (grylloidea) in arid zone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 133-134

Eight species of cricket (Gryllus) have been identified from the different locatlities of western Rajasthan. Their Biological characters, host plants and extent of damage of some of the identified Gryllus species are discussed in the paper.

1119 Parihar, D.R. (1994) Termite management in arid zone of Rajasthan, India. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 2: 81-84

Nature and extent of damage by termites on crops and trees in western Rajasthan was studied. Microtermes was the major genuinfesting trees and Odonototermes infesting crops. Efficacy of leaves of Calotropis procera and seed kernels of Azadirachta indica, azadirachtin, diazinon, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were tested against termites. All the treatments checked the infestation and gave effective control of both the species.

1120 Parihar, D.R. (1995)

Additions to grasshopper fauna of Rajasthan state. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 59-60

The considerable increase in grasshopper fauna has brought out the fact that even an arid area can sustain a great variety of grasshoppers which shows considerable resistance of grasshoppers to arid climate.

1121 Parihar, D.R. (1995) Influence of agricultural and soil management practices on termite abundance and activity: study in an arid environment. Journal of Soil Biology and Ecology. 15 : 169-174

Termite diversity and abundance increase in uncultivated land, and are adversely affected in the lands kept under continuous cropping. Continuous cropping resulted in the disappearance of some of the endemic species and replacement by new species.

1122 Parihar, D.R. and Pal, S.K. (1978) Effect of temperature on development of eggs and hoppers of surface grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.). Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie.14: 205-212

At 30 ± 1° C and 8 % moisture, the eggs developed at the sufficiently fast rate and the viability was the highest. Eggs did not

hatch at 10° C and 45° C. Exposure of freshly laid eggs to low temperature (10° C) for a longer period of time adversely affected the development. Eggs exposed to alternating temperatures of 35° C and 50° C failed to hatch at 35° C when the exposure time at high temperature was more than a day. The optimum condition of the development of hopper appeared to be within the range of 25 to 30°C. the number of hopper instars was six at all levels of temperature.

1123 Parihar, D.R. and Pal, S.K. (1978)

Weight and moisture content in developing eggs of surface grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.) (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Zeitschrift fur angewandte zoologie. 10: 139-149

The eggs of Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus absorbed water from moist soil in which they were incubated at 30° ± 1 C. The mean wet weight of a single egg increased from 1.59 ± 0.15 mg when freshly laid to 3.35 ± 0.18 mg at the start of blastokinesis (half developed) and 4.38 ± 0.22 mg when about to hatch (fully developed) thus, total increase of wet weight was 2.79 mg (141.43%). The mean dry weight of an egg decreased from 1.11 ± 0.44 mg when freshly laid to 1.47 ± 0.05 mg when about to hatch. The total mean decrease was 0.04 mg (2.73%). The amount of water in an egg, in terms of wet weight of egg, increased during development by 46.08 per cent. During the same period, the mean absolute weight of water in an egg increased from 0.48 ± 0.16 mg in freshly laid egg to 3.31 ± 0.26 mg in an egg about to hatch.

1124 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1997) A note on the thrips of the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 36 : 73-74

Thirteen species of thrips belonging to two families: Phaleothripidae and Thripidae have been identified causing damage to vegetations in Rajasthan desert. Their distribution and host plants have been recorded.

1125 Parihar, D.R. and Toms, S.V. (1995) Faunal diversity and abundance of tenebrionidae in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 133-136

Tenebrionidae was examined by means of bimonthly surveys carried out using pitfall traps. A total of 20 species were collected. Distribution and preference of habitats of most of the species were analysed. Sand dune habitat had the highest species dominance,

while it was the least in the saline habitat. Relative abundance of some species decreased in the winter season.

1126 Rathore, N.S. (1987)

First Indian record of imago of the termite Eremotermes neoparadoxalis (Termitidae : Anitermitinae). Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 177-180

The imago caste of the termite Eremotermes neoparadoxalis has been recorded for the first time from India. It was previously known only from Pakistan.

1127 Rathore, N.S. (1994) Breeding biology of Indian desert termite Microcerotermes raja (Isoptera termitidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 61-66

Swarming of the desert termite Microcerotermes raja occurred from early June to the first week of September in the morning and within two hours, 10 AM to 12.15 PM. However, during four out of 19 years, the swarming activity extended upto 3 PM. Alates emerged from small holes in the ground. After the usual dealation, the alates showed strong tandem coupling behaviour and burrowed under suitable object to excavate a small brood chamber either in masses or in pairs. The first egg was laid 3-5 days after swarming and the 'First Sprut' of egg laying activity lasted for one week during which five successive ovipositions occurred, a female laying upto 8 eggs. This was followed by a long resting period. Eggs increased in size, during development, presumably by the imbibition of external moisture. The incubation period was about 19-21 days. Hatching took 20-22 days. The first instar nymph was white and about 1.4 mm long. After 17-19 days, the fully grown worker extended the existing gallary system and helped the parents in establishing the new colony.

1128 Roonwal, M.L. and Rathore, N.S. (1972) Sex ratios, sexual dimorphism, body-moisture and moisture content in two desert termites, A.macrocephalus (Hodotermitidae) and M. mycophagus from India. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 92-110

Among 1284 swarming imagoes in Anacanthotermes mocrophalus (Desn.) males predominate in the ratio of 9:7.7 . Similarly, in Microtermes mycophagus (Desn.) among 689 imagoes, males predominate in the ratio of 4.1 : 3. In dealate imagoes A.mocrophalus the sexes do not differ in respect of either the total length (without wings) or the maximum head-width, but the abdomen is slightly wider in females than in males. No sexual

difference is noticeable in the body-weight of dealates. In M.mycophagus the total length (with wings) and the head-width show no appreciable sexual differences, but the total length of body (without wings) and the maximum width of abdomen are significantly greater in males. Females are significantly heavier than males. For dry weight this difference is about 2.4 mg. The mean moisture-content of body is about 43.5% of wet weight in males and 44.8% in females , the sexual difference being only poorly significant.

1129 Roonwal, M.L. and Rathore, N.S. (1974) Biological observations on three indian desert termites, Eremotermes paradoxalis Microcerotermes raja and Angulitermes Jodhpurensis (termitidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 237-258

1. Eremotermes paradoxalis Holmgren (Termidae : Amitermitinae) : Swarming occurs in middle August in late afternoon and early evening from holes in the ground. Alates wait in a swaring chamber before emerging. After swarming, the alates shed their wings and show tandem-coupling behaviour. 2. Microcerotermes raja Roonwal and Bose (Termitidae : Amitermitinae) : Swarming occurs from end-June to third week of August in morning to early afternoon in bright sun. After the usual dealation, the imagoes show strong tandem-coupling and burrow underground to excavate a small brood-chamber. The first eggs are laid 3 days after swarming. 3. Angulitermes jodhpurensis Roonwal and Verma (Termitidae : Termitinae) : Swarming occurs in the second and third weeks of August in early afternoon even while it is raining. After the usual dealation, the imagoes show strong tandem-coupling and excavate a brood-chamber in the soil where the first few eggs are laid about 6 days after swarming followed by upto four layings in a first spurt of activity. This is followed by a long rest period during which no eggs are laid. Eggs increase in size during development. The incubation period is about 18 days. Hatching occurs with the aid of peristalic movements in the head region and of hatching spines on the head and body. The first stage larva is white and about 1.3 mm. long.

1130 Roonwal, M.L. and Verma, S.C. (1973)

Observations on sex ratios, sexual dimorphism, weight and moisture-content in two termites from indian desert, Microcerotermes raja and Microtermes obesi. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 107-124

Microcerotermes raja Roonwal and Bose (Amirermitinae) :Among 365 swarming imagoes, the females predominate in the ratio of 2:3. Females are somewhat longer than males in respect of total length.

The sexes do not differ in respect of the maximum width of head and the maximum width of abdomen. Microtermes obesi Holmgren (Macrotermitinae): Among 950 swarming imagoes the range is 48.8-62 %, 38-51.2 %. Females are distinctly larger than males in regard to the total length (with wings) and the maximum width of head. Females are distinctly heavier than males.

1131 Satya Vir. Neem- potential pesticide. Pest Management. 20 5: 23-28

Simple neem seed preparations prepared and tested at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur are reported to be very affective and possess by for the strangest repellent, antifeedent, growth disruptant and sterilizing properties against insects like Bemisia tabaci, Empoasca berri, Myllocerus spp, Cyrtozemia cognata, Amsacta moorei, Helicoverpa armegira, Achaea janeta, Scistocerca gergaria and pest like termites and whitegrub. These preperations gave ample protection to the kharif field crops, cereals, ornamental plant and in kitchen gardens. The methods of preparation of extracts and their potential uses discussed in this paper.

1132 Satya Vir. (1980) Effect of food and temperature on the biology of Trogoderma granarium Everts, khapra beetle (Coleoptera : Dermestidae). Bulletin of Grain Technology. 18: 100-104

The larvae of T. granarium took the shortest period of 14.1 days in wheat flour followed by 14.9 days and 16.5 days on maize broken and wheat flour followed by 14.9 days and 16.5 days on maize broken and wheat broken respectively at the temperature of 32° C for their complete development. The total developmental period for egg to adult was maximum on wheat grain at all the temperatures. The incubation period is maximum at 30° C and decreases with the rise in temperatures. The beetle took the shortest period to complete its life cycle at 32° C and maximum at 30° C and 40° C in all the tested food media. The survival rate is also maximum at 32° C and decreases at higher temperature of 40° C.

1133 Satya Vir. (1980) Oviposition response and development of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. on different varieties of cowpea. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 18: 200-203

The beetle seemed to be guided in its oviposition on preferences by colour, texture and volume of seed grain. Bright coloured smooth surfaces with greater seed volume were much preferred for

oviposition. Egg lying was minimum on wrinkled surface. The development and percentage emergence of adults was not affected on the grains which were preferred for oviposition. On the basis of growth index and ovipositional preference as a combined criterion, CO2 and JC5 were the best varieties in respect of resistence while V-38, PTB1 and CG11 proved to be highly susceptible and Sel-1476, K-39 showed an intermediate behaviour.

1134 Satya Vir. (1981) A13-63392 : a highly effective juvenile hormone analogue for the control of Tribolium castaneum herbst (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae). Current Science. 50: 502-503

A new synthetic JHA, 2-fluoro-N- [{4-(phenylmethoxy) phenyl} methylene] beazenamine (A-13-63392) which prevents the development of pupae to adults without increasing the duration and number of larval instars is tested on the red flour beetle and the results are presented in this paper.

1135 Satya Vir. (1981) Note on the relative susceptibility of different varieties of cowpea to Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 813-815

It has been concluded that it is not the morphological characters of seed, viz. seed weight, seed volume and colour of seed, but the nutritional value of seed which governs the mechanism of resistance in cowpea to the attack of C.maculatus. Further, the varieties with high protein contents for storage purpose should be well protected from the attack as there is fear of more damage to the grain.

1136 Satya Vir. (1981) Susceptibility of high-yielding varieties of wheat to Trogoderma granarium Everts. Science and Culture. 47: 226-228

Kalyansona and Lal bahadur are least susceptible to khapra bettle and best suited for storage in the godowns. Raj-911 and Raj-1419 are the most susceptible varieties while D-65, -134 and HD-2009 are found to be moderately susceptible varieties to the attack of T- granarium.

1137 Satya Vir. (1982) Protect raya from mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) for better yield in Rajasthan. Seeds and Farms. 8 10: 13-14

The aphid infestation can cause substantial losses even under the agro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan. Therefore, it would be profitable for the cultivars to resort to protection measures with four sprayuings of dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC) 0.03% from 30 days after germinatin and at an interval of 15 days. Further, varieties T-59 and Durgamani are recommended for their cultivation in Rajasthan as these are high yielding and also proved comparatively tolerant to aphid infestation.

1138 Satya Vir. (1982) Relative resistance of some cowpea varieties to the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Pestology. 6: 9-11

Twenty four varieties of cowpea, Vigna sinensis were screened for their relatve resistance to C. maculatus. The varieties were compared on the basis of average food consumed per grub and the percentage loss in seed weight as a combined criterion. Varieties VIR-16, 671, 771, C-152 and 647-1 were found least susceptible, while Pb-208, 3183-I, EC-89003, 304, 534, 628, EC-455, Tvu-1035-I and EC-16954 proved to be the most susceptible varieties. None of the varieties tested was immune to the attack.

1139 Satya Vir. (1982) Studies on preference of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius to some high yielding varieties of arhar (Cajanus cajan L.). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science) 91: 391-395

The oviposition response and development of C.maculatus Fabricius were studied on 14 high yielding varieties of arhar. There was significant difference among the varieties in the amount of food consumed per grub. The average development period was not dependent on the amount of food consumed.The development of grub was also not better on the grain preferred by the beetle for oviposition. There was significant difference among the varieties in the loss of 100 seed weight. Average weight of female was more than the male developed on all varieties. On the basis of food consumed per grub and loss of 100 seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties are grouped into least susceptible, intermediate in susceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.

1140 Satya Vir. (1982) Varietal preference in cowpea by the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Science and Culture. 48: 346-47

On the basis of average food consumed per larva and the percentage loss in seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties could be broadly classified into three categories. The varieties TVU-6, 526, TVU-373-1-1, EC-107134, 820 and 902 were least susceptible while TVU-22, 901, 665 and C. G. 68 were found most susceptibel and the rest were intermediate in susceptibility to the insect. Out of the 19 varieties of cowpea tested TVU-6 was the least susceptible and TVU-22 was the most susceptible variety to the attack of C. maculatus.

1141 Satya Vir. (1982) Varietal perference in moth (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq.) for the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 20: 3-7

The oviposition response and the development of C. maculatus Fabricius was studied on twenty promising varieties of moth. The beetle oviposited on all varieties but the ovipositional behaviour was not related to the suitability of seeds for the development. The development of grub was also not dependent on the amount of food consumed. There was significant differences among the varieties in the amount of food consumed per grub and also the loss of 100 seed weight. Average weight of female was more than the male emerged on all varieties. On the basis of food consumed per grub, loss of 100 seed weight and the percentage emergence of beetle as a combined criterion, the varieties are grouped into least susceptible, intermediate in susceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.

1142 Satya Vir. (1983) Efficacy of some important insecticides against Amsacta moorie Butler on cowpea crop. Madras Agriculture Journal. 7: 682-683

The present contribution embodies the results of certain new insecticides against 3rd and 5th instar larvae of A.moorei. The use of quinalphos has been found to be very effective for the control of A.moorei.

1143 Satya Vir. (1983)

Efficacy of some important insecticides for the control of leafhopper Empoasca kerri Pruthi on moth bean crop. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 11: 130-133

The present investigation was therefore, undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of some newer insecticides for the control of leafhopper E. kerri. Use of monocrotophos, fenitrothion, methyl-demeton,

dimethoate were found to be very effective for the control of leafhopper.

1144 Satya Vir. (1983) Efficacy of some important insecticides in the control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), a vector of the yellow mosaic disease on moth bean. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 11: 31-33

Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative efficacy of eleven insecticides in controlling the whitefly, B. tabaci and checking the incidence of the yellow mosaic disease on moth bean. Monocrotophos, fenitrothion, methyldemeton, dimethoate, permethrin, disulfoton, phorate and carbofuran significantly reduce the whitefly population and were also found effective in reducing the incidence of yellow mosaic disease. Whereas, monocrotophos, fenitrothion and dimethoate only were found effective in increasing the grain yield of the plant. Monocrotophos at 0.25 kg a.i. ha-1 applied 3 times at 15 days interval starting from 15th day of sowing was more effective than other chemicals and has been recommended for use in the control of whitefly and yellow mosaic disease on moth bean.

1145 Satya Vir. (1983) Juvenilizing activity of A-13-63528 (Benzyloxy juvenoid) in Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 21: 3-8

The effect of 2,6-difluaro-N-[[4-[ (3-fluorophenyl) methoxy] phenyl] methylene] = benzenamine (A13-63528)-a juvenile hormone analogue was examined in disrupting the metamorphosis in T. castaneum. There was no increase in the developmental period and all larval stages were found equally susceptible at 10 ppm and above of the compound. The juvenoid impedes the pupal-adult transformation to different degree and the development of normal adult is arrested.

1146 Satya Vir. (1983) Varietal resistance and susceptibility of cowpea to Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. Indian Journal of Entomology. 45: 213-217

Varietal reaction in regard to average developmental, period of grub and food consumed per grub of emerged beetles were significant. Variety Copusa-2 showed maximum % loss in weight while it was lowest in variety 25/8/2/2. On the basis of growth index, food consumed per grub and loss in seed weight as a combined criterion, these varieties have been grouped into comparative resistant, intermediate and susceptible varieties. JC5, 25/8/2/2, RS9, CG28

and Sel-1476 proved to be relatively resistant whereas Copusa-1, V-7, Copusa-2, 26/4/1, Culture-2, 5269 and PTB1 were found to be most susceptible varieites. Varieties JC10, K-39, Culture-1, CG11, V-37, CG69, V-16, Copusa-3, PLS-382, HG22, C-152, CG5 showed an intermediate behaviour and none was found immune to attack of C.maculatus. Average weight of adult and sex ratio were not affected by susceptibility or resistance of varieties to the insect.

1147 Satya Vir. (1984) Evaluation and economics of some insecticides for the control of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) on Raya. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 25-29

Field trials were conducted during rabi 1980-82 to evaluate the efficacy and economics of insecticides against mustard aphid on mustard crop. The treatment of methyl-demeton (0.025%), phosphamidon (0.25%) and monocrotophos (0.25%) proved to be the best in reducing the aphid population and increasing the seed yield of the crop. The net return in rupees was also maximum on treatment of methyl-demeton, phosphamidon and monocrotophos in both the years and are therefore, recommended for the control of mustard aphid under agro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan.

1148 Satya Vir. (1984) Insect-pests and yellow mosaic virus - a threat to moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) cultivation in Rajasthan. Seeds and Farms. 9: 19-21

Seed yield due to protection measure is upto the tune of 107 to 255 kg ha-1 in all the the high yielding varieties of moth bean and the expenditure involved in 3 sprayings of monocrotophos including labour charges, rent of the spraying machine is quite low. The monetary loss was Rs. 374.50 to 892.50 ha-1 at the prevailing market rate of Rs. 350/- qtl. Therefore, it would be profitable for the cultivars to resort to protection measures with 3 sprayings of monocrotophos (0.04 percent) starting from 15 days after germination and at the intervals of 15 days.

1149 Satya Vir. (1984)

Screening of moth bean Vigna aconitifolia Jacq varieties against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science). 93: 25-28

Though the beetle oviposited on all varieties, the preference for oviposition was not related to the suitability of seeds for the development. The development of grub was also not dependent on

the amount of food consumed. There was significant difference among the varieties in the amount of food consumed per grub and the loss of 100 seed weight. On the basis of food consumed per grub and loss of 100 seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties are grouped into least susceptible, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible varieties.

1150 Satya Vir. (1984) Screening of some cowpea varieties against pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. Seeds and Farms. 9: 29-31

Varietal reaction in regard to food consumption per grub, % loss in seed weight and emergence of beetles was significant. The development of grub was not dependent on the amount of food consumed while the amount of food consumed per grub increases with the increase in protein value of the seeds. On the basis of food consumed per grub and loss in seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties are grouped into least susceptible, intermediate in susceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.

1151 Satya Vir. (1988) Effect of Diflubenzuron - a chitin synthesis inhibitor on khapra beetle, Trogoderna granarium Everts (Coleoptera : Dermestidae). Bulletin of Grain Technology. 26: 126-129

The effect of 1-(4-Chlorophenyl-3- (2, 6-difluorobenzoyl) urea - a chitin synthesis inhibitor was studied on T. granarium Everts. The compound at a dose of 10 ppm and above acts as an effective chemical and resulted cent per cent mortality in Ist and 3rd instar larvae after 10 and 20 days of feeding respectively and 88 per cent in 5th instar larvae of khapra beetle after 20 days. Larval mortality was recorded after 3-5 days of feeding and thus regarded as a slow acting chemical which results in mortality only after being ingested. There was no increase in larval duration and no extra larval moult was recorded on feeding with the compound.

1152 Satya Vir. (1989) Multipication of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. : Infestation and loss in weight of moth bean and cowpea seeds at different levels of infestation. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 27: 21-25

Multiplication of C. maculatus, infestation of seeds and loss in weight of mothbean and cowpea seeds were studied at four levels of initial infestation viz. 1, 2, 3, and 5 pairs. The population build up was 510.5, 768.7, 996 and 1258.3 on moth bean seeds and 417.3, 805, 912.3 and 1027 on cowpea seeds after six months of storage

from initial infestation of 1, 2, 3 and 5 pairs respectively. The infestation of seeds varied from 31.7 to 81.7% with a loss of 24.2 to 58.2 % in moth bean and 35 to 68.9 % with loss of 18 to 38.5% in cowpea seeds after six months of storage.

1153 Satya Vir. (1990) Genotypic diversity in the suitability of Lablab purpureus L. seeds to Callosobruchus maculatus fabricius. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 28: 255-258

The present investigation on the exploitation of L. purpureus L. seeds is of practical importance due to the identification of CH-144 as resistant strain to C.maculatus and the results are presented in this paper. The CH-144 can be used as a donar allele for the production of seeds resistant to pulse beetle attack.

1154 Satya Vir and Henry, A. (1987)

Assessment of yield loss due to mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi kalt in some important varieties of raya. Pesticides. Aug.: 30-32

The aphid infestation can cause substantial losses even under arid conditions of Rajasthan. Therefore, it would be profitable for the farmers to resort to the protection measures. Further, varieties like T-59 and Durgamani are recommended for cultivation in Rajasthan as these are high yielding and comparatively resistant to the aphid infestation.

1155 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1981)

The oviposition and development of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) on different host species. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 19: 180-184

The oviposition response and development of C. maculatus Fabricius was studied on four major pulses viz. moong, moth , arhar, and cowpea. Ovipositional preference was not an indication of suitability for development. Development was significantly faster on moong and moth as compared to arhar and cowpea. Growth index proved to be of maximum on moong and moth beans. G-2 variety of moong showed maximum % loss in seed weight while it was minimum in cowpea (variety T-17). Moong is the most preferred host for C. maculatus followed by moth, arhar and cowpea.

1156 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1982) Assessment of yield loss due to insect pests of pulses in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Seeds and Farms. 7-8: 59-60

The pest complex of pulses are capable of causing substantial losses even under arid conditions of Western Rajasthan. Therefore, it would be profitable for the cultivars to resort to protection measures with 4 sprayings of monocrotophos (0.04 percent) starting from 15 days after the germination and at intervals of 15 days. Since the grain yield due to protection measure is upto the tune of 139 to 222 kg ha-1 in almost all the high yielding varieties of cowpea and the expenditure involved in 4 spraying of monocrotophos including labour charges, rent of the spraying machine is quite low.

1157 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1983) A quantitative study of food consumption, assimilation and growth in the larvae of Crocidolomia binotalis zell. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae).Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology.30: 20-26

Larval duration in C. binotalis was fed daily on mustard leaves for 24 hours to estimate the consumption, assimilation and growth on daliy basis. Relationship between these parameters was established. Consumption was negatively related to initial weight of larva. Assimilation, growth rate and egesta were positively related to the amount of food consumed. With the increase in age and biomass AD declined. ECD and ECI were negatively related to AD.

1158 Satya Vir and Singh, M. (1985) Influence of dates of sowing on the incidence and extent of damage by insect pests in moth bean and cowpea. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 329-333

Pest incidence and yield losses were estimated for moth bean and cowpea sown on four dates in kharif 1983 and 1984. The loss in seed yield of moth bean varied from 15 to 50% in 1983 and 43 to 87% in 1984. Timely sown (Ist of 2nd week of July) moth bean and cowpea escaped insect attack and thus produced higher quantity of seed.

1159 Satya Vir, Jindal, S.K. and Lodha, S. (1984) Screening of moth bean cultivars against jassids, whitefly and yellow mosaic virus. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 99-103

Field screening of fifty one cultivars of moth bean was carried out against jassids Empoasca kerri, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and yellow mosaic virus. Twenty two cultivars selected during 1980 were repeated for the second year during kharif 1981. Seven cultivars, viz., IPCMO-943, IPCMO-1035, T-16, T-22, Jadia, PLMO-240 and PLMO-216 were identified as to be the least susceptible to the pests and disease. None of the cultivars was found immune to the attack of YMV.

1160 Satya Vir, Singh, M.P. and Henry, A. (1990)

Yield loss in important cultivars of raya and effect of date of sowing on aphid infestation under arid climate of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Entomology. 52: 541-546

Loss in yield varied from 13.3 to 60.6 % in the first year and 4.1 to 24 % in second year due to the aphid attack with the average yield loss of 8.7 to 42.3 %. Varieties TM-2, TM-4, Durgamani, T-59, TM-9 and Pusa bold were found to be least susceptible with a yield loss of only 13.3 to 19.8 % in 1982-83 and 4.1 to 8.3 % in 1983-84. There was significant difference in the aphid population per plant on raya sown on different dates of October, November and December. For each delay in sowing of 15 days an average reduction of 1.69, 2.37, 3.72 and 5.05 q ha-1 in 1982-83 and 1.1, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.4 q ha-1 in 1983-84 was recorded.

1161 Satya Vir, Verma, S.K. and Singh, M.P. (1991)

Important aphid species in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 79-80

About ten species of aphids were recorded on different plants growing in arid Rajasthan. Macrosiphoniella and Uroleucon have been reported for the first time from arid zone.

1162 Saxena, S.C. and Satya Vir. (1978) Population build up of Trogoderma granarium Everts (khapra beetle) on three major stored grains at different humidities. Rajasthan Journal of Pesticides. 5: 128-129

The humidity plays the most important role in the multiplication of this pest irrespective of food material. The early rains and high temperature in many tropical countries are thus the most suitable factors for the population build up at the initial stage. However, if the humidity is kept low at 5 % R.H. in storage the rate of increase in pest population will considerably slow down. Further the carry over of population can be prevented firstly by cleaning the storage in August to remove the fully grown larvae before they enter diapause and secondly mechanical removal or chemical control by fumigation in the month of March. The latter will minimise the initial build up of population in the new stored grains in next season.

1163 Sharma, A. and Devki Nandan. (1996) Screening wheat genotypes against Petrobia latens (Muller). Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 165-166

The mite population on all the varieties/ genotypes was low in the beginning and it increased gradually. The population was highest on variety C-306, followed by UP 2338 suggesting that these were the most susceptible among the 15 genotypes evaluated.

1164 Singh, M.P. (1982) Studies on the damage of castor semi-looper, Achaea janata L. to some fruit plants and its chemical control. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 10: 37-39

Damage caused by castor semi-looper, Achaea janata to some fruits was studied and compared with castor. Survival of insect under laboratory conditions was found to be better on pomegranate and ber leaves, than on guava leaves. Quinalphos and fenitrothion were found to be effective in controlling the pest.

1165 Singh, M.P. (1985) Studies on the damage and chemical control of the weevil Cyrtozemia dispar Pasc on some legume crops. Entomonograph. 10: 261-266

Extent of natural damage by Cyrtozemia dispar and C. cognata to five kharif legume crops was studied. Moong and clusterbean were damaged more in field. In laboratory feeding trials with C. dispar, maximum leaf area was consumed in first 24 hours and the consumption decreased when the same plants were exposed to weevils for another 48 hours. Healthy leaves were preferred and consumed more than the previously weevil affected leaves. Methyl parathion, fenitrothion, quinalphos, carbaryl, monocrotophos, phosphamidon and lindane proved effective against C. dispar upto one week after treatment.

1166 Singh, M.P. (1989)

Biosteres vandenboschi Fullaway- a new braconid parasite of Carpomyia besuviana Costa from the Indian desert. Entomon. 14: 169

A new braconid parasite of the jujube fruitfly has been reported along with the known parasitic insects associated with the fruitfly in the arid and semi arid regions of western India.

1167 Singh, M.P. (1991) Dissipation of residues of endosulfan from mung bean under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 47-52

Residues of endosulfan 0.05 and 0.1% sprays were determined on leaves, pods and grains of mung bean (cv S=8) raised at Jodhpur

during rainy seasons of 1985 and 1986. Initial deposits were 10.89 -11.17 and 15.71 - 16.40 ppm on leaves and 1.26 - 2.34 and 1.88 - 2.79 ppm on pods, from the two concentrations, respectively. Residues dissipated completely within 21 days on leaves and within 10 days on pods. Waiting period of 2 days was arrived for the pods for human consumption. Grains contracted no residues of endosulfan at harvest.

1168 Singh, M.P. (1994) Dissipation of monocrotophos from mung bean under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 133-136

Residues following application of 0.04 and 0.06 % monocrotophos on mung bean were estimated for two consecutive seasons at Jodhpur through bioassay method. The insecticide was found persisting upto three weeks in leaves, while in pods, it lasted for two weeks. Waiting periods of 8 and 7 days were estimated for foliage for higher and lower concentrations, respectively. On pods, the waiting periods were found to be 7 days for higher concentration and 6 days for the lower one. No residues were detected in the grains at harvest.

1169 Singh, M.P. and Satya Vir. (1987) Effect of some natural products on oviposition and development of Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 143-147

The effect of emulsion of Azadirachta indica, Pongamia glabra, Brassica juncea and Ricinus communis oils on the growth parameters of the cowpea weevil have been reported.

1170 Singh, M.P. and Verma, S.K. (1984) Relative oral toxicity of insecticides to full grown larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera). Indian Journal of Entomology. 46: 487-486

Quinalphos 0.025% is reported as the most effective insecticide against fully grain larvae of A. moorei, other effective insecticides are methyl parathion and monocrotophos.

1171 Singh, M.P. and Verma, S.K. (1985) Effect of some host plants on the development of the red hairy caterpillar Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 73-76

Cowpea and pearl millet are the most suitable hosts for A. moorei although mung bean, moth bean, clusterbean and pearl millet gave comparable development of pest.

1172 Verma, S.K. (1987)

Relative host preference of Myllocerus maculosus Desbrochers in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Applied Entomology. 1: 21-25

Relative host preference of Myllocerus weevils in arid western Rajasthan was studied. The preference, in the decreasing order was for pearl millet, jujube, Cenchrus ciliaris, zinnia, okra, foxtail millet, cowpea, moth bean, C. biflorus, Lasiurus sindicus and mung bean. The weevils did not feed on shoeflower.

1173 Verma, S.K. (1979)

Field control of Rhinyptia spp. adults using fentin compounds. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 274-75

Triphenyltin acetate 0.05% spray afforded a 10-day protection to pearl millet milky grains against feeding by rutelid beetles of Rhinyptia spp.

1174 Verma, S.K. (1979) Incidence of spittle bug, Clovia puncta Walk. (Aphrophoridae : Hemiptera) on kharif crops in arid zones of Rajasthan. Bulletin of . Entomology. 20: 108-109

The spittle bug, Clovia puncta is reported to occur on several kharif grain legume, grasses and pearl millet, to cause flatulence and gastric troubles in livestock.

1175 Verma, S.K. (1980) Occurrence of the spotted aleyrodid Neomeakellia bergii (Sign.) on pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 171-172

This is the first report of whitefly N. bergii attacking pearl millet. Biology of the pest has been described.

1176 Verma, S.K. (1981)

Field efficacy of insecticides and antifeedants against advanced stage larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 253-257

The insecticides methyl parathion (0.05%), carbaryl (0.1%) and quinalphos (0.05%) and the antifeedant TPTA (0.05%) were individually effective against full grown larvae of A. moorei under field conditions. BHC and malathion and the antifeedant TPTH were practically ineffective. Use of antifeedant TPTA, in combination with the effective insecticides, is suggested for the effective control of A. moorei.

1177 Verma, S.K. (1983) Exorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann) (Tachinidae : Lepidoptera), a new record on Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 41-42

During epidemic of Amsacta moorei in western Rajasthan, about 3% of the larvae turned out to be infested with a tachinid fly in August, 1978. The emergent flies were identified as Exorista xanthaspis.

1178 Verma, S.K. (1986) Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) (Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) as a pod borer of mung bean in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 89-91

The ripening pods of mung bean grown at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur were found infested with pink larvae of a lepidopterous borer. The green pods were free from the attack. Externally, it was difficult to distinguish the infested pods from the healthy ones, except for a pin-point reddish spot in some pods that indicated larval penetration. In arid zones, the succession of the past from one season to another is not understood especially when there is no continuity of the cultivated hosts. No alternate host is known or reported elsewhere and no diapause is known to occur. Therefore, off-season bio-ecology of this pest needs to be investigated to understand carry over of the pest from one season to another, particularly since the tortricids are known to be poor migrants.

1179 Verma, S.K. (1988) Incidence of Atherigona miliaceae (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) on proso millet in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 414-415

The incidence of shootfly A. miliaceae is reported on the panicles of Pannicum miliaceum and 58 lines were screened. Only two lines had no pest incidence, whereas 10-20% incidence was common in most varieties. Acc. No. 102, 103, 106 and 196 were highly susceptible with 60-100% incidence.

1180 Verma, S.K. (1990) Efficacy of antifeedant triphenyltin acetate against the V instar larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler. Indian Journal of Entomology. 52: 521-524

Efficiency of triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) as antifeedant against the fifth stage larvae of A. moorei was tested in the laboratory. Pearl millet leaves dipped in 0.1%, 0.07%, 0.05% and 0.025% a.i. TPTA were offered as food. TPTA at 0.025% was ineffective as antifeedant. At all other concentrations, there was significant reduction in the food consumption, larval weight and pupal survival. Larval mortality set in 72 hr after treatment in all the concentrations due

probably to the toxic effects of the ingested TPTA. Moths emerging from the treated lots did not mate and laid no eggs.

1181 Verma, S.K. and Gokhale, V.G. (1978) Rearing of Spodoptera litura (F.) on a simple semi-synthetic medium with varying concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 377-380

Rearing of Spodoptera litura (F.) on a simple semi-synthetic medium with varying concentrations of antimicrobial agents have been studied and described in this paper.

1182 Verma, S.K. and Henry, A. (1988) Intensity of insect pests on mung bean cultivars in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 71-74

The dry conditions in western Rajasthan results in a relatively lower level of most pest populations. Incidence of insect pests varied on different cultivars. Some varieties with low population levels of pests had been pointed out.

1183 Verma, S.K. and Joshi, N.L. (1984) Infestation by Microcerotermes tenuignathus Holmgren (Isoptera : Amitermitinae) in some kharif crops. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 131-133

M. tenuignathus damaged more in crops inter-cropped with foxtail millet (31.89 to 46.98%) than in other crops. In foxtail millet, damage was a little less in paired row treatment than in normal solitary crop.

1184 Verma, S.K. and Rana, B.D. (1977) Observations on Lonchura malabarica, a serious pest of Panicum miliaceum in Rajasthan. Bird Watchers' Newsletter. 18: 9-10

White throated munia, Lonchura malabarica was observed to serious attack the panicles of rabi crop of Panicum miliaceum in flocks of 25 to 90 at a time.

1185 Verma, S.K. and Saxena, R.C. (1987) Pest complex of mung bean in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 67-85

The pests listed include 14 genera and 22 species of Coleoptera, 3 genera and species of Diptera, 16 genera and 23 species of Hemiptera, a single species of Hymenoptera, 28 genera and 34 species of Lepidoptera, 4 genera and species of Orthoptera, and 2 genera and species of Thysanoptera among the insects; 12 species of nematodes representing 8 genera, 2 genera and species of mites and a millipede species. Weevils Atactogaster orientalis (Chevrolat) and

Myllocerus laetivirens Marshall (Curculionidae : Coleoptera) and the spittle bug Poophilus costalis Walker (Aphrophoridae : Hemiptera) are new records on mung bean in Rajasthan.

1186 Verma, S.K. and Saxena, R.C. (1988) Residues of endosulfan and monocrotophos sprays in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 127-141

Endosulfan gave initial deposits (ID) of 4.7 to 12.9 ppm on leaves and 1.9 to 2.3 ppm on pods, with half life (RL50) values ranging from 2.7 to 2.6 days on leaves and 1.2 to 1.8 days on pods. Monocrotophos residues on leaves (ID 24.3 to 37.5 ppm) had RL50 of 2.8 to 7.9 days, and on pods (ID 2.3 to 4.9 ppm) RL50 ranged from 4.6 to 6.6 days. Initial deposits were generally high and dissipated faster in summer than in the rainy season but the persistence of endusulfan at 0.07% spray was better in summer crop. The dissipation of the insecticides was also faster in green pods. At or after flowering, endosulfan is recommended to be used in the mung bean crop raised for vegetable purposes, the waiting period being only 1 day. Monocrotophos required a waiting period of 15.2 days. No harvest time residues of endosulfan were detected in ripe mung bean grains but monocrotophos residues could be detected, though below MRL, upto 16 days after spray.

1187 Verma, S.K. and Singh, M.P. (1985) Antifeedant effects of some plant extracts on Amsacta moorei. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 298-299

Neem and pongam oil (0.1%) were excellent antifeedants against fourth insofar larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler feeding on cowpea leaves.

Rodents and Birds

1188 Advani, R. (1981) Some observations on behaviour of rodents during solar eclipse. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 78: 590-591

It is interesting to observe that only Golunda ellioti gujerati behaved in a different manner during eclipse whereas there was no apparent change in any other rodent species.

1189 Advani, R. and Jain, A.P. (1983)

Burrowing patterns of sand-coloured rat, Rattus gleadowi. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 79: 662-663

The burrowing pattern of Rattus gleadowi, (0.6% of total rodent fauna) was studied. It preferred sandy (66%) and gravel (33%) habitats in the desert. Burrows are found scattered in open sandy/gravel patches and also under thickets of Zizyphus nummularia. Burrows are simple and short apparently used for temporary shelter/feeding or for escape from predators. About 50% burrows are `L' shaped, 30% `V' and `D' shaped, 10% long tunnels, 8% burrows with a blind end and only 2% complete burrows with 2-4 burrow openings. Longest burrow system ranged 130 cm with burrow depth of 9-21 cm. Seeds of C. ciliaris, C. biflorus, C. setigerus and Tribulus terrestris were found in nest chambers.

1190 Advani, R. and Rana, B.D. (1984) Population structure of the Indian house rat in the Indian arid zone. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 81: 394-398

The common house rat, Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) were trapped from January 1980 to December 1980 by live Sherman traps from grain storage in Jodhpur (26’ 18' N -73’ 01' E). The females were found to be apparently heavier than males. On an annual basis, collection of females in pre-ponderance of males seems to be necessary to maintain higher densities of population in godowns. Sub-adult populations were recruited in greater proportion during all the months of year except January which is essential for faster regulation of a dense population of rodents. A comparison of body weights, sex ratios and age structure of R. rattus rufescens has been made with available data of other Indian rodent species.

1191 Bhardwaj, D. (1983) Rodent pests and their control in poultry farms of Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 337-341

Nine poultry farms around Jodhpur city were surveyed. Indian gerbil, Tatera indica was found to be the predominant species in the poultry farms situated away from human habitation followed by black rat, Rattus rattus. However, R. rattus was the predominant species of the poultry farms close to human habitation followed by Mus musculus. Poultry feed is recommended as the carrier of poison whenever rodent control operations are taken up in poultry farms.

1192 Bhardwaj, D. and Prakash, I. (1984) Poison bait efficacy and without pre-baiting the black rat, Rattus rattus. Pestology. 8: 21-24

Experiments were conducted to find out the role of prebaiting in enhancing the mortality during rodent management operations by

using the poison zinc phosphide. The poison bait consumption in Rattus rattus which was not prebaited declined with the increase of poison quantity in bait and only 25% mortality was achieved. However, the poison bait intake as well as mortality increased with the duration of prebaiting, optimum being after 3 days prebaiting. The surviving rats after poisoning showed a direct relationship between the intake of amount of poison and intensity of poison shyness. Prebaiting enhance the acceptance and intake of poison bait significantly. Two or three days pre-baiting is recommended before poisoning any rodent population with zinc phosphide.

1193 Dahiya, S.S. and Verma, A.N. (1992) Efficacy of two rodenticides against field rodents. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 211-212

Efficacy of zinc phosphide and bromadiolone against field rodents Meriones hurrianae Jerbon, Tatera indica (Hardwicke) and Mus spp. were studied at Regional Research Station, Bawal (Haryana). Irrespective of the rat species 2.5% zinc phosphide grain bait and 0.005% bromadiolone each in ready-to-use wax cake, grains and flour gave 96.1 and 71.8, 67.3 and 63.3% mortality, respectively.

1194 Ghosh, P.K., Goyal, S.P. and Prakash, I. (1979) Metabolism and ecophysiology of Rajasthan desert rodents. Thermoregulation at moderately low temperature (21°C) during winter. Journal of Arid Environments. 2: 77-83

Measurement of the metabolic rates of eight species of Rajasthan desert rodents at a moderately low temperature (21°C) during winter has revealed that there is a significant negative correlation between oxygen consumption and body weight. Day-active rodents have higher metabolic rates than nocturnal rodents of similar body weights and R. rattus has better tolerance of cold than nocturnal rodents.

1195 Goyal, S.P. (1981) A simple mechanical device for recording the diel activity pattern of small burrowing mammals in their natural habitats. Journal of Zoology. 195: 235-241

A mechanical device for monitoring the diel activity pattern of small burrowing mammals under natural conditions is described. The device has been used to estimate the time spent by the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica Hardwicke in foraging above ground and in an underground nest which is a part of the device. Activity patterns recorded with this device have confirmed observations that T. indica

indica is nocturnal. The average time spent by this rodent outside the nest during an eight day study period was 318 min/24h. These rodents are generally active between 1900-0300 hrs, apparently with two peaks of activity, one between 2100-2200 hrs and the other between 0100-0200 hrs.

1196 Goyal, S.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983) Body weight exponents of metabolic rate and minimal thermal conductance in burrowing desert rodents. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 43-52

Most small burrowing desert rodents have basal metabolic rates (BMR or M) and minimal thermal conductance (C) which are lower than expected. These values are also lower than the values for non-desert species of similar mass. Metabolism-mass and conductance-mass relationships for burrowing desert rodents have been proposed as follows: M= 3.334W-0295; C= 0.897W-0.499; where M, C, and W are expressed in units of cm3 O2 g-1 h-1, cm3 O2 g-1 h-1 C and g, respectively. Combination of high BMR and low C values in very small mammals may compensate in thermoregulation for a high surface-mass ratio. Differences in metabolism-mass and conductance-mass functions for heteromyid, cricetid and murid rodents are discussed.

1197 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1981) Significance of body fat in relation to basal metabolic rate in some Indian desert rodents. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 59-62

Four species of Indian desert rodents, viz. Tatera indica, Meriones hurrianae, Rattus meltada and Golunda ellioti have been found to have basal metabolic rates (BMR) lower than the values expected from the metabolic rate-body weight relationship for mammals. The low BMR in these species is evidently not due to any large accumulation of body fats, but is probably related to niche utilisation. Of the four species examined, only T. indica and M. hurrianae have any appreciable body fat, presumably for use during summer when scarcity of both food and water prevail.

1198 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1982) Energetic aspects of adaptation in the Indian desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae jerdon. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 69-75

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), evaporative water loss (EWL) within the thermoneutral zone and minimal thermal conductance (C) of the Indian desert gerbil M. hurrianae, were 0.79 cm3 O2 g-1 h-1, 1.89 mg H2 O cm-3 O2 and O.110 cm3 O2 g-1 h-1 C, respectively. Below the

thermoneutral zone, gerbils regulated their body temperature within the normal limits of homeotherms. The relatively high body temperature (38.7° C) recorded within the thermoneutral zone is, presumably, the result of an adaptive mechanism for reducing evaporative water loss. The gerbil's low BMR, low conductance and its comparatively high body temperature are considered to be physiological means of avoiding over-heating.

1199 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1983)

Estimation of energy-flow during winter through a primary consumer (Indian gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke) in a desert ecosystem. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 49 B: 295-302

The mean daily energy budget (DEB) for adult Indian gerbils, T. indica indica Hardwicke of mean body weight 88.00g was 17.3 kcal day-1 during winter. This value would be nearly equivalent to the energy consumed in the maintenance of normal body functions (Em), because only a negligible amount would be used for growth. Hence, Em will be equal to energy flow (Ef). About 63.6% of the gerbil's Em was consumed in a mean period of 19.4 h day-1, spent inside their burrows at a mean nest temperature of 25.7° C, while about 30% and 6% of the Em was spent during the remaining 4.6 h day-1 for the maintenance of body temperature (Era) and activity (Ea), respectively, when the animals were exposed to the cooler temperatures above ground. About 68% of the energy spent outside the burrows covered the period between dusk and mid-night is likely to be beneficial to the gerbils in avoiding the cooler weather of the early morning. Energy flow (Ef) through a population of the Indian gerbil during winter in a desert ecosystem may be calculated as follows: Ef = D x G x 197.8 (cal g-1 day-1 ) where D is the duration of the period in days and G is the total biomass (g ha-1) of the resident members of this species.

1200 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K., Sasidharan, T.O. and Phool Chand. (1988) Body water relatins in two species of gerbil (Tatera indica indica and Meriones hurrianae) of the Indian desert. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 158: 127-134

The relative body water conservation efficiency of two Indian desert gerbil species, Meriones hurrianae (dirunal/crepuscular) and Tatera indica (nocturnal), has been examined under near natural conditions in different seasons. A mean urine osmolarity of 3180 mosmol l-1 (maximum 4645 mosmol/1) in M. hurrrianae and a mean value of 5128 mosmol l-1 (maximum 7547 mosmol/1) in T. indica

have been recorded during summer. While M. hurrianae remain sufficiently hydrated mainly by virtue of their feeding habit, T. indica may depend on the relatively higher concentrating capacity of their kidneys.

1201 Gupta, R. and Sabhlok, V.P. (1993) Breeding activity of Indian gerbil Tatera indica Hardwicke in and around Hisar. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 223-230

Maximum testicular activity was seen in the months of January and February when the diameter of the somniferous tubules and the testes was maximum and histology revealed all the stages of spermatogenesis. The size of ovaries was also large in January and February with a less number of developing follicles, whereas there was an increased number of developed follicles with ova during these months.

1202 Idris, M. (1994) Behavioural responses of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae towards conspecific and interspecific sebum odour. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 137-141

Live Indian desert gerbils, M. hurrianae, trapped from sandy habitat, were exposed to conspecific and interspecific sebum odours of M. hurrianae and M. unguiculatus, respectively, in multiple choice tests. The experimental gerbils were released in the middle of the glass cage and its behavioural responses like sniffing, licking, scent marking, urination and defecation were observed. Exposure of conspecific and interspecific sebum odours in five combinations to M. hurrianae indicated that these gerbils perceive not only conspecific odour of the ventral scent marking gland but also that of another species which is not sympatric i.e. M. unguiculatus. M. hurrianae preferred (P <0.05) uni-sex odour, even that of M. unguiculatus, and also enhanced its own scent marking frequency in the presence of scent marking gland odours of the strange gerbils.

1203 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1983) Response of male Indian gerbil Tatera indica to urine from females. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 21: 97-98

Behavioural activities of the male Indian gerbil, Tatera indica, increased significantly when they were exposed to the urine of females especially from those in estrus. The significance of urine marking by gerbils is discussed.

1204 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1985)

Hormonal control of scent marking behaviour in Indian gerbil. Acta Theriologia. 30: 267-274

Castration reduces the frequency of scent as well as urine marking significantly within two weeks. The response of castrated animals to testosterone propionate therapy was gradual and the peak scent marking activity was attained after 8 weeks of administering the injection on a weekly interval. However, this hormone therapy could not enhance the scent marking activity to the level that of normal animals. The marking activity dropped no sooner the weekly injections were stopped. Such clear cut effect of hormonal therapy was, however, not observed on urine marking behaviour in T. indica which may indicate that control of this activity may be regulated by a number of hormones.

1205 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1985) Social and scent marking behaviour in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica. Biology of Behaviour. 10: 31-39

The social and scent marking behaviour of the Indian gerbils was studied in the semi-natural conditions of a large rattery. Observations made at the time of their maximum activity during evenings for 30 days revealed that T. indica are "contact" and "pair-tolerant" animals and that their social organisation is based on multi-dominance of both the sexes. The dominant females were found to be as aggressive as the dominant males. The multi-dominant structure of the social organisation is considered to be an adaptation which enabled the species to colonise almost all the habitats in the Indian sub-continent since its conjectural migration from the Irano-Turanian region. In the males and the females that have a marking gland, olfactory communication appears to depend mainly on the sebum exudation of the gland; urine marking plays little role only. However, in females devoid of a scent marking gland, the urine odour apparently plays the prime role in chemical communication. Frequency of scent marking and urine marking is broadly correlated with dominance hierarchy.

1206 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1986) Influence of odours of Indian gerbil, Tatera indica on the social and scent marking behaviour of sympatric desert gerbil, Meriones hurriancae. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 52: 333-340

After recording the frequency of various social and scent marking activities of every individual in a resident population of the diurnal desert gerbil, Meriones hurriancae on equal (6 male, 6 female) group

of more aggressive, nocturnal, sympatric Indian gerbil, T. indica was introduced in a rattery (13 x 7 m). The scent marks of sebum exudation of the mid ventral marking gland and urine of the nocturnal T. indica are perceived by the diurnal M. hurriancae. The latter responds to odours of the intruder, T. indica by significantly shrinking its home ranges and by significantly enhancing its sebum-scent marking activity in a way to saturate the general area with its own odours. The olfactory cues of one species signal messages to other sympatric species and the latter responds to them in a way to establish its own dominance on former. However, a "matching of odours" competition sets in between the resident and intruder species in the common space of resources utilisation by super-imposing their own odours.

1207 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1986) Scent marking in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica in response to conspecific odours. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science). 95: 89-96

The male Indian gerbil invariably prefers odours (from their body, that of the sebum exudation of scent marking gland, urine and faecal matter) of strange males, the females with and devoid of the scent marking gland show slight preference for male odours. However, all the categories of T. indica placed their preference for their own odours at the lowest. This behaviour suggests that the role of scent marking to label the habitat for its own use or to signal 'home; to the marking animal may not be the sole function of scent marking in this species. It is quite possible that in the desert grassland, scent marking is being used for maintaining a minimum distance between two animals or pairs, as exhibited by the diversity in the occurrence of the scent gland in the field (pair-tolerant) and urban (gregarious social organisation) populations of T. indica. This type of spatial distribution, maintained by scent marking behaviour, may be important to withstand the low carrying capacity of the arid land which suffers from almost a perpetual paucity of food.

1208 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1987)

Scent marking behaviour and social organisation in the Indian soft-furred field rat. Acta Theriologica. 32: 315-325

Social behaviour of soft-furred field rat, Rattus meltada pallidior (Ryley) was studied in semi-natural condition of a large rattery. Hourly observations, continued for 30 evenings, revealed that the male metads were more active and performed all the aggressive acts like fighting and chasing at a significantly higher frequency than the females. But dominant females were found to be as aggressive as

the dominant males, indicating that social organisation of metads is based on multi-dominance of animals of both sexes. The metads deposit two types of scent in the area of their movement; that of the sebum of the mid abdominal gland (only males) and of urine. The former activity is performed by the dominant males only but all females mark with urine and the dominant ones do so at a higher frequency. It is revealed that the scent marking and urine marking have an important role in displaying the dominant status of the animals in the territory and in reduction of metads.

1209 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1991) Scent marking behaviour in desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae in relation to social hierarchy. Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy. 57 B: 263-266

The frequency of scent marking by 36 male and 36 female desert gerbils, M. hurrianae, was determined in individual cages. Thereafter, they were grouped in 6 all-female groups. Various behavioural acts of each individual in every group were monitored to investigate whether scent marking behaviour plays a role in re-establishing social hierarchy. On the basis of aggressive acts and scent marking rate, the dominant and sub-dominant animals were identified in all groups. Observations were made after removal of the dominant animal as well as after introducing a strange rodent in each of the social groups. The pooled data indicate that the intensity of scent marking declines after grouping probably because the need for olfactory communication drops as other modes of contact are utilised. Since the subdominant gerbil enhances its scent marking intensity after the removal of the dominant animal and further increases it after the introduction of a strange desert gerbil, it appears that the saturation of the immediate environment with its own odour is an important factor in establishing dominant status. It is also likely that scent marking plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the desert gerbils in the desert environment.

1210 Idris, M., Jain, A.P. and Soni, B.K. (1986) Laboratory evaluation of bait base for the control of sand coloured rat, Rattus gleadowi. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. (Animal Science). 95: 417-421

Since Rattus gleadowi replaces Meriones hurrianae and Tatera indica after a control operation, studies were planned on the bait preferences of this minor pest species. Results tend to reveal that bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) whole grain, bajra flour and wheat grain + 2% arachis oil may be used as effective poison carries for

this sand coloured rat. Additives like sugar and salt did not improve the palatability of the candidate bait material. Average energy requirement of experimental rodents ranges from 70.9 kj 100 g-1 body wt 24-1 hr in multiple choice tests to 72.6 kj 100-1 g body wt 24-

1 hr in single choice tests.

1211 Jain, A.P. (1970) Adrenal weight in relation to duration of pregnancy and paunched body weight in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 45-48

The weights of adrenal glands in the Indian gerbil are significantly correlated with the paunched body weight. There is no correlation between paired adrenal weight and the crown-rump length of the embryos, which is indicative of the duration of pregnancy nor the progress of pregnancy influence the weight of adrenal glands.

1212 Jain, A.P. (1970) Body weights, sex ratio, age structure and some aspects of reproduction in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica Hardwicke, in the Rajasthan desert, India. Mammalia. 34: 415-432

The Indian gerbils were live trapped at Bikaner town in Sherman traps at a monthly intervals. T. indica indica litters (size 1-9, Average 4.78) throughout the year. The prevalence of pregnancy is highest (61.0 percent) during monsoon largely due to availability of plentiful nutritive green feed. Larger litters were also encountered during monsoon. The number of corpora lutea in the ovaries corresponds with the number of implanted embryos in the respective uterine horn. Due to resorption 20 per cent embryos are lost. Considering these losses and prevalence of pregnancy during the year, an adult female gerbil can be expected to produce 17.7 young ones annually. Some males were found to be fecund throughout the year but regression of the testes in most of the males was observed from September to January. On an average, adult male gerbils were found to be significantly heavier than the adult non-pregnant and pregnant gerbils, throughout the year. The mean body weights of adult gerbils vary significantly from month to month. Female gerbils reach sexual maturity when they acquire 70 to 75 g body weight and at about 10-12 weeks of age, whereas, male at the age of 12-14 weeks when they weigh 105-110 g.

1213 Jain, A.P. (1976) A note on the ecology of the little shrew, Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson, 1877), in the Indian desert. Saug. Mitteilungen. 40: 316-317

The ecology of little shrew Suncus stoliczkanus was studied in the Thar deserts. The trap index was 0.2 to 0.5 shrews 100-1 traps day-1. It prefers ruderal or village complex habitat and occurs in pala (Top feed of livestock) and near base of Zizyphus nummularia bushes. However, at Jodhpur these were trapped from natural pastures. The sex ratio was 50:50. Gravid females were collected in May and July and weighed 6 g with 3 litters.

1214 Jain, A.P. (1977) Note on certain morphological and functional anomalies in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica Hardwicke. BLV- Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Munchen 40. 25: 23-26

During extensive and intensive studies on the ecology and reproductive biology of the Indian Gerbil, interesting instances of morphological and functional aberrations of certain internal organs were observed. These are reported in this note.

1215 Jain, A.P. (1984) A note on cannibalism in desert rodents. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 81: 182-183

Cannibalistic activity is rather common in small mammals. Most of them are observed in the laboratory. Shortage of food has been assigned major governing factor for this activity. Inspite of ample food and greens available the mothers devoured young ones. Therefore, it is the stress of captivity that induces cannibalism in laboratory maintained rodents.

1216 Jain, A.P. (1984)

Ecological distributional patterns of Indian gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke, in the Rajasthan desert. Mammalia. 48: 523-527

Tatera indica is fairly well distributed in the Indian sub-continent. It is mainly a ruderal element but also prefers sandy habitat. However, in humid areas, T. indica form the main rodent community along with Rattus meltada, Golunda ellioti and Mus booduga. Surprisingly no relationship is observed between the rodent population, per cent basal cover and the vegetation types studied.

1217 Jain, A.P. (1984) Relationship between body weight of mother and size of litter in antelope rat, Tatera Indica Hardwicke. Mammalia. 48: 143

A positive and significant correlation is observed between body weight of mother and number litters in T. indica. The group of females weighing 101-150 g had maximum embryonic mortality yet they constituted most active group (62.1%) in the wild population.

1218 Jain, A.P. and Mukherjee, R. (1982) Relative efficacy of zinc phosphide and RH-787 baits against Rattus rattus (Linn.) inhabiting poultry sheds. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 10: 52-54

Two per cent zinc phosphide and 0.5% RH-787 baits when exposed to free living population of R. rattus in 2 poultry farms and 5 houses, indicated no significant differences in the consumption of poison bait; however, a kill of 38.2% and 61.8% respectively was recorded with these baits.

1219 Jain, A.P. and Pawde, V.A. (1981) Responses of a free-living population of Rattus rattus (Linn.) towards poisoned baits and new food. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 19: 678-679

Failure to develop poison-shyness to zinc phosphide and new food reaction, by a free-living population of R. rattus is reported. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

1220 Jain, A.P. and Prakash, I. (1981) Eye-lens as an indicator of age in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica. Growth. 45: 119-122

In T. indica eye-lens weight appeared to be a suitable parameter for determining the age. Both dry and wet weights of eye lens yielded positive and significant linear correlation with age. However, statistical analysis revealed that to some minor extent, factors other than age may also influence the growth of eye lens.

1221 Jain, A.P. and Prakash, I. (1983) Laboratory evaluation of poison carrier for the control of Indian gerbil, Tatera indica H. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. (Animal Science). 92: 253-261

T. indica, a common rodent pest of Indian agriculture, quickly develops poison aversion and bait-shyness towards zinc phosphide, the only acute rodenticide known to farming community. For managing residual population of field rodents, alternate baits are, therefore, required. The present study gives the results of bait preference studies conducted on T. indica.

1222 Jain, A.P. and Sarkar, P.M. (1984)

Responses of wild mice (Mus musculus L.) towards two acute poisons and a new food. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie. 71: 151-156

Wild mice (Mus musculus L.) inhabiting two brooder houses at All India Co-ordinated Project on Poultry for Eggs, Hyderabad, India, were selected for this study. Pre-baiting is not required if wild mice are exposed to acclimated food at densely distributed points. Mice did not exhibit poison aversion and bait shyness towards R.H.-787 but did so with zinc phosphide. Further exposing these mice to zinc phosphide baits, consumption is so low that why this poison be even used to manage the residual population escaping zinc phosphide baiting. Exposure of new food (wheat) along the acclimated food (poultry feed) to the bait-shy mice, mitigated the shyness behaviour and experimental mice preferred poultry feed (to which baitshyness is developed) against new food (wheat). R.H.- 787 and zinc phosphide killed 80% and 20% mice, respectively.

1223 Jain, A.P., Joshi, V. and Soni, G.R. (1985) Adaptive association of mother and litters in some field rodents of the Indian desert. Mammalia. 49: 139-140

The attachment of young ones into the teats of mothers night have developed in rodentia but retained only in Rattus meltada and R. cutchicus because the young ones may not come out of simple burrows due to wriggling movements or may not roll down from the hillocks, respectively. The problem of feeding of lactating mothers under these circumstances needs further investigations.

1224 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1988) Bioefficacy of flocoumafen against Tatera indica. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 271-273

Flocoumafen proved fairly toxic and well accepted poison to contain the gerbil menace effectively even at 0.002% conc. with three days exposure and at 0.005% conc. with 2 day exposure.

1225 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1990)

Laboratory evaluation of flocoumafen bait against Rattus rattus. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 211-214

One to two days feeding on baits treated with 0.0025% , 0.005% and 0.01% concentration of rodenticide resulted in 80 to 100% mortality of experimental rodents. At a given feeding period, the bait with low concentration of poison was consumed more than that of the bait at higher concentration.

1226 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1992)

Bioefficacy of flocoumafen against major desert rodent pests. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 20: 81-85

Laboratory trials on flocoumafen, a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide were conducted against major rodents inhabiting arid areas. Two commensal species viz., R. rattus and M. musculus and three field rodents viz., M. hurrianae, T. indica and F. Pennanti were exposed to various concentrations (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.01 percent) of flocoumafan in no choice and choice tests. The rodenticide at 0.005% mixed with pearl millet grains and ground nut oil was most effective against these pests. In choice tests maximum mortality (50% and above) were recorded between 6-11 days in case of T. indica and F. pennanti followed by R. rattus (10-14 days) and M. hurrianae (13-17 days) at 0.0025% come of the poison, whereas at 0.005%, same response was observed within 9 days. The paper discusses the effect of rodenticides on mortality response, acceptability of baits and behaviour of test rodents.

1227 Jain, A.P., Prakash, I. and Rana, B.D. (1974) Baits for the control of the soft-furred field-rat, Rattus meltada pallidior ryley. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie. 61: 183-190

The soft-furred field-rat, rattus meltada pallidior Ryley, causes serious losses to standing foodgrain crops and natural grasslands in India. Bait preferences were worked out for the control of this pest Among whole grains, jowar (Sorghum vulgare) was found to be the most preferred followed by bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Cracked bajra was, however, preferred to cracked as well as whole jowar in another trial. The calorific requirement of R. meltada pallidior (average body weight 57.7 g) for maintaining its body weight ranges from 14 to 20 calories per day.

1228 Jain, A.P., Tripathi, R.S. and Patel, N. (1995) Influence of aridity on burrowing and other behavioural traits of Nesokia indica gray. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 67-69

Typical burrow system of mole rat measured 21 m in length and 17 m in width. The burrows were mainly dug close to the plants/tree where comparatively more moisture is expected. Mole rats have modified its dietary habits and development of strong neophobia under xeric environment.

1229 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M., Tripathi, R.S. and Kashyap, N. (1991) Effectiveness of flocoumafen for control of Indian desert gerbil (Meriones hurrianae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 443-445

Toxicity and acceptability of flocoumafen was evaluated against Indian desert gerbil in laboratory. One-day exposure of flocoumafen baits at 0.0025 and 0.005% resulted in 100% mortality in 11.4 and 7.6 days, respectively, under no-choice test. The intake of the rodenticide was 1.69 ± 0.19 and 3.22 ± 0.27 mg kg-1 for the respective test concentrations. The choice tests indicated that the acceptability of flocoumafen baits was on a par with that of plain bait. However, ingestion of poison bait was 1.25 ± 0.22 and 1.10 ± 0.31 mg kg-1 at 0.0025 and 0.005% concentrations respectively, resulting in 87.5 and 60.0% mortality in 1-day exposure.

1230 Jain, M.B. and Prakash, I. (1974) Bird damage in relation to varietal differences in bajra crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 139-144

It was estimated that from maturity till harvest of the crop about 10 per cent of the bajra grains of the standing crop were lost due to birds. Hybrid bajra suffered more (144.03±2.60 kg ha-1) losses as compared to RSK variety (80.20±21.35 kg ha-1).

1231 Praveen-Kumar and Pasahan, S.C. (1992) Effects of biotic factors on population fluctuations in sympatric field murids. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 97-102

The relative population density of various murids occurring in the agro-ecosystem of village Kakrod, Jind (Haryana) was estimated in Kharif and rabi crops. The structure divulged a combination of Millardia meltada, Bandicota bengalensis, Mus booduga, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus. A low population density of murids was recorded at the seedling stage of each crop which enhanced with the advancement of the crop growth reaching its peak at the maturity stage. The influence of various biotic factors on the wavering mechanisms of murids has been discussed.

1232 Praveen-Kumar, Pasahan, S.C., Sabhlok, V.P. and Singhal, R.K. (1994) Studies on species composition, population dynamics and extent of rodent damage in some summer vegetable crops. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 325-328

Exploration on the rodent infestation in four summer vegetable crops, viz., bottlegourd, muskmelon, spongegourd and cucumber revealed the co-existence of Bandicota bengalensis, Tatera indica, Rattus meltada, Mus booduga, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus. Trap index was minimum at seedling stage of the crop, which got gradually enhanced with the advancement in growth stage and reached to its peak at maturity stage. Rodent damage was

maximum in bottlegourd followed by muskmelon, spongegourd and cucumber.

1233 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984)

Field trials of brodifacoum, chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl against desert rodents in India. Tropical Pest Management. 30: 59-61

Field trials were conducted in 18-1 ha plots arranged as a 6x3 randomised block to evaluate brodifacoum (0.002%), chlorophacinone (0.0075%) and coumatetralyl (0.0375%) for the control of desert rodents, predominantly Meriones hurriane Jerdon. Success was measured by counts of inhabited burrows before and four days after the treatment period of ten days. Average kills were 90.5, 83.2 and 81.1% respectively. It is concluded that all three poisons are effective, but brodifacoum performed significantly better than the other two.

1234 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984) Reduction in population of Indian desert rodents with anticoagulant rodenticides. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. (Animal Sciences). 93: 585-589

Brodifacoum, chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl treated pearl millet grains were tested in a desert scrub grassland to evaluate the comparative field efficacy of these rodenticides. Per cent reduction in rodent population was calculated by pre and post-treatment active burrow counts, census baiting and live trapping. Brodifacoum is significantly more effective than other two anticoagulants. However, analysis of variance revealed significant difference in the estimation of per cent reduction in the rodent population calculated by three methods, the possible reasons for which are also discussed.

1235 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984) Toxicity of coumatetralyl against Rattus rattus rufescens. Pestology. 8: 15-17

Coumatetralyl (racumin) - a hydroxycoumarin derivative of anti-coagulant was evaluated against the house rat, R. rattus rufescens Gray. In no-choice feeding test, complete mortality was achieved after feeding on 0.0375% coumatetralyl treated bait for days. In the choice tests, poison bait was consumed more than the plain bait but the difference was not significant. The efficacy of coumatetralyl is compared with other anticoagulants for their control.

1236 Prakash, I. (1969)

Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurianae (Jerdon). Journal of the Bombay Natural Histroy Society. 65: 581-589

Food preference of the Indian desert gerbil, during monsoon is described by identifying the unconsumed plant species lying near their burrow openings and from field observations with binoculars. A comparison of the occurrence of unconsumed plant species with that in the surroundings plant communities revealed that the desert gerbils chiefly feed on grasses in the monsoon season. Economic losses by the desert gerbil are discussed.

1237 Prakash, I. (1971) Breeding season and litter size of Indian desert rodents. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie. 58: 441-454

Breeding season and litter size of 16 species of rodents inhabiting the Indian desert have been discussed. In general, two peaks in the breeding activity have been observed, one in the spring and other during monsoon. It appears that the breeding season of Indian desert rodents is influenced by availability of green food and day length.

1238 Prakash, I. (1972) Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurianae (Jerdon). VIII- Body weights, sex ratio and age structure in the population. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 68: 712-725

Live desert Gerbils, M. hurrianae were collected from the field for our toxicological work during 1963-64 and 1966-67. Records were maintained with respect to their body weights, sex and age. During both the periods the site of collection was the same and, therefore, and attempt has been made here to deal with the body weight, sex ratio and age structure found in the desert gerbil population during the two years. Interesting facts about the population structure have come to light.

1239 Prakash, I. (1986) Faunal diversity in the arid tracts. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science Supplement (Animal Science/Plant Science) 45-58

The arid tracts located in north-western India exhibit a spectacular faunal diversity. Some species occur only in a specific habitat, their mode of life being associated with texture and moisture content of

the soil and certain vegetation types. Behavioural and physiological adaptations in mammals to withstand the xeric environment are discussed. Omnivory and littering periodicity have been considered to be important adjustments among desert animals which enhance the chances of their survival. The arid tracts hold fairly good numbers of birds and mammals of wildlife importance. The threats to their survival and conservation needs are discussed.

1240 Prakash, I. and Jain, A.P. (1967) Occurrence of Rattus meltada and Gerbillus dasyurus in the Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 235-235

Rattus meltada Gray (Millardia meltada Gray) is distributed in Peninsular India, north to Palanpur, Kutch, Sind, Kathiawar, Punjab and Nepal, but it was not reported from Rajasthan. This record of Gerbillus dasyurus from Rajasthan desert shows that it is distributed all over the Thar desert, and the species is a Saharo- Rajasthani element.

1241 Prakash, I. and Jain, A.P. (1970) Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurianae (Jerdon). VI- One -shot baiting technique. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67: 1-6

One-shot baiting technique for the control of the Indian desert gerbil M. hurrianae, is described. The method utilises the fruits of wild Zizyphus nummularia and does not involve any requirement of food grains. In this method, air-dried fruits of Z. nummularia are soaked in solution of sodium mono-fluoroacetate impregnating a 3 mg kg-1 dosage in every fruit so as to make every one of them lethal to desert gerbil. The lethal fruits are mixed with unpoisoned ones in the proportion of 1:4 and are placed inside the burrows of desert gerbils in fields.

1242 Prakash, I. and Kumbkarni, C.G. (1962) Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 59: 1-7

Unplanned poisoning is hazardous to farm animals, the minimum lethal dose of the proposed poisons and their toxicity should be studied before measures on a large scale are tried in the field. Also, the correct assessment of the most preferred food of Meriones and its daily consumption must be made in order to select a suitable medium for poison baiting. With this view point trials were conducted in the laboratory. Besides this, the paper deals with

feeding behaviour, the effect of various feeds on body weight, particularly that the seeds of plants found in the natural habitat and of those which are of afforestation importance, the energy requirements and selection of bait.

1243 Prakash, I. and Rana, B.D. (1972) A study of field population of rodents in the Indian desert - II. Rocky and piedmont zones. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie. 59: 129-139

The population composition of rodents inhabiting two habitats - rocky and piedmont zone has been compared. The most common rodents in the former habitat are Rattus c. cutchicus and Mus cervicolor phillipsi and in the latter, Rattus meltada pallidior and Mus platythrix sadhu. Their relative numbers, annual and seasonal, have been discussed in relation to vegetation cover and edaphic factors. The trend in trapping index in both the localities was almost of the similar pattern. Peaks were observed during March. The habitat preference and sex ratios of various rodent species have been discussed. A higher rodent biomass is maintained in the piedmont plains as compared to that in the rocky habitat.

1244 Prakash, I., Fitzwater, W.D. and Jain, A.P. (1970) Toxic chemicals and baits for the control of two gerbils, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon and Tatera indica Hardwicke. Journal of the Bombay Natural Histroy Society. 66: 500-509

Bait preference trials on the desert gerbil (M. hurrianae) and the Indian gerbil (T. indica) showed that bajra, jowar, mukka and chana grains and flours may be used as baits for their control. The addition of 5 to 10 per cent groundnut, sesame or coconut oil may increase the attractiveness of the bait. Lethal dosages of zinc phosphide, sodium monofluoroacetate, gophacide, strychnine alkaliod and thallium sulphate were determined by administering those toxic chemicals by stomach tubes. Norbormide (Raticate) was found to be ineffective on both species of gerbils even at 1000 mg kg-1.

1245 Prakash, I., Jain, A.P. and Rana, B.D. (1975) Baits for the control of the hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillus gleadowi. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 62: 349-359

The hairy-footed gerbil, G. gleadowi Murray is a serious pest of crops and grasslands in the Indian desert. The gerbil is not very consistent in preferring test foods and in more or less every test, its food preference changed. However, chana flour, cracked or whole bajra grain can be effectively used as baits for their control. The

addition of either of the two vegetable oils, salt or sugar did not enhance the palatability of the test-bait. No significant difference in the consumption of various foods was observed when provided in single and multiple choice experiments. The calorific requirement of this (body weight average 25.0 g) ranges from 25 to 33 calories.

1246 Prakash, I., Jain, A.P. and Rana, B.D. (1975) A study of field population of rodents in the Indian desert. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 62: 339-348

The rodent population in the ruderal habitat (village complex) in the Indian desert comprises of 11 species. In the north-western desert, the gerbils, Gerbillus gleadowi and M. hurrianae are more predominant in the villages. In the central desert T. indica indica and R. meltada pallidior and in the south-eastern desert along with these two species of Mus are common. The habitat selection, trap index and rodent biomass of various rodent species have been discussed. Rodent control operation should not only be aimed at house rats and mouse but operation should also take care of the rodent pests inhabiting the vicinity of residential houses.

1247 Prakash, I., Rana, B.D. and Jain, A.P. (1975) Bait shyness in three species of rattus. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 62: 89-97

The three rodents of economic importance, the house Rat, R. rattus rufescens Gray; the soft-furred field-rat, R. meltada pallidior Ryley and the Cutch Rock-rat, Rattus c. cutchicus (Wroughton), develop aversion to zinc phosphide after one day exposure to a sublethal dose. Bait shyness among them persisted for 75, 135 and 75 days in the three species respectively.

1248 Prakash, I., Taneja, G.C. and Purohit, K.G. (1971) Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurianae (Jerdon). VII- Relative number in relation to ecological factors. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 68: 86-93

Numbers of this gerbil are related to soil characteristics, the population being less in clayey and compact soils. An inverse relationship between grass cover and population density has been observed. The seasonal fluctuations show an annual cycle, low during summer with a build up resulting in a high level during winter and spring. This population explosion may be mainly due to the higher rate of breeding during and after monsoon which is influenced by the availability of green food at this time.

1249 Pramesh Kumar, Pasahan, S.C., Sabhlok, V.P. and Singal, R.K. (1996) Evaluation of rodenticidal baits against rodent population in long melon (Cucumis melos var. Utlissimus) crop fields. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 373-376

Single dose anticoagulant, bromadiolone (0.005%) and acute rodenticide zinc phosphide (2%) were evaluated in long melon fields during summer 1994 in and around Hisar. Double baiting treatments comprising zinc phosphide and bromadiolone in different combinations accomplished significantly higher reduction of rodent population as well as crop damage than that with single baiting treatments conducted with either of the above rodenticides. The deployment of different rodenticides baits resulted in cost-benefit ratio declining between 1:118 and 1:157. The use of bromadiolone followed by bromadiolone treatment was the most economical.

1250 Purohit, K.G. and Ghosh, P.K. (1963) Histological and histochemical studies on tissue of two desert rodents. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 26-34

It was interesting to observe the extraordinarily enlarged renal pelvis and the very high number of glomeruli per field in Tatera. Implications of this peculiarity of the Tatera kidney in relation to adaptation to the desertic environment have been discussed. Leydig cells in Meriones testis are more numerous and prominent than in Tatera indicating the possibility of a higher androgenic potentiality of this tissue in Meriones. The proportion of medullary to cortical tissue in the adrenal of Meriones is higher than in Tatera. Histochemical demonstration of sites of activity of the enzyme, alkaline phosphatase has been made in kidney, liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal and testis of these two rodent species, suggesting that this enzyme is more universally present in Tatera tissues than in Meriones. The distribution of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids in the tissues of these rodents has also been noted.

1251 Rana, B.D. (1970) Some observations on food of the jungle babbler, Turdoides striatus, and the common babbler, Turdoides caudatus, in the Rajasthan desert, India. The Indian Journal of Ornithology. 8: 35-44

Their gizzard contents were sorted out and measured by both volume and gravimetric methods. The food of T. striadus is chiefly composed of bajra grain whereas insects form 22 per cent of the total food; seeds of grasses and other vegetation occur in low proportions. The common babbler is relatively less dependent on bajra which constitutes 36.2 per cent of its total food, wheat 9.7%, leafy material

20.2%, grass seeds 6.7% and insects 25.3%. T. caudatus feeds upon insects all the year round but insects occurred in the gizzards of T. striatus during summer and monsoon. Peak in the occurrence of insects was noticed during monsoon in case of both the babblers. Bajra grains occurred in the gizzards throughout the year, its peak occurrence being in the post-monsoon season in both the birds. T. caudatus consumed large amount of grass blades but this food item did not occur in the dietary of T. striatus.

1252 Rana, B.D. (1970) Winter food of the common babbler (Turdoides caudatus) in Rajasthan. Indian forester. 96: 153-155

The common babbler is one of the commonest birds of Rajasthan desert. It becomes even more common where irrigation is practised, probably because of more number of crops raised during a year. During the study of distribution of rodents in relation to different habitats in the month of January when rodents were being collected with the help of snap traps, twenty five common babblers were also captured in these traps. The bait used was pea-nut butter. This report deals with the winter food of common babblers trapped at Bisalpur from sandy and gravelly habitats. The region where traps were fixed at Bisalpur comprising mainly of the following grasses: Cymbopogon martini, Eremopogon faceolatus, Heteropogon contortus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Brachiaria ramosa, Dichanthium annulatum and Aristida funiculata, whereas, among the trees and shrubs were : Acacia senegal, Acacia leucopholoea, Prosopis cineraria, Tephrosia sp., Zizyphus nummularia, etc.

1253 Rana, B.D. (1975)

Breeding biology of the Indian ring dove in the Rajasthan desert. The Auk. 92: 322-332

Ring doves were collected by shooting in every month during 1969-70 at the farm of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur in the Rajasthan desert. The male doves were found to be significantly heavier than the females. Body weights of doves were lowest during July and September, thereafter they gain body weights and reach a peak during post-monsoon and winter seasons.

1254 Rana, B.D. (1976) Variations in the weight of adrenal gland of Indian ring dove Streptopelia decaocto frivaldszky. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 106-111

Doves were collected by shooting at monthly intervals for 12 months in western Rajasthan. Mean monthly paired adrenal weights of

adult female doves were heavier than those of adult male except in the months of February to April. The difference was, however, significant during spring season in case of male, and in female during the rainy season. The mean paired adrenal weight and body weight of doves show a similar trend of fluctuations.

1255 Rana, B.D. (1980)

Effect of availability of exposure-food in the bait shyness in five species of rodents. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 511-513

One day exposure of poison does not inculcate a severe type of bait-shyness as was observed among these rodents after a three days exposure to zinc phosphide. Poisoning with zinc phosphide should be done only on one day. If this procedure is followed, zinc phosphide poison baiting can be repeated at an early interval than that if poisoning is done for 2-3 days consecutively. When the food in which the poison exposed is available to the rodents soon after poisoning, the bait shyness is mitigated to some extent.

1256 Rana, B.D. (1982) Ecological distribution of Rattus meltada in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 82: 573-580

The soft-furred field rat, R. meltada is the most abundant rodent in the Indian sub-continent. It occurs in crop fields and scrub grassland habitats but it usually prefers the former. It appears that it is more commonly found in crop fields having wheat and sugarcane as chief crop components in northern India. In southern India, it is found in the ragi and rice crop fields. In western Rajasthan desert, the frequency of R. meltada pallidior is highest in cotton fields among irrigated crops. R. meltada pallidior, the north Indian rodent and R. meltada meltada, south Indian race prefer alluvial duny soils and black soils respectively. In most parts of India, it is associated with T. indica, M. booduga and B. bengalensis. The relative abundance of R. meltada in various states of India and its frequency in different vegetational communities are discussed and it is found to be directly related with the amount of precipitation and inversely proportional to the aridity index.

1257 Rana, B.D. (1985) Effect of fire on small mammals of a natural grassland community. Mammalia. 49: 485-489

The effect of fire on small mammal population in a natural grassland habitat has been analysed. The dominant small mammals in this habitat are R. meltada pallidior and Golunda ellioti gujerati.

The relative numbers of R. meltada palllidior, G. ellioti and M. platythrix inhabiting burnt grassland were found significantly lower as compared to unburnt grassland. However, in case of T. indica and Suncus murinus numbers, no significant differences were found between two habitats. The trend in trapping index during last half of the year in both unburnt and burnt grasslands was almost similar. Peaks were observed during March-April and September-October. A higher biomass of small mammals was maintained in the burnt grassland as compared to that of unburnt grassland.

1258 Rana, B.D. (1989) Population ecology of Passer domesticus in the Indian arid zone. International Study Group on Sparrows. 16: 1-7

The Indian subspecies of house sparrow, Passer domesticus indicus inhabits predominantly urban and rural environments at Jodhpur (26 18'N-73 08'E), where it depends mainly on grain foods. The population fluctuations of house sparrow demonstrated two extremes : maximum during monsoon and minimum during winter periods. Fluctuations in numbers appeared to be related to qualitative differences in the food availability. The jungle babbler, Turdoides striatus and the common myna, Acridotheres tristis roost in the same locality of the house sparrows. Communal roosting may help in protecting the sparrows from predators.

1259 Rana, B.D. and Prakash, I. (1984) Reproduction biology of the soft-furred field rat, Rattus meltada pallidior (Ryley 1914) in the Rajasthan desert. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 81: 59-70

The soft-furred field rats were snap trapped every month during 1978 and 1979 at Bisalpur (25 7N, 73 10E) situated on the fringe of the Thar desert of India. The males were found to be fecund in every month from January 1978 to December 1979. The fluctuations in testes weights coincided with the number of pregnant females. The left testes of adult rodents collected over two years were observed to be heavier than the right. The average testes weights were also found to vary significantly from month to month. The production of ova ranged from 5.5 to 10.0 and 5 to 12 during 1978 and 1979, respectively. The maximum number of ova per pregnant female mated was produced during the period of maximum precipitation. The implanted embryos per pregnant female varied from 3 to 7 and 4 to 9 during 1978 and 1979. Embryonic mortality before implantation was found to be 22.9 and 29.0 per cent during 1978 and 1979, respectively and due to mummification and resorption 0.51 per cent and 1.03 per cent, respectively. Considering these

losses, litter size and prevalence of pregnancy during both the years, the annual production was estimated to be 52.52 young ones per annum.

1260 Rana, B.D. and Tripathi, R.S. (1992) Vulnerability of rodent attack to the fibre optic cables. Pestology. 16: 45-47

Fibre optic transmission plays an important role in adopting communication systems for information technology use. The fibre optic cables laid underground for the purpose are devoured by wild rodents. Two types of cables viz. armoured and unarmoured were evaluated for rodent attack. Three species, Bandicota bengalensis, Tatera indica and Rattus meltada were exposed to both the study cables under choice and no choice conditions in laboratory cages. The results indicated that R. meltada was most destructive species as for damage to both types of cables was concerned. Treatment of Neramycin and 0.2% cyclohexamide (aerosol) could protect the cables from the rodent attack.

1261 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1983) The mid-ventral gland of the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica and soft-furred field rat, Rattus meltada. Acta Theriologica. 28: 425-434

The ventral scent marking gland occurs in about 91 and 72 per cent male T. indica and R. meltada respectively. It is absent in the females of the latter species but is present in about 5.8 per cent female T. indica residing in urban areas and 10.3 per cent female residing in desert grasslands. The gland size is positively and significantly correlated with body weight. The growth of the gland is a continuous process throughout the life of the rodents. No relationship has been found between the gland size and the home range of the rodents. The sebaceous alveoli in the gland of both the species are of typical holocrine type and the epidermal stratified epithelium in T. indica is smooth whereas in R. meltada pallidior it is papalli form.

1262 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1984) Association between scent marking, density and dominance in the Indian desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 22: 421-423

Frequency of scent marking significantly declined with increasing population density in the desert gerbil, M. hurrianae, probably due to increase in social contacts which curtailed the need of olfactory signals such as odour of sebum. In most of the experiments scent

marking behaviour was exhibited only by dominant animals, irrespective of sex.

1263 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1984) Relative efficacy of male and female conspecific urine in masking shyness behaviour in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences). 93: 431-436

In a choice test, the Indian gerbils preferred urine-mixed food over ordinary millet indicating a phago-stimulant nature of conspecific urine. Addition of conspecific urine mitigates the poison aversion and bait shyness behaviour significantly, as a result of which zinc phosphide poisoning can be attempted a second time in a sequence, thus enhancing the control success. T. indica showed a clear preference for urine of the same sex which suggests that the active attractant in the urine has no sex attraction.

1264 Sasidharan, T.O. (1980)

Effect of lead acetate and testosterone propionate on male genitalia in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 126-131

The effect of low doses (100 μg animal-1 day-1 for 10 days) of lead acetate(LA) and testosterone propionate (TP) (90 μg animal-1 day-1

for 10 days) on the male reproductive tract of the Indian gerbil was studied. Neither of these treatments had any effect on testis weight. Vas deferens in the TP treated animals and the epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate in the LA treated animals showed increases in weight. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and of the tubules of caput epididymis decreased as a result of both the treatments. There was also a reduction in sperm content of the caput epididymis in both cases. There was considerable sperm accumulation in the crudal epididymal segment after both LA and TP administration, indicating a possible blockade of the movement of the sperms further.

1265 Sasidharan, T.O., Goyal, S.P., Phool Chand and Ghosh, P.K. (1990) The effect of water deprivation and salt load on water conservation efficiency in two Indian desert gerbils. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 160: 413-422

The effects of water deprivation and intra-peritoneal salt loading on urine volume and on various urinary constituents have been examined in two gerbil species of the Rajasthan desert, meriones hurrianae Jerdon and Tatera indica indica Hardwicke. During

summer hydrated T. indica excreted 0.782 ml urine .100 g-1 d-1 which was about 60.5% higher than the volume of urine excreted by hydrated M. hurrianae (0.487 ml .100 g-1.d-1). During winter, both species excreted around 1.5 ml urine 100 g-1.d-1. The experimental treatments caused reductions in urine volume in M. hurrianae from 40 to 76% during summer and from 35 to 71% in winter. Similar treatments in T. indica caused reductions in urine volume of 50-82% in summer and 5-60% in winter. The mean increase in urine osmolarity following various salt loading treatments in T. indica ranged from 3800 to 5761 mosmol l-1 and from 4034 to 6255 mosmol 1-1 during summer and winter, respectively. The mean values of urine osmolarity for hydrated T. indica were 2831 and 3189 mosmol l-1 during summer and winter. In M. hurrianae salt loading treatments increased the urine osmolarity during summer and winter, respectively, over the values recorded for hydrated animals. A maximum urine osmolarity of around 7000 mosmol 1-1 was found in both species when subjected to 2% salt-loading treatment. The treatments used in this study increased urinary urea level in both compared to the level in their respective hydrated controls. T. indica may be better adapted to produce more concentrated urine than M. hurrianae.

1266 Sharma, V.N. and Joshi, M.C. (1975) Soil excavation by desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon)in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 268-273

Investigation on soil excavation and burrows in cultivated and uncultivated condition by Desert gerbil, M. hurrianae around Pilani in May-June,1972 reveal that the total number of openings of gerbil burrows are about 2,00,000 km-2 and 4,40,000 km-2 in cultivated and uncultivated areas, respectively. Total number of burrow openings for active soil excavation was about 80,000 km-2 day-1 and 60,000 km-2 day-1 in cultivated and uncultivated areas, respectively. Soil excavated was about 61,500 kg per day and 41,60,000 CC/day by volume per km-2 on cultivated area as against 10,43,800 kg day-1 and 7,06,80,000 CC day-1 in the un-cultivated area. The record for temperature at 45 cm inside the burrow and soil moisture reveals that the soil excavation is directly related to these factors.

1267 Singhal, R.K. and Pasahan, S.C. (1993) Exploration on the status of the lesser bandicoot-rat, Bandicota bengalensis Gray in wheat crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 241-244

The population structure of murids in wheat crop revealed a combination of Bandicota bengalensis, Rattus meltada, Tatera

indica and Mus booduga. The percentage occurrence of these murids ha-1 area was estimated to be 53.2, 22.9, 19.4 and 4.5 respectively. The trap index calculated at different stages of wheat crop fell between 0.13 and 0.41. A low population density of B.bengalensis was recorded at the seedling stage which gradually enhanced with the advancement of the crop growth. More number of young ones were trapped, during the months of March and April which coincided with maturity stage of the crop. Cannibalism was noticed in cages. B. bengalensis has been proved to be the most efficient hoarder and a damage of about 90.6 kg ha-1 has been estimated in wheat crop.

1268 Soni, B.K. and Jain, A.P. (1985) Brodifacoum - A potent anticoagulant rodenticide in India. Pestology. 9: 37-40

Present report embodies information with respect to the efficacy of anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum (3-(3-(4-'bromo-(1-1-diphenyl)-4-yl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-naphalenyl-4-hydroxy-2H-l-benzopran-2-one) for the control of Indian rodent pests.

1269 Soni, B.K. and Prakash, I. (1985) Evaluation of liquid brodifacoum against gerbils and rats. Pestology. 9: 21-24

Liquid brodifacoum (0.005%) was screened for the control of two gerbils, M. hurrianae and T. indica and two rats, R. meltada and R. rattus. The ingestion of liquid brodifacoum dropped on the second day in all the rodent species as compared to the first day but the difference was not statistically significant. Eighty to 90 per cent rodents died after a single day baiting but 100 per cent success was achieved only after two days, except in a case of T. indica in which mortality was 90 per cent; 100 per cent succumbed only after the third day of poison ingestion. Out of the three formulations of brodifacoum, wax blocks are the most acceptable and effective followed by liquid formulation.

1270 Soni, B.K., Jain, A.P. and Idris, M. (1985) Screening of poison-base for management of brown spiny mouse. Mus platythrix Bennett in the Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 13: 25-29

Mus platythrix preferred baits in the following hierarchy -bajra > wheat > moth = sorghum. However, groundnut oil (Arachis hypogea 2% with grains and 10% with flours) has proved its additive value but salt and sugar failed to exhibit such a character. Mice required energy ranging from 100 to 171 K Joules 100-1 g body weight day-1.

1271 Soni, B.K., Rana, B.D. and Jain, A.P. (1985) Field trials of some rodenticides to control rodents in various crop fields of western Rajasthan desert. Pestology. 9: 25-27

Aluminium phosphide was found to be fairly effective in humid regions. Brodifacoum was also found to be equally effective as aluminium phosphide and more effective than bromadiolone at 0.002% and 0.005% in both humid and non-humid regions. The anticoagulants-brodifacoum and bromadiolone required more time to kill rodents than a fumigant aluminium phosphide.

1272 Soni, B.K., Tripathi, R.S. and Rana, B.D. (1992) A note on effectiveness of French ultrasonic device for rodent control. Pestology. 16: 29-32

Efficacy of French ultrasonic device was evaluated against, Rattus rattus in caged as well as free living conditions. No significant difference could be observed in the food intake of house rats between ultrasound environment and control in the caged conditions. However, the free living rats recorded significantly reduced feed intake due to exposure to ultrasounds for 4 days. Therefore, this effect went on diminishing and on 8th day the consumption of food in presence of ultrasound was at par with that of pre- exposure intake. This indicated that the device proves in-effective with in 8 days due to behavioural acclimatisation of rats under continuous exposure to ultra sound.

1273 Tripathi, R.S., Mathur, M., Jain, A.P. and Patel, N. (1994) Relative efficacy of glue and other traps for commensal rodent management. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 143-145

Glue, wonder and Sherman traps were evaluated against commensal rodent pests (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) in houses, godowns and poultry farms in and around Jodhpur. Sherman trap, being single catch type trap, rated lowest in comparsion to multiple catch type traps. Among multiple catch traps, glue traps evidently exhibited an edge over wonder traps. Ethological manifestations of rodents towards these traps are also discussed.

1274 Verma, S.K. (1984) Bird damage to pearl millet crop at Jodhpur. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 12: 57-58

Awned hybrids of pearl millet such as PHB 14 are reported to be less attacked by sparrows, Passer domesticus, although hybrids suffer more bird damage than local varieties.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Ber

1275 Ahlawat, V.P., Khera, A.P. and Dahiya, S.S. (1984) Foliar sampling technique in ber. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 75-79

Different types of leaves were sampled from current season shoot to study the seasonal variation in nutrient content. Mature leaves had the stable plateau of major nutrients from middle of September to middle of November. These leaves may be sampled to find out the nutrient status of ber.

1276 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1990) Effect of gibberellic acid and NAA on fruit set and quality of fruits in ber cv. Gola. Progressive Horticulture. 22: 60-62

Ber cv. Gola were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA3) and NAA at flowering and another spray 15 days after flowering. GA3 and NAA were sprayed at 10, 20 and 30 ppm concentration and in combinations. Significant increase in fruit set was recorded at 20 ppm GA3 and 30 ppm NAA as compared to control. Combinations of GA3 and NAA did not improve the fruit set. Fruit retention was increased appreciably in 30 ppm GA3 treatment. Quality of fruits in terms of weight, size, TSS and acidity were significantly affected by higher concentration of GA3 and NAA.

1277 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992) Relationship between stomatal distribution and growth of ber rootstocks. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 49: 169-171

Stomatal count was taken in four ber rootstocks, and correlated with growth parameters and stomatal density. The number of stomata were found to be the highest in Z. mauritiana cv. Tikadi followed by Z. rotundifolia, Z. spinichristii and Z. nummularia. The growth of rootstocks in terms of height, spread, trunk diameter and leaf area were positively correlated with number of stomata. Z. nummularia having the lowest number of stomatal density was found to be dwarfing type and Z. rotundifolia and Z. mauritiana having higher density of stomata was found to be vigorous rootstocks.

1278 Chovatia, R.S., Patel, D.S. and Patel, G.V. (1993) Performance of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 215-217

Performance of twenty cultivars of ber was evaluated for three years for yield potential and fruit quality. The wide variability was observed in growth, yield and fruit quality. The Gola Gurgaon produced the highest fruit yield among all the cultivars followed by

Banarasi pewandi, Jhajjar special and Gola. The cultivars Gola and Gola Gurgaon were found to be early ripening-whereas Umran was late ripening and posessed large fruits of good quality and attractive appearance.

1279 Chovatia, R.S., Patel, D.S., Patel, G.V. and Kalyansundaram, N.K. (1992) Effectiveness of mulches on ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. Umran under dryland conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 301-302

Black polythene mulch recorded the maximum fruit yield and was consistantly higher in each year over rest of the treatments. All the mulch treatments increased the soil moisture content as compared to no mulch. Among mulch treatments, maximum soil moisture content was recorded in black polythene sheet mulch.

1280 Dass, H.C. and Jain, B.L. (1988) Effect of saline water on germination and growth of Zizyphus species. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 179-182

Zizyphus rotundifolia Lamk., Z.mauritiana Lamk cv Tikadi, Z.nummularia (Burm.F.) Wight & Arn. and Z.spinichristii (L.) Wild were screened for tolerance to saline irrigation water (EC 0.5 to 6.5 mmhos) at germination and seedling growth stages. Z. rotundifolia, commonly used as rootstock for ber, was tolerant to irrigation water salinity upto 4.5 and 6.5 mmhos EC at germination and seedling growth stages, respectively. Z. spinachisti and Z. mauritiana cv Tikadi were moderately tolerant upto 2.5 mmhos EC, Z. nummularia was sensitive to salinity.

1281 Gupta, A.K. and Joshi, D.C. Mineral content of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) at different developmental stages. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 42: 37-40

All the minerals were in higher proportion at 15 days of fruit growth. Except iron and potassium, which were in fairly uniform concentration, other minerals decreased with the advancement of fruit growth and development. Iron content was higher in Kaithli and Jogia whereas Ca, Mg and Mn were in higher ranges in Umran.

1282 Gupta, A.K., Panwar, H.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1983) Studies on physico-chemical changes during development and maturity in ber fruit, cv. Gola. The Punjab Horticultural Journal. 23: 186-190

Ber cultivar Gola was studied for its physico-chemical changes at fortnightly intervals from 15 days after fruit-set upto 135 days after fruit-set. Fruit size and weight increased with the development of

the fruit. TSS, total sugars and Vitamin C content also increased while total chlorophyll and crude protein and Vitamin C were observed after 60.75 days of fruit setting and this period coincided with the complete hardening of the stone in the fruit.

1283 Gupta, I.C., Sharma, B.D. and Singh, P.M. (1989) Effect of bicarbonate and chloride irrigation waters on germination and growth of ber and soil properties. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 37: 428-30

The effect of waters of six salinity levels (EC 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5 and 10.0 dS m-1 ) each of two types viz. bicarbonate and chloride compared to control (EC 0.1 dS m-1 ) was studied on ber. Germination and growth decreased with increase in salinity but chloride waters were more toxic than bicarbonate. Specific ion toxicity effects were operative upto EC 5 dS m-1, beyond which osmotic effects became pronounced. Ber seemed to be more tolerant at seedling than germination stage with bicarbonate waters whereas reverse was the case with chloride waters.

1284 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1991) Note on performance of ber during establishment under conventional and Jaltripti irrigation systems. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 48: 222-223

Ber was grown on coarse sandy soil at Bikaner with five treatments viz., 3L water plant-1 watering-1 in Jaltripti (a new device for establishment of plants with minimal water) and 3L, 6L, 9L and 12 L water plant-1 watering-1 applied under conventional pit system. Budded saplings of ber cv Seb raised in polythene bags were used for planting. During study period of 22 months (1987-89) involving 33 irrigations and 50 mm rainfall, the plant height was maximum with 3L watering in Jaltripti (100.6 cm) followed by 12 L (98.7), 9 L (98.4 cm), 6 L (92.0), 3 L (81.5 cm) treatments under conventional plantings. The corresponding values of root stock diameter were 1.64, 1.49, 1.37, 1.24 and 1.01 cm respectively, showing that growth of ber plant in Jaltripti using 3 L of water was significantly superior to 12 L of water used in conventional pit system.

1285 Hulwale, T.D., Karale, A.R., Desai, U.T., Kaulgud, S.N. and Keskar, B.G. (1995) Pollen studies in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 47-50

Pollen grains of the seven ber cutivars were almost similar in their morphology. The fresh pollens appeared as a fine, yellowish powdery mass and were very sticky. They were isopolar, fixiform, radiosymmetric and 3-zonicol porate, with psilate exine. On

acetolysis, shape was prolate spheroidal, and in distilled water, roundish and triangular. Pollens were round in acetocarmine and ellipsoidal in castor oil. When moistened, pollen size was increased. Pollen fertility ranged from 68.08% (Seedless) to 87.34% (Darakhi No.1). Pollen germination as well as tube length was highest in 25% sucrose solution.

1286 Jain, B.L. and Dass, H.C. (1988) Effect of saline water on performance of saplings of jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana), Indian cherry (Cordia dichotoma var. wallichii) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) at nursery stage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 420-421

An irrigation of Sev with 6.5 dS m-1 water and of Gola and Mundia with 4.5 dS m-1 for 8-10 months at the initial establishment stage in the nursery did not show any adverse effect on survival. Mortality in jujube plants occurred when irrigation was prolonged and was severe in Mundia with high salinity water. Irrigation of `Khog' pomegranate with 6.5 dS m-1 water did not show any adverse effect on its survival. However, Jalore seedless could tolerate upto 4.5 dS m-1. The level of salinity did not affect the survival of Indian cherry but higher level caused mortality.

1287 Kamble, A.B., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994) Effect of micronutrients on fruit set, fruit retention and yield of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 53-55

Studies on foliar applications of Fe, Zn, Mn and B in ber revealed that all nutrients increased flower clusters, fruit set, fruit retention, fruit weight and yield. ZnSO4 at 0.4%, FeSO4 at 0.4% and boric acid at 0.2% gave best results when sprayed in August-September. Application in July or October was not useful.

1288 Kumar, A., Bhansali, R.R. and Arya, H.C. (1978)

A note on the occurrence of powdery mildew on ber (Zizyphus spp.) in Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 323-325

Occurrence of powdery of Zizyphus nummularia and Z. mauritiana caused by Oidiopsis sp. was reported. The life cycle of this fungus has been described.

1289 Kundu, S.S., Pareek, O.P. and Gupta, A.K. (1994) Effect of time and severity of pruning on growth, flowering and fruiting in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Umran. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 49-52

The plants were pruned on three dates at the interval of 15 days i.e. from 15th May to 15th June with five levels of pruning intensities. The shoot length, leaf area, per cent bud sprouting, per cent fruit set and per cent fruit retention differed significantly with various pruning treatments. From the present investigation, it was found that the plants pruned on 30th May at 15 buds, recorded maximum fruit retention per tree.

1290 Lodha, S. (1983)

Wilt of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) caused by Fusarium equiseti. Plant Pathology. 31: 130-132

This is the first report of the wilt disease of ber from world which is and caused by Fusarium equiseti.

1291 Lodha, S., Gupta, G.K. and Pareek, O.P. (1983) Preliminary studies on the resistance of the ber varieties against powdery mildew in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 13: 77-78.

Sixty six ber varieties maintained at C.R. Farm, C.A.Z.R.I were evaluated for their response against powdery mildew of ber under natural conditions.

1292 Lodha, S., Singh, S. and Singh, M.P. (1983)

Alternaria blight of ber and its control. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 11: 54-56.

Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria alternata has been first time reported from India. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of fungicides showed superiority of Zineb in controlling the disease in field. Available varieties were screened and Randeri has been found to be moderately resistant.

1293 Mukherjee, S. and Soni, A.K. (1993)

Growth and yield of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. Seb under different pruning severities. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 165-166

Effect of different pruning severities were studied on the performance of ber CV. Seb for 2 consecutive years. The treatments consisted of five pruning severities namely: no pruning (Control), pruning upto 4th, 6th and 8th secondaries and also at 90 cm or 3/4th length of the shoot. The weight of pruned wood, plant height, plant spread, stock and scion girth, number of primary buds upto which secondary branches were arising, annual shoot growth, per cent fruit set and fruit drop and yield differed significantly with various

pruning severities. The maximum yield (61.82 kg) was obtained from trees which were pruned upto 6th secondaries.

1294 Pareek, O.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1986)

Vegetative and fruit characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars of Rajasthan grown in the Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 214-221

Vegetation and fruit characteristics of different cultivars of ber grown in Thar desert have been described in detail. The cultivar Katha seems almost identical to Umran of Haryana and Punjab and Ajmeri of Gujarat. Characteristics of cultivar growing in different states are same but with little variation due to change of climate.

1295 Patel, B.T., Shakhela, R.R., Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patil, R.G. and Patel, G.A. (1993) Chemical composition of some ber cultivars leaves. Annals of Arid Zone. 32 : 109-111

Chemical composition of leaves of five year old ber cultivars showed highest content of Ca (2.66%) followed by N (2.19%), K (1.38%), Mg (0.94%) and P (0.144%). Amongst the micronutrients, higher concentration of Fe (289 ppm) was recorded compared to Mn (85 ppm), Zn (24 ppm) and Cu (3.9 ppm). Correlation of yield was positive with N, Ca, Mg and Mn and negative with P, K, Fe, Zn and Cu.

1296 Rao, A.V. and Dass, H.C. (1989)

Growth of fruit plants as influenced by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 143-147

Inoculation of jujube and pomegranate plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria enhanced the height and dry weight of plants as compared to the uninoculated control plants. There was a strain-variety interaction among the strains. A marked increase in the root biomass of these fruit plants upon inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria was also observed. Though there was no increase in the per cent N in the plants with inoculation, total N-uptake was more with the inoculated plants. The rhizosphere of inoculated plants carried higher population of Azospirillum brasilense as compared to the uninoculated control plants.

1297 Saini, R.S., Yamdagni, R., Thareja, R.K. and Kaushik, R.A. (1994) Performance of selected ber cultivars under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 333-334

Tree height, spread and number of picking were maximum in Kaithli cultivar. Umran produced heaviest fruits and the fruit weight was lowest in Mudia Murhara. The total soluble solids in cultivar Gola were maximum.

1298 Sharma, A. (1993) Cultural management of Larvacarus transitans (Ewing) in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 265

Pruning of branches upto 60 cm length / 8th secondary level provided an effective content of Larvacarus transitans infesting ber in Rajasthan.

1299 Singh, M.P. (1982)

Studies on the damage and chemical control of chafer beetles on grafted ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars. Entomonograph. 7: 247-250.

Ber cultivars were evaluated for the loss caused by Holotrichia consanguinea Bl, Anomala sp and Adoretus sp. Relative consumption of ber leaves by the three species was studied. Insecticides were tested for their efficacy against adult H. consanguinea beetles. Cultivar Aliganj suffered the least chafer injury in field. Maximum leaf area loss was witnessed in Gola and the highest percent leaf area loss was recorded in Jogia cultivar. Difference in leaf consumption by the three beetle species was insignificant. Methyl parathion, fenitrothion and quinalphos were adjudged the most effective against H. consanguinea among the insecticides tested.

1300 Singh, M.P. (1983)

Insecticidal control of bark eating caterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata Walker on ber. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 363-366

Insecticidal evaluation was done against the caterpillars of I. quadrinotata, a serious pest of ber and other plants, through hole treatment by cotton swabs dipped in insecticidal solution; and by spraying around the feeding site of the caterpillar. 0.04% Monocrotophos at 0.04% excelled in either type of insecticide application. In the hole treatment method, dichlorvos stood at par with monocrotophos while in the feeding site spray, quinalphos could emulate monocrotophos after 48 hr followed by methyl parathion and endosulfan after a week.

1301 Singh, M.P. (1984)

Field screening of jujube cultivars against the attack of bark eating caterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata (Walk). Madras Agricultural Journal. 71: 416-417

Thirty cultivars of Zizyphus mauritiana were evaluated for their susceptibility to the bark eating caterpillar, for two consecutive seasons. None of the cultivars was free from insect attack. Ilaichi and Gola were more susceptible.

1302 Singh, M.P. (1984) Studies on the field resistance of different jujube cultivars to the fruitfly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Madras Agricultural Journal. 71: 413-415

Twenty five cultivars of ber were evaluated for two consecutive seasons in the field for their resistance to the fruitfly. Large variation (6.7 to 73%) was observed in the extent of natural infestation in the cultivars. Variations were also recorded in the larval hatching. Highest field infestation and larval survival rate were recorded in Gola cultivar and the minimum in Tikadi cultivar.

1303 Singh, M.P. and Pareek, O.P. (1981) Chemical control of ber fruitfly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Indian Journal of Plant protection. 9: 180-182

Effectiveness and economics of five spray schedules involving different insecticides have been reported, against the fruitfly Carpomyia vesuviana.

1304 Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1984) Field screening of some ber cultivars for resistance to ber fruitfly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 12: 55-56

Based on the extent of fruitfly infestation, the cultivars have been placed under five categories viz., resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible.

1305 Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1995) Losses due to bird damage in different jujube cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 305-307

Studies to assess the extent of bird damage to different ber cultivars were carried out for three consecutive fruiting seasons. A mean fruit loss of 13-20% was recorded in different cultivars in guarded orchards. The birds did not exhibit preference for any particular cultivar in field. The maximum injury was inflicted to the semi-ripe fruits, followed by ripe and unripe fruits.

1306 Swaminathan, R. and Verma, S.K. (1991)

Relative foliar damage by Xanthochelus superciliosus Gyll. (Coleoptera curculionidae) in jujube cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 73-74

Foliar damage was less in the improved and high yielding varieties, the minimum in Mundia while local varieties Chomu local and Gujarat local had the highest foliar damage.

1307 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1979) Flower morphology, fruit set and fruit drop in some ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.) cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 165-169

The study was conducted on seven ber cultivars i.e. Seb, Gola, Mundia, Jogia, Aliganj, Ponda and Ilaichi. The anthesis occurred from 7.30 A.M. to 9 A.M. in all the cultivars except Gola and Mundia in which it took place between 12 noon to 1.30 P.M. The dehiscence was completed in an hour after anthesis. Receptivity of the stigma was maximum on the day of anthesis. Fruits did not set when flowers were covered. Open pollination by the insects was found to be necessary. Fruit drop was maximum during a fortnight after set in all the cultivars except in Ilaichi in which it was maximum one month after set.

1308 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1983) Preliminary studies on the inter-varietal crossability in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.). Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 43-45

Seb, Gola and Mundia are recommended varieties of ber which are early maturing and good yielders but poor in transportable quality. Attempts were made to make reciprocal crosses of Seb, Gola Sanaur-2, Katha and Umran. Maximum fruit set was recorded in Urman x Katha and minimum in Gola x Sanaur-2. Mature fruits of Seb x Gola, Seb x Katha, Seb x Umran and Umran x Seb were harvested, rest had premature drop.

1309 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1989) Identification key-for the cultivars of Indian jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) Indian Journal of Horticulture. 46 : 183-188

Since ber is an ancient fruit, a large number of varieties are in cultivation in the country. These varieties have developed in different geographical locations as a result of cross pollination among different Zizyphus species as well as between the cultivars of Z. mauritiana and thus there is great confusion in their nomenclature and identification. In this paper, preparation of a

comprehensive key has been attempted incorporating both vegetative and fruits characters of 59 cultivars.

1310 Vashishtha, B.B., Pareek, O.P. and Chandrasekharan, I. (1989) Chemotaxonomic relationship among jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars and some related species. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 123-132

Flavonoid distribution of 59 cultivars of jujube and two other related species was analysed and its distribution was related with the growth habit of the cultivars. There was distinct variation in flavonoid distribution in both wild and cultivated species. All round fruit types have independent identity.

1311 Vashishtha, B.B., Pareek, O.P., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1989) Chemical races identified by chemotaxonomy in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 133-135

Chemotaxonomy of 59 cultivars of jujube was studied. By leaf flavonoid spot pattern on thin layer chromatography, nine cultivars were distinct from others in six forms, and accordingly, six chemical races were identified.

1312 Verma, S.K. (1993) Biology of Tonica zizyphi stainton on jujube (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 179-181

Biology of Tonica zizyphi is reported on jujube under arid conditions of western Rajasthan. With 2-3 days of incubation period, 10-16 days of larval period and 5-8 days of pupal period, the life cycle was completed in 19 to 32 days. An unidentified disease caused mortality in 13 to 42% of larvae and 37 to 65% of pupae.

1313 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1981) Distribution pattern of Jharber (Zizyphus nummularia) and its leaf fodder and bush-wood production on different habitats and landuse types. Forage Research. 7: 119-126

Studies on geographical and ecological distribution of Z. nummularia, an important leaf-fodder yielding shrub showed vast variations in its density on different habitats occurring in western Rajasthan. Its density further varied greatly in different landuse systems, depending upon the intensity of biotic interference. Amongst the soil types it preferred sandy loamy soils. Soil depth is

positively correlated with the shrub cover. Good soil depth also favoured higher leaf-fodder production.

1314 Yamdagni, R., Dahiya, S.S. and Ahlawat, V.P. (1987) Assessment of some 'ber' (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars for their mineral composition. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 119-122

Samples of 20 ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars growing under Hisar conditions were analysed for their mineral composition. Nitrogen content was maximum in Banarsi Karaka and minimum in Umran. Desi Alwar contained maximum phosphorus, potassium content was maximum in cv. Sandhura Narnaul. Ponda and Mudia Murhara contained maximum calcium, whereas Jallandhari was found to be richest in magnesium. Zinc and iron contents in the leaves of different cultivars under study varied from 8 to 48 ppm and 30 to 165 ppm, respectively.

1315 Yamdagni, R., Gupta, A.K. and Ahlawat, V.P. (1985) Performance of different cultivars of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana L.) under rainfed conditions - A note. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 175-177

Under rainfed condition ber cv. Koithli performed better as compared to other varieties. Other cultivars Nazuk, Illaichi and Villaiti can also be planted and these cultivars can be used in hybridisation programme for ber in rainfed areas.

1316 Yadav, G.S., Kathpal, T.S., Singh, G., Gupta, S.P. and Lakra, R.K. (1986) Persistence of dimethoate and oxy-demeton methyl in jujube fruits and leaves. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 127-130

Dimethoate 0.03% and oxy-demeton methyl 0.035% were sprayed in mid-December to control fruit-fly (Carpomyia vesuviana) on jujube. The average deposit of 1.85 ppm of dimethoate on the day of application dissipated by 69% in 5 days and reached below detectable level at the harvest time. The initial deposits of oxy-demeton methyl varied from 0.97 to 1.2 ppm on fruits and dissipated by 66-68% in 3 days and reached below detectable level within 5-7 days. The fruits as well as leaves did not contain detectable amounts of oxy-demeton methyl residues at harvest. Washing of fruits removed 10-22% of the surface residues of oxy-demeton methyl.

1317 Yadav, R.C., Sharma, K.D., Singh, H.P. and Pareek, O.P. (1980) Some hydro-horticultural relations in a ber Orchard (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 297-300

The run-off in general increased with decrease in length of run and slope upto 5%. This run-off producing technique was found to be 36% efficient, after exceeding the threshold rainfall value. Average tree height, linear growth and yield per plot were highly correlated with run-off concentration.

Pomegranate 1318 Ahire, G.Z., Desai, U.T., Choudhari, S.M. and Masalkar, S.D.

(1993) Crop regulation in Pomegranate : I. Effect of growth regulators on flower induction, sex expression and flower drop. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 97-98

The studies carried out to regulate flowering in pomegranate, indicated that hand removal of flowers induces more flowers. MH (1000 ppm), Carbaryl (7000 ppm). GA (20 ppm) and NAA (250 to 500 ppm) produced less flowers than control. Ethrel at 500 ppm was the most effective in thinning the flowers. GA induced more male flowers and less hermaphrodite flowers. Ethrel, MH and Carbaryl induced more hermaphrodite flowers.

1319 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992) Performance of important pomegranate cultivars in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 181-183

Performance of nine important cultivars of pomegranate (Punica grananum) was evaluated to know their suitability as a commercial fruit crop in arid region. The cultivars showed variability in growth, fruit quality and yield. Cultivars P-23, Jalore seedless, G-137, P-26 and GKVK-1 were more vigorous than other cultivars. Jalore seedless, Ganesh and G-137 cultivars showed their superiority in soft seediness and better quality fruits as compared to other cultivars under study. Cultivar Jodhpuri red was more susceptible to cracking and Jalore seedless showed the least cracking of fruits.

1320 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992)

Rooting of cuttings with auxin in pomegranate cv. jalore seedless. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 223-224

The number of cuttings rooted, height of the plants and dry weight of root and shoot were significantly enhanced at 1000 ppm IBA. Percentage of cuttings rooted at 1000 ppm IBA was 56 whereas in control only 20%. It is suggested that IBA at 1000 ppm can appreciably be employed for enhanced rooting of the cuttings and growth in pomegranate.

1321 Bankar, G.J., Dass, H.C., Prasad, R.N. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1990) Nitrogen nutrition in pomegranate under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 63-66

Application of 750 g N significantly increased the number of fruits, yield and weight of fruit per plant. With increasing nitrogen application, weight of 100 arils and juice percentage appreciably increased whereas, size of fruit and total soluble solids remained unaltered.

1322 Bhansali, R.R. (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlets in pomegranate. Annals of Botany. 66: 249-253

Plantlets were regenerated from somatic embryos originating from cotyledonary tissues of pomegranate vigorously with regular sub-culturing after 20 d on RBM-II medium containing 1 µM kinetin (KN), 2 µM benzylamino purine (BAP) and 5 µM 2, 4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Developmental stages of somatic embryos were expressed on sub-culturing with a low level of 2, 4-D (2.5 µM). Embryogenic initials cells were small, round to oval, thick-walled, contained dense cytoplasm with stained with acetocarmme and were usually attached to non-embryogenic cells. Embryo maturation was obtained on RBM-III and IV media to produce young seedlings on the initiation of the lust long tap root.

1323 Chaudhari, S.M. and Desai, U.T. (1992) Efficacy of plant growth regulators for flower thinning in pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 221

Spraying of ethrel at 500 ppm was found to be significant in thinning the flowers in pomegranate to an extent of 55% in 10 days followed by 250 ppm ethrel (17% flower drop), 500 ppm NAA (15%) at 250 ppm NAA (12%). The flower drop in control was 5%. Ethrel at 500 ppm can be employed in thinning the flowers in pomegranate in order to improve the fruit yield and its quality.

1324 Desai, U.T., Jagtap, D.B. and Choudhari, S.M. (1992) Relationship between growth characteristics and yield potential in pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 299-300

Plant height was positively and significantly correlated with the volume and number of stems but exhibited no significant correlation in either way with yield characteristics. Plant spread was significantly and positively correlated with yield attributes and

needs to be given importance in parent selection and progeny screening.

1325 Desai, U.T., Masalkar, S.D. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994) Association of fruit characters in pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 157-158

The investigation comprised indigenous and exotic genotypes collected from temperate countries. Fruit size was significantly and positively associated with juice percentage, aril size, and vitamin C, while it was negatively associated with seed content and acidity.

1326 Desai, U.T., Ahire, G.Z., Masalkar, S.D. and Choudhari, S.M. (1993) Crop regulation in pomegranate: II. effect of growth regulators on fruit set, yield and fruit quality. Annals of Arid zone 32: 161-164

Studies on crop regulation were carried out on pomegranate cv. Ganesh. It involved Ethrel, GA, NAA, MH, Carbaryl as also mechanical removal of flowers. The treatments were found to influence fruit drop, total fruit number, its quality, yield, and number of fruits in different grades. On the basis of net increase in monetary returns over control, application of 250 ppm NAA followed by 0.7% Carbaryl on the same day, after 75 days of commencement of cropping was found to be the best. It also resulted in higher grade fruits of better quality with no phyto-toxic effects.

1327 Kumawat, K.C. and Kanwat, P.M. (1995) Assessment of loss in pomegranate due to anar butter fly, Virachola isocrates (Fabricius). Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 317-318

The per cent infested fruits were 1.85 in treated plots (alternate sprays of monocrotophos @ 0.03% and carbaryl @ 0.2% at ten days interval) and 16.41 in untreated plots. The avoidable loss was 13.23%.

1328 Panwar, S.K., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994) Effect of pruning and physiological disorders in pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 83-84

Percentage of sun-scorched fruits and percentage of fruit showing internal breakdown were decreased as the pruning intensity was increased. This will ultimately reduce the losses at consumers level.

1329 Panwar, S.K., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994) Effect of pruning and thinning on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 45-47

Shoot length and number of leaves per shoot increased with the pruning intensity. Pruning also delayed the bud sprouting, flower appearance and harvesting. Although, the highest yield was obtained from unpruned trees, 40 cm pruning of main stems was comparable with it. The number and percentage of better grade fruits were more in higher severity of pruning. The fruit size, juice content and seed hardness were not appreciably influenced by pruning treatments.

1330 Patel, N., Jain, A.P., Tripathi, R.S., Parveen, F. and Mathur, M. (1995) Losses caused to pomegranate fruits by rodents in arid horticulture. Geobios News Reports. 14: 37-38

Pomegranate fruits of Jalore seedless cultivar were observed for rodent damage in nylon-net protected orchards at Jodhpur. From an expected net profit of Rs. 30,000 ha-1, the loss due to rodents alone is around 25.75%.

1331 Patil, P.K. and Patil, V.K. (1982) Effect of soil ESP on the growth and chemical composition of pomegranate (Punica granatum). Progressive Horticulture. 14: 1-5

Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, plant spread, leaf area, plant mortality, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf and root N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were determined, over 19 months, in plants growing in pots in soil with ESP of 1.6 to 50. All indices studied decreased with increasing soil ESP except for plant mortality and leaf and root Na contents which increased. The Cu level was unaffected.

1332 Patil, V.K. and Waghmare, P.R. (1983) Tolerance level of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) for pomegranate. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University. 8: 257-259

The experiment on pomegranate was laid out with the completely randomised design and the observations on growth rates over two initial readings of height, number of leaves, stem diameter were estimated with respect to different ESP. The quadratic functional relationship was studied for the ESP levels with the said growth attributes of pomegranate. There was a significant relationship between ESP and other plant characters. The relationship was significant for 180, 240 and 360 days from planting in the case of height, number of leaves and stem diameter, respectively. The maximum growth rates at the final stand of 583 days were 312.62%, 336.86% and 92.13% over the initial reading with the optimum level

of ESP as 5.84, 1.14 and 4.38% respectively for height, number of leaves and stem diameter.

Date Palm 1333 Bhansali, R.R. (1989)

Early leaf spot disease of date palm offshoots. Indian Phytopathology. 42: 418-420

A new leaf spot disease of date palm off-shoots caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae was observed at Experimental Research Orchards, Jodhpur and Chandan in 1985 and 1986. Young unopened crown leaves and rachis were most susceptible to infection, which caused severe damage to off-shoots under favourable condition for growth. Mortality was more commonly recorded in Shamran cultivar.

1334 Bhansali, R.R., Kaul, R.K. and Dass, H.C. (1988)

Mass cloning of date palm plantlets through repetitive somatic embryogenesis. Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology. 5: 73-79

A biotechnology of date palm somatic embryogenesis from young shoot-tip tissues for mass multiplication of female plantlets has been developed. Three date palm cultivars, viz., Muscat, Shamran and Khadrawy responded well for inducing embryogenic calli with little changes in hormonal requirements. Somatic embryos developed rapidly and matured completely on 2, 4-D devoid but BAP (5 mg l-1), Kn (2 mg l-1) and NAA (0.1 mg l-1) supplemented medium (MMS-II) on repetitive subculturing after every 30 days. Embryos multiplied continuously by producing secondary embryos through budding process. Separated mature embryos germinated quickly by producing roots first and then leaves on the same medium. The survival of fully grown plantlets under free-living condition was maximum when initially grown in sterilised sand and in specially designed humid environmental chamber.

1335 Dass, H.C., Kaul, R.K., Joshi, S.P. and Bhansali, R.R. (1989) In-vitro regeneration of date palm plantlets. Current Science. 58: 22-24

Embryogenic cultures were induced from shoot tips of data palm (cv. Muscat) on nutrient medium containing MS basal salts along with NAA, 2,4-D, BAP and PVP under dark condition at 28° C. Cellular embryos further differentiated into well-developed nodular-shaped embryos on medium supplemented with NaH2PO4 and Kn and on increasing KH2PO4 to 200 mg l-1 concentration. Somatic embryos

germinated into complete plantlets by first initiating root and then shoot at 0.1 mg l-1 NAA.

1336 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Joshi, S.P. (1989) Micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferal) cv Khadrawy using tissue culture technique. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 137-141

Small segment of explant (1 cm) from tip of young off-shoot (1-2 year) of date palm were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Significant reductions in the time required for callus formation and development of plantlets were observed in the modified nutrient medium. Developed plantlets were transferred on a modified MS medium containing 2 mg l-1 each of naphthylacetic acid, naphthoxyacetic acid and benzyl adenine for successful hardening and then transferred to pots. Potted plants became ready for field transfer within two months.

1337 Mertia, R.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1985) A note on the performance of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivar Halaway at Chandan (Jaisalmer). Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 263-264

The performance of date palm Halaway from California was assessed for its vegetation, flowering and fruiting habits at Chandan. Different stages of its flowering and fruiting were also recorded for its suitability.

1338 Mertia, R.S., Singh, H.P., Dass, H.C. and Panwar, H.S. (1995)

For the field planted date palm suckers how to conserve moisture in desert soils. Indian Horticulture. 3: 16-17

The sand fraction in the 80-cm desert soil profile is 70.7-87. 1% and pan-evaporation 5.4-19.1 mm/day, while the rate of water infiltration 15-20 cm hr-1. To ensure the water needs of the date palm suckers in their first two years of establishment, placement of bentonite clay in the planting pits using an iron mould is recommended.

1339 Muthana, K.D., Puri, D.N. and Singh, U. (1974)

A note on the performance of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties in the arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 169-171

The suckers started emerging after the 4th year of planting. Khadrawy produced the higher number of suckers per plant

followed by Medjool, Shamran and Halawi. The yields of berries was maximum with the cultivar Shamran.

1340 Swaminathan, R. and Verma, S.K. (1991)

Studies on the incidence of date palm scale, Parlatoria blanchardi (Targ.) in western Rajasthan. Entomology. 16: 217-221

Incidence of Parlatoria scale on date palm was studied in arid western Rajasthan at Bikaner. Infestation set in December onwards on pinnae from basal tissues upwards, and reached its peak in October. Older leaves and upper leaf surfaces near pinnae were preferred but tips invariably remained free from infestation. During May-June, infestation declined on pinnae but was concentrated on floral parts and on berries. Crawlers were most active during February-April and their numbers declined rapidly thereafter. Incidence of scales on pinnae had significant negative correlation with average maximum temperature and relative humidity. Cv Khadrawy and Medjool were susceptible and Zahidi and Migraf were tolerant to scale infestation. Pharoscymnis horni was recorded as the dominant predator, feeding on 27 scales beetle-1 day-1.

1341 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1978) Development of Sharmran date berry during high rainfall year in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 182-183

Development of berries of Shamran date cultivar during high rainfall year in arid zone was described in detail with different stages of fruit development in relation to heat accumulated.

Vegetables

1342 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1982) Effect of the application of exfoliated vermiculite on soil properties and vegetable production in arid zone of western Rajasthan, India. Agrochimica. 26: 38-43

Field trials were conducted during 1979 and 1980 to find out the effect of the application of exfoliated vermiculite on soil properties and vegetable production in arid areas of Western Rajasthan, India. The application of exfoliated vermiculite increased the moisture retention capacity at 0.1 bar tension and decreased the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. Its application at rate of 20 t ha-1 optimised the production of lady’s finger which was 40-60% more than the control without vermiculite.

1343 Jadav, K.V., Mehta, H.M. and Lakkad, L.V. (1995)

Growth, yield and water economy in egg plant (Solanum melongena L.) as influenced by drip irrigation and biofertilizers. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 39-42

Growth parameters yield attributes, total fruit yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) increased significantly with irrigation scheduling through drip at 0.8 CPE compared to check basin system. Drip irrigation at 0.8 CPE resulted in 28.4% saving in water, 12.3% higher total fruit yield and two fold higher WUE over check basin irrigation system. Fertiliser application of 100 kg N ha-1 through urea, 1.43 t ha-1 dry Azolla (equivalent to 50 kg N ha-1 ) and inoculation with Azotobacter ABA-1, were found significantly superior to their lower levels in respect of growth parameters, yield attributes, total fruit yield and WUE of egg plant.

1344 Mahrishi, R.P. and Siradhana, B.S. (1984)

Studies on downy mildew of cucurbits in Rajasthan: incidence, distribution, host range and yield losses in muskmelon. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 67-70

Prevalence of downy mildew was recorded with the infection confined to foliage. The losses increased with the increase in disease intensity. Dithane M-45 at 0.2% is found to control the disease and reduced the losses.

1345 Rajpurohit, T.S. and Choudhary, B.R. (1995) Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) of wild turnip (Brassica tournefortii), a new record from Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 377

The occurrence of downy mildew on wild turnip is a new record in Rajasthan. None of the 100 biotypes of wild turnip under natural and high disease pressure were found to be free from the disease. The disease resulted in severe pre mature defoliation. The loss in seed yield due to this disease was 34.7%.

1346 Roonwal, M.L. (1982)

The termite Heterotermes indicola as a pest of the vegetable, karela or bitter gourd (Mimordica charantia), in the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 131-133

On the outskirts of Jodhpur, Heterotermes indicola attacks the growing shoots and roots of the vegetable, karela or bitter gourd, and prevents growth. This is the first record of termite attack on this vegetable, and also the first record of this termite damaging

vegetables. Irrigation of soil with 0.5% water emulsion of aldrin EC 30 prevents termite attack.

1347 Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K. (1979) Effect of bentonite sub-surface moisture barrier and run-off concentration on soil-moisture storage and yield of round-gourd grown in sandy soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 880-885

A 3-year study showed bentonite clay to be an effective subsurface moisture barrier in reducing losses due to deep percolation, resulting in significantly higher yield of round-gourd (Citrullus vulgaris). In a drought year, the barrier was effective only when combined with run-off concentration. In most cases, the moisture build-up was higher in the root zone above the barrier line. But bentonite did not completely check deep-percolation losses. There was lateral movement of the barrier edge, which was low until the soil moisture content reached 14-15%. When bentonite was used as a sub-surface moisture barrier, there was an increase of 30-40% in the capacity of the soil to store moisture.

1348 Singh, R., Jangir, R.P. and Poonia, B.L. (1995) Evaluation of herbicides for control of weeds in chilli (Capsicum annuum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 723-726

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1991 and 1992 to evaluate 4 herbicides for the control of weeds in chilli. All weed-control treatments reduced density and dry matter of weeds infesting chilli field except metolachlor @ 0.5-1.0 kg ha-1, which was found ineffective on broad-leaf weeds. Out of the 4 herbicides, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 was found most effective (87.3%) on grassy weeds, followed by metolachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (80.0%) and oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha-1 (73.4%). However, best control of the broad-leaf weeds was achieved by oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha-1 (92.0%), followed by its lower dosages (0.1-0.2 kg ha-1) and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (74.4%). Oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha-1 showed improvement in crop growth and fruits plant-1, giving the maximum dry-chilli yield compared with the other weed-control treatments.

1349 Singh, R.P. and Singh, H.P. (1975) Growing vegetables in arid lands - A new technique. Indian Horticulture. 20: 13-15

In 1974 (rainfall 136 mm), tinda was grown with a new water harvesting technique designed specifically for growing

cucurbitaceous vegetables. Hence, to say in nutshell in such a poor rainfall year like 1974, when most of the field crops failed, 45 q ha-1 yield of tinda, obtained with this technique, is a feature in itself.

1350 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P. and Singh, K.C. (1975) A note on the use of bentonite clay as a sub-soil moisture barrier for vegetable production on drylands of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 63-66

Pits having the bentonite barrier exhibited higher moisture content and yielded higher than control with tinda, kakri and matira. Treatment having bentonite at 75 cm depth and FYM at 60 cm depth provided maximum yields of these vegetables.

1351 Singh, Saroj and Lodha, S. (1985)

Varietal reaction and evaluation of fungicides in vitro and in vivo against powdery mildew of chilli. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 55: 85-87

Of the 17 collections of chilli (Capsicum annuum Linn.) screened against the powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arnaud, B15 R 7, Padasali and Tinwari were found to be moderately resistant. When evaluated on the basis of slide-germination technique, dinocap, with lowest ED50 and ED95 values, was found to be superior to 6 other fungicides. During in-vivo evaluation, dinocap and tridemorph gave 70% control and was superior to others.

1352 Singh, S.D., Singh, Y.V. and Bhandari, R.C. (1987)

Tomato yield as related to drip lateral spacing and fertiliser application on total and wetted area basis. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 69: 991-999

With drip irrigation system, a part of the area is wetted at the soil surface. This raises the question of whether to program fertiliser rates on the total or wetted area of the plot. The objective of this investigation was to study the response of unstaked tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst.) to drip application of fertilisers on the basis of total versus wetted surface area. Apart from the conventional broadcast and drip application of NPK fertilisers in liquid form, four outer treatments were applied consisting of two rates of NPK, i.e. 224, 88 and 168 kg ha-1 on total plot area basis, and 56, 22 and 42 kg ha-1 on wetted surface are basis, factorially combined with 1.2 and 2.4-m lateral spacing, with N through drip, P and K banded. The study also included drip irrigation at 1.0 and 0.5 times the daily evapo-transpiration (ET)

rate factorially combined with drip application of NPK at 1.0, 0.75 and 0.5 times and broadcast application at 1.0 times the NPK rate. The NPK were, respectively, at 224, 88 and 168 kg ha-1. Root growth, soil temperature and thermal conductivity was positively influenced by canopy cover and soil moisture regime. The development pattern indicated that 74% of the total root weight was confined to the top 15-cm soil layer. At the time of fruiting, the root weight declined in the soil layer with high water content. Drip irrigation equal to 0.5 ET required 25% less fertiliser than irrigation equal to ET, but irrigation at the latter rate and application of fertilisers to supply 224, 88 and 168 kg ha-1 of NPK, respectively, gave the highest yield of 90 t ha-1.

1353 Singh, Y.V. and Bhandari, R.C. (1984) Effects of irrigation frequency and amount of water on the yield of cauliflower in an arid region. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 581-586

A 2-season study showed that the relationship between marketable yield and net water applied was curvilinear, and 368 mm was about the optimum requirement of 'Snowball 16' cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Linn. var. botrytis Linn.). Replacement of water deficit when 80% of cumulative Class A pan reached 2 cm and 5 cm corresponded to 7-day and 14-day intervals between 2 consecutive irrigations. For the given amount of water applied during the growing season, high-frequency (7-day interval) light irrigations gave more yield of cauliflower than low-frequency (14-day interval) heavy irrigations on a coarse loamy sand soil of arid region. As the net water applied increased, the water-use efficiency tended to decrease, being more so with the low-frequency heavy irrigations.

1354 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1990) Rhizosphere effect on phosphatases under different vegetable crops grown in saline-sodic soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 753-755

The present investigation was carried out to study, under field conditions, the potential status of phosphatases (acid and alkaline) and dehydrogenase in different vegetable crop-soil ecosystems of saline-sodic soils under arid environment.

Others

1355 Aggarwal, R.K., Pandey, S.K.N. and Pareek, O.P. (1975) Foliar application of micronutrients on Thompson seedless grape (Vitis vinifers). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 191-193

Observations on shoot growth indicated that micronutrient applications increased the shoot growth from 18 cm in the control to 29-30 cm by Zn or Zn + Cu treatments and to 21-24 cm with Zu + Cu + Fe sprays.

1356 Bankar, G.J. (1987) A note on influence of gibberellic acid on seed germination and vigour of seedlings in karonda (Carissa carandas L.) Progressive Horticulture. 19: 90-92

Karondas (Carissa carandas) are generally propagated by seeds although success in grafting has been reported. However, for hybridisation and vegetative propagation too, seedlings have to be raised and quick and enhanced germination has to be secured. The increased germination and vigorous seedlings or both have been reported in many fruit crops with soaking seeds in gibberellins. The work on seed treatment with gibberellin in Karonda is totally lacking. Therefore, research was conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur on this aspect.

1357 Bankar, G.J. (1989)

Vegetative propagation in annonas (Annona squamosa L.) Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 18: 10-13

Propagation studies were undertaken to study the bud take percentage in annonas cultivars namely, Balanagar, Red sitaphal, Pond apple and Island gem and Washington PI 107005. The rooting of cutting was studied in Annona squamosa using 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ppm IBA and IAA by quick dip method. It was noted that maximum bud take percentage was observed in Cv. Balanagar and minimum in Red sitaphal. The grafting success was significantly more in cv. Balanagar and Pond apple as compared to other cultivars under study. The significant increase in rooting of cuttings was observed in 2500 ppm IBA but IAA did not significantly influenced rooting of cuttings.

1358 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1993)

Stomatal density and growth of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 75-76

The highest number of stomata was found in cv. Washington followed by Balanagar, Island gem which was significantly superior over Red sitaphal having lowest number of stomata. The stomatal density was correlated with plant height, spread and leaf area.

1359 Bankar, G.J. and Verma, S.K. (1987)

Preliminary studies of flowering and fruiting in Carissa edulis. Progressive Horticulture. 3-4: 163-166

Carissa edulis belong to family Apocynaceae. It is much valued for its browsing in Africa and having larger fruits than ordinary Indian Karonda (Carissa carandas L.). It produces 4-6 edible fruits in a bunch with two fruiting seasons one in Jan-Feb. and another in August-September. Root extracts are used in Lumbago, chest complaints and veneral diseases. For these useful qualities cultivation of this crop needs much emphasis for the improvement of this fruit in arid region. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to study the floral morphology, fruit set and fruit drop of C. edulis at CAZRI, Jodhpur in collaboration with NBPGR, regional station Jodhpur.

1360 Gupta, I.C., Harsh, L.N., Shankarnarayan, K.A. and

Sharma, B.D. (1987) Note on Capparis decidua (Kair) from waste lands. Current Agriculture. 11: 87-89

Natural occurrence of Capparis decidua on sand dune wastelands in western Rajasthan has been reported. It also grows naturally on saline depressions, heavy soils having EC from 50 to 100 dS m-1. It not only stabilises sand dunes but also improves remarkably their fertility and reduces alkalinity.

1361 Khetawat, G.K. and Vashishtha, K.S. (1977) Micronutrient status of necrotic and normal leaves of grape vines in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 439-440

There was no change in the levels of zinc and manganese. Concentration of boron and sodium was high in affected vines while iron concentration was high in the normal vines.

1362 Khetawat, G.K. and Vashishtha, K.S. (1978)

Effect of zinc, manganese and iron spray on the micronutrient levels in foliage of Thompson seedless and beauty seedless grapes. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 320-322

Copper content of the leaves decreased significantly with the spray of Mn and Mn + Fe in Thompson seedless while there was an increase in Beauty seedless. Variation in the contents of micronutrient in two varieties was observed.

1363 Kumar, S. S., Nalwadi, U.G. and Basarkar, P.W. (1991)

Influence of moisture stress on the accumulation of phenols in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Geobios. 18: 165-168

The induction of moisture stress for a period of 12 days at transplanting and pre-blooming stages in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) exhibited a sharp peak in the accumulation of phenols. The enhanced phenol metabolism led to the biosynthesis of lignin which could act as a mechanism to combat the moisture stress.

1364 Manohar, M.S. (1967) Effect of damaging fruit hairs on the development of water melon (Citrullus vulgaris, schard). Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 228-229

Water melons of Pali variety were grown during the summer season. The destruction of the fruit hairs was achieved by gently wiping the surface of the fruit with tissue paper taking every care that the epidermis is not bruised. Therefore these fruits were left undisturbed until the harvesting time. The destruction of the fruit hairs influenced their growth adversely. It may, therefore, be suggested that developing melon fruits be least disturbed to ensure normal growth and development.

1365 Mertia, R.S. and Gupta, I.C. (1991) Note on tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) in Thar desert of Jaisalmer. Current Agriculture. 15: 91-94

Jaisalmer, the largest district in India falling in Thar desert is most adversely affected with lowest rainfall, highest temperature and evaporation and maximum area under wind eroded waste lands. In such hyperdesertic conditions, tumba (Citrullus colocynthis), a highly arid tolerant creeper of industrial value occurs naturally and stabilises sands. The treatment of seed with boiling water and wrapping in gunny bags followed by placement in a moist pit for 2-3 days, increases its germination percentage. Observations over a period of two years, revealed the number of fruits per plant varying from 61 to 250, and average seed weight from 11.5 to 20.3 g. The seed weight per plant varied from 0.994 to 3.900 kg. Higher yields were obtained in 1991 due to higher rainfall (242 mm) compared to 1990 (140 mm).

1366 Pandey, G. and Pathak, R.K. (1988)

Effect of sodicity on seed germination and seedling growth of bael (Aegle marmelos). Indian Journal of Agriculture. 58: 577-578

A pot experiment was conducted in a sodic soil (pH 10.0-10.8 and ESP 50-70) treated with differential rates of GR (0.25,50.75 and

100%) resulting in final pH of 9.0-10.1 and ESP of 35.70. Seed germination decreased and delayed with increase in pH/ESP. Seedling establishment and growth performance improved with increase in the rates of GR. Compared to control. Plant height increased from 2.4 to 7.2 cm and girth diameter from 0.20 to 0.40 cm in the soil treated with 100% GR.

1367 Pandey, G., Pathak, R.K. and Om, H. (1985)

Effect of sodicity on mineral composition, chlorophyll content and injury symptoms in bael (Aegle marmelos) leaves. Progressive Horticulture. 17: 5-8

Intact sodic soil or sodic soil mixed with 5.8 12.48, 14.2 or 20.65 t gypsum ha-1 was used in pots into which 2-month-old seedlings were planted. Leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll contents rose with increasing gypsum rates, whereas the Na content declined. Salinity injury symptoms were leaf chlorosis and in some cases seedling death at gypsum rates below 12.48 t ha-1.

1368 Pareek, O.P. and Panwar, H.S. (1981)

Vegetative floral and fruit characteristics of two phalsa (Grewia subinequalis DC) types. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 281-290

In general the vegetative, floral and fruit characters of two phalsa types studied were similar to the typical characters of the species Grewia subinequalis DC (G. asiatica Linn.). These two types were, however, distinctly different in vegetative, floral morphology and physico-chemical characteristics. While type A had sweeter fruits, upward growing shoots and more pubescence on plant surface, the type B was more profuse in flowering and fruiting with early maturing fruits richer in Vitamin C.

1369 Pareek, O.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1980)

Variability in Citrullus colocynthis in the Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 277-281

The fruit samples collected from different locations showed a great amount of variability with respect to fruit volume, seed number per unit, seed weight, oil content and oil per fruit. Besides interlocational variation in the economic characters, intra-location variation was also found.

1370 Prasad, R.N. and Banker, G.J. (1993)

Determination of maturity standards of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) cultivars under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 125-126

Weight, size, specific gravity and TSS of fruit increased upto 2nd week of December and thereafter decreased gradually. Fruit weight and pulp stone ratio also steadily increased upto 13th December in both the cultivars (Krishna and Kanchan). TSS were low in the immature fruits and increased as fruit approached to maturity. The optimum time for harvesting aonla fruits is the last week of December onwards.

1371 Sharma, S., Purohit, G.R. and Sharma, V. (1995)

Chemical composition and nutritive value of tumba cake. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 159-160

Tumba cake contained appreciable amount of crude protein (18.65%). It contained 10.35% digestible crude protein and 55.50% total digestible nutrients. The DCP and TDN amount of tumba cake is in proximity as in other non-conventional cakes like, Mahua cake, Kokam cake.

1372 Singh, S.D. and Vyas, D.L. (1970) Studies on manurial value of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) oil cake. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 15: 173-176

Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) is a large creeping perennial herb, which colonises loose sandy soils in the arid parts of Rajasthan. The seeds of tumba fruits yield oil of high saponification value and is being increasingly used in soap industry. The most important question facing the oil industry using tumba fruits for oil extraction is the utilisation of tumba oil cake. In order to determine the manurial value of this by product the present study was undertaken in the years 1966-67 at the Central Research Farm, Jodhpur.

1373 Vashishtha, B.B. (1987) Vegetative propagation of Capparis decidua. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 123-124

Quick dip of the cuttings in IBA affected maximum sprouting followed by the 2-minute dip. Maximum shoot length was observed with IBA (Quick dip) compared to the other treatments.

FORAGE PRODUCTION Grasses & Pasture Legumes

1374 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1977) Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in arid grassland ecosystem as related to season and rainfall I. Eleusine Aristida community. Forage Research. 3: 137-147

The herbage production of Eleusine-Aristida was found to vary with season depending on rainfall. A longer vegetative period was observed during high rainfall year. There was more reserve of carbohydrates in below ground biomass during winter season as indicated by low above ground biomass / below ground biomass weight ratio. N and P concentrations in different plant parts were found to vary with the season and rainfall. A significant positive relationship was observed between rainfall and above ground biomass / belowground biomass ratio of N and P. Uptake of N and P were found to have significant positive correlation with above ground biomass yield. On an average, 0.761 kg N ha-1 and 0.149 kg P ha-1 were required to produce one quintal of above ground biomass.

1375 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1978) Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in arid grassland as related to season and rainfall II. Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus grass. Forage Research. 4: 149-157

The herbage production and nitrogen composition of Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus were studied during different seasons over two years (1974-75). Seasonal variations in herbage production and nitrogen content were observed in both the species. C. ciliaris had higher rate of above ground biomass production but lower crude protein per cent than C. setigerus. Total N uptake in above ground biomass was significantly related with the above ground biomass production in both the species. Amount of rainfall was found to have significant and positive effect on the above ground / below-ground biomass N- concentration ratio in C. setigerus. Higher uptake of nitrogen was found to be in below ground biomass than the above ground biomass in the above species. These two species did not differ in their nitrogen requirements. N- uptake by C. setigerus depends significantly on the level of soil mineral N (NO2 + NH4). Only 4 per cent of total soil nitrogen was found to be involved in biological system in these two grass species.

1376 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1980)

Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in arid grassland as related to season and rainfall III. Lasiurus sindicus grassland. Forage Research. 6: 135-144

The effect of seasonal changes on herbage production and N and P composition of Lasiurus sindicus grassland community was studied during 1974 and 1975 in Western Rajasthan. Rainfall was found to have a significant and positive relationship with the above ground / below ground biomass ratio. The length of the vegetative period was also much influenced by the amount and distribution of rainfall during the monsoon season.

Amount of rainfall had a significant effect on the distribution of nitrogen in above ground and below ground biomass. While on the concentration of P and its uptake by above ground biomass only. Of the total net uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, 62-65% was found in above ground biomass. The requirement of nitrogen by this grassland community was found to be two and half times greater than its phosphorus requirement. Soil mineral nitrogen was found to be adequate to meet its N requirement.

1377 Ahmed, K. and Sankhla, N. (1979) Studies on fodder grasses on Indian desert. I. Effect of moisture and salt stress on metabolic patterns in Panicum antidotale. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 121-124

Some of the physiological responses of P. antidotale to salt and moisture stress were monitored. A marked reduction in photosynthetic rate (PR), the activity of nitrate reductase (NAR) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) increased under moisture stress. Proline and betaine level also increased rapidly under moisture stress. On rewatering, a rapid recovery was observed in PR, activity of NAR and proline level. However, the level of betaine declined only gradually.

1378 Ahuja, L.D. and Bhimaya, C.P. (1967) Germination studies of perennial grass seeds. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 146-152

For successful germination trials of desert grass seeds, Petri dishes with moist filter paper are not suitable and give unreliable results of the viability as compared to sand culture. The germination percentage varies significantly between species, but these values, are not significantly different during various years. Germination percentage of Panicum antidotale, Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus and Dichanthium annulatum averaged to 73.1,

65.1, 61.4, 54.7 and 28.2%, respectively in sand culture. The differences are significant amongst the grass species.

1379 Arun Kumar and Joshi, M.C. (1970) A note on the leaf area estimation in three species of Cenchrus. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 157-158

A field method of leaf area estimation for Cenchrus species was evolved, leaf area was estimated by two method (Planimeter and L x B Method), respectively from these data a common factor 2/3 product of L x B was estimated for leaf area computation.

1380 Arun Kumar and Joshi, M.C. (1970) Germination of dimorphic seeds and seedling growth of two desert grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 245-250

Dimorphic seeds are found in C. biflorus and C. prieurii. Seed output is found more in C. prieurii while the production of large seeds is higher in C. biflorus. Large seeds of C. biflorus show more percentage germination than small seeds while the case is reverse with C. prieurii. Production of large seeds in both grasses produce greater shoot and root length and also the dry matter than those from the small seed fraction. C. biflorus is of gregarious occurrence in this area which may be attributed to its greater `large' seed output and germination percentage of both large and small seeds in comparison to C. prieurii.

1381 Bhansali, R.R. (1989)

Morphological abnormal structures on sewan grass infected with Ustilago vilfae. Indian Phytopathology. 42: 592-594

During recent survey conducted in the desert parts of western Rajasthan i.e. Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, the appearance of smut posing major problem on sewan grass showing various abnormal growth were collected during September-November 1984 and 1985. The present communication deals with manifestation of various types of abnormal structures produced on L. sindicus by Ustilago vilfae.

1382 Bhati, G.N., Sharma, S.K. and Harsh, L.N. (1985) Phenotypic stability of some promising strains of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 111: 714-719

Eight promising strains of Cenchrus ciliaris were studied at three different locations i.e. Jodhpur, Pali and Samdari for three

consecutive years from 1978 to 1980, for their stability. Although Strains No. 1263 showed average stability in all environments, but high deviations mean square values suggest strengthening of breeding efforts to develop strains with high stability and general adaptability for arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan desert.

1383 Bhati, T.K. and Singh, M. (1982) Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on forage yield and nutritive value of Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. Forage Research. 8: 43-48

Dry matter and crude protein yields increased significantly with N application only up to 60 kg N ha-1 during all the three years. Forage yield attributes, viz., plant height and the number of tillers and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus were also increased significantly with the same nitrogen dose. Nitrogen x environment (year) interactions were also significant and the extent of the response to nitrogen application by the grass depended on favourable rainfall during the year. Phosphorus rates did not affect dry matter, crude protein and nutrient uptake significantly.

1384 Bishnoi, S., Gautam, D.D. and Kumar, K. (1993) Seed germination and reproductive capacity of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 47-49

Germination of L. sindicus seed is hypogeal type. Natural plant population have three categories of seed: large, medium and small. The optimum temperature for germination is 32 ± 1°C. The average percentage germination is 67 ± 5.56. The average seed output is 9471 plant-1 and it varied with the size of the plant. The reproductive capacity is 6345.57.

1385 Bohra, R.K., Jain, M.B. and Chakarvarty, A.K. (1969) Estimation procedure for assessment of forage production in a pasture of Cenchrus ciliaris L. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 39: 207-213

Measurements on plant height and number of tillers on a random sample of these plants are sufficient to forecast the forage yield in such pastures with sufficiently high degree of reliance. A ready-reckoner has been prepared for forecast purposes.

1386 Chakravarty, A.K. and Bhati, G.N. (1969) Study on pasture establishment technique. II. Effect of pelleting on germination of Lasiurus sindicus seeds. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 58-60

The pelleted seeds with two spikelets had given higher germination as compared to those with one spikelet only, because the former contained double the number of caryopsis in them as compared to the latter. Storage of pelleted seeds for a period of four months indicated maximum germination. There was no significant difference due to depth of sowing under nursery conditions. No adverse effect of pelleting in L. sindicus seeds was observed.

1387 Chakravarty, A.K. and Das, R.B. (1965)

Polymorphism in Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 10-16

Random distribution of anthocyanin pigments have been noted in the earhead, stigma and node of the 10 exotic and 16 indigenous types of collection of Cenchrus ciliaris observed under nursery condition, the colour of the glume being linked with the coloured earhead pattern. The population with black earheads possess colourless stigma in majority of cases.

1388 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1970) Selection of grasses and legumes for pasture of the arid and semi-arid zones. II. Variation of morphology and physiology characteristics in L. sindicus and selection of promising type for forage production. Indian Forester. 96: 437-443

Lasiurus sindicus popularly known as sewan grass in the arid zone of Rajasthan was observed to exhibit least variation in morphological and physiological characters in its yield. The collection Nos. 317, 318, 319 and 353 recorded comparatively higher forage production out of 13 such collections. The collection No. 319 indicated bigger leaf size, greater height, more tillers and maximum basal diameter per plant as compared to other collections. The species was found to be advanced genetically.

1389 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1971) Selection of grasses and legumes for pasture of the arid and semi arid zones. IV - Panicum antidotale Retz. Selection of promising type. Indian Forester. 97: 509-516

Panicum antidotale Retz. popularly known as Gramma in the desert areas of Rajasthan exhibits very little variation of morphological characters in its native habitat. Variations were however observed in plant height, tiller number, basal diameter and herbage yield of plants. The collection Nos. 330, 335, 336, 346, 621 and 622 were isolated on the basis of these characters and they may provide germplasm to evolve suitable types for maximum herbage yield

under arid and semi-arid conditions. It has been further observed from the trials of 13 selected collections at Jodhpur and Pali for 4 years that the collection Nos. 29, 297, 330 and 340 have better growth and herbage production under arid condition of Jodhpur and the collection Nos. 335, 337 and 341 indicated better performance under semi-arid condition of Pali.

1390 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1971) Selection of grasses and legumes for pastures of the arid and semi-arid zones V. Variation of morphology and physiology characteristics in D. annulatum and selection of promising type for forage production. Journal of Indian Botanical Science. 50: 265-272

Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) stapf. locally known as Karad grass is a common ber, basal diameter, leaf size, earheads, spikelet number and herbage yield of plants were observed under nursery condition of the Pali Research Farm (Semi-arid) for seven years. After comparing the scores on account of growth characters, mortality percentage and dry matter yield the collection Nos. 485, 486 and 490 seemed to be promising for introduction in the pasture of the semi-arid zone.

1391 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kalkani, L. (1966)

Study on variation in seed yielding components of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 63-71

Positive correlation was found between the breadth of spike and the number of spikelets per spike and also between number of caryopses and weight of caryopses per gram weight of spikelets. Rainfall does not seem to have any direct influence on the number of spikelets, number of caryopses per weighed quantity of spikelets and number of caryopses per spikelet. Strain No. 357 which gives high forage yield was found to give higher proportion of caryopses in the spikelets as compared to other strains, thus combining the characters of a desirable dual purpose strain. This strain has shown less seasonal variation as compared to others with regard to some of the seed yielding components, and therefore seems to be a suitable type to withstand climatic stress.

1392 Chakravarty, A.K., Roy, R.D, Verma, C.M. and Das, R.B. (1966) Study on the pasture establishment technique. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 145-157

Establishment of Cenchrus ciliaris pasture was about 43% of the normal in 1963, 100% in 1964 and 41% in 1965 on the basis of average seed rates, Similarly it was 56% in 1964 and 34% in 1965 in

Lasiurus sindicus. Line sowing was found to give better results than broadcast in C. ciliaris whereas the latter method proved better in the case of L. sindicus. Hulled seeds gave very poor germination as compared to unhulled (Normal) ones in both the grasses. Dry matter production from the pasture, established by different seed rates was correlated to the number of seedlings in the pasture and not to the seed rates. L. sindicus pasture was found to yield about 60% more dry matter than the C. ciliaris pasture in the second year of its establishment even with 70% less number of seedlings in the former grass.

1393 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1968) Germination of promising desert grass seeds under different depths of sowing in sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 75-81

Seeds of three perennial grass species viz., Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus and Panicum antidotale were sown at depths of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 cm under irrigated nursery condition at Jodhpur on three successive dates i.e. 2nd of March, 5th of April and 18th of May 1996. The seeds show optimum germination when sown at shallow depths of 1 and 2 cm. P. antidotale indicated maximum percentage of germination in March sowing. C. setigerus in April sowing and C. ciliaris in May sowing. The seeds of all the species continued to germinate up to 28 days after sowing.

1394 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1969)

Effect of cutting and fertiliser treatments on seed production of different grass species for arid zone. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 39: 971-979

No significant effect of fertiliser on seed production was observed, but the results were significant only in 1 year for hay production in Cenchrus setigerus and Lasiurus sindicus. Cutting treatments adversely affected the production of seed, although no significant difference in yield of seeds was observed between the 1 and the 2-cut treatments. No-cut treatment indicated higher yield of hay in L. sindicus in both the years, and in Panicum antidotale and Cenchrus ciliaris in 1 year. But in another year these 2 grasses as well as C. setigerus in both the years produced higher quantity of hay in the 2-cut treatment. Cutting adversely affected the height of plants, but it encouraged the production of tillers. The spikelets were heavier with higher percentage of caryopsis, showing higher percentage of germination in the no-cut treatment than in the 1-cut or 2-cut ones. Crude protein content of the hay was comparatively low (5-6%) when the grasses were left uncut for seed collection. But it was more (11-15%) in the 1- or 2-cut plots. Hence, for combined seed and

forage production, 1 cutting is desirable in P. antidotale, C. ciliaris and C. setigerus, and no cutting is desirable in L. sindicus.

1395 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1970) Study on the pasture establishment technique. V. Effect of reseeding of natural pastures with Cenchrus ciliaris by different soil production. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 236-244

Germination of seeds were comparatively higher in the plots where complete soil working and seeding was done, and herbage production from the pastures increased by 50, 18 and 37%, respectively in 3 successive years from the year of soil working and seeding. A net profit of Rs. 103.55 per hectare was estimated for a period of 3 years. In all the three years, nitrogen either singly or in combination with phosphorus or phosphorus and potash indicated increase in height and tillering of plants as compared to those receiving no fertilisers. But yield of herbage indicated increase in the first year only in similar set of treatments.

1396 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1972) Study on the pasture establishment technique. VI. Effect of different spacings and weedings on establishment and forage production of C. ciliaris, L. sindicus and P. antidotale. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 60-66

Increase in forage yield by 86, 120 and 284%, respectively was observed from these grasses due to one weeding in the first year of their establishment. There was, however, no significant effect of spacings. The weedings indicated better growth in height, tillering and basal diameter of all the grasses whereas closer spacing (30 cm) indicated better growth in L. sindicus and wider spacing (90 cm) in P. antidotale.

1397 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1973)

Study in the pasture establishment technique VII. Effectiveness of mechanised seed drill for establishment of sewan grass L. sindicus pasture in sandy desert soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 33-38

There was no significant difference in germination of Sewan grass (L. sindicus) due to different methods of sowing and spacing but pelleted seeds resulted in comparatively poor germination (60-90 cm) spacing between the rows indicated better growth of plants. There was no significant difference in forage production in different cuttings due to different sowing methods and spacing treatments but non-pelleted seeds resulted in better stand and production compared with pelleted seeds.

1398 Chauhan, D.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1979)

Studies on the establishment of mixed pastures of Cenchrus species and Dolichos lab lab. Forage Research. 5: 1-4

Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus were planted in pure and in mixed stand with Dolichos lab lab at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar during 1973-74 and 1974-75. Mixed cropping of Dolichos lab lab had no adverse effect on the forage production of grasses. On an average, planting of C. setigerus and D. lab lab in alternate rows (1:1) gave maximum total dry matter production which was closely followed by the same treatment in C. ciliaris. There was improvement in the protein content in the mixed forage of Cenchrus species and D. lab lab.

1399 Chauhan, D.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1979) Studies on intercropping of pasture legumes with Cenchrus ciliaris grass. Forage Research. 5: 79-80

Compared with grasses, legumes are more palatable and nutritive. The main reason for the low feed value of pastures, in India, is the low percentage of legume component in the pastures. A field experiment was, therefore, conducted on sandy loam soils at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar during 1974-75 to select a suitable pasture legume for intercropping with Cenchrus ciliaris, an important pasture grass.

1400 Dabadghao, P.M., Roy, R.D. and Marwaha, S.P. (1973) The effect of interval and intensity of defoliation on the dry matter production of some grass species of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 1-8

In L. sindicus and C. setigerus 30 days interval gave significantly higher production irrespective of variation in annual rainfall. Similar results were observed in C. ciliaris and P. antidotale only in drought year. In favourable year, however, 20 days interval gave higher yields over either 30 or 10 days and significantly so in P. antidotale.

Interaction between interval and intensity of clipping was significant only in L. sindicus and P. antidotale. Clipping at 15 cm stubble height, at an interval of 30 days in the former and 20 days in favourable and 30 days in drought year in the latter species, was found to be the best management.

1401 Dabadghao, P.M., Chakravarty, A.K., Das, R.B., Roy, R.D. and Marwaha, S.P. (1965 ) Response of some promising desert grasses to fertiliser treatments. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 120-135

In L. sindicus, the NPK treatment has shown higher response than either N or P or K alone. In C. ciliaris the effect of nitrogen either singly or in combination with phosphorus and potash is quite perceptible, phosphorus and potash alone showing no response. In C. setigerus nitrogen as FYM or as ammonium sulphate in combination with phosphorus and potash has been more effective in increasing the yield of P. antidotale also. In general, application of nitrogen either singly or in combination with phosphorus and potash has shown favourable and significant response in all the desert grasses. Out of two cuttings taken from each of the plots every year, the first cutting recorded the highest yield which is also correlated with greater height of plants, but no such correlation was observed in the case of tiller numbers.

1402 Dabadghao, P.M., Marwaha, S.P., Gupta, B.S., Das, R.B. and

Roy, R.D. (1962) Root ecology of some promising desert grasses of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 163-173

The spray method of studying the root system using a regulated jet has been found very satisfactory on sandy soils. The number of roots increased with age but the pattern of increase differed with species. The maximum increase was observed in C. setigerus and the minimum in D. annulatum. The species attained the average root depth within a period of 6 months. The best distribution of roots through out the soil depth was shown by E. hirsutus and hence is the most drought resistant species amongst the grasses under study. The other grasses in order of their drought resistance ability based upon their root distribution were C. ciliaris, C. setigerus, P. antidotale and D. annulatum. The highest concentration of roots in the surface zone in D. annulatum and P. antidotale was observed. The total length of all the roots studied was the largest in C. ciliaris followed by E. hirsutus. The maximum quantity of root material in one cubic foot was found in E. hirsutus, P. antidotale, C. ciliaris, C. setigerus and finally D. annulatum in that order.

1403 Dhir, R.P. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (1973) Distribution of humus and available nutrients in soil under sown pastures in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 179-182

The data of different sampling sites from fields under C. ciliaris with row-to-row distance of 1.5 m show that in 0-20 cm depth the content of humus at 12.5 cm distance which is just within the periphery of the clump with a diameter of about 30 cm is 0.32%. At 25 cm, which is 10 cm away from the periphery, it is 0.26%. A further decline to 0.23% occurs at 50 cm distance. Beyond this at 75 cm the value is more or less similar and no decrease is observed. The positive effect of position of clump of humus built-up is seen extending, though with less conspicuousness, in 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers. The means of 60 cm depth show 22% more humus underneath the clump than that in the mid point of the row. This effect is even more prominent in the distribution of available phosphorus and potash where the content in the 60 cm depth are 41% and 31% higher, respectively, than the mid-point of the row. The data of 1.0 m row spacing also show a higher content of nutrients immediately close to the clump which decrease away from the clump towards the mid point of the row. Data for L. sindicus which is another prominent grass of the area, also give a similar picture of build up of nutrients in the immediate vicinity of the clumps though absolute value of nutrients present are slightly lower than those in the soil under C. ciliaris.

1404 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1985) Concentrations of mineral elements in some arid zone species from a common habitat : 2. Grass species. Indian Journal of Ecology. 12: 205-208

Mineral nutrients of 19 arid zone grass species growing under identical soil and climatic conditions were studied. Mean concentration of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium was 0.66, 0.30, 1.07 and 0.074%, respectively. Manganese, zinc and copper had values of 63.0, 53.7 and 36.4 ppm, respectively. Phosphorus was around 0.16%. Considerable inter-specific variations were recorded in potassium, manganese and magnesium but most remarkable variation was of sodium where no two species behaved alike. In comparison to the foliage of associated shrubs and tree species, grasses were considerably low in calcium and to some extent also in magnesium and potassium but outstandingly high in copper and zinc.

1405 Dutta, B.K. (1979)

Growth and nutrient uptake of Sporobolus helvolus under different edaphic conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 116-121

Sporobolus helvolus, a major forage grass of saline tract, was studied in pot culture for its growth and nutrient uptake under

various edaphic conditions. Plant height and dry matter production were maximum in soil collected from Pachpadra salt-basin and tank silt. But its growth was poor in alluvial soil. In Pachpadra soil the root showed less growth than that of tank silt and alluvial soil. The relative nutrient uptake pattern in different soils has been discussed.

1406 Dutta, B.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1980) Changes in mineral element concentration with growth in three arid zone grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 96-102

Collected at different days of growth the above ground biomass of desert grasses namely Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus were analysed for macro and trace elements content. L. sindicus distinguished itself with very low concentration of sodium and higher concentration of calcium and magnesium. Both the Cenchrus species behaved identically in nutrient concentration. In all the three grass species with advancement of growth potassium, phosphorus and iron showed a continuous decline whereas calcium, zinc, copper and manganese remained more or less constant or increased slightly.

1407 Faroda, A.S. (1974) Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on growth and yield of anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 114-118

Significantly more plant height, green and dry matter production were obtained with increasing levels of nitrogen. However, there was no significant difference in tillering due to nitrogen application. Phosphorus and potash application did not give significant response to anjan grass. Application of 20 kg N ha-1 was economical for anjan grass.

1408 Faroda, A.S. and Patil, B.D. (1975) A note on micronutrient status in Cenchrus grass. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 45: 299-300

Practically no reference is available as to shether Cenchrus grass, the predominant herbage of the semi-arid tract of north-west India, on which sheep sustain, contains adequate status of some of the elements like zinc, copper, cobalt, or whether any of these are in excess than required amount causing toxic effects. The present paper reports the effect of zinc, copper and cobalt in Cenchrus when fed to sheep.

1409 Faroda, A.S. and Tomer, P.S. (1971) Cenchrus ciliaris - a perennial pasture grass of arid and semi-arid areas. Indian Forester. 97: 675-680

Cenchrus ciliaris is referred as Buffle grass or Foxtail grass in foreign countries and as Anjan, safed Dhaman, Charwa or Kolukatti grass in India. It is one of the dominant perennial grasses producing good quality forage in pastures and rangelands of arid and semi-arid tracts. Studies have been made on soil and climate, field preparation, sowing time, seed rate, depth of seeding, method of establishment, spacing, mixtures, varieties / strains, interculture, manuring and management aspects for growing of Cenchrus ciliaris.

1410 Ghosh, S.N. and Mathur, M.L. (1962) Studies on the palatability, chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of spent lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexusus). Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 32: 22-26

A mature cow weighing on an average 332 kgs consumed 7.5 kgs of spent lemon grass. It contains 0.64% D.C.P, and 49.7% T.D.N. The dry spent lemon grass when supplemented with mineral mixture could be used as dry fodder in place of cereal straws and some of the hays.

1411 Gupta, A.K. (1987) Effect of growth and development on the qualitative attributes of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 17-24

Cell wall constituents viz. NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and silica contents increased significantly with plant growth while crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility decreased significantly in all the three years of study. NDF, ADF, lignin and cellulose were positively and significantly inter-correlated. However, they showed negative correlation with protein content and digestibility. Fodder quality, in terms of digestibility was best correlated with crude protein and its prediction value was maximum with crude protein as a single factor.

1412 Gupta, A.K., Yadav, M.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R.. (1985) Genetic variability and association of forage quality characters in strains of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 57-62

Coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis were studied in relation to eight forage quality characters of 33 strains for silica, dry matter, lignin and crude protein which exhibited high heritability and genetic advance. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin

and cellulose had positive and significant inter-correlation at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path analysis revealed high direct effect of ADF and cellulose on dry matter per cent. Considering both, direct and indirect effects, cellulose, ADF and protein assume importance in the selection of high forage yielding and nutritive strains of L. sindicus.

1413 Gupta, B.S. (1978) Statistical evaluation of forage yield from Cenchrus setigerus Vahl under arid conditions of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 618-621

In a step-up-wise regression programme employed to establish the order of relative importance of morphological varieties for their contribution to forage yield in 2 cuttings of Cenchrus setigerus Vahl, the crown diameter gave highest contribution, followed by plant height, number of tillers and basal diameter in the first cutting. In the second cutting, basal diameter followed by the number of tillers, height of the plant and crown diameter for the prediction of forage yield. The equation were not reliable predictors of yield because they accounted for only 30 to 37% of its variability, but they clearly brought out the importance of crown diameter (X4) and basal diameter (X3) as being the most influential characters in the determination of forage yield in the first and second cuttings, respectively. There was a difference of ordering in the independent variables in both the cuttings. The judgement on priority basis of the variables by employing R² remained unaltered in both the cuttings.

1414 Gupta, P.C., Singh, R., Singh, K. and Pradhan, K. (1975) Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of some important grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 245-250

Eighteen important grasses were analysed for chemical compositions and in vitro dry matter digestibily. The per cent dry matter content ranged from 22.35 to 35.50, CP from 2.62 to 17.50, NDF from 53.60 to 74.00, cell content from 26.00 to 46.40, ADF from 28.05 to 4.60, hemicellulose from 24.31 to 36.60, lignin from 2.30 to 6.80, cellulose from 19.45 to 36.00, silica from 1.80 to 4.30 and in vitro dry matter digestibility from 55.56 to 69.44. In general, the values for various cell wall constituents and in vitro dry matter digestibility were well comparable to those reported earlier for cereal forages.

1415 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1966) Habitat, grassland types and forage potential of Jalore district in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 189-203

On the hills Sehima nervosum - Hackelochloa- Bothriochloa is the most common type. On piedmont slopes and foot hills Dichanthium- Eragrostis- Aristida type is present. On the sand dunes Panicum turgidum type forms the main grassland type. Plains consisting of younger alluvium, older alluvium free or with hummocks, low lying heavy soils support different grassland types. Available top-feed species from each type were also recorded. Measures have been suggested for proper protection and development of these grassland types.

1416 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1972) Potential grassland types and their ecological succession in Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 198-218

Seven potential grassland types on different habitats of Rajasthan desert have been described, (1) Sehima nervosum type is on the hills and piedmont regions (2) Dichanthium annulatum type on older alluvial flats with sandy clay loam to clay soils. (3) Cenchrus type on well drained alluvial soils (4) Lasiurus sindicus type on loose sandy soils (5) Desmostachya bipinnata type on young alluvium. (6) Sporobolus-Dichanthium annulatum type on low lying heavy soils. (7) Panicum turgidum type on sand dunes. Stable dis-climax associations (grassland types) and the seral communities within the associations based on surveys conducted in the region have been discussed in this paper.

1417 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1976) Observations on seed germination and early seedling growth of Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. under the influence of salinity. Comparative Physiology and Ecology. 1: 153-155

For first 10 days seeds failed to germinate in solutions of 0.15 M and above, while germination in 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 M solution was 38%, 40% and 53%, respectively. Thereafter, when the above seeds were transferred to petri dishes with sterile water medium, significant additional germination up to 50% was noticed. Root growth was higher than coleoptile growth under all treatments.

1418 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1977) Phenology and growth of a desert annual grass Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Var. Criniformis Henr. Indian Journal of Ecology. 4: 132-144

Annual plants, in the desert ecosystem at times may contribute significantly to primary production. The study determines the annual growth, phenology and the crude protein status of D. ciliaris

var. criniformis, an annual grass in western Rajasthan in relation to different soil-conditions. Phenological observations show identical phenophases on loamy sand, dune sand and loamy soil of depressional areas. The germinability of seeds from different plant populations ranged from 54.6 to 99.3%. However, with time the germination percentage improved. Germination in total darkness was lowered from 50 to 25%. Studies on growth performance were conducted on five soil types, commonly occurring in the desertic conditions of western Rajasthan. Though the maximum phytomass, both above and below ground, has been recorded from plants growing on dune sand; the average seed production per plant and the 100 seed weight were maximum in the case of plants growing on loamy soils of depressional areas, having a better moisture holding capacity. At maturity, the crude protein status had a decreasing trend, thereby indicating the best utilisation of the grass during the vegetative period when the annual sprouting with the first monsoon showers furnishes a nutritive forage under natural conditions of grazing in the desert.

1419 Gupta, R.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1970) Comparative studies on the germination growth and crude protein status of Cenchrus ciliaris L. and Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. Tropical Ecology. 10: 217-225

Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus, the two promising grasses for pasture improvement in the desert region, have been studied as regards their germinability, growth and crude protein content value. Comparative studies made on these species show that C. ciliaris is comparatively a better species than C. setigerus on account of its higher germination percentage, better salt resistance and fodder production under similar conditions. Both the grasses thrive better on alluvial soils as compared to other soil types studied. The best time for utilisation of these species is the boot leaf stage as the CPC value is maximum at this stage.

1420 Harsh, L.N., Verma, C.M. and Jain, B.L. (1981) Relationship between precipitation and forage production of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. in arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 101-106

Forage production in C. ciliaris Linn. in arid regions has been found to be related to the limiting values of rainfall index (monthly rainfall x No. of rainy days/100) during July-Aug. and 82% variation in forage production can be accounted to this factor. Decreasing trend in forage yields has been observed after minimum rainfall index value of 18-20. C. ciliaris strains 214 and 303 have shown higher yield potential.

1421 Harsh, L.N., Yadav, R.P.S. and Mauria, S. (1982)

Response of Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. and Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. grasslands to fertilisation. Forage Research. 8: 31-36

Reseeded grasslands of D. annulatum and C. setigerus were fertilised with 0, 20 kg N, 20 kg N+ 20 kg P2O5 and 40 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 at Bisalpur, Pali and Jadan. Fertiliser application increased the dry forage yield and crude protein contents in both the grasses. However, application of 20 kg N ha-1 only was found to be economical in Dichanthium grassland.

1422 Joshi, D.C. and Gupta, A.K. (1984) Nutrient status of sown grasses and associated species in Thar desert. Forage Research. 10: 25-30

Grasses and associated species of three mixed grass pastures and a natural grazing land varied in their mineral content. Calcium, manganese and copper showed little fluctuations but zinc content increased and sodium, potassium and phosphorus content decreased with the maturity of the grasses. Associated species were, by and large, comparable in the nutrient content to the major grasses except that these contained more calcium and lesser amount of sodium. Except for low phosphorus level, the grasses and associated species contained adequate level of various nutrients that meet animal requirement.

1423 Kanodia, K.C. and Nanda, P.C. (1966) On the grasses and grasslands of Kutch. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 173-188

Fifty six species of palatable grasses, which add considerably to the fodder wealth of Kutch region, Gujarat State, under different landforms alongwith their important phenological, ecological and growth characteristics, habitat preference and their distribution in the area have been enumerated. As far as possible, the places where the species were either observed or collected have also been cited. An attempt has also been made to throw some light on the economic aspect of these species and thereby indicating the possibility of raising good pasture lands in the region.

1424 Kanodia, K.C. and Nanda, P.C. (1968)

Genus Aristida in western Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 94: 296-302

The genus Aristida is one of the first grasses which provide forage to animals at the onset of monsoon. A careful scrutiny of the

herbarium material coupled with critical field studies have proved that seven species and two varieties occur in this region. A. royleana and A. funiculata var. mallica Henr. have been reported as new records for the Rajasthan state. Their distinguishing characters have also been analytically illustrated. A. punges Desf. and A. plumosa Linn., which are valuable fodder grasses of other desert regions, have been recommended for trials in western Rajasthan.

1425 Kanodia, K.C. and Rai, P. (1981) Changes in forage yield and chemical composition of range grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 241-245

Most of these grass species and their varieties of Cenchrus, Sehima and Chrysopogon having less moisture requirement gave maximum quality forage yield during September, while the highest quality dry matter yield was obtained during October in case of Dichanthium and Bothriochloa varieties with higher moisture regime. The above months are therefore, recommended as harvesting schedule for the respective grasses.

1426 Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1978) Influence of seed size and composition on the dry matter yield of Cenchrus ciliaris. Experientia. 34: 848-849

Higher food reserve in larger seeds of C. ciliaris contributed towards greater forage production, as compared to that of the small seeds, only during the Ist year of establishment.

1427 Kathju, S., Shankarnarayan, K.A., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1985) Growth of roots and rhizomes in two desert grasses as influenced by defoliation stress and nitrogen application. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 87-93

The growth of roots and rhizomes of Cenchrus setigerus and Lasiurus sindicus as influenced by different cutting intervals (10, 20, 30 and 60 days), cutting heights (5, 10 and 15 cm) and nitrogen doses (0, 20 and 40 kg N ha-1 ) imposed over three successive growing periods, was studied. Frequent cutting decreased the number and dry weight of root and the dry weight of rhizome in both the grasses. The height of forage removal did not influence the underground biomass of C. setigerus. In L. sindicus, forage removal close to the ground, decreased the number and dry weight of roots. Longer cutting interval, with application of a low maintenance dose of nitrogen, improved the underground biomass production in these grasses.

1428 Krishnan, A. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1978)

Seasonal variations of net radiation over Lasiurus sindicus grass cover and its photosynthetic efficiency. Forage Research. 4: 105-119

The net radiation during the growing season of L. sindicus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus grass cover at Bikaner and pure L. sindicus cover at Chandan varied from 31 to 46% of the total radiation and from 24 to 36% during the non-growing season of November to April. The albedo percentage during the growing season varied from 20 to 28%. Due to change in colour of the grass cover at Bikaner, the albedo values upto 30 to 34% have been recorded during November to April. The significant feature is that considerable energy to the tune of 25 to 30% is emitted from L. sindicus cover and intervening ground as long wave radiation.

The visible radiation useful in photosynthetic process accounts for 47%, of which the predominant spectral range is green to yellow which accounts for 30% in case of Bikaner and 21% in case of Chandan. The features of the radiation penetration into the mid canopy as well as bottom canopy of the grass cover have been discussed. The photosynthetic efficiencies of the grass cover at Bikaner were 0.19% and 0.76% during 1976 and 1977, respectively. These figures when expressed as a fraction of visible radiation workout to be 0.41% and 1.62%, respectively. At Chandan were 2.02% for 1976 and 1.36% and 0.30% for first two months of the growing season of 1977. By proper utilisation by animals as well as by suitable harvesting techniques, photosynthetic efficiency of L. sindicus grass cover can be increased.

1429 Krishnan, A. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1979) Energy balance and photosynthetic and water use efficiency of Cenchrus ciliaris grass. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology - Series-B. 27: 95-104

Energy balance studies of Cenchrus ciliaris grass cover at the semi and palsana region India indicate that the mean contribution of net radiation to total radiation was 55% in May when the grasses were dry and 44% in October when grasses were actively growing. The albedo percentages varied from 18 to 20% during May and 22 to 24% during October. These are lower than those of arid zone grasses. The net long wave radiation is also comparatively less in wet condition of this semi-arid grass land as compared to other arid grass land of western Rajasthan. The mean percentage of radiation penetrating into the C. ciliaris grass cover was 84% at mid canopy and 62% in bottom of the canopy. The photosynthetic efficiency of the C. ciliaris

is 0.48%. When expressed as fraction of visible radiation, the same works out to be 1.03 percent. The moisture use efficiency of C. ciliaris grass cover at Palsana was 1.10 g/M² per millimetre of actual evapo-transpiration.

1430 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1961) Dimorphic seeds in some arid zone grasses and the significance of growth differences in their seedlings. Science and Culture. 27: 448-450

Investigations on certain arid zone grasses (viz. Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus) indicate that dimorphism of seed leads to growth differences in the seedlings.

1431 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharbanda, B.C. (1962) Germination studies on arid zone plants II. Germination inhibitors in the spikelet glumes of Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 114-126

Inhibitions was caused by some naturally occurring water-soluble inhibitors located in the enveloping structures of the spikelets. This inhibition was not due to restricted moisture or gaseous diffusion for the presence of glumes or for the immaturity of the embryos. Acid fraction of the spikelet extract of C. ciliaris contained two inhibitors whereas only one inhibitor could be detected in the same fraction of spikelet extract of C. setigerus. In both cases, the natural fraction was found to be inactive. However, spikelet extract of L. sindicus contained one inhibitor which was found to occur in the natural fraction but the corresponding acid fraction was devoid of activity. These substances have been found to be thermostable and not easily auto-inactivated.

1432 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1963) Germination studies on arid zone plants. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science, India. 29 B: 287-296

Seeds of L. sindicus need relatively higher levels of moisture in comparison with other two grasses. Best performance in relation to germination under low moisture levels was found in C. setigerus. Seeds of C. ciliaris occupied an intermediate position in this respect. Greater hygroscopic properties of spikelet tissue of L. sindicus was found to balance the higher moisture requirement for germination of enclosed seeds. The significance of the power of quick water uptake and the low hydrature of seeds before germination has been discussed in the light of characteristics of xeric germination. Water uptake of endosperm and embryo are two distinct processes. Coumarine interferes with the uptake of water by the embryo and,

thus, germination inhibition is brought about. Water uptake by endosperm is not affected by coumarine and this uptake has been considered to be similar to colloidal imbibition.

1433 Lahiri, A.N. and Vyas, S.P. (1979) Effects of fertiliser and clipping on protein in leaves of desert grasses. Experimental Agriculture. 15: 103-106

The effects of nitrogen fertilisation and cutting intervals on extractable protein have been studied in three arid zone grasses, viz. Cenchrus setigerus, C. ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus. Depending on the number of cuts and soil fertility status, maximum protein could be harvested from C. ciliaris followed by C. setigerus and L. sindicus. It is concluded that the maximum yield of leaf protein per unit area of land can be achieved with short intervals of cutting coupled with the application of nitrogenous fertiliser.

1434 Lahiri, A.N., Kathju, S.K., and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982) Comparative performance of Cenchrus ciliaris pastures raised from large and small seeds. Seed Science and Technology. 10: 205-215

A study designed to evaluate the performance of C. ciliaris pastures raised from `large' and `small' seeds (caryopses) at different nitrogen doses (0, 20, 40 kg ha-1 ) showed significantly better vegetative growth, forage production and NPK uptake by plants grown from large seeds in the first year. These differences between the plants raised from the `large' and `small' seeds levelled off so that plants were comparable in the second year. Nitrogen fertilisation, however, improved the performance and nutrient uptake of plants from large and small seeds in both years. It is concluded that the seed size may not have any lasting influence on the long term productivity of C. ciliaris pastures, but higher germination, superior plant performance and forage production in the first year in plants from large seeds present a distinct advantage for improving grazing lands.

1435 Maheshwari, S.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1970) Studies on nutritive value of sweet Sudan 59-3. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 209-211

An evaluation of the nutritive quality of Sweet Sudan 59-3 forage (cross of Sorghum vulgare J S 263 X S. sudanensis) was done by conducting metabolic trails on 6 mature Magra rams of uniform conformation. The digestibility coefficients of the different nutrients were found as follows: D.M. 62.91, C.P. 61.72, E.E. 29.95, C.F. 74.96 and N.F.E. 61.34. N, Ca and P balances were 3.21, 1.906 and 0.095 g

per day, respectively. The average daily dry matter consumption was 3.16 kg per 100 kg body weight. The following values of practical nutritional interest were calculated : D.C.P. 4.25% T.D.N. 58.86%, S.E. 44.91 and N, R.1.13. This sorghum hybrid may be considered good maintenance fodder.

1436 Mertia, R.S. (1986)

Performance of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus Henr) strains in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 84-85

Five strains of sewan viz., CAZRI 317, 318, 319, 353 and 565 were tried at Jaisalmer. The forage production was significantly higher in strain no. CAZRI 353 as compared to other strains.

1437 Mondal, R.C. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1968)

Nutrient content of some perennial pasture grasses of the arid and semi-arid lands of western Rajasthan I. Protein and phosphorus content. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 54-61

Protein percentage varies from 8.65 to 16.28 in Panicum antidotale, 3.87 to 6.97 in Dichanthium annulatum and 7.50 to 14.65 in Lasiurus sindicus. Protein yield was highest in P. antidotale and lowest in D. annulatum i.e., 1013 and 64 kg respectively, ha-1 year-1

under arid condition. Phosphorus content varied from 0.402 to 0.665% in Cenchrus ciliaris, 0.445 to 0.725 in Cenchrus setigerus, 0.410 to 0.565 in P. antidotale, 0.427 to 0.500 in D. annulatum and 0.390 to 0.637 in Lasiurus sindicus. Among the species C. setigerus seemed to contain comparatively higher phosphorus per cent.

1438 Mondal, R.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1966)

Iron, manganese and copper content of some promising western Rajasthan grasses grown under arid condition. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 81-86

Copper varies from 19 to 65 ppm, iron from 23 to 45 ppm, and manganese from 73 to 110 ppm. Strain difference of the species does not effect iron, copper and manganese contents excepting slight variation of iron between C. setigerus strains. Different cuttings do not show any consistent variation of concentration of any of these elements except in case of C. ciliaris strain No. 226 in which only copper varies from 12 to 28 ppm in its different cuttings. When compared between species it has been observed that C. ciliaris is poor in copper (19-24 ppm), C. setigerus, D. annulatum and L. sindicus are the richest (58-65 ppm) and P. antidotale stands intermediate position. In respect of iron C. setigerus is richest (34-45 ppm). In other species iron varies from 23 to 35 ppm. Manganese in

L. sindicus and C. setigerus varies from 73-93 ppm against 103 to 110 ppm in rest of the species. Iron, copper and manganese content in these grasses irrespective of their strains and cuttings seem to be sufficient for animals need.

1439 Mukherjee, A. and Chatterji, U.N. (1970) Photoblastism in some of the desert grass seeds. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 104-113

The seeds of Cenchrus ciliaris were capable of adaptation to any condition of light as regards their germination. The seeds of P. antidotale behaved in a nearly similar way to those of C. ciliaris. The seeds of Panicum coloratum were light sensitive; those of P. turgidum and C. setigerus preferred comparatively dark conditions. The behaviour of the seeds of C. prieurii towards light could not be generalised, but undoubtedly they preferred to germinate in dark under optimum thermal conditions.

1440 Nanda, P.C. (1970) Note on chromatographic studies on free amino acids, organic acids and sugars in the leaves of Eleusine compressa (Forsk.) Aschet. Schw. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 49-51

E. compressa (Vern. Tantia) an important fodder grass of the Indian arid zone, contained nine amino acids in the young leaves (Valine, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Histidine and Lysine +++; Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Alanine ++; Cystine +) whereas lysine +++ was found in mature leaves.

1441 Nanda, P.C., Gupta, R.K. and Singh, B. (1969) Free amino acids and sugars in Cenchrus species growing on different soil types in arid regions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 39: 418-422

Free sugars in 41-day-old plants of C. ciliaris L. and C. setigerus Vahl on different soil types were studied by chromatographic technique. Both the species showed the presence of sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose as the component free sugars in their respective soluble carbohydrate system. Though under different soil environments the components of the soluble carbohydrate system remained the same, they exhibited adjustments in response to specific soil environment. Characteristics variations in response were noticed in the presence of individual free amino acids in the 2 species. The relative amount of individual free amino acids varied in both the species in response to the soil environment. Absence of aspartic acid, histidine, lysine and cystine from the soluble nitrogen

system of C. setigerus and of serine from C. ciliaris have taxonomic significance.

1442 Parihar, D.R. (1980) Aspects of foraging and population ecology of subterranean termites in the desert grassland ecosystem in India. Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 67: 499-507

The desert subterranean termites, Anacanthotermes macrocephalus, Odontotermes obesus, O. latiguloides, Microtermes mycophagus, M. obesi are the important foragers on the grasslands in the western Rajasthan, India. Distribution and foraging ecology has been described. Population density of harvester and other subterranean termites was estimated. Population of harvester termite A. macrocephalus was maximum during the dry season (October to June), where as it was the lowest in the rainy season (July to September), while the population trend was followed reverse with non-harvester termites, Odontotermes obesus, O. latiguloides, M. mycophagus, M. obesi.

1443 Parihar, D.R. (1981) Effects of overgrazing on grasshopper population in the grasslands of Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 291-293

The density of grasshoppers was significantly more in the overgrazed areas during both the years of the study. About eight different species of grasshoppers were observed in the desert.

1444 Parihar, D.R. and Satya Vir (1991) Insect fauna of lucerne (Medicago sativa Linn.) crop in desert belt of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 267-274

During surveys, 42 insects on lucerne crop were collected and identified of which 22 constituted as new records. Out of these, five viz. Hypera postica, Utethesia lotrix, Therioaphis trifolli maculata, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Aphis craccivora were found to cause serious damage to crop. Four hymenopterans parasites and 8 species of predators were also recorded.

1445 Paul, S., Joshi, D.C. and Gupta, A.K. (1982) Nutritional status of two Cenchrus ciliaris strains at different stages of growth. Forage Research. 8: 27-30

Two strains namely, Palsana and 358 of C. ciliaris were evaluated for nutritional status. The studies revealed that both the grasses should be fed at the flowering stage since these were high in apparent digestibility and micronutrient contents and did not vary much with respect to the cell wall constituents than at other stages

of plant growth. The Palsana strain showed better digestibility, protein content and cell wall constituents than the 358 strain.

1446 Paul, S., Joshi, D.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1981) Effect of management practices and intercropping of forage legumes in Cenchrus setigerus on forage quality. Forage Research. 7: 55-59

In a preliminary study, the samples of C. setigerus were analysed for crude protein, cell wall contents, IVDMD and minerals, to assess the effect of legume intercropping on its nutritional status. Crude protein and IVDMD increased significantly with intercropping of Dolichos lablab, Clitoria ternatea and Atylosia scaradaepodes. No significant effect on P, Ca, Na, K and Zn was observed. Copper and Mg decreased while Fe increased slightly.

1447 Prakash, M. and Nanda, P.C. (1962) Revegetating the sandy plains of western Rajasthan with grasses. Gosamvardhana. 10: 15-22

For sandy areas, the most suitable grasses recommended are Lasiurus sindicus (sewan) Cenchrus ciliaris (safed dhaman) and C. setigerus (kala dhaman).

For rehabilitation of degraded grasslands, land preparation consist of (1) clearing of bushes and seeds. (2) ploughing with mould board plough or even with a disc harrow and levelling up by planking (3) making furrows for sowing in lines 1.2 to 1.5 meters apart either by a country plough or with a tractor. Pre-monsoon dry sowing is more practical and useful.

1448 Puri, G.S. (1961) Grasslands of western India. Gosamvardhana. 8: 16-21

The data on ecology of grasslands in western India which include Rajasthan, Kutch, Saurashtra, parts of central India Gujarat, Maharashtra, Mysore, Kerala, and parts of Madras state were recorded for 4 years. The grasslands in western India have been divided into two categories viz. (i) Arid Zone grassslands; (ii) Wet Zone grasslands Vast areas of grasslands of western India are covered by Arid zone grasslands which include entire Rajasthan, Kutch, Saurashtra, Gujarat, central India and parts of Maharashtra. Indifferent types of flora met with in various tracts have been presented and discussed. Author recommends rests to grasslands for regeneration. Heavily grazed grassland produces a maximum of 600 lb. of vegetation per acre. By contract a well managed grasslands yields from 2000 to 4000 lb. per acre over a 3 to 4 months period.

1449 Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K. (1960) Trees or grasslands in Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 86: 85-86

Describes Rajasthan as a biotic desert and pot a climatic only points out the non existence of natural vast grasslands as climatic climax in the region five edaphic habitats with associated tree and shrub vegetation are described and it is concluded that excepting some specialised habitats tree growth can be established all over Rajasthan.

1450 Raman, S.S. and Verma, D.N. (1963) Ecological perspective on grasslands. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Sec. B-33

Indian grasslands are seral communities. Their relative stability is influenced by intensity of use and local site conditions. Data on herbage productivity of grassland types already located is further to be sought. Intensive pasture trials with indigenous grasses and legumes lead to specific combinations to suit local environment Fertility status of grassland soils is to be assessed for replenishing mineral deficiencies through chemical manuring. Carrying capacity of Indian grasslands in relation to grazing animal and prevailing seasons is to be defined for scientific management of grasslands.

1451 Rao, A.S. and Singh, K.C. (1994) Influence of meteorological factors on forage and seed productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 39-44

High temperatures and wind speeds prevailing in the arid region at Jodhpur had negative correlation whereas, rainfall, humidity and rainy days had positive correlation on forage and seed yield of C. ciliaris. Seed yield of C. ciliaris increased from 67 to 153 kg ha-1

with a gradual increase in quantum of seasonal rainfall from 150 to 400 mm. Rainfall at flowering /seed setting stages reduced the seed yield. Only in good rainfall years, application of N and P to the grass had a significant effect on forage, but such a response was not observed on seed yield due to rain and high winds at seed setting/maturity stages. The forage and seed yield relationships of C. ciliaris showed that there was a gradual increase in seed yield from 59 to 248 kg ha-1 with increase in the forage yield from 909 to 1565 kg ha-1.

The yield index (T/Tp) computed using RANGETECH model showed that in general with the increase in yield index value from 0.40 to 0.85, the seed production in C. ciliaris increased from 0 to 172 kg ha-

1. Rainfall explained 1% seed and 36% forage yield, whereas the

yield index was useful for prediction of variations up to 24% seed and 76% forage yield.

1452 Rao, A.S., Singh, K.C. and Wight, J.R. (1996) Productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris in relation to rainfall and fertilisation. Journal of Rangement Management. 49: 143-146

Forage for livestock is always in short supply in the arid zone of India. C. ciliaris L. is one of the major forage grasses cultivated in this region. We studied its productivity in relation to rainfall and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisation in the Indian arid zone at Jodhpur during 1983 to 1992. Factorial combinations of 4 rates of N (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 ) and 3 rates of P (0, 15 and 30 kg ha-1 ) were applied annually. Twenty kg N ha-1 was the most effective fertiliser treatment, increasing average annual forage yields from 942 to 1785 kg ha-1 over the 10 year study with significant yield increases occurring in 7 of the 10 years. Yield responses to N rates greater than 20 kg ha-1 occurred only during the last 3 years of the study and then only at the 60 kg ha-1 rate with either 15 or 30 kg P ha-1. Yields reached maximum levels on both the non-fertilised and fertilised plots with between 180 and 250 mm of growing season rainfall.

1453 Rao, A.S., Singh, K.C., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Singh, R.S. (1993) Micro-climatic impacts on relative growth of Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 245-250

C. ciliaris and C. setigerus created favourable micro-climate within the canopies by maintaining lower temperature (by 2 to 9°C) and vapour pressure gradients and high humidity (by 3 to 11%). Energy balance studies showed that the net radiation, soil heat flux and latent heat of vaporisation over the grass cover were higher during wet years compared to the values during low rainfall years. Accumulated stress degree days showed that C. ciliaris develops an early stress than C. setigerus. The transpiration rates of these grasses at vegetative phase were 16 to 18 μg cm-2s-1 and diffusive resistance were 0.60 to 0.73 s cm-1. During low rainfall years, C. ciliaris produced higher dry matter yield, water and energy use efficiency than C. setigerus whereas under high rainfall conditions C. setigerus performed better than C. ciliaris.

1454 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982)

Nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum isolated from tropical grasses native to Indian desert. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 20: 316-318

Several tropical grasses native to Indian desert exhibit N2-ase activity associated with the roots. Eragrostis tremula showed the highest activity followed by Cynodon dactylon. Pure cultures of nitrogen fixing, Azospirillum were isolated from the roots of these grasses. N2-ase activity among these cultures varied. The growth and physiology of the selected cultures were studied in semi-solid medium. Optimum N2-ase activity was observed at 48 hr of pre-incubation and 0.25% agar in the medium. Organic acids in the order of acetate, lactate, pyruvate and malate were found to be better carbon sources. Of the externally supplied nitrogen sources potassium nitrate and phenylalanine supported better N2-ase activity over control. Addition of ammonium sulphate did not influence the growth but repressed the N2-ase activity temporarily.

1455 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1982) Water and energy use efficiencies of native grasslands in the arid regions of India. Archives for Meterology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series B. 31: 127-132

The water and energy use efficiencies of three native grasslands situated in the arid regions of India were investigated based on the experiments conducted during the three year period 1976-1978. The grasslands dominated with Lasiurus sindicus has shown higher water use efficiency (WUE) in spite of low moisture regime as a result of low vapour pressure and high temperature gradients between the canopy of adjacent air layers during the growing season. The mixed grasslands at Bikaner were found to have low energy and water use efficiencies.

1456 Rao, G.G.S.N., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Bhati, G.N. (1984) Influence of water availability on water and energy use efficiencies of some arid grass species. Tropical Ecology. 25: 117-124

The water and energy use efficiencies of three important desert grass species (Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus setigerus and C, ciliaris) were related to the different water availability (Actual evapo-transpiration (AE) / Potential evapo-transpiration (PE) levels. Lasiurus had higher efficiency values at all levels of AE/PE compared with the other two grass species. During vegetative growth, all species exhibited highest water and energy use efficiency at 0.75 of AE/PE and showed a declining trend with further increase in AE/PE. However at maturity, higher efficiency values were obtained by all three species when AE/PE was less than 0.75.

1457 Rao, G.G.S.N., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Krishnan, A. (1980)

The radiation and thermal characteristics of two grasslands in the arid zone of north west India. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 283-290

Micrometeorological observations were made during the winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in grassland at Bikaner (28°3' N, 73°5' E) and Chandan (26°55' N, 70°55' E). Profiles of air temperature, radiation penetration, net and total radiation and soil temperatures were recorded over a period of three years. The percentage of net to total radiation was found to be greatest during the growing season and minimal when the grass was dry. Radiation penetration into the mixed grassland is dominated by a single grass species (Lasiurus sindicus). The thermal regimes at Chandan were greatly affected during the non-growing season by the intense radiation, high soil surface temperatures and the presence of only one species of grass. Considerable heat loss through long wave radiation is a common feature of these grasslands in dry weather when surface soil temperatures exceed 50° C.

1458 Rao, G.G.S.N., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Krishnan, A. (1989) Microclimatic studies of grasslands in the arid zone of north-west India. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 215-228

Microclimatological studies were carried out for a period of 3 years (1976-1978) during summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the grassland sites at Chandan (Jaisalmer), Beechwal (Bikaner) and Palsana (Sikar) in the north-west arid zones of India. The percentage of net to total radiation was higher and the albedo values were the lowest during monsoon season. Radiation interception during monsoon season was the lowest at Palsana grasslands sites compared to Beechwal and Chandan. The thermal environment of grasslands of Chandan was the highest in all the seasons compared to other sites. Higher surface soil temperature (>50° C) during mid-day hours coupled with higher canopy temperature resulted in considerable heat losses through long wave radiation.

1459 Roy, P.K. and Yadav, M.S. (1991) Height-weight relationship in some pasture grasses of semi-arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 377-379

Power curves depicting the height-weight relationship in D. annulatum, C. ciliaris and C. setigerus are distinct and statistically different from each other. However, within each species a common power regression may appear valid for some diverse genotypes grown for longer period at a single location with cutting management.

1460 Roy, P.K., Yadav, M.S. and Mauria, S. (1993)

Stability of Dichanthium annulatum for fodder production in semi-arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 107-108

Stability analysis revealed significant differences between genotypes and environments for green fodder and dry matter yields. Genotype x environment component and pooled deviations were also significant for both the attributes. CAZRI 487 was found to be the most stable genotype combining high fodder potential and low mortality rate. CAZRI 491 was suitable for favourable environment.

1461 Roy, P.K., Yadav, M.S. and Sudhakar, N. (1995) Genotype x environment interactions in buffel grass. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 111-114

Green fodder and dry matter yields of ten buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) varieties were recorded in nine environments (location-year combinations). Joint regression analysis revealed significant variation due to environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction for each yield. Growth response index and stability indices were used to compare the varieties for specific adaptation and stability of forage production. None of the varieties combined high mean yield with average response and stability as desired in an ideal population. CAZRI 358, CAZRI 531, Bundel Anjan and CAZRI 1263 were stable in performance. Adaptation to low environment was found in CAZRI 358 and Bundel Anjan, whereas, CAZRI 1263 appeared to suits high environment. Considering the difficulties for recombination breeding in an apomictic species like buffel grass, population improvement through varietal mixtures is suggested.

1462 Roy, R.D., Das, R.B. and Bhati, G.N. (1975)

Studies on effect of intensity and interval of defoliation on forage production of Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 13-20

The results obtained have been found to be significant for one year out of the two 1962-63 (season) in case of interval and intensity of the defoliation. It has also been observed that dry matter production increases with increasing interval of clipping. Highest production was obtained under 30 days intervals followed by 20 days and 10 days. Therefore, the recommendations are for cutting or grazing of this grass at the interval of 30 days and the level of utilisation may be up to the extent leaving a stubble height of 15 cm from the ground.

1463 Sarma, C.B.S.R. (1965)

Effect of light and darkness on the germination and seedling growth of some desert grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 232-234

Germination was high under continuous darkness. C. ciliaris, C. prieurii and Dactyloctenium sindisum seemed to be more light sensitive. Under continuous light, the root systems are more extensive than the shoot systems. Seedlings grown in darkness were more etiolated.

1464 Sarma, C.B.S.R. and Joshi, M.C. (1967) Mortality rate in different species of Cenchrus and Dactyloctenium. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 230-232

Both seed output and the mortality rate vary from habitat to habitat within the same species. This is drawn from this preliminary observations on the ecology of some desert grasses like Dactyloctenium aegyptium, P. beauv., D. sindicum Boiss, C. biflorus Roxb., C. cliaris Linn. and C. prieurii (Kunth) Maire. It is clearly shown by the present study that seed outputs are higher in the low-lying areas and lower in the hilly areas except in C. ciliaris where lowest reading was obtained from dune locality. Reproductive capacity does not seem to be distinctively influenced by the habitat and exhibits a similar relationship with it as exhibited by the seed outputs. Mortality rate seems to be high on the dunes for C. ciliaris and C. prieurii, on the low-lying areas for D. sindicum and C. biflorus and on hillocks for D. aegyptium.

1465 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1962-63) Parallelism between grassland and forest types of Bellary district. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 132-141

A brief account of the geography, geology , soil, climate and seven grassland types is given for Bellary district. Each grassland type is associated with a particular forest type. The succession vegetation is traced.

1466 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Rai, P. (1981) Response of nitrogen and phosphorus on the seed yield of pusa yellow anjan (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.). Seed Research. 9: 1-5

The response of 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 kg N ha-1) and 2 levels of phosphorus (0 and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) for three consecutive years (1968-70) on the seed production of Pusa Yellow Anjan (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.) was studied. Application of nitrogen @ 20 and 40 kg N ha-1 significantly increased the seed yield by 198.83 and 394.83%, respectively over the control. There was no significant

response of phosphorus or the seed yield either as soil application on foliar spray. Maximum seed production was obtained during 1968.

1467 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Dabadghao, P.M., Ravi Kumar and Rai, P. (1977) Effect of defoliation management and manuring on dry matter yields and quality in Sehima nervosum, Cenchrus ciliaris and Cenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 441-454

Studies to determine the effect of defoliation intervals (10, 20, 30 and 60 days), cutting height (5, 10 and 15 cm) and three nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 ) on dry matter yields and quality in three range grasses showed that sixty days cutting interval gave highest dry matter yield in S. nervosum followed by that from C. ciliaris and C. setigerus. Clipping at 15 cm height gave maximum forage yield in S. nervosum followed by that from C. setigerus and C. ciliaris and appears to be a safe degree of utilisation. C. ciliaris and C. setigerus show significant response to any level of nitrogen application. The crude protein content was maximum in C. setigerus at different cutting intervals followed by that from C. ciliaris and S. nervosum. Nitrogen enhanced the crude protein in all three grasses. Maximum underground biomass production was observed in C. setigerus at 60 days cutting interval. This trend was discernible at lower intervals in C. ciliaris and S. nervosum. C. setigerus alone showed consistent increase in underground biomass production and carbohydrate content at different cutting heights and cutting intervals. Carbohydrate increased with different nitrogen levels in C. ciliaris only.

1468 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1979) Effects of nitrogen and defoliation on the root and rhizome of Cenchrus ciliaris. East African Agricultural Forestry Journal. 44: 322-327

Longer cutting interval (60 days) promoted root and rhizome growth with an associated increase in the concentrations of nutrients particularly of nonstructural carbohydrates, in these parts. Larger cutting height (15 cm) increased the root number and also the root binding index but its influence on the nutrient accumulation in root and rhizome was not very obvious. Nitrogen up to 40 kg ha-1 promoted root and rhizome growth without any marked change in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Accumulation of carbohydrates was generally more under lower dose of nitrogen (20 kg ha-1 ).

1469 Sharma, B.D., Bawa, A.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1990) Use of water absorbing polymer for the establishment of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) pasture. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 137-139

Grass yield was significantly higher in band placement of polymer (47.0 q ha-1 ) over other treatments. There was an increase in water holding capacity and field capacity with the application of polymer up to 20 kg ha-1. The infiltration rate gradually decreased with increase in application of polymer up to 20 kg ha-1.

1470 Sharma, K.D., Verma, C.M. and Kalla, A.K. (1980) Studies on soil moisture storage under contour furrows during the growing season of Cenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 37-42

Mean soil moisture storage remained highest at the centre of furrow throughout the season. It was although at par at the middle of ridge but was significantly higher than that of top of mound and centre line of horizontal spacing. Mean soil moisture in 60 cm soil profile at each place was found to be significantly correlated with effective soil moisture factor. The highest depletion and low peak retention were observed at the centre of furrow and top of mound, respectively.

1471 Singh, K.C. and Rao, A.S. (1996) Water use and production potential of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. in the Thar desert of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 261-262

Over a 4 year period from 1990-93, L. sindicus Henr. in the Thar desert at Jodhpur produced 2995 to 3587 kg ha-1 of forage dry matter at rainfall varying from 182-775 mm. The grass (Leaf area index = 1.33) intercepted 33 to 54% of insulation. Water use of the grass varied from 144 to 271 mm and water-use efficiency varied from 13.2 to 20.8 kg DM ha-1 mm-1. RANGETEK model predicted yields of L. sindicus within + 8% to -12% of recorded yields.

1472 Singh, K.C., Rao, A.S. and Singh, H.P. (1996) Estimation of production potential and yield of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grass in Thar desert of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 66: 413-417

Unirrigated sewan grass (L. sindicus Henr.) in the Thar desert region of Rajasthan, near Jodhpur, produced up to 3587 kg ha-1 dry forage, depending on the seasonal rainfall, varying from 182-775 mm during 1990-94. The mean plant height was 104 cm and number of tillers 63 plant-1. The grass stand, which had a mean leaf-area index of 1.33, intercepted 33-54% insulation at peak stand stage.

Maximum air temperature and wind speed showed negative correlation, whereas rainfall, rainy days and relative humidity had positive correlation with dry-forage yield. The water use of the grass was 144-326 mm, resulting in water-use efficiency of 9.3-20.8 kg dry matter ha-1 mm-1. The grass utilised the thermal energy efficiently under adequate moisture, as indicated by heat-use efficiency of 0.60-0.77 kg dry matter ha-1 l-1 C. The soil-water balance arid yield index values for the area during these years, using RANGETEK model, predicted dry-forage yields of L. sindicus within 8-12% from the recorded yields.

1473 Singh, K.C., Rao, A.S. and Singh, H.P. (1996) Forage yield of Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and its prediction in the arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 155-157 Soil water balance parameters computed using RANGETEK model revealed that potential transpiration varied from 203 to 280 mm with a mean of 242 mm, where as actual transpiration from 101 to 162 mm with a mean value 136 mm. The potential soil evaporation varied from 83 to 96 mm with mean value 91 mm where as the actual values were between 27 and 80 mm with a mean of 43 mm. The predicted yields using the RANGETEK model were 3220, 3061, 3181, 2465 and 3021 kg ha-1 during 1990 to 1994. The deviations between the predicted forage the recorded yield were between 10 and + 15%.

1474 Singh, M. (1984) Effect of planting geometry on the yield of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 367-69

Averaged over three years, the plant height and number of tillers increased with increasing spacing. The study thus suggests that where aim is to take full yield of grass and a bonus yield of legumes, planting geometry of 30 x 60/90 cm is adequate.

1475 Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1976) Influence of rainfall on the forage production of promising desert grasses. Forage Research. 2: 187-188

This note attempts to identify and establish relationship between effective rainfall and total green herbage production of five promising desert grasses, viz., C. ciliaris (357), C. ciliaris (358), Cenchrus setigerus (175), Panicum antidotale (341) and Lasiurus sindicus (318) grown at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur during 1971 to 1974.

1476 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1973) A note on seed production in some promising desert grasses grown on drylands as influenced by fertiliser use. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 18: 527-528

Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Panicum antidotale and Lasiurus sindicus are some of the promising grasses for the arid and semi-arid conditions of western Rajasthan. Studies on seed production in the established grasses as influenced by fertiliser use, were taken up. Application of fertilisers resulted not only in increased height of the main shoot but also in higher numbers of tillers per plant.

1477 Singh, R.P. and Smoliak, S. (1973)

A note on the effects of nitrogen levels and methods of application on the emergence and growth of slender wheatgrass (Agropyron trachcaulum) on dryland. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 183-185

Drilling of nitrogen along with the seed at sowing time proved deleterious to the emergence of seedlings and resulted in reduced leaf height and number of tillers per plant. There was no significant difference in emergence, plant growth, and dry matter production, among levels of nitrogen. However, methods of nitrogen application had a pronounced effect on dry matter production. Broadcasting or banding the fertiliser nitrogen proved superior to drilling nitrogen with the seed, which resulted in significantly lower dry matter production than the former two methods.

1478 Singh, R.P. and Smoliak, S. (1976)

Dry matter yields and nitrate nitrogen content of Agropyron trachycaulum as influenced by levels and methods of nitrogen application. Forage Research. 1: 163-164

In order to obtain higher yields of forage it is advisable to either drill 20 kg N ha-1 at the time of seeding or band the fertiliser nitrogen 5 cm to the sides of the seeded rows. Both these methods are distinctly superior to the broadcast method.

1479 Singh, S.D. and Singh, Y.V. (1989) Design capacity of irrigation system in sprinkler-irrigated sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) pasture. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 59: 686-96

In the conditions characterised by 100 cm effective rooting depth, 2-year design frequency, 100% allowable water depletion and 80% irrigation efficiency, the design capacity of the sprinkler system to irrigate 1000 ha sewan (L. sindicus Henr.) pasture as 1013 litres sec-

1 for March with 0.7 pan coefficient. At this flow rate it will take 7 days to complete the irrigation with 4 pump-sets, each of 64 HP.

1480 Singh, S.D., Singh, Y.V. and Singh, K.C. (1990) Water use and production potential of sprinkler-irrigated sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) pastures in Thar desert. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 60: 23-28

The effect of 6 levels of supplemental irrigation in a 2 year-old established pasture of sewan grass (L. sindicus Henr.), and 6 levels (100, 90, 80, 55, 32 and 0%) of water-deficit replacement factorially combined with 4 levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 ) of nitrogen in the initial new establishment phase of the pasture were studied in Thar desert of Rajasthan. The increase in the quantity of supplemental irrigation was related to logarithmic increase in yield of dry forage, i.e. 4.6 tonnes ha-1 the highest yield and 37 kg mm-1 water the highest water-use efficiency, resulting from 117.7 mm total water. The grass planted with rooted slips in August provided the first cut in November. It became dormant in winter, but resumed growth from the second half of February giving additional 4 cuts at monthly intervals during March-June. When in the plot with 100% water-deficit replacement, before each cut the soil was depleted of 92% available water in the post-monsoon period, and to -11 to -4 mm available soil moisture in summer, no wilting symptoms were observed in plants. Higher irrigation imposed greater demand on fertiliser N. The treatment combining 80 kg ha-1 N and 90% available water-deficit replacement gave the highest yield of green forage (25.1 tonnes ha-1 ) and dry forage (8.8 tonnes ha-1 ). Water-use efficiency was linked with soil fertility, which declined on application of more water under low fertility, and increased steadily up to use of 400 mm water, followed by an increase at a constant rate of 42 kg green fodder mm-1 of irrigation up to 700 mm, which was the total irrigation requirement to maintain the irrigated grassland throughout the year under high fertility (80 kg N ha-1 ).

1481 Srinivasan, V., Bonde, W.C. and Tejwani, K.G. (1962) Studies on grasses and their suitability to stabilise maintain bunds in the ravine lands of Gujarat. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 10: 72-78

Out of 12 promising species of grasses Dicanthium annulatum Amphilophis glabra and Andropogon ischaemum were the best soil binders provided excellent ground cover and gave good yield of fodder.

1482 Sudhakar, N., Swami, M.L. and Yadav, M.S. (1994)

Performance of Cenchrus ciliaris varieties at Bhuj. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 335-336

The performance of Var. Marwar Anjan (CAZRI-75) was superior over other varieties tested. The superiority of this variety of C. ciliaris grass was consistent in all type of rainfall situations. Among the other varieties tested, CAZRI-122, FS-391 and CAZRI-1263 were promising.

1483 Suresh Kumar. (1991) Assessment of grazing resources and their demand-availability status through rain use efficiency analysis in arid land villages. Forage Research. 17: 45-54

Natural grazing resources, both browse and herbaceous species which sustain livestock in the arid regions, have been estimated in a cluster of six villages in Bikaner district, western Rajasthan. Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus nummularia and Calligonum polygonoides were the predominant browse species, whereas Lasiurus sindicus constituted the herbaceous grazing resource. Their density and distribution was poor in community grazing land compared to privately owned land. While browse availability was adequate, the grass availability was much less. Rain use efficiency analysis revealed that even at an average annual precipitation of 290 mm, the area faces chronic shortage of over 20% of the estimated demand.

1484 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1986) Grass covers of the Guhiya Catchment of the Upper Luni Basin I. Present and potential herbage production and carrying capacity. Indian Journal of Forestry. 9: 126-131

The existing grazing lands in the Guhiya catchment of the Upper Luni Basin have been classified into seven distinct types. The production of these grazing lands on different habitat was very low, and so was their existing carrying capacity. Protection of these grazing lands alongwith introduction of potential grasses, shrubs and trees can increase the carrying capacity of these grazing lands.

1485 Thakur, S.S., Patnayak, B.C. and Lal Chand. (1985 ) Nutritional value of Lasiurus sindicus pasture. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 109-113

Nutritional value of Lasiurus sindicus (Sewan) pasture in spring (March-April) and autumn (August-September) seasons was

studied, Digestibility of all the nutrients was higher in autumn. Digestibility of the crude protein was very low (17.9%) in spring and high (75.1%) in autumn. The intake of crude protein (CP), digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) was higher (124.0, 93.4, 526.4 g day-1, respectively) in autumn than that in spring (31.6, 5.9, 266.5 g day-1, respectively). No significant difference was however, observed in the dry matter intake in the two seasons. In spring, the sewan pasture was poor in DCP and TDN. Protein and energy supplementation should, therefore, be provided to the Marwari ewes for optimum production.

1486 Verma, C.M. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1969) Study on the pasture establishment technique. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 52-57

The seedlings had comparatively a higher rate (21.3) of survival per plot than that of the rooted slips (7.8). Closer spacing i.e. 50 cm also indicated better establishment of the pasture with four number of transplants per hill. Closer spacings (50, 75 cm) encouraged the height growth as compared to wider (100 cm) spacing but basal diameter and tillering were unaffected due to spacing treatment. The pasture established from seedlings produced significantly higher yield of forage as compared to that from rooted slips.

1487 Verma, C.P. (1975) Effect of spacing and phosphate fertiliser on forage and seed yield of Dolichos lab lab var. Lignosus. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 235-240

Inter-row spacing of 25 cm resulted in maximum forage yield but the effect of spacing treatments on the seed yield was not well marked. Significantly higher fodder yields were obtained with 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 over the control. Increase of the order of 2.0, 23.3 and 39.8% in seed yield over control was recorded with the application of 20, 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. Finally, the economic analysis of differential cost and return structure incidental to phosphatic fertiliser use indicated the usefulness of 40 kg P2O5

ha-1.

1488 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1987) Herbage yield and carrying capacity of grass covers in the desert district of Jaisalmer. Tropical Ecology. 28: 239-245

Four grassland types identified in Jaisalmer district together cover 95% of the land; cropping is confined to small discontinuous patches that total up to 5% of the land. Among the grasslands, the Lasiurus type occupies the largest area (80%) of land, followed by Dactyloctenium-Eleusine type (8.64%), Aristida type (6.06%) and

Sporobolus-Eleusine type. The average existing forage yield was estimated at 687 Kg ha-1 in Lasiurus type, 275 Kg ha-1 in Dactyloctenium-Eleusine type, 180 Kg ha-1 in Aristida type and 650 Kg ha-1 in Sporobolus-Eleusine type. The existing forage production was found to be surplus-enough to support at least twice the present livestock population. Comparison of present production with that under protected condition (potential yield) reveals that four fold increase in the surplus production is possible by proper range care i.e., reseeding, self-seeding in 4-compartment grazing system and avoiding selective grazing etc.

1489 Yadav, M.S. (1987) Analysis of plant types in Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 171-175

Six patterns were recognised depending upon the pattern of change of relative size of the successive internodes from the base upwards. A few genotypes exhibited only one growth phase e.g. accelerated growth, while others exhibited a combination of any two or three growth phases e.g. accelerated, uniform and retarded. Genotypes differed in the presence of one or more growth phases and their sequence. The genotypes with two or more growth peaks had higher dry matter yield than those with single of no growth peak. The utility of different internode patterns from the point of view of association with forage yielding ability and leaves position has been discussed.

1490 Yadav, M.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1987) Factor analysis of fodder yield components in Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 1-4

Three factors together accounted for most of the inter-correlation. Tiller number, branch number, green fodder yield and dry matter yield could be grouped together as productivity factor; culm thickness, leaf breadth and leaf length as growth factor; plant height, leaf-stem ratio and leaf breadth as forage quality factor. The constitution of factors was same in the two environments. The loading on quality factors were relatively unstable whereas the loading on productivity and growth factors play a pivotal role towards diversity in L. sindicus. Criterion of selection for breeding varieties rich in yield and quality of fodder is discussed.

1491 Yadav, M.S., Patil, B.D. and Bhag Mal. (1980) Biometrical approach to selection for fodder yield attributes in arid zone grass, buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.) Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 477-479

Progress by selection could be achieved for plant height and tiller number. The presence of significant genotype X harvest interactions suggested that the breeder should formulate the selection criteria on the basis of several harvests for genetic improvement in this grass.

Rangeland Management

1492 Ahuja, L.D. (1961) Cattle industry and pasture development in Rajasthan. Gosamvardhana. 11: 13-16

Recommendation on improvements of native grasslands in western Rajasthan in the light of results of Research achieved at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur are given various range condition classes viz. `poor', `good' and `excellent' met with in this part of country are discussed and their carrying capacity are given. Important useful trees suitable for the ranges in western Rajasthan and their performance is briefly given. Deferment during early growing period to the grassland has indicated beneficial results for vegetation. Reseeding of grasslands with suitable perennial grass seeds gives 80 to 100 mds of forage per acre.

1493 Ahuja, L.D. (1978)

Effect of different intensities of grazing stress on production of a Cenchrus-Aristida rangeland in the arid zone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 75-91

Different intensities of grazing stress on rangelands with Cenchrus-Aristida cover had no influence on forage production over a period of three years, nor on production of high perennial grass species. Higher and evenly distributed rainfall had a very favourable influence on production of Cenchrus. Growth of yearling heifers of Kankrej breed was highest when the animals were given concentrates from December to June. The growth rate per animal was double of that obtained under light intensity of grazing. Total growth of yearling heifers per unit area per year was highest on moderate intensity + concentrates feeding, moderate intensity, heavy intensity and light intensity, in descending order. Available nutrients utilised on the range were highest under heavy intensity followed by moderate intensity and least under light intensity. Animals utilised less nutrients under treatment where in they were fed with concentrates from December to June. The average cost per kg of growth was highest under moderate to heavy intensities of grazing with concentrates feeding. But the increased growth under these treatments would result in early maturity and greater lifetime production. It is least under light intensity. During needy conditions

a "Good" rangeland with Cenchrus- Aristida cover with annual rainfall of about 500 mm can be subjected to moderate to heavy intensity of grazing stress, for a short duration without permanent injury to the range, provided stumps of perennial species are kept 10-12 cm above the ground.

1494 Ahuja, L.D. and Mann, H.S. (1975) Rangeland development and management in west Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 29-44

Range and pasture development in the arid zone of Rajasthan offers a good prospect, but it involves development and conservation of soil and water resources, and selection of the more productive, palatable and drought resistant plant species to provide the required food. The methodology of rangeland and pasture development and improvement involves selection of sites, protection from biotic factors, grubbing out unwanted bushes, propagation of top feed cum shade trees, adoption of soil conservation measures, stabilisation of sand dunes, forage production, reseeding with appropriate grass species, fertilisation, development of water resources, rodent control and controlled animal husbandry to help establish productive range for their long term utilisation in profitable livestock production.

1495 Ahuja, L.D. and Vishwanatham, M.K. (1976) Growth of sheep of chokla breed under different systems of grazing on a saline rangeland in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 102-105

Under the conditions from this experiment different pastoral treatments within a season did not significantly affect the growth rate of the ram lambs. Growth on year long basis per lamb of the chokla breed averaged 18.4 kg. On saline soils the animals showed gains in their body weight throughout the year but there was considerable variation in body weight due to seasons.

1496 Ahuja, L.D., Bhimaya, C.P. and Prajapati, M.C. (1968) Preliminary studies on effect of different intensities of grazing stress on a desert rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 62-70

The heifers gained 3.7 kg per fortnight under all pastoral treatments from 16th July for 6 fortnights which is a fairly good rate of growth. Thereafter the growth rate declined sharply. The gains per fortnight per heifer, on an average, under PT1 for the rest of year was practically nil. Against this with supplement feeding from December onwards the gains were 2.5 and 2.8 kg per heifer under PT4 and PT5, respectively. Therefore, the indications are that it is advisable to provide supplemental feeding to the growing and

productive animals on the ranges during lean period of the year to keep their normal growth rates.

1497 Ahuja, L.D., Bhattacharya, B.B., Bhasa Ram and Yadav, M.D. (1974) Range management studies : growth of Kankrej heifers on different intensities of grazing stress on Cenchrus-Aristida rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 349-352

For optimum growth, it is essential to provide concentrates to the animals during the lean period i.e. from December to June, grazing on the carrying capacity basis has been considered the second best grazing treatment.

1498 Ahuja, L.D., Prajapati, M.C., Vyas, K.K. and Abbasi, G.R. (1970) Growth of sheep of Jaisalmeri breed under different systems of grazing on Aristida-eleusine pasture in arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 265-271

The results of this study revealed that (a) different pastoral treatments did not significantly affect the growth rate of ram lambs, (b) growth on yearlong basis was 24.51 kg per (range 23.4 to 25.4 Kg) animal per year, (c) seasons affected the growth rate significantly. The growth rate was highest during July to October (14.7 kg lamb-1) and least during March and April.

1499 Ahuja, L.D., Verma, C.M., Sharma, S.K. and Lamba, T.R. (1978) Range management studies on the contribution of ground storey (grass) in afforested areas in arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 304-310

Production of under storey phytomass (grass) was significantly lower under Acacia senegal in comparison to that under rest of three species. Yield of grass varied with rainfall but perennial grass yields were higher when rainfall period extended beyond September. There are indications that lower yields of grass in A. senegal plots may be due to significantly higher tree population. Correlation between the tree population and forage yield within a tree species was not significant.

1500 Ahuja, L.D., Vishwanatham, M.K., Vyas, K.K. and Kundan Lal. (1974) Growth of sheep of Chokla breed under different systems of grazing on rangelands in the arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 259-265

Different pastoral treatments did not significantly affect the growth rate of ram lambs. Growth on yearlong basis was 19.3 kg per animal per year (range 17.8 to 20.5). Body growth was significantly affected by the seasons indirectly through shifts in the nutritive value of different species on the range. Growth was highest (7.8 kg/animal) during July-August when forage is succulent and highly nutritive and least during October-November and March-April.

1501 Bawa, A.K. (1985)

Growth pattern of heifers under different system of grazing on Lasiurus sindicus rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 237-240

A study to compare the effect of two grazing treatments with yearling heifers of 85-90 kg body weight, stocked at 1.5 ha/heifer on Lasiursus Eleusine dominated rangeland for five years revealed that annual weight gains ranged from 64.4 to 53.4 kg/heifer. Variations in the body weight gains were statistically non significant. Maximum body weight increase (28.1 kg/heifer) during August-Sept. and minimum (-1.3 kg/heifer) during December-January were statistically significant.

1502 Bhimaya, C.P. and Ahuja, L.D. (1969) Criteria for determining condition class of rangelands in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 73-79

With a view to find out the quickest means for proper use and regeneration of different condition classes of rangelands, their conditions classes were determined. Dichanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus type was classified as excellent condition while Aristida-Eragrostis sub type as per condition for the arid region.

1503 Bhimaya, C.P., Chakravarty, A.K., Das, R.B. and Bhati, G.N. (1969) Grazing studies in the arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 39: 416-428

Grazing study with 1½-year old steers, 1-year-old wethers and castrated goats was conducted successively during 3 successive periods commencing from 1963-64 in natural and protected pasture at Pali in the semi-arid zone of Rajasthan. There were 6 animals of each kind of livestock; the steers were allotted 2.4 ha and the wethers and goats 0.4 ha each for the purpose of grazing all the year round. The steers had shown body-weight gains from July to December, whereas the wethers and goats from June to December. The animals may gain in weight in some months between January to June, but this is followed by a loss. This may be due to low

nutritive value of pasture forage and low winter and high summer temperatures as well. There was overall reduction in plant cover due to 3 years of successive grazing, the decrease being 0.5% in steer paddock, 7 and 3.5% in wether and goat paddocks, respectively. Proportionate body weights of different classes of livestock and their proportionate forage consumption was almost the same in the first two periods of grazing. Animal equivalent of 6:1:1 for steers, wethers and goats, respectively, worked out on the basis of body weights and forage consumption held good during the first two periods of grazing.

1504 Chakravarty, A.K., Ram Ratan and Singh, K.C. (1970) Grazing studies in the arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan VII. Utilisation of vegetative cover, grazing behaviour of sheep and seasonal pastures. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 10-16

The extent of utilisation of plant population was 38.7, 7.9, 52.2 and 47.1 per transact (10 metre sent in the paddocks) 1 to 4, respectively against the respective plant population of 48.3, 20.5, 63.6 and 70.4 per transact in the paddocks. The perennial grasses viz. C. ciliaris, C. setigerus, L. sindicus withstood the grazing stress well and there was an overall increase in their basal cover, ranging from 0.5 to 3 per transact in different pasture paddocks. C. setigerus was found to be the most palatable among the perennial grasses where as Brachiaria ramosa, Convolvulus microphyllus, Indigofera cordifolia and I. linifolia were found to be more palatable among the annual species. Crude protein percentage of the perennial grasses varied from 9.2 to 2.8% in different seasons of the year and it gradually decreased from September onwards. Among the annual species Boerhavia diffusa. C. microphyllus, I. cordifolia and I. linifolia recorded comparatively higher crude protein percentage of 17.3, 17.5, 11.7 and 12.4, respectively.

1505 Das, R.B. and Paroda, R.S. (1980) Rational utilisation of grazing resources for sustained primary and secondary productivity in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 407-412

Among sown pastures inclusion of L. sindicus pasture enhanced both an important and secondary productivity pasture having a mixed stand of both Cenchrus spp. and L. sindicus gave more stocking rate and produced higher dry matter, more number of lambs and high yield of wool per unit of land. Improvement in primary as well as secondary productivity was evident when the grass utilisation was through deferred rotational system compared to continuous grazing.

1506 Das, R.B. and Yadav, R.C. (1979) Development of CAZRI "Staggered pitting disker" for water harvesting and increased pasture productivity in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 96-100

The design of a "CAZRI staggered Pitting Disker" has been described and it was observed by employing this implement, moisture conservation was more resulting in higher forage production of arid grasses.

1507 Das, R.B., Dabadghao, P.M., Marwaha, S.P. and Roy, R.D. (1963) Grazing capacity studies in grasslands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 14-25

During the experimental period, the rainfall conditions were subnormal, normal and above normal for the respective three years. On an average the wethers produced 1099 gms. of wool per head per year, which compares favourably with the average production of the Marwari breed. The average grazing capacity was calculated at 6.17 wethers per hectare on the basis of 70% utilisation. Allowing for improvement of the poor grassland, the grazing capacity for maintenance is recommended at 2.47 wethers per hectare on year long basis. Grazing trials repeated during 1960-61 confirmed this rate.

1508 Gupta, A.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1984) Effect of grazing on protein and mineral composition, and in vitro dry-matter digestibility of different pasture species of the arid zone. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 54: 270-274

In this paper data on nutritional value of important arid zone plant species occurring in different pastures under grazed and ungrazed conditions have been reported.

1509 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1970) Some ecological aspects of improvement and management of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) rangelands. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 193-208

Natural pastures of sewan grass (L. sindicus and L. ecaudatus) mainly provide fodder to live stock in the extreme north-west dry regions of Rajasthan desert. These rangelands are in a bad shape and in a depleted condition, due to overgrazing and lack of management practices. Distribution of these rangelands has shown that they occupy mainly the districts of Barmer, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer and roughly follow an isohyte of about 250 mm. Light textured sandy soils of undulating and hummocky plains with low

fertility status support these rangelands. The seeds are dimorphic, percentage germination decreases with the increasing concentration of salts. Husked seeds when sown in different soil types showed maximum germination and growth on older alluvium soils. In a sown pasture, L. sindicus produces 3.99 g unit-1 day-1 of above ground biomass while the average dry matter production is 13.2 q ha-1, in 1968. If calculated on a carrying capacity basis it comes to about 3 hectare per adult cattle on year long basis. Problems of sewan range improvement have been discussed and suggestions for its improvement and management have been made based on these studies.

1510 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1980) Ecological studies on Eleusine compressa - a potential grass for sheep pasturage in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 1-14

E. compressa, a drought evading perennial grass, occurs on almost all the habitats in western Rajasthan. The seeds do not germinate below 35° C. Percentage germination is higher in darkness as compared to continuous light treatment. Dry seeds can tolerate a hot air temperature of 100° C, the seeds succumb after one hour treatment. Percentage germination decreased with the increase in salt content of water. Percentage basal cover decreased with cattle grazing under all systems of grazing. The grass showed optimum performance on tank silt with good moisture holding capacity. Minimum moisture percentage basal cover was recorded during the pre-monsoon season which increased with the monsoons. Successive drought for 2 years at Jodhpur decreased the plant population per unit area considerably. Protected grasslands on the alluvial flats at Jodhpur gave an average production rate of 0.53 g m-² per day during the growing season of 90 days; while in the overgrazed period, the figure goes down to 0.21 g m-² day-1.

1511 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1971) Grasses of the rangelands in arid Rajasthan. Journal D’ Agric. Tropicale Et De Botanique Appliquee,T. 18: 50-99

The present studies aims to record all the grasses based on the collections made in the area during the surveys for the last few years. Ecological notes on their utilisation and distribution are provided so that a proper understanding of the interaction of soil-climate and grasses is available for renovating the existing over-grazed and depleted pastures and for rehabilitating the denuded habitats.

1512 Harsh, L.N. and Mauria, S. (1985)

Introduction of stylos in Marvel grass stands. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 223-228

Studies were carried out on the introduction of stylos (Stylosanthes hamata (Linn.) Taub. and S. scabra) in Marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) stapf) grassland with and without soil working. The maximum dry forage yield (42 q ha-1 ) of grass legume mixture was recorded in treatment T3 (S. hamata + D. annulatum with soil working). The crude protein yield was also highest (2.37 q ha-1 ) in this treatment. Increase in the protein yield was over 88.09% as compared to the pure grass.

1513 Harsh, L.N. and Yadav, M.D. (1987) Management of Sporobolus-Eleusine grassland by grazing systems. Indian Journal of Range Management. 8: 67-72

A grazing study was initiated at range management are Jaswantgarh of CAZRI, Jodhpur for the consecutive six years from 1969-70 to 1974-75. The area was dominated by Sporobolus-Eleusine types of grasses. Different deferred grazing systems were compared with continuous grazing system. Deferred rotational grazing system (2:4:4:2) was found to be most suitable over the other deferred rotational grazing systems. In this system maximum live weight gain (80.9 kg heifer-1 year-1) was attained. It was also observed that gains in weight varies in different seasons. The maximum weight was gained during August-September (24.0 kg heifer-1) followed by June-July. Deferred rotational grazing system also have positive effect on the maintenance of forage production. In continuous grazing, the grass production declined over the time. Hence deferment of 2:4:4:2 is best for the higher livestock production as well as forage production.

1514 Harsh, L.N., Murthyunjaya and Mauria, S. (1984) Economics of pasture development in Pali. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 143-147

Provision for sufficient forages is sine qua none of livestock development in arid areas of western Rajasthan. The present economic edge of livestock enterprise can be maintained only if sizeable marginal and submarginal lands are allocated in favour of pastures. Technological feasibility of pasture development have been established beyond any doubt. But it is only a necessary and not a sufficient condition. For, eventual transfer of pasture land management technology, its economic viability must be tested. Every rupee invested for pasture development would on an average

generate Rs. 0.11. The positive net present value, annuity and high internal rate of return ensures that the land allocation in favour of pastures is economically a viable proposition which would cover the entire cost of operation within a relatively short time of six years.

1515 Jain, M.B. (1967)

Studies in the techniques of field trials in range lands I. Size, shape and arrangement of plots. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 129-137

The grazing experiments, especially long term, with either cattle or sheep require special consideration. In such experiments plots have to be large enough to meet the normal grazing requirements all the year round without causing any injury to the range and retrogression of desirable species. The plot size will vary according to the carrying capacity of different classes of rangelands viz., `poor', `fair', `good' and `excellent'. Further, with the limited financial resources at hand, the plot shape has to be nearly square as its fencing cost is the minimum as compared to all other non-circular shapes. Under these circumstances, the best procedure to reduce the experimental error may be to stratify the experimental area on the basis of composition of vegetation which can be read from the stock map of the area and assign the blocks to the homogeneous vegetational strata thus formed; the number of such strata being equal to number of replications.

1516 Jain, M.B. and Bohra, R.K. (1968)

Studies in the techniques of field trials in range lands. II. The frequency distribution of plot yields. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 71-74

In the case of natural pastures, there is a minimum size of plot below which the assumption of normality of the yield distribution is not justified. Under the conditions of the trial, the yields from plots of size 9 square metres with shape 9:1 keep very close to the assumption. While discussing the size, shape and arrangement of plots in an earlier study. It was pointed out that the smallest plot of size one m2 arranged in compact blocks required the minimum experimental area for a given level of precision. To satisfy the necessary condition of normality for valid statistical interpretations, the minimum plot size should, however, be taken around nine m2. Incidentally from the point of this size and shape will also be more convenient as compared to small plots.

1517 Kackar, N.L. and Bawa, A.K. (1983)

Growth of yearling heifers under different systems of grazing on sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grassland. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 53-57

The study involving four treatments with yearling heifers of 75-100 kg body weight and stocked at 3 ha/animal revealed the body weight within treatments were, however, statistically non-significant. Marked seasonal variations in the body weight gain were influenced by seasonal variations in the production of herbage which inter alia appeared to be related to the quantum and to the distribution pattern of rains. Maximum body weight gain, i.e. 19.4 kg was recorded during the rainy period, i.e. August to September and minimum, i.e. -2.02 kg, during dry period, i.e. April-May.

1518 Kaul, R.N. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1968)

Range development in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 258-264

As against poor rangeland which could sustain 2.5 sheep ha-1, sown pasture of Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus and Dichanthium annalutum could support 7.60, 6.01 and 6.93 sheep to an hectare, respectively, without impairing the rangelands.

1519 Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1963)

Fodder potential of Zizyphus in the scrub grazing lands of arid zone. Indian Forester. 89: 624-630

Reviews the role of fodder yielding tree and shrub species naturally occurring in the scrub grazing lands of the world, summarises the results of the investigation to determine optimum density of Z. nummularia in scrub grazing lands of arid Rajasthan. A 14% density of Z. nummularia yielded maximum forage yield per unit area. Correlation between yield and crown spread, and number of branches and crown spread was found to be highly significant. Prediction equation for forecasting yield for a given value of crown spread of Z. nummularia was worked out.

1520 Mauria, S. and Harsh, L.N. (1985) Comparison of different renovating measures for increasing pastureland productivity. Forage Research. 11: 91-95

A comparison of burning and application of different cultural measures, viz., staggered pitting discer, disc harrow and cultivator, after the pre-monsoon season of 1979, in a four year old Cenchrus pasture, is made to study the effects these operations on long term productivity of the pasture. Yearly application of fertiliser in combination with these operations in the first year is also studied to observe the possibility of the advantage of fertiliser application in such systems in a transition region between arid and semi-arid portion of Rajasthan, India. Superiority of burning and putting

discer operations without any fertiliser application over other treatments was revealed.

1521 Mertia, R.S. (1984) Performance of ram lambs of Jaisalmer breed on Lasiurus-Eleusine rangeland in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 157-160

Study on the systems of grazing with ram lambs of Jaisalmer breed that grazed 10 months a year in the Lasiurus-Eleusine rangeland at a fixed stocking rate or 3 ram lambs ha-1 from August 1978 to May 1979 and August 1979 to May 1980 revealed that, (a) growth rate of ram lambs was not affected significantly by pastoral treatments, (b) seasonality in the availability of forage on rangelands significantly affected the growth, and (c) the growth was highest during October- November and it declined significantly from December onwards.

1522 Mertia, R.S. (1985)

Growth of yearling heifers grazing on Cenchrus-Aristida grassland. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 358-360

A study to assess the growth of yearling heifers grazing on Cenchrus-Aristida grassland was conducted. The maximum body weight gain was achieved during July-August and loss in body height (-1.5 kg) during May-June. During September-October and November-December height gains were poor.

1523 Mertia, R.S. (1987)

Effect of selective grazing on the botanical composition of Lasiurus sindicus grassland. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 293-295

Percentage basal cover of L. sindicus declined over the years under the grazing treatments involving predominance of cattle. In the grazing treatments involving large number of ram lambs, the cover of the annual legume Indigofera cordifolia declined over the years. Different grazing treatments significantly affected the percentage basal cover whereas frequency was affected significantly over the years.

1524 Narita, K., Mertia, R.S., Suresh Kumar, Ichikawa, Sanie, Furuka, A. (1997) Effects of different grazing intensities of sheep on arid and semi-arid grasslands in the Thar desert, India. Tropics. 7: 105-114

The influence of sheep grazing on species composition and coverage by vegetation in arid and semi-arid grasslands was observed along a gradient of sheep grazing intensities during one growing season in

the Thar desert, India. In both the types of grasslands, four plots were separated by fences and eight, six, three or zero sheep ha-1 were introduced. Total coverage was higher and more stable under grazing pressure in semi-arid than in the arid grasslands. The impact of grazing on vegetation coverage in the arid grasslands was remarkable. The large variation in coverage in the arid grassland was due to three dominant annual legumes, Indigofera species, which accounted for 93% of total variance in coverage. In the semi-arid grassland, however, no dominant species was found and the changes in coverage caused by grazing were small.

1525 Parihar, D.R. (1981)

Some aspects of life-history of a desert grasshopper, Ochrilidia affinis (Salfi), a pest of arid grazing lands in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 129-135

The grasshopper, Ochrilidia affinis (Salfi), breeds twice a year. The number of nymphal instars is variable from 5-6 in the male and 6-7 in the female. The average incubation period of eggs is 18-25 ± 0.527 days. A preponderance of female is observed in adults as well as in hoppers. The mode of copulation is of the riding type. Average duration of life-span is 122.6 ± 1.635 and 145.0 ± 3.675 days for male and female, respectively in the laboratory conditions. The grasshoppers are unable to sustain themselves on dry grasses and fail to complete their life-history.

1526 Parihar, D.R. (1983) Abundance and damage of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in grazing land vegetation in the Indian desert. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. 96: 3-9

Livestock-free grazing areas were used for studies of grasshopper damage on three grazing lands in the Indian desert. Ochrilidia affinis, Pyragomorpha bispinosa deserti, and Acrotylus humbertianus were the major grasshopper species of the experimental sites. Host plants and percentage composition of these insects were recorded. Three year study (1977-79) shows that the highest losses (36.5 to 40.3%) of forage were recorded at Beechwal site whereas the lowest (12.1 to 18.5%) at Chandan site. Losses of vegetation were much due to cutting and dropping of leaves to ground even on feeding them. Due to uneven pattern of feeding displayed by these insects, little correlation was found between the number of grasshoppers per unit area and losses of vegetation.

1527 Paroda, R.S. and Bhag Mal. (1995)

Research priorities for improvement of rangelands. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 227-231

Pasture lands are major landuse systems in arid and semi-arid regions. These rangelands are being over-exploited due to increased livestock pressure leading to rapid depletion of natural vegetation. Immediate measures are, therefore, required for developing adequate location-specific management strategies for their rehabilitation and improvement in order to have sustained production. Some areas of research that need priority attention are focused.

1528 Prajapati, M.C. (1970) Effect of different systems of grazing by cattle on Lasiurus-Eleusine-Aristida grassland in arid region of Rajasthan vis-à-vis animal production. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 114-124

An experiment with four main treatments (seven sub-treatments) of grazing systems for cattle to obtain optimum animal production consistent with sustained range resources was carried out in a replicated randomised manner with five replications on a `Good' condition class Lasiurus- Eleusine-Aristida type rangeland at the Range Management and Soil Conservation Paddock, Jaisalmer from 1965 to 1968. Continuous grazing (T1), deferred grazing period i.e. two months alternate grazing (T2P1 and T2P2) without any specific provision for seed production two months (T2P2 and T4P1) or four months (T3P2) early grazings are detrimental to the range vegetation as compared to early deferment of grazing during growing (August-September) and spring (March-April) seasons (T4P2). It is more beneficial when the period of early deferment is of four months viz., August to November (T3P1) as it allows the forage plant community to complete the life cycle and produce sufficient seed for future regeneration. Moreover, the reproduction from vegetative organs is not disturbed and the desirable species compete well to keep down the less desirable ones. In this treatment of T3P1, the decreases were minimum and invaders and unaffected ones were maximum. The invading disappearing ratio (I/D Ratio) was highest. Although the animal production was significantly higher under continuous grazing (T1). It was steady, consistent and less fluctuating only in the next best treatment of T3, slow and steady gains in animal production are more desirable than fluctuating higher gains.

1529 Prajapati, M.C., Nambiar, K.T.N. and Rao, P.B. (1975) Ecological studies on village grazing lands around Bellary. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 1-12

Ecological studies on eight village grazing lands around Bellary representing two soil types viz. heavy and medium and four magnitudes of grazing-stress viz. protected, moderate, heavy and very heavy have brought out very clear relationships existing between the soil, the plant and the grazing-stress. Heavy soils sustain luxuriant growth of greater number of perennial grasses and other edible forage species and ultimately receive higher vegetative cover and yield more air dry pasturage as compared to the same by medium soils. Fifteen years closure on heavy soils resulted into climax type Dichanthium-Eremopogon community forming an "Excellent" condition class grassland while four years closure on medium soils brought up sub-climax type Chrysopogon-Heteropogon community forming a "Fair" condition class of grassland. The unsystematic and continuous grazing resulted into retrogression of pasturage under all the magnitudes of grazing-stress on both soil types. The extent of deterioration in grassland condition increased with the increase in magnitude of grazing-stress.

1530 Prakash, M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1964) Studies on different range condition class grasslands in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 91-97

The total plant cover in "Excellent", "Good", "Fair", and "Poor" range condition classes in 48.5, 30.4, 39.2 and 30.9%, respectively. The total ineditables are high in 'Poor' and "Fair" classes, and equal in "Good" and "Excellent" classes. The high values of annuals in the "Excellent" class are due to their rapid growth and establishment in the large interspaces available between Dicanthium clumps. In "Poor" and "Fair" condition class grasslands, the total edibles are more in proportion in heavy soils than in light soils irrespective of rainfall conditions. Correspondingly, the proportion of inedible species in higher in light soils and increases with reduction of rainfall in "Fair" and "Poor" classes.

1531 Raheja, P.C. (1962) Range improvement. Gosamvardhana. 10: 1-6

The scheme of range management studies will ultimately have 64 blocks. So far only 39 blocks have been set up and the results from these blocks have provided very useful information on plant succession; vegetative cover; forage production; natural grass cover on rangelands of different condition classes, effect of seedling, soil working and fertilisation on forage production, engineering works and livestock grazing studies.

1532 Raheja, P.C. and Chopra, N.K. (1959)

A review of the fodder and grassland resources with suggestions for their early improvement. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 29: 131-139

The present neglected state of our cattle should be improved by proper feeding, breeding and management, so that this vast potential wealth of cattle can make valuable contribution in increasing the national wealth of the country and in the standard of living of the people. In the mixed farming which is generally practised by a large number of farmers, suitable crop rotations in which fodder crops especially legumes are included should be introduced to suit different soil and climatic regions and cropping patterns. The use of leguminous 'catch crops' be made popular especially in paddy tracts. The cultural and manurial requirements of forage crops should be worked out. The introduction of leys in mixed farming both under irrigated and rainfed conditions should be encouraged. The leys should be suitably fertilised. The grazing by cattle at site will add to the nutrient status of the soil. Arrangements should be made for supplying to the cultivators seed and planting material of the recommended fodder crops and grasses. Encouragement may be given to the cultivator to put in a fixed percentage of his land under fodder. This can be in the form of rebate in the purchase of seeds, fertilisers or water charges; etc. The efficient use of grasslands can be only made if the duration and intensity of grazing is regulated. This can be determined by grazing according to the carrying capacity and the sound management practices. Reseeding of superior strains of herbage plants may be taken up, wherever feasible. Fertilising by top dressing where conditions permit will increase out-turn per acre. Indiscriminate burning of grasslands should be stopped. The sub-marginal, waste lands, and areas which are constantly eroded by wind or water may be planted or seeded with such grasses and legumes, which check erosion and provide ample grazing material. Forest range land can provide supplemental hay and pasturage; provided they are managed and looked after properly. The scope of research on pasture grasses and legumes and ley farming practices should be widened by establishing Pasture Land Research Stations in various agro-climatic regions of the country.

1533 Raina, P. and Joshi, D.C. (1991)

Influence of grazing on the soil fertility status of sown and natural pastures in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 197-201

Present investigation deals with, comparison between different grass vegetation and grazing and their effects on soil fertility status.

The sown pastures maintained higher nutrient status of soils especially with ungrazed situation. The soil under natural pastures have indicated a low nutrient status. The natural pastures have, however, shown a significant increase in the available potassium, manganese, copper and zinc content of the soils.

1534 Rathore, S.S. (1987) Growth of yearling heifers under different systems of grazing on Cenchrus - Eleusine Aristida pasture in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 229-234

Annual variations in body weight gain of yearling heifers (breed Nagauri) on Cenchrus-Eleusine-Aristida dominated range-land (1.2 ha heifer-1) ranged from 30.5 to 41.0 kg animal-1 in continuous grazing and 52.21 to 59.58 kg animal-1 in deferred rotational grazing in arid western Rajasthan. Seasonal qualitative variation of the forage influenced the seasonal body weight gain. Weight gain was maximum during September-October and minimum during March-April.

1535 Rathore, S.S. (1991)

Grazing studies with ram lambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus - Aristida rangelands. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 357-360

Comparative studies on continuous versus deferred rotational grazing system were carried out from August 1978 to July 1983 with ram lambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus-Aristida grass cover at Bhopalgarh. The average body weight gain was higher in continuous grazing system than deferred rotational grazing system. The forage production did not vary much in both the system of grazing. However, year to year variation in body weight gain and forage yield was due to variation in rainfall.

1536 Samraj, P. (1974) A survey of weeds of rangelands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 129-138

A survey of weeds flora was made during 1968 and 1969 on ten paddocks selected at random in Sojat Unit of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. One hundred forty six species belonging to 100 genera and 36 families are enumerated in this paper. Compositae and Papilionaceae were the two most dominant families with 17 weed species each.

1537 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1977)

Impact of overgrazing on the grasslands. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 349-359

Overgrazing in grasslands results in slow but inexorable deleterious change in botanical composition which however varies with the type of grass cover, its palatability, forage productivity and the way in which it is utilised and the sequence of climatic events. It triggers of succession and invariably the degenerated stage consists of inferior less palatable perennials and annuals such as Oropetium thomeaum, Aristida adscensionis and Eragrostis unioloides accompanied by reduction in the per cent cover of the desirable species.

The physiognomy and growth of the desirable species are also affected from "basket" to "saucer" shape which are strongly influenced by grazing and soil moisture relations. The impact of browsing is nowhere more pronounced than in top feed trees such as Zizyphus nummularia, Salvadora oleoides which assume "bush form" whereas Prosopis cineraria and Anogeissus pendula become "pillow cushion" form.

The dynamics of herbage production is influenced by the severity of grazing which is attributed to the destruction of shoot apex resulting in lowered growth rate as evidenced in Iseilema laxum, C. ciliaris, C. setigerus and Sehima nervosum grasslands. Concurrently the root biomass and root number also get decreased with overgrazing.

Heavy intensity of grazing on Lasiurus-Aristida rangeland showed lowest weight gains in Tharparker yearling heifers both in low and medium rainfall regime.

The trampling by hooves of stock appear more damaging leading to disintegration of humus and organic matter and altering the mechanical composition of the soils. The hydrology is drastically impaired with high bulk density, lower infiltration and increased runoff. Overgrazing in grassland gave maximum runoff (27%) and maximum soil loss (2100 lb. acre-1). Likewise in land use having overgrazed fallow the runoff was 22% but soil loss was as high as 2029 lb. acre-1.

1538 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Singh, S. (1983)

Application of LANDSAT data in determining the range biomass in Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Photo-interpretation and Remote Sensing. 10: 17-22

The range biomass in three different soil types of Jodhpur district has been estimated from the computer print out of LANDSAT imagery. The total biomass in the younger alluvial soil varies from 36.1 to 35910.0 kg; in Pipar soils it ranges between 23.2 to 21541.2 kg, and in Chirai soils total biomass varies from 26.6 to 6852.7 kg.

1539 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Pandey, S. and Dhruvanarayan, V.V. (1965) Resources survey of Nokha and Roda villages in Bikaner district (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 136-146

An integrated survey was undertaken in Nokha and Roda villages encompassing an area of 4000 ha to study the feasibility of implementing soil conservation and pasture improvement measures. The area surveyed lies at 73°45' E longitude and 27°42' 20 ’N latitude, 49 km from Nagaur on the Nagaur Bikaner road. Climate, landform, water resources, soil and soil erosion of these villages are analysed.

1540 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Sharma, K.D. and Kalla, A.K. (1987)

Effect of grazing on runoff and soil loss in Kailana rhyolite basins. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 111-113

Both the peak flow and run-off yield increased with the severity of grazing. Further loss of soil was directly proportional to the severity of grazing. Removal of shrubs increased the sediment concentration by about 2½ times over the control.

1541 Sharma, S.K. (1983)

Reseeding rangelands of the Indian desert. Indian Journal of Range Management. 4: 25-29

Majority of rangelands in arid zone of India are over exploited and they produce very little forage. Reseeding of rangelands with improved perennial grasses is one of the recognised methods of improvement of degraded rangelands. Reseeding of the sandy rangeland with Cenchrus ciliaris in lines 75 cm apart after land preparation increased forage production from 189 to 2023 kg ha-1. Increased seed production was recorded even in years of low precipitation. Cost of reseeding ranged from Rs. 285.0 to Rs. 442.7 ha-1 which could be reduced if large area is reseeded at a time.

1542 Sharma, S.K. (1985) Preliminary trial on Stylosanthes cultivars in arid regions of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Range Management. 6: 13-18

Eight cultivars of Stylosanthes species received from Australia were tried for adaptability that their germination was slow, some of the cultivars did not establish and set seed. S. hamata C.P.I. 38842 and S. scabra were found superior in forage yield and seed production. Maximum forage yield 27.08 q ha-1 was obtained from S. scarba C.P.I. 40205. Suitable harvest time for maximum forage yield was found to be December. Supplemental irrigation needs indicated its unsuitability in the arid region.

1543 Sharma, S.K. and Verma, C.M. (1983) Performance of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. strains in an arid rangeland of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 23-27

Mean height per plant was maximum in strains 3108, 358 and Molopo buffel and it was of the order of 108.8, 106.0 and 103.6 cm, respectively. Mean maximum number of tillers per plant (58.7) were in strain 657. Air dried forage yield in strains 358, 3108, 357, 657 and Molopo buffel was 29.1, 29.1, 27.2, 26.0 and 26.1 q ha-1, respectively, and these yield did not differ significantly. Mortality in clumps of different strains was only during 1980 and it was highest (17.7%) in strain Molopo buffel and negligible in strains 358 and 357. Hence over all performance and productivity of strain No. 358 was better. Growth and production characters responded positively to the favourable rainfall and its distribution pattern.

1544 Sharma, S.K. and Verma, C.M. (1983)

Range management studies, II. Performance of Cenchrus setigerus vahl. Strains in arid range land of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 279-282

Five strains of C. setigerus viz., 76, 175, 296, 413 and 314 were studied for 5 years at a Range Management substation of the arid region of India to evaluate suitable strains for sandy range land with average annual precipitation of 335 mm. Strain Nos. 296 and 175 gave superior performance. Strain Nos. 296 is of spreading type and yielded maximum forage (20.2 q ha-1 ). Strain Nos. 296 and 175 exhibited least mortality after five years of establishment and are promising strains for reseeding programmes in varied arid conditions.

1545 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1983) The Russian thistle (Echinops echinatus Roxc.) an obnoxious weed of field crops and grazing lands in Pali and adjoining districts. Indian Journal of Range Management. 4: 43-45

E. echinatus is a weed produce seeding weed. Being preferably the weed of sandy loam soil, it has a wider range of adaptability, in order to check the threat of ever increasing invasion of the Russian thistle in the farmer's field and grazing lands of Pali and adjoining districts of the proper control of existing population.

1546 Sharma, S.K., Ahuja, L.D., Yadav, R.P.S. and Verma, C.M. (1980) Changes in the botanical composition in the long term seasonal grazing paddocks of a desert rangeland. Forage Research. 6: 7-14

Long-term seasonal grazing studies (1970-77) in a desert rangeland (Lasiurus-Eleusina-Aristida cover) revealed overall improvement in the basal cover of ground vegetation. In the first year of grazing (1970), highest basal cover was 2.88% from all seasonal grazed plots and it increased remarkably upto 23.6% in 1976. Annual herbs comprised the dominant species in all grazing plots throughout the study period except in 1977. The percentage composition of perennial grasses increased from four to seven times in the final year. Similarly, remarkable change in percentage frequency of L. sindicus (from 1.11 to 77.7) was noticed and its luxuriant growth scaled down the dominance of less palatable species e.g. Indigofera cordifolia and Blepharis indica etc. Favourable rains and better soil condition from 1975 onwards made congenial environment for the establishment of ten more plant species (two grass and eight other species).

1547 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Mathur, B.K. (1989)

Productive performance of cattle on pasture lands of Indian desert. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2: 507-508

Sandy soils of desert region of India offer a good scope for cattle farming through establishment and the use of Lasiurus sindicus pasture. It is also clear from these observation that there is a need to provide supplemental feed alongwith mineral and vitamin additives from November onwards every year for protecting cattle from malnutrition and vitamin-A deficiency.

1548 Singh, P. (1995)

Rangelands and their improvement in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 157-161

Grasslands are the major feed resources for livestock rearing in India since time immemorial. Due to extremities of climate, poor management and the constraints of grazing, these areas have been degraded at an alarming rate. Due to high grazing pressure and low

to very low carrying capacity these grasslands have undergone tremendous changes and now pose a serious threat and challenge for rehabilitation and eco-restoration of their depleted resources. It calls for an integrated approach for management of the vast grassland areas. Technological opportunities available for restoration, regeneration and enhancement of biomass production require large scale development efforts. Future thrust areas of R & D lay emphasis, besides others, on utilisation of grasslands, protection of grasslands, stocking rates, ecosystem rehabilitation and people's participation in the entire gamut of activities.

1549 Wada, N., Narita, K., Suresh Kumar and Furukawa, A. (1995)

Impact of overgrazing on seed predation by rodents in the Thar desert, north-western India. Ecological Research. 10: 217-221

We compared the vegetation structure, rodent density and seed loss rate between protected and disturbed sites affected from grazing by cattle, goats and sheep, in the Thar desert of India. A perennial tussocky grass Lasiurus sindicus Henr. was largely dominant in the protected site, while L. sindicus was rare and replaced by undershrub species Aerva pseudotomentosa and Crotolaria burhira in the overgrazed site. In the grazed site, plant coverage was low, but the density of rodent burrows and the frequency of rodent captures were significantly high as compared to the protected site. Corresponding with the density of desert rodents, seed predation was significantly higher in the grazed site than in the protected site. Overgrazing by large mammals has strong effects on plant succession by altering not only the species composition and abundance of plant community, but also the habitat suitability for seed-eating rodents.

FOREST AND ECONOMIC PLANTS Silviculture

1550 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1990) Textile industrial effluents/implication and possible use for afforestation in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 295-302

In this paper, the environmental problems related to industrial effluents with particular reference to western Rajasthan are discussed. In Jodhpur district alone, textile effluents constituting major source are discharged untreated @ 7 million litres/day. The effluents are coloured with high pH (9-11 me-1), very low in calcium, magnesium, lead and cadmium. Effluent can possibly be used for establishing tree species of economic value and the soil deterioration can be reduced by giving some soil treatments.

1551 Aggarwal, R.K., Kumar, P., Harsh, L.N. and Sharma, B.M.

(1994) Effect of effluents of textile industry on the growth of tree species and soil properties. Indian Forester. 120: 40-47

The paper deals with utilisation of textile industrial effluents for irrigation in forest plantations and its effect on soil properties in arid land of western Rajasthan. The mean chemical composition of textile effluents showed pH of 9.4 RSC 34.6 mel, SAR 152.2, Na 2025 ppm, carbonates 430 ppm and near absence of calcium, magnesium, Pb and Cd. The performance of eight tree species of economic value viz. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, Colophospermum mopane, Hardwickia binata, , P. juliflora and A. tortilis irrigated with these effluents was studied under field conditions. The soil in the planting pit was treated with gypsum (3 kg pit-1), FYM (5 kg pit-1) and gypsum + FYM before transplanting of seedlings besides keeping a control. The rate of growth during one and half year after planting was normal, though the increase in growth varied with the tree species and soil treatment. Maximum height was recorded in E. camaldulensis (ranging from 213 to 252 cm tree-1). The growth in general was higher when soil was treated with gypsum + FYM followed by gypsum alone. The results thus indicate that highly sodic textile effluents can be used for growing the tree species, and its deleterious effect on soil can be mitigated by addition of gypsum in soil.

1552 Bal Krishan and Toky, O.P. (1994)

Variation in seed germination and seedling growth of Acacia nilotica ssp. Indica provenances. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 57-60

Variation in germination of scarified and non-scarified seeds, effect of seed coat dormancy on germination and seedling growth of 21 provenances of Babul (A. nilotica ssp. Indica), collected from 11 to 31 N latitude and 650 m altitude throughout India were studied. There were significant differences among the provenances for germination in non-scarified (16-92%) and scarified seeds (68-100%). Better seedling growth was observed for scarified seeds. The variation was random and did not show relationship with the latitude of the origin of the seed source.

1553 Basak, M.K. and Goyal, S.K. (1980) Studies on the biology of tree legumes - Rhizobium symbiosis: Nodulation pattern and cross inoculation trials with the tree legumes and cultivated legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 427-431

Out of 25 tree legumes, 19 were found to nodulate under natural conditions. The nodules were woody and deeply lobed and spherical to oblong. Nodules were mostly present on lateral roots. Rhizobium isolated from tree legumes have shown more affinity to black gram than green gram. Rhizobium isolates showed normal growth at 0.8 to 1.8 NaCl concentrations. The isolates from black gram and green gram have shown their differential compatibility with tree legumes.

1554 Bhandari, D.S., Govil, H.N. and Hussain, A. (1979) Chemical composition and nutritive value of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) tree leaves. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 170-173

A digestibility trial was conducted on five Chokla rams with khejri leaves (P. cineraria). The animals showed loss of weight during the trial period. The dry matter consumption was 2.10 kg per 100 kg body weight. The digestibility coefficient of crude protein, either extract, crude fibre, N.F.E. were found to be 31.65, 34.82, 50.90 and 41.13, respectively. The loss of weight might be due to poor utilisation of protein and energy.

1555 Bhimaya, C.P. and Kaul, R.N. (1965) Root system of four desert tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 185-194

Compared to the plants from direct seeding the transplanted plants of all the four species, viz., Tecomella undulata, Albizia lebbeck, Prosopis cineraria, (Syn. spicigera) and Acacia senegal exhibited increased length of tap root. The species did not differ markedly in

their maximum lateral spread of roots under seeding and transplanting. The transplanted plants of all the species excepting T. undulata recorded increased number of secondary roots compared to plants raised from direct seeding. The transplanted plants of T. undulata and A. senegal exhibited higher root to shoot ratio, whereas Albizia lebbeck and P. cineraria plants raised from direct seeding recorded higher root to shoot ratio.

1556 Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1965) Studies on pre-sprouted stumps of Prosopis juliflora. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 4-9

Different sizes of stumps varying in collar diameter and root length influenced the sprouting period, whereas their survival in the nursery was affected by root length alone. Prosopis juliflora stumps of 1.5 cm collar diameter and 17.5 cm root length appeared to be the most suitable size for pre-sprouting them in the nursery. However, their field establishment and subsequent growth-in-height remained unaffected by their sizes.

1557 Bhimaya, C.P., Ganguli, B.N., Tyagi, I.S., Choudhary, M.D.,

Kaul, R.N. and Subbayyan, R. ( 1963) Species suitable for afforestation of different arid habitats of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 162-168

By comparison Prosopis juliflora is considered to be the most suitable species for afforesting most of the refractory habitat types, below 300 mm rainfall regime. Shallow alluvial plain soils overlying hard calcareous pan within 300-400 mm isohyet can be successfully afforested with Acacia arabica, Albizzia lebbek, and Azadirachta indica only if the pan is perforated to a depth of 90 cm. For afforestation of shifting sand dunes in rainfall regions of 400 mm and above, Ailanthus excelsa, A. lebbek, Calligonum polygonoides, Dalbergia sissoo, P. juliflora and P. spicigera are suitable, whereas in low rainfall areas (200-300 mm), P. spicigera, P. juliflora, Cordia rothii, and A. lebbek are found suitable.

1558 Bohra, M.D., Tewari, J.C., Burman, U., Sharma, N.K. and

Harsh, L.N. (1994) Response of pre-treatments on germination of Prosopis juliflora. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 305-309

The present paper presents findings on various pre-treatments employed on Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC, seeds for enhancing their germination percentage. Germination of intact seeds of the species are reported to be less than 5%. However, pre-treatment of seed by

electrical current and mechanical scarification gave very high percentage of germination in the present study. For optimum seed germination, mechanical scarification was found to be the best and germination was found to be more than 90%.

1559 Burman, U., Tewari, J.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1993) Leaf dry weight and area relationship to estimate the leaf area of some arid zone tree species. Annals of Forestry. 1: 154-158

Linear equations to establish the relationship between leaf area and leaf weight in some Indian arid zone tree species was carried out. These equations even with low co-efficient of determination (R²) values had sufficient predict-ability for the leaf area of seedlings of age between six to twenty four months as evident from the t-test of significance.

1560 Burman, U., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1991) Water management of transplanted seedlings of Azadirachta indica in arid areas. Forest Ecology and Management. 40: 51-63

Large mortality and general growth restriction of transplanted tree seedlings in the Indian arid zone prompted this study on the effects of different levels (1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full field capacity (FC)) and intervals (1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks) of irrigation, during the first day period (September to July), following transplantation. Results are expressed as increases in height and stem diameter over time in relation to soil moisture regime and plant water status under different treatments. Final measurements 450 days after starting irrigation treatments indicated that watering at FC at 1- and 2-week intervals brought about the maximum increase in height and stem diameter, which declined progressively with increasing intervals and decreasing level. Despite the similarity in trend, final biomass production and crown area were highest under watering in FC at 2-week interval due to larger increase in stem and foliage weight. Limited data on root growth along a single vertical plane suggested that branching of root laterals was mostly confined to the 10-50 cm depth irrespective of irrigation treatments, while depth of rooting tended to increase at longer intervals of watering. Under the prevailing conditions, average application of 461 (FC) per plant at 2-week intervals led to maximum growth and biomass production with no mortality, while under the low-threshold average irrigation of 121 (1/4 FC) per plant at 2-week intervals could eliminate mortality although the biomass production was reduced by about 91%.

1561 Burman, U., Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N. and Tewari, J.C. (1995)

Estimation of leaf area using leaf dry weight in Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC. through regression analysis. Current Agriculture. 19: 63-65

Five types of regression equations have been developed to establish relationship between leaf area and corresponding leaf dry weight in P. juliflora seedlings. Of these, power curve numerically expresses best possible relationship between these two parameters and the equation developed at three month stage had sufficient predictability as evident from t-test of significance and could be used for estimating the size of photosynthetic machinery. This curve was found to be absolutely valid for predicting the leaf area of seedlings of uneven age (1 to 6 months). Moreover, it is based on data whose measurements involved two different number of dimensions (leaf area being two dimensional and weight being related to volume being three dimensional). Further, thickness of P. juliflora leaves remaining fairly constant through the six month period made weight a direct linear function of volume.

1562 Burman, U., Tewari, J.C., Mathur, B.K., Harsh, L.N. and Sharma, S.K. (1993) Selecting model parameter to predict yield function in two year old Acacia bivenosa. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 43-45

Estimation of yield functions (fuel, fodder and biomass) in 2 year old A. bivenosa DC stand under different set of conditions has been reported in this paper. The precise estimate of stem diameter just above ground (immediately prior to branching point) appeared to be reasonable predictor of yield. It has also been observed that planting seedlings of the species in wider spacing, only benefits the height increment.

1563 Chakravarty, A.K. and Gian Chand. (1975)

Phenotypic variation in desert teak, Tecomella undulata. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 21-24

Variation of corolla colour, plant height, diameter at breast height and collar diameter of plants, length of capsule, number and weight of seeds per capsule was observed in a 10 year old plantation of T. undulata. Corolla colour was found to vary from yellow to red with intermediate shades. Considerable variation was observed in the quantitative characters studied. There seems to be good scope for selection of plants on the basis of diameter at breast height of plants.

1564 Chatterji, U.N. and Mukharjee, A. (1968)

Effect of high temperatures on moisture depletion, imbibition and germination of seeds of Mimosa hamata willd. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 93-99

To study the effect of exposing seeds to high temperature on germination, the seeds of M. hamata were subjected to temperatures of 70° C , 90° C and 100° C for 24, 48, 96 and 144 hours. Treatment with 70° C for all these intervals promoted germination in comparison with untreated controls. But the treatment of seeds with 100° C did not bring about any acceleration of germination; in fact exposure of seeds to this temperature for longer periods was seen to be fatal to the embryos.

1565 Chatterji, U.N. and Mukherjee, A. (1969) Artificial enhancement of germination of seeds of Dactyloctenium boiss. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 80-84

Germination of 32 weeks old seeds of D. sindicum is increased from 4 to 89% when the seeds are impacted with sand for three hours in a glass container and to 95% when they are impacted in the same container without sand for 24 hours. When the seeds are soaked at 50° C for 60 minutes, germination is increased from 4 to 20%. By soaking the seeds in 50 ppm sodium cyanide for 24 hours, 55% germination is obtained.

1566 Chaturvedi, A.N. (1984) Firewood crops in areas of brackish water. Indian Forester. 110: 364-366

The species which performed well are: Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Terminallia arjuna, Syzygium cumini, Albizzia lebbek, Pongamia pinnata, Cassia auriculata, Adhatoda vasica, Cassia siamea. Eucalyptus hybrid and Subabul were not successful. Plantation of former species may yield about 20 tonnes of fire wood in five years during which period investment can be more than doubled.

1567 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K. and Dutta, B.K. (1984) Mineral nutrient elements in natural vegetation of arid Rajasthan : I. Macro elements. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 111-117

In the trees calcium concentration ranged mostly between 2 and 3%, Salvadora oleoides and Acacia senegal with much higher values were notable exceptions. Ailanthes excelsa had above average value of magnesium and phosphorus. Calcium and sodium concentrations of the shrub species were highly variable. The former element had a

range from 0.85% in Calligonum polygonoides to 4.57% in Tamarix auriculata. In comparison to trees and shrubs, grasses had low calcium content, whereas shrubs showed somewhat higher level of sodium and phosphorus than either of trees or grasses. While bringing out the interspecific differences in concentration of some of the elements, the results also show the differences that may exist amongst the members of a given species.

1568 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1985) Concentration of mineral elements in some arid zone species from a common habitat : 1. Tree and shrub species. Indian Journal of Ecology. 12: 20-24

Content of various mineral elements in foliage of twenty arid zone tree and shrub under similar soil and climatic conditions was studied. Salvadora oleoides had extraordinary high concentration of calcium and magnesium. Some of the Acacia spp. also possessed above average concentration of calcium. Acacia senegal and Ailanthes excelsa showed high concentration of magnesium, whereas Acacia ligulata and A. aneura (exotics) were low in potassium. Phosphorus, copper and zinc concentration showed a low order of variation among the species. Dalbergia sissoo had exceptionally high content of manganese and zinc. Besides demonstrating the inherent differences in the ability of various species in nutrient element absorption, the results also suggested that the uptake of individual elements was independent of others.

1569 Ganguli, B.N and Kaul, R.N. (1961) Gummosis in Prosopis juliflora. (Lett.) Science & Culture. 27: 489-490

Reports the phenomenon of gummosis i.e., exudation of gum from a 4-year-old plant of P. juliflora.

1570 Ganguli, B.N., Kaul, R.N. and Nambiar, K.T.N. (1964) Preliminary studies on a few top-feed species. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 33-37

There is acute overstocking on the available grazing resources of western Rajasthan, and green leaves of top-feed species constitute the major source of feed during dry period. Although, the leaves of most of the species are more or less eaten by stock, from the view point of palatability, nutritional status and ready availability. Prosopis spicigera and Zizyphus nummularia are the best top-feed for cattle, sheep and camel, while Calligonum polygonoides,

Salvadora oleoides, S. persica and Gymnosporia spinosa constitute an important source of leaf fodder for camels.

1571 Ghouse, A.K.M., Hashmi, S. and Jamal, A. (1980) Certain anatomical characteristics of the bark of some ornamental trees suitable for arid zone environments. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 425-426

The bark of Acacia and Prosopis spp. have either comparatively thicker, protective insulating cover composed of outer rhytidome portion or they are rich in having enormous amount of sclerified elements in the secondary phloem. In addition to other favourable morphological and anatomical characters, bark features may also be glanced at while searching for suitable species in arid areas.

1572 Gupta, A.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1984)

Variation for quality of pods in Prosopis cineraria mac bride. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 255-258

Qualitative attributes of P. cineraria pods viz. crude protein, reducing sugars and total sugar content varied from tree to tree as well as between widely separated provenances. In general, the extent of variability for these characters was more in arid regions as compared to semi-arid regions. Barmer region represented more than 30% coefficient of variation for all these characters.

1573 Gupta, G.N. (1992)

Influence of different soil mixtures on nursery growth of some arid zone tree species. Indian Forester. 118: 953-959

The study indicated significant influence of mixing tank silt and FYM. With sand, on the seedling growth of Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia lebbek and Prosopis cineraria. Response to nitrogen application was shown only by A. lebbek. None of the species responded to phosphate application. The potting mixture producing the best healthy seedlings in this study were, 10% tank silt + 2% FYM for Dalbergia sissoo. Ten per cent tank silt + 4% FYM + 40 ppm nitrogen for A. lebbek and 10% tank silt for P. cineraria. Use tank silt improved the aggregation and the mixture remained intact with the seedling when polythene bag was removed.

1574 Gupta, G.N. (1994) Influence of rain water harvesting and conservation practices on growth and biomass production of Azadirachta indica in the Indian desert. Forest Ecology and Management. 70: 329-339

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of various rain water harvesting and conservation techniques on soil moisture storage, growth and biomass production of A. indica (neem) in the Indian desert. The treatments were as follows; control; weed removal; weed removal plus soil working; saucers of 1.0 m diameter; saucers of 1.5m diameter; saucers of 1.5 m diameter covered with mulch around the trees; bunding around each tree in a checkerboard design; inter-row slopes of 20%. The treatment with inter-row slopes of 20% produced the highest amount of soil moisture storage, a four times increase in total biomass of a 26-month-old neem plantation (from 1.69 to 6.39 t ha-1), a 4.5 times increase in root mass (from 0.43 to 1.92 t ha-1) and a 70% increase in tree height, as well as an appreciable enhancement in all the growth parameters. The treatment with larger saucers (1.5m diameter) combined with a surface mulch was equally effective. Growth increases owing to the other water harvesting treatments were lower, though significantly better when compared with the control. The various treatments significantly improved the water use efficiency of neem.

1575 Gupta, G.N. (1995) Biomass and nutrient uptake of Ailanthus excelsa as affected by N and P fertilisation on an aridisol. Fertiliser Research. 40: 243-250

A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH 8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study the influence of N and P fertilisers on growth, biomass and nutrient content of A. excelsa, which is an important fodder species of arid and semi-arid regions. Application of 9 g N plant-1 improved tree height by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crown diameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increase due to 9 g N plant-1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2 years of planting. Application of 3 g P2O5 tree-1 increased tree height by 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initial three years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years of age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P2O5 tree-1 (N18P3) was the best treatment, N and P applications improved considerably the branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by 2 to 3 folds. N18P3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304% at 1 year and 211% at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximum due to N18P3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree-1 due to N9P6 treatment in 2 year old plantation.

1576 Gupta, G.N. (1995)

Rain-water management for tree planting in the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 31: 219-235

A field experiment was conducted at the Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, to study the influence of different systems of water harvesting and moisture conservation on soil moisture storage, growth, biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake by Azadirachta indica (neem), Tecomella undulata (rohida) and Prosopis cineraria (khejri). The ridge and furrow method of water harvesting was found to be the best treatment and significantly improved the growth of all three species. Biomass accumulation by A. indica and T. undulata increased by 3.8 folds and 4.6 folds and root mass by 4.5 folds and 3.8-folds, respectively. The mulching treatment was beneficial to A. indica and weeding treatment to all the three species. Tree roots in water harvesting plots were deeper and had several times larger spread than the control. Nutrient uptake by these tree species increased several-folds as a result of the different water harvesting and moisture conservation treatments.

1577 Gupta, G.N. and Gupta, J.P. (1985) Winter diurnal variations in moisture and temperature of a desert sandy soil under different management practices. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 149-153

Soil compaction maintained higher volumetric moisture content followed by pulverisation + mulch and pulverisation also throughout the period of study. Minimum evaporation was observed from pulverisation + mulch (17.1 mm) during a period of one week. Thus mulching and compaction could be of practical utility in providing better moisture and thermal environment in the soil.

1578 Gupta, G.N. and Meena, J.N. (1993)

Tillage practices for tree establishment in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 115-117

Out of various soil working treatments, ploughing + pitting caused the best growth of all the species. Month July was found to be the best time of planting for all the three species. The practice of rain water harvesting ( inter row slope of 20%) significantly improved the growth of Azadirachta indica.

1579 Gupta, G.N. and Singh, B. (1997) Relative performance of different species on a sand dune in Thar desert. Indian Forester. 123: 207-209

Effect of mulching was studied on six different species. Acacia planifrons registered the highest survival, whereas best growth was attained by Prosopis juliflora followed by Acacia tortilis and A. planifrons. Mulching caused dramatic improvements in the growth of Zizyphus nummularia, Tecomella undulata, Prosopis cineraria and Acacia tortilis.

1580 Gupta, G.N., Bala, N., Choudhary, K.R. (1995) Effect of run-off harvesting and conservation techniques on growth and biomass production of Prosopis cineraria. Indian Forester. 121: 705-709

The saucer of 1.5 m diameter was found to be the best treatment which improved soil moisture storage considerably, caused eight times increase in total biomass of 26 month old khejri plantation, doubled the root mass and caused 30% increase in tree height. The technique of inter row slopes was also equally effective. Gain in tree growth due to other water harvesting treatments was relatively lower, though significant when compared with control. The weeding treatment improved the growth of khejri by two folds. Various treatments improved the water use efficiency of khejri by two to eight times as compared to control.

1581 Gupta, G.N., Bala, N. and Choudhary, K.R. (1995) Growth and biomass production of Tecomella undulata as affected by rain water harvesting and conservation practices in arid zone. International Tree Crops Journal. 8: 163-176

The water harvesting technique of `inter row slopes' (20%) caused a more than five fold increase in the total biomass of a 26 months old plantation of T. undulata, four-fold increase in root mass and 35% rise in tree height. "Saucers of 1.5 m diameter covered with mulching" was the second best treatment. Both significantly improved soil moisture storage, water use efficiency of trees, harvest Index and biomass allocation to stem component. The `Inter row slopes' was the most cost effective and growth effective treatment.

1582 Gupta, G.N., Prasad, K.G. and Mohan, S. (1991) Effect of salinity, alkalinity and mulch on tree growth in dry region. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 29-36

In pot culture study salinity levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 and alkalinity levels as control (pH 8.60 of loamy sand, 7.29 of clay loam and 8.45 of clay soil), 9.3 and 10.3 pH were simulated in three soils. It was observed that Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis grew with less than 50% growth reduction up to salinity of 5 dS m-1

and pH of 10.3 (in sandy soil) and 9.3 (in clay soil). A. nilotica tolerated salinity as high as 10 dS m-1 (with dry matter yield being one third of the control). Casuarina equisetifolia tolerated salinity up to 2.5 dS m-1 and alkalinity up to 9.3 pH (only in loamy sand soil). Ceiba pentandra and Acacia auriculaeformis were sensitive to both salinity and alkalinity. In field experiment, salinity (0, 1.5, 3 and 6 dS m-1 ) and alkalinity (control, 8.9 and 9.7 pH) were simulated to a depth of 1 metre, and treatments of no mulching and ciropith mulching were super imposed. At 6 dS m-1 salinity, reduction in plant growth was 23% in E. camaldulensis, 41% in C. equisetifolia and 50% in T. indica. At 9.7 pH growth of C. equisetifolia reduced by 15%, E. camaldulensis by 58 per cent and T. indica wilted completely. Ciropith mulching improved the plant growth appreciably on saline soils. Mulching enhanced soil moisture content and lowered the soil temperature.

1583 Gupta, G.N., Choudhary, K.R., Singh, B. and Mishra, A.K. (1993) Neem establishment in arid zone as influenced by different techniques of rain water harvesting. Indian Forester. 119: 197-198

Out of the eight treatments, the inter row slopes of 20% caused significantly higher moisture conservation in the root zone (40% higher than the control) which resulted in better growth of neem. The treatment of weed removal alone caused tree height improvement by 26% over control. The weed removal helped conserving 20% higher moisture than control. The practices of mulching and making saucers also improved the tree growth considerably. The coefficients of correlation between % increase in collar girth was 0.73 and with % increase in tree height was 0.48.

1584 Gupta, G.N., Prasad, K.G., Mohan, S., Subramaniam, V. and

Manivachakam, P. (1988) Effect of alkalinity on survival and growth of tree seedlings. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 537-542

In a pot culture experiment, Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were found to be alkali-resistant tree species. A. nilotica could be grown up to pH 9.7 on sandy soil, 9.2 on clay soil and 8.8 on loam soil, while for E. camaldulensis such pH value was up to 11 on sand, 9.2 on clay and 8.6 on loam soil. Ceiba pentandra was slightly tolerant to alkalinity. Other tree species, namely, Casuarina equisetifolia and A. auriculaeformis were sensitive to alkalinity.

1585 Gupta, G.N., Kuppusamy, V., Choudhary, K.R., Bohra, N.K., Singh, N. and Kusum Lata. (1996) Effect of fertilisers on early growth of desert species Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata. Annals of forestry. 4: 29-33

A field experiment was conducted on the effect of varying levels of N and P on the growth of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata in Thar Desert. Combined application of 9 g nitrogen + 5 g P2O5 per tree to P. cineraria improved crown diameter and collar girth by 22% and height by 10%. Addition of 5 g P205 per tree caused 11 to 13% increase in height, girth and crown spread to Tecomella undulata.

1586 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1989)

Double walled pots : a moisture-efficient technique for establishing trees in arid regions. Agriculture International. 41: 176-178

A novel device consisting of a double walled earthen pot, called a `Jaltripti' has been developed for the establishment of trees in arid regions which experience extremes of temperature, scanty and erratic rainfall and have sandy soils, poor in moisture retention and storage characteristics. This device is inexpensive, simple to operate and does not require energy but at the same time utilises every drop of water beneficially thus preventing almost all the losses of water. It could be a boon for small and medium farmers of arid and semi-arid regions which occupy about one-third of the world. Plant height, collar diameter, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of ber plants grown in ‘Jaltripti’ has been compared with conventional pit system. Relative growth rate (RGR) was 13.2 : 1. The moisture distribution observations revealed higher moisture retention for longer periods in ‘Jaltripti’.

1587 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1990)

Neem plantation in desert through Jaltripti. Journal of Rural Technology. 6: 9-11

Neem (Azadirachta indica) was grown on coarse sandy soil at Bikaner with five treatments viz., Jaltripti (a new device for establishment of plants with minimal water), pond sediment barrier, Jalshakti and bentonite barrier in addition to control. During study period of 13 months (October 1987 to November 1988) involving 39 irrigations each of 3 L plant-1 and intervening rainfall, height of plant was maximum in Jaltripti (100.0 cm) followed by bentonite barrier (65.1 cm), control (62.3 cm), Jalshakti (46.3 cm) and pond sediment barrier (34.0 cm). The corresponding values of collar diameter were 1.83, 1.11, 1.07, 0.94 and 0.76 cm, respectively.

1588 Gupta, I.C., Yadav, N.D., Singh, P.M. and Sharma, B.D. (1990)

Solar desalinisation of water for nursery plants in arid and semi-arid regions. Agriculture International. 42: 47-48

A novel device consisting of a double walled earthen pot and polythene cap has been developed for irrigation at nursery stage in those areas having poor quality, saline irrigation water. The device, which has been named `Jalshuddhi' is inexpensive and simple in design and operation. Desalination due to solar energy and irrigation takes place simultaneously and every drop of water is utilised beneficially. Due to its cost effectiveness and simplicity, it could be well suited even for an ordinary farmer or amateur.

1589 Gupta, J.P. and Muthana, K.D. (1985) Effect of integrated moisture conservation technology on the early growth and establishment of Acacia tortilis in the Indian desert. Indian Forester. 111: 477-485

A study was conducted during the years 1982 and 1983 to find out the effect of integration of moisture conservation technology like sub-surface moisture barrier, water harvesting, soil amendments and the mulching on the early growth and establishment of A. tortilis seedlings. The results showed that the placement of pond sediments at the bottom of 60 cm deep pit in 5 mm thickness in association with water harvesting from circular catchment (2% slope and 1.5 m radius) and the soil mixed with pond sediments (10 kg pit-

1) and the farm yard manure (5 kg pit-1) as amendments markedly increased the moisture storage capacity of the pit, optimised the thermal conditions of soil and thus increased the growth of A. tortilis plants as reflected by the increase in plant height, canopy diameter, collar diameter and breast height diameter. The technique can be successfully used in checking the mortality, boosting the early growth and the establishment of trees in the desert and similar areas.

1590 Gupta, R.K. (1970) Resource survey of Gummiferous acacias in western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecology. 10: 148-161

Based on resources survey of gummiferous Acacias in west Rajasthan four species of Acacia viz. nilotica ssp. indica, A. eucophloea, A. jacquemontii and A. senegal are described along with their associates. Regeneration and afforestation problems have been discussed with particular reference to A. senegal which is a potential source of gum arabic in arid regions of western Rajasthan.

1591 Gupta, R.S. (1953) Rajasthan desert soils and their bearing on afforestation problems of the tract. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 1: 30-36

The area consists of high sand dunes forming ridges with extensive sand deposits and with rocky hills in some places or areas where sand has become stabilised and fertile soil has been built up due to admixture with clay and organic matter. The salt content and particularly the alkali chlorides are not sufficiently high to be toxic to plants. A slight amount of carbonates is likely to form Na-clay which may slow down the rate of rainwater percolation and help in retention of water in this area where rainfall may be only 10-12 cm a year. Alluvial soil, subject to inundation by river water, contains clay and alkali salts which gives rise to Na-clay formation and leads to waterlogging. Nitrate content varies from 1 to 7 ppm.

1592 Gupta, S., Satya Vir, Jindal, S.K. and Bhansali, R.R. (1995) Neem - A potential tree for rural development in the Thar desert. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 63-80

Role of neem as an important pesticide and better as village dispensary for curing several diseases has been reviewed. The paper also discusses the nursery technique, current uses of neem products, method of insecticide formulations, method of application and future thrust for neem research.

1593 Jain, B.L., Goyal, R.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1983) Performance of some tree species in relation to irrigation with saline waters. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 233-238

Performance of different tree species under irrigation with waters of 2.7 to 9.0 mmhos cm-1 electrical conductivity have shown variable effects on survival and growth. Adverse effects of high salinity in waters (9.0 mmhos) on survival and growth were observed in terms if high mortality and retardation in growth and collar diameter of Dichrostachys glomerata and Tamarix articulata. Survival and growth of Eucalyptus hybrid was adversely affected by water of 6.0 mmhos EC and Cassia siamea even with waters of 2.7 mmhos EC. Survival and growth of Prosopis juliflora, Acacia aneura and Chenopodium species were not adversely affected even with waters of 9.0 mmhos EC. High salinity in irrigation waters caused increase in salinity levels of soils by 3-5 times and SAR values by 1.5 to 2 times. Salt concentrations and SAR values were lowered during rainy season.

1594 Jain, B.L., Muthana, K.D. and Goyal, R.S. (1985)

Performance of tree species in salt-affected soils in arid regions. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 221-224

This study records here the performance of different tree species in salt-affected soils at the Range Management and Soil Conservation Research Station, Jadan (Pali district in Rajasthan) of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. The soils are shallow (30 cm deep), sandy loam in texture with varying salinity levels depending upon the topographical situation. Based on salinity variations, the experimental area was divided into three different groups of medium, high and very high range. Pits (60 cm dia. and 60 cm depth) were dug out at a distance of 3 m x 3 m and filled with top soil. Observations on per cent survival and various growth attributes were recorded in the month of November every year till 1980. Soil samples (collected during October, January and June) were analysed for salinity characteristics by standard procedures.

1595 Jindal, S.K. and Pancholy, A. (1994) Effect of different seed containers on germination and seedling characters in Tecomella undulata. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 87-88

Seed germination ranged from 27.1% when seeds stored in paper bags to 64.3% when stored in polythene bags. Better germination was recorded when seeds were stored in polythene bags and tin than when the seeds were stored in cloth bags, the conventional way of seed storage.

1596 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir (1992-94) Phenology, breeding system and seed production in neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss.) Van Anusandhan. 9-11: 17 - 21

Neem (A. indica, A. Juss) is an extremely important multipurpose tree especially for its insecticidal properties. Phenological studies showed that leaf fall starts in December and new leaves come after complete leaf fall. Flowering is maximum during April and flowers of March-April drop without fruit setting. Breeding system showed that the species is self compatible. Apomixis is totally absent. Reproductive capacity per inflorescence is very low due to poor fruit setting. Maximum variation due to fruit production per tree suggests that this can be exploited for higher fruit/seed production and breeding of late flowering plants is emphasised.

1597 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1994) Effect of different types of seed containers, seed versus fruit storage on germination and seedling characters in neem. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 301-304

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), a multipurpose tree grows through out the greater part of India, more specially in the drier parts of the country. There are reports that on storage, Neem seeds lose their viability. Seeds and fruits with low moisture content stored at room temperature in different containers showed that seed viability can be enhanced for longer period if seeds rather than fruits are stored in airtight containers as they cause reduction in oxygen content, thereby decreasing the respiration rate which in turn helps the seeds to maintain the reserves for a longer period.

1598 Jindal, S.K., Bhansali, R.R. and Satya Vir (1997)

Flowering, fruiting and breeding system in Salvadora persica L. - Oilseed bearing desert tree. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 13: 30-34

Salvadora persica L. - a potential source of non-edible oil - locally known as `Khara jal' is commonly found in the desert areas. The seeds of this species contain about 45% oil which can be a good substitute of coconut oil. Flowering starts in November and it is maximum during December. Flowers of November, December, January and February fall without fertilisation. Very few flowers of March set into fruits and they take about two months for ripening. Breeding system showed that the species is self compatible. Apomixis is totally absent. Reproductive capacity per inflorescence is very low causing poor fruit set.

1599 Jindal, S.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1985) Evaluation of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem germplasm from western Rajasthan in situ. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology . 10 : 33-37

One hundred ninety eight genotypes of Tecomella undulata (Sm.). seem were evaluated in the natural habitat for various quantitative characters, during May, 1983. Data recorded indicated the presence of wide variation for tree height, basal diameter and DBH. Maximum frequency of the species was observed in interdunal areas of Barmer district. Selection of the "Plus trees" from Bakasar and Chohtan areas of Barmer district has been emphasised. Acc. No. 50 was vigorous, having maximum basal diameter and DBH with moderate number of branches and medium leaf size.

1600 Jindal, S.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1987) Germplasm collection and genetic variability in rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem) in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Forestry. 10: 52-55

One hundred twenty three seed samples of rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem) were collected from individual trees from the Thar Desert during May 1983. Distribution of trees were not following definite pattern. However, maximum frequency was observed in interdunal areas in Barmer, Chohtan and Bakasar areas of Barmer district. Data recorded for quantitative characters on 198 trees showed wide range of variability for various morphological traits. Maximum coefficient of variability for tree height, DBH, basal diameter and canopy diameter were observed in Barmer district.

1601 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1985) Performance of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) progenies under arid and semi arid conditions. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 38-42

Progenies from the twelve trees of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) were grown under arid and semi-arid conditions. For survival percentage, basal diameter and plant height progenies behaved differently under these conditions. The over all growth of the progenies was better under arid conditions. At seven showed maximum basal diameter and plant height and resistance to frost. Exploitation of this progeny under arid and semi-arid conditions may give high returns.

1602 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kacker, N.L. (1985) Phenology and breeding systems of rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem). Indian Journal of Forestry. 8: 317-320

Studies were conducted on phenology and breeding system of rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem). Defoliation and flowering started from November and continued till March. Flowering was asynchronous and its duration varied from 59 to 103 days. Its peak period was from end of February to mid of March ranging between 9 to 19 days. All the floral buds developed in November, December and January fell before and after their opening. Only few of them developed after February set fruits. Fruit set varied from 0.64% for selfing to 3.94% for cross pollination indicating the presence of self compatibility in the species. Apomixis was found to be totally absent.

1603 Jindal, S.K., Gupta, A.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. Variation on quality traits in rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem) in situ. Agroforestry for Rural Needs. 2: 783-786

During May 1983, wide areas of Rajasthan covering Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore and Jaisalmer districts were explored for the genetic variability of different quality traits in rohida leaves growing in

natural stands. The maximum variability due to protein content, NDF, ADF, LIGNIN, cellulose and hemi-cellulose was observed in Barmer district. The differences in these quality characters from different villages were highly significant in Jodhpur and Barmer districts. Tree No. 11 with high protein (20.4%) from Jodhpur district and No 48 with low NDF (15.8%), No 165 with low ADF (10.0%), No 48 with low lignin (2.6%) and No 156 with low cellulose (3.6%) from Barmer district have been identified. The use of germplasm from these trees in combination with other plus trees possessing desirable silvicultural characteristics in an appropriate breeding programme will give high returns.

1604 Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1991) Variability and changes in genetic parameter of height in juvenile progenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Journal of Tree Science. 10: 25-28

Height of ten randomly selected plants of 24 individual tree progenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem was studied for first four months. Significant differences among progenies were observed. Heritability and genetic advance showed decreasing trend with increase in age. Correlation of juvenile height at different stage with mean height of one year old progenies in field was non-significant suggesting that selection for height at juvenile stage in nursery may not be effective.

1605 Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L.(1992) Changes in genetic parameters and ranks of tree height over six growth years in Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Silvae Genetica. 41: 213-216

Eleven half-sib plant progenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm) Seem were established during 1984. Tree height for six growth years was recorded. Progenies showing good growth in the initial stags were not necessarily performing the same in subsequent years. There were significant differences among the progenies over all the six growth years. Estimates of family heritability, single tree heritability and genetic gains from family and mass selection indicated that the gains were low with both the methods. As components of variance tend to stabilise after fourth year of growth, selection done in the earlier years may not be rewarding. Low values of heritability and genetic gains from family and single tree selection suggested that there is need for other selection procedures for higher genetic gains for tree height.

1606 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Singh, M. (1990)

Variation in seed production and its relationship with morphological traits in Acacia tortilis. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 6: 350-353

Seed yield, its related characters and other morphological characters were studied in four year old 35 trees of A. tortilis during severe drought year. Maximum variation was observed in pod yield plant-1 and seed yield plant-1. Seed yield was positively and significantly associated with 100 pod weight, total pods-weight plant-1. Hundred pod-weight was also significantly and positively correlated with pod-weight plant-1, seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight. Seed yield (Y) could be efficiently predicated from pods weight (x) using linear regression Y=3.19+0.34 ±(0.01) x and had R2=98.4.

1607 Joshi, H.K., Kumar, A. and Ahmad, S.T. (1986) Diseases of Leucaena in India. Leucaena Research Reports. 7: 48-50

The main diseases encountered in India are briefly described, including gummosis (with which Fusarium acuminatum has been associated), seedling disease (Colletotrichum capsici), and infections by various other fungi. Fan-lear is a new disease of unknown actiology (possibly viral) manifested by reduced tree height, shortening of internodes, chlorosis, galls devoid of insects on branch bases and fan-like deformation of some leaves.

1608 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1984) Association analysis among leaf characters in Leucaena leucocephala. Leucaena Research Reports. 2: 35-36

In top feed species like Leucaena leafiness plays an important role in obtaining high production. However, information is not available about the important characters among leaf characters contributing towards yield. This study was undertaken to identify the component characters using path analysis.

1609 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1985) Frost tolerance of Acacia tortilis seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 326-328

Five hundred and four six month old established plants raised from the seed of twelve different trees of A. tortilis were screened against frost attack at Jodhpur. Progenies of AT 11 showed resistance whereas of AT 3 and AT 12 trees showed susceptibility to frost. Plants with approximately one meter height either escaped from the attack or were only partially affected.

1610 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1986)

Variation in fruit and seed characters of Prosopis cineraria (L.) mac bride in the Thar desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 9: 113-115

Exploratory survey was undertaken and seeds of 140 trees were collected from the Indian Thar desert during June, 1983. Analysis of three characters, i.e., pod length, the number of seeds per pod and seed weight revealed enough amount of genetic variability for these characters. Barmer region represented more than 30% C.V. for all the three characters studied. Trees with highest value were No. 315 and No. 265 for seed weight, No. 255 and No. 302 for pod length and No. 304 and No. 255 for the number of seeds pods-1 from Jodhpur, Churu and Nagaur provenances.

1611 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R., and Jindal, S.K. (1986) Variation for morphological characters in Prosopis cineraria in natural stands. My Forest. 22: 129-134

Natural variation studies were conducted in P cinderaria (L.) Macbride to determine the range of phenotypic variation in eleven provenances of Rajasthan. The characters studied were height, forking height and diameter (D.B.H.). They were subjected to analysis of covariance to eliminate the effect of age on phenotypic variation. All the three characters were found to be strongly affected by age. Strong correlation were observed between height and D.B.H. The species in general revealed genetic variation among the natural stands.

1612 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R., Singh, M. and Vyas, S.C. (1991) Micropropagation of Prosopis cineraria. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 29: 65-67

A method for in vitro propagation of P. cineraria through axillary branching was reported. Single node segments from actively growing branches of elite tree of P. cineraria (4½ years old) cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) containing 3 mg l-1 each of β napthoxy acetic acid (NOA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) produced on axillary shoot. After 7-10 days 2 cm long shoot were transferred to modified MS containing 3 mg l-1 NOA. Within 25-30 days 80% shoots showed rooting as the shoot grew in a length of about 8 cm. The shoot was then cut into 5-7 segments and planted individually on MS+NOA. Each segment produced a plantlet. Following this procedure 5-7 fold multiplication of plant can achieved within a month, 30% of these plants survived after transplantation.

1613 Kackar, N.L., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Singh, M. (1990)

Nodulation in seedlings of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports (USA). 81: 152-153

P. cineraria, a leguminous multipurpose tree, (Leguminosae, mimosoideae) is an important component of the Thar desert ecosystem. The climatic conditions in this region are such that restrict the build-up of soil organic matter and soils are generally deficient in nitrogen. Detailed studies on nodulation in crop plants and pasture legumes of this region are available, but there is little information available on indigenous tree species. A number of studies in other regions have examined nitrogen fixation by desert woody legumes in mature systems, but nodulation during seedling growth stages has received little emphasis. Some observations on nodulation one-to six-month-old plant progenies of P. cineraria are reported here.

1614 Kackar, N.L., Vyas, S.C., Singh, M. and Solanki, K.R. (1992) In virto regeneration of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce using root as explant. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 30: 429-430

The present communication deals with the method for in vitro regeneration and multiplication of P. cineraria using root segments as explant.

1615 Kalla, J.C. (1977) Statistical evaluation of fuel yield and morphological variates for some promising energy plantation tree species in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 117-126

Quantitative prediction of fuel yield potentiality of different tree species is sine qua non of any afforestation strategy in arid areas. Following step (up)-wise regression programme, a Fuel Yield Prediction Model was run for five promising fuel yield species in Pali district. All the usual morphological variates like collar diameter at breast height, length of clear bole and height of tree are not simultaneously and equally effective in generating efficient prediction. The relative importance of these variates consistently revealed that from all the variates which should be expected to have positive bearing upon fuel yield prediction performance of these tree species. Some of the species revealed that besides these there is a need to consider other variates also which could be postulated to be more relevant for fuel yield prediction.

1616 Kaul, O.N. (1957) Roadside planting in arid wastes of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 83: 457-461

It gives the technique of soil working, species used and protective measures adopted for road side plantation. Species recommended are Prosopis juliflora, Azadirachta indica and Albizia lebbek.

1617 Kaul, R.N. (1956) Propagating mesquite by root and shoot cutting. Indian Forester. 82: 569-572

Among the various methods of propagation of mesquite, by far the best and the most successful method is root and shoot cuttings. The survival percentage of these cuttings, planted along sides in Jodhpur district ranged from 70 to 90 in more favourable localities. The shoots from these cuttings attained a height of 8 to 10 feet by the end of December of the year in which they were planted. These cuttings were not watered. These cuttings have also proved very successful in afforesting rocky and saline areas where no other types of planting material would succeed.

1618 Kaul, R.N. (1960)

Dying of Eucalyptus gomphocephala. Indian Forester. 86: 177-78

Describes the symptoms of dying of Eucalyptus gomphocephala nursery. Seedlings and 3-year-old plants in the field, presence of pink stains of the sapwood region of the root indicates the probable presence of Fusarium.

1619 Kaul, R.N. (1963) A preliminary silvical study on Acacia tortilis (Forsk). Indian Forester. 89: 46-51

A preliminary silvical study on Acacia tortilis (Forsk) has been done/made. Survival percentage, growth in height and collar diameter and seed yield of the exotic and indigenous tree species have been reported. In arid areas the main idea underlying tree improvement is the development of varieties of a species which will produce increased dry matter in terms of wood per tree and per unit area of ground.

1620 Kaul, R.N. (1963)

Need for afforestation in the arid zone of India. La-Yaaran. 13: 2-7

Describes the arid region of Rajasthan and outlines the need for afforestation. Four distinct land types are recognised and the species suitable for planting in each of these land type are enumerated. Need for proper management of trees and shrubs naturally

occurring in the grazing land has been stressed. Problems on which further research is needed, have been indicated.

1621 Kaul, R.N. (1965) An approach to provenance trial in relation to tree introduction in arid lands. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 164-171

Importance of conducting provenance traits in relation to tree introduction has been discussed in general especially for arid lands. An approach and details of the trials have been presented in the light of the present experiments.

1622 Kaul, R.N. (1965) Rooting behaviour of Calligonum polygonoides Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 93-95

For an increased number of stem cuttings of Calligonum polygonoides to take root, these cuttings should be selected from either 0.7-1.2 cm or 1.2-1.7 cm diameter class and that some leaves should be retained on them for their easy rooting thus obviating the need for application of a plant regulator which in any large scale planting programme is not economically feasible.

1623 Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1962-63) Studies on the economics of raising nursery seedlings in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 85-103

A well balanced potting mixture consisting of necessary trace elements is essential for proper growth of seedlings. The seedlings of Albizzia lebbek and Prosopis juliflora in metallic receptacles exhibited increased plant population and growth as compared to earthern ones. Metallic containers also effected as economy in watering to the extent of 25%. In general, increased levels of watering resulted in increased survival and growth in height of seedlings. However, two gallons of water, at a time, of 50 tubes was found to be the most economic dose of watering for successful raising of nursery seedling. When grown under shade, water needs of the seedlings were less by 9.6% as compared to the seedlings grown in the open. Seedlings kept in cemented beds under the 2 gallons of watering level required 29.8% less water as compared to those kept in earthen beds. It is concluded that metallic containers kept in shaded cemented sunken beds and watered at the rate of 2 gallons per set of 50 tubes can readily be recommended for successful economic production of nursery seedling under arid zone conditions.

1624 Kaul, R.N. and Gian Chand. (1966)

Response of Acacia nilotica ssp. Indica (Benth.) Brenan (Syn. A. arabica) seedlings to progressive spacing type and time of soil working. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 26-35

Thinning significantly reduced the seedling mortality of A. nilotica and increased the height of seedling. Smaller trenches were forced to dug more effective in reducing the cost of afforestation without any effect on the growth. There was a significant increase in collar diameter of the seedlings upon thinning.

1625 Kaul, R.N. and Gian Chand. (1967) Studies on media and sizes of receptacles for growing nursery stock in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 95-107

Bigger sized galvanised iron tubes showed increased seedling survival and growth attributes of the four desert tree species, polythene tubes appeared to be equally well judging from the seedling growth characters and efficiency of water conservation points of view. Since metallic containers can be hinged and unhinged and they have been used for the last eight years over and over again, these worked out to be economical compared to the other two media viz., baked earth and polythene. The choice of material for producing receptacle will, therefore, be largely governed by the local availability of the material and its relative cost. However, further research with a view of effect an overall economy in the production of nursery seedlings might be taken up along the following lines. The influence of soil volumes contained by the range of tube sixes on subsequent seedling survival and growth of different species in plantations. The possibility of reducing sizes (soil volume) of the tube by the addition of nutrients in the soil mixture. With closely stacked tubes little side light will reach the seedling and thus restrict the growth of side branches and the hardening of the main stem. Investigations to determine optimum spacing of tubes in nursery beds, therefore, appear to be necessary.

1626 Kaul, R.N., Goswami, R.P. and Chitnis, B.K. (1964) Growth attributes for predicting pod and seed yield of Prosopis spicigera. Science and Culture. 30: 282-285

P. spicigera, the most important and productive tree species of the desert was selected for the present study to determine the relationship between growth attributes and its pod and seed yield. This study was conducted by taking a simple random sample of 81 trees of P. spicigera scattered over an area of 40 ha at Jodhpur.

1627 Kolarkar, A.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1984)

Sub-surface watering of tree seedlings in arid regions using discarded plastic infusion sets. Desert Plants. 6: 5-8

The difficulty of establishing tree plantations in arid regions, particularly on sandy and drought soils, is a widely faced problem. Insufficient water is freely available in such regions for effective watering of tree plantations with conventional methods. Under such conditions, discarded plastic infusion sets from a hospital were tried for watering and establishing anjan (Hardwickia binata). This allowed use of a limited quantity of water, in a regulated way as in the drip system, and watering directly in the sub-soil to reduce evaporation loss. Either one litre or half a litre of water was applied per plant this way every alternate day for the whole year, with total consumption of 173 litres and 91 litres of water respectively per plant in the entire year. Growth of these plants was compared with growth of ones subjected to conventional watering with 9 litres applied fortnightly to make 216 litres of water per plant for the period of the experiment. Plant growth even with a half litre treatment on alternate days was far superior to that with conventional watering.

1628 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1988) Fusarium solani causing wilt of Eucalyptus. Current Science. 57: 907-908

A new wilt disease of Ecucalyptus was recorded for the first time in India caused by F. solani. Paper describes the cultural and physiological studies along with epidemiological studies.

1629 Lahiri, A.N., and Gaur, Y.D. (1969) Germination studies on arid zone plants. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India. 35: 60-71

In the arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan Prosopis juliflora is found in diverse growth forms dense thickets of small shrubs to large trees. It was observed that very few plants come up within the community of these trees and the ground was covered with a thick layer of leaf litter. The inhibitors present in the leaves of P. juliflora affect both the processes of germination and growth of seedlings. The magnitude of germination inhibition, however, varied in different species. The inhibitors restrict both shoot and root growth but the latter seems to be more affected. The leaf litter of P. juliflora community contained inhibitors but the results suggest that inhibitors present in leaves do not accumulate in the soil to inhibitory concentrations. It seems that inhibitors contained in the

litter together with the physical effects of litter may regulate the natural regeneration within the community.

1630 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1966) Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science, India. 32 B: 34-46

In the seedlings of a xeric tree species, Tecomella undulata, fluctuations in soil moisture, brought about by different levels and intervals of watering, do not markedly influence the transpiration rate per unit area of leaf but that the moisture economy is brought about by the reduction of total transpiring surface, as well as by the reduction in the area of individual leaves. Reduction in transpiration rate, however, occurs when soil moisture falls near the permanent wilting percentage. During a drought period plants maintained in low moisture regime develop greater transpiration potential after being watered at optimum dosage in comparison with plants maintained under higher moisture regimes. Changes in relative turgidity, soil water and transpiration rate in a drying cycle have been studied and four different phases have been characterised.

1631 Lahiri, A.N., Kathju, S. and Garg, B.K. (1986) Influences of antitranspirants on the desert trees. Indian Journal of Forestry. 9: 349-351

Both PMA and ABA have favourable but transitory effect on the maintenance of leaf turgiscence of transpiration. But PMA presented a better advantage than ABA in the programme of transporting Acacia salicina and Prosopis cineraria seedlings from the nursery to plantation sites without watering.

1632 Manga, V.K. and Sen, D.N. (1995) Influence of seed traits on germination in Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride. Journal of Arid Environments. 31: 371-375

Seed germination greatly influences the success or failure of any afforestation programme. As such, it is important to know seed characteristics that could help in selecting seeds which would give a higher germination percentage. In the present experiment, influence of various seed traits viz. seed weight, seed length, seed thickness, seed volume and seed density on germination percentage were studied in 51 accessions of P. cineraria, collected from the states Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. A large range of variability was observed among these accessions for various seed characteristics. The germination percentage ranged from 30% to 100% in the laboratory and 6.7% to 90% in the field. Correlation analysis

revealed that germination percentages in the laboratory can be used to predict germination in the field. All seed traits except seed length and seed density showed positive and significant association with germination percentage in the laboratory as well as in the field. Thus germination percentage can be improved by selecting large and heavy seeds.

1633 Manga, V.K. and Sen, D.N. (1996) Genetic parameters for seed traits in Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride. Indian Journal of Forestry. 19: 148-151

Genetic parameters for 6 seed traits and per cent germination were worked out in fifty one accessions of P. cineraria mostly from the State of Rajasthan and some from Gujarat and Haryana. Values for variability and expected genetic gain were calculated for all individual characters. Seed weight and volume exhibited high genetic variability, heritability and genetic gain. Correlation study revealed that seed weight, seed volume and seed thickness had significant and positive association with germination percentage. These traits therefore should be given priority for improving germination in P. cineraria.

1634 Mathur, C.M. (1960) Forest types of Rajasthan. Indian forester. 86: 734-739

Seven forest types are described with notes on climate, geology, soils and floristics. The types are: (1) Dry Teak forests, (2) Anogeissus pendula forests, (3) Mixed Deciduous forests, (4) Boswellia serrata forests, (5) Butea monosperma forests, (6) Tropical thorn forests and (7) Sub-tropical evergreen forests.

1635 Mathur, N. and Vyas, A. (1996) Biomass production, nutrient uptake and nodulation in Prosopis cineraria by indigenous VAM fungi. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 53-56

The incidence of root infection by indigenous VAM fungi and its consequence on biomass production, nodulation and nutrition of P. cineraria were studied in pots in five different soils of Indian Thar desert. Soil sterilisation completely inhibited root colonisation by indigenous VAM fungi. However, considerable root colonisation occurred in roots of the plants in unsterilized soils. Root colonisation by indigenous VAM fungi resulted in improved nodulation. The indigenous VAM fungi also improved uptake of N, P, K, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in all the five soil types. VAM infection resulted in increased biomass production and the plant showed field mycorrhizal dependency for its biomass.

1636 Meena, J.N., Gupta, G.N. and Thana Ram. (1995 ) Influence of soil working techniques on early growth of trees in arid region. Annals of Forestry. 3: 120-123

A field experiment on the influence of different soil working techniques on rain water storage and early growth of trees in arid region revealed that trench and mound structure, ringpit and saucer pit improved moisture storage in upper 75 cm layer by 50%, 43% and 20%, respectively. These techniques caused significant improvement in tree growth within 7 months of planting. Saucer pit of 2 m dia has been recommended as the most suitable structure considering both growth improvement and cost. This structure improved height of neem by 2.6 times, siris by 3 times and khejri 2.3 times within 16 months of planting. Collar girth of neem and siris nearly doubled due to saucer pits.

1637 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1991) Seed germination studies of Cassia italica (Mill.) Lamix-ex andress in Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 71-72

Per cent germination in C. italica was maximum with the scarification of seed by concentrated sulphuric acid for 60 min.

1638 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1994) Water imbibition and hard seed coatedness of some arid tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 89-90

Seeds of Acacia senegal showed more water imbibition than Mimosa hamata and Prosopis cineraria seeds, which advocates the presence of more hard seed coatedness in the latter.

1639 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1995) Seed characteristics and growth patterns of seedlings in some trees of Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 65-66

In A. senegal, seed coat colour ranged from shining brown to dull grey and greenish brown. The seeds were flat and circular, having a depression-like C on them. The seed length ranged from 0.83 to 0.96 cm.

1640 Murugesan, S., Shivesh Kumar and Sundararaj, R. (1996) Sensilar dynamics in thrips-flower interactions of arid and semi-arid tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 361-368

Extensive survey was carried out in order to study the thrips-flower interations of some introduced/native tree species of arid and semi-arid areas. The behavioural response involved in feeding are modified according to the sensilary structures and functions of the

antenna and mouth parts. Though no work in this direction has been undertaken forestry thrips, an analysis of diverse type of olfactory sensila on the antenna of different species would appear important and measures have to be adopted to protect the forest tree species from flower thrips.

1641 Mutha, N., Burman, U., Harsh, L.N. and Tewari, J.C. (1995) Effect of sowing depth on germination and seedling quality of Prosopis juliflora. Journal of Tree Science. 14: 41-43

Sowing P. juliflora seeds at about 10 mm depth gave the maximum germination. It also gave seedlings of high sturdiness quotient. Deep sowing on the contrary, resulted in poor germination and seedling quality.

1642 Muthana, K.D. (1974) A note on frost susceptibility in arid zone trees. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 370-373

Tree species, with the exceptions of Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora, which have attained more than 2 meters in height have all escaped severe frost damage, while even trees of about 2 meters in height have also succumbed. The tree species other than the indigenous species have all been badly affected in the interdunal areas and in low lying pockets but no damage to and tree species has been done on the top of the dunes.

1643 Muthana, K.D. (1985) Afforestation practices in the Indian hot arid zones. Geobios. 12: 285-293

About 1% land is under forestry in hot arid zone of India. It is, therefore, evident that there is a greater need for taking up tree plantation programmes in arid areas and to maximise the vegetation in an integral manner so as to keep a proper balance among trees, grasses and crops. Various containers like polythene are recommended for raising seedlings in the nurseries. Afforestation techniques for different soil types like sandy soil, shallow sandy loam soils, rocky refractory sites, saline soils and on shifting sands dune have been recommended.

1644 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1976) Performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on shallow and deep sandy loam of Pali. (western Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 297-303

The height as well as diameter of trees have made marked progress even when deeper soils were available beyond 110 cm soil depth but

have almost maintained uniform growth, thereby suggesting that for raising a well developed plantation of E. camaldulensis in places where shallow soils overlying hard kanker pan exist, the optimum soil depth of 110 cm would be ideal to attain the objective.

1645 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1980) Performance of Acacia tortilis (Forsk) under different habitats of the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 110-118

Pre-sowing treatment of the seed with 50% commercial sulphuric acid for 30-40 min or with boiling water for 3 min increased the rate and extent of seed germination. A tortilis was adjudged the best species compared to other Acacia species in terms of growth attributes at all the habitats. The mean annual increment in height in A tortilis was 61 cm on deep sandy soils, 56.1 cm on shifting sand dunes, 44 cm on rocky refactory sites, 57.5 cm on semi-rocky sites and 55.5 cm on shallow sandy loam soils. Weeding round the plants improved their growth whereas fertiliser treatments had no significant effect. A closer spacing of 3m x 3m has given the highest fuel yield of 53.6 ha-1. Although the desirable spacing of this tree for silvi-pastoral management has been worked out as 5-6m x 10 m, A. tortilis has also proved to be an excellent coppicer. This species should therefore, find very wide application in increasing the productivity of arid tracts at a faster rate.

1646 Muthana, K.D., Arora, G.D. and Gian chand. (1976)

Comparative performance of indigenous trees in arid zone under different soil working techniques. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 67-76

Out of the 4 indigenous tree species tried, Albizzia lebbek has been found to perform better than the rest if precautions are taken to check the termite attack. Under rainfed conditions, it would be desirable to transplant 9 to 12 months old seedlings rather than sowing seeds at site and planting in pits of 60 cm excavated and refilled with entire weathered soil has given the best performance in general. It is further added that trees have improved the available nutrient status of the soils ranging from 203 to 356 kg N ha-1 and 319 to 633 kg K ha-1.

1647 Muthana, K.D., Ramakrishna, G.V.S. and Arora, G.D. (1983) Analysis of growth and establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 151-155

Studies on E. camaldulensis indicated that there is no significant effect of fertiliser or weeding singly or in combination of each other in the Indian arid zone. Trend curves fitted to the growth-in-plant

height and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) indicated that the plant can attain a height of 1155.85 cm in these areas. Further, 60% establishment of the plant is estimated in these regions.

1648 Pancholy, A. (1991) Studies on the status of indigenous soil rhizobia associated with certain arid zone legume trees. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports. 9: 9-10

A short experiment was conducted to assess the nodulating ability of indigenous soil rhizobia on legume trees in Indian Arid Zone soil. In general, the nodules were very small and judging from the lack of healthy pink colour, contained very little leghaemoglobin. Nodules were distributed on the main and lateral roots were present either singly or in clusters of three or four. It was concluded from the results that it is imperative to select or develop improved rhizobial strains which are geographically and genetically suited to the arid legume trees to derive maximum benefit.

1649 Pancholy, A. (1992)

Characterisation of rhizobia isolated from two arid zone tree species: Prosopis cineraria and Albizia lebbek. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports. 10: 55-56

Roughly three-fifths of Rajasthan (approximately 196,150 sq km) falls within the arid zone (24°-30’ N, 70°-76.2’ E). Soil and climatic conditions are adverse due to low and erratic rainfall, frequent drought, intense radiation, frost and high wind speed (Summer range: 20-35 kg hr-1 ). There was either complete absence of nodulation or production of very poor quality nodules. Hence, selection or development of improved rhizobial strains appears imperative to derive maximum benefit from important multipurpose trees. Determination of cultural and biochemical characteristics and resistance / susceptibility to common antibiotics are among the important prerequisites for starting any improvement program. With this in mind, we studied rhizobial isolates of two arid zone tree species, P. cineraria and A. lebbeck.

1650 Pancholy, A. (1993) Azide resistance in arid zone tree legume rhizobia. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports. 11: 14-15

Induced resistance to azide in rhizobia been found to confer higher N-fixing ability in symbiosis with the associated host. Therefore natural genetic variability with regard to this character was studied

in native rhizobial isolates of three desert woody legumes, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia tortilis and Albizzia lebbek.

1651 Pancholy, A. (1995) Auxotrophic mutants isolation from rhizobia of Prosopis cineraria. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 63-64

Rhizobial strain PC-3 of P. cineraria used in the present study was sensitive to ampicillin (30 μg ml-1 ) and resistant to trimethoprim (350 μg ml-1 ) with a mean generation time of 3.6 h. Seven auxotrophic mutants requiring adenine, valine, tryptophan, histidine and arginine were isolated following EMS-mutagenesis. It was found that the concentration of Nutrient Broth (0.6%, v/v) in the partially supplemented MM was a crucial factor in isolation of auxotrophic mutants.

1652 Pancholy, A. (1996)

Symbiotic efficiency of azide resistant mutants of Prosopis cineraria rhizobia. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 335-338

Seven rhizobial mutants, with enhanced resistance to sodium azide (25 μg ml-1 ) have been isolated following ultraviolet-irradiation of the native rhizobial strain, PC-1 (azide resistance 5 μg ml-1 ) of P. cineraria. Five out of the seven isolated mutants (azi-1, azi-2, azi-4, azi-6 and azi-7) showed significant increase in per cent shoot nitrogen (33-45%) and plant dry weight (14-40%) over the parent strain, PC-1. However, two isolated mutants, azi-3 and azi-5 did not show any improvement in nitrogen-fixing efficiency, in terms of per cent shoot N and plant dry weight possibly due to high reversion frequencies. It can be inferred that increased rhizobial resistance to azide and effectiveness are associated with each other in legume-Rhizobium symbiosis system.

1653 Pancholy, A., Jindal, S.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1993) Effect of gamma-radiation on germination and seedling growth of certain arid zone trees. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 203-204

Most of the parameters studied at early seedling stage in three arid tree species were unaffected by the gamma ray doses used for irradiating the seeds. Probably higher doses are required to produce significant variations in the unaffected parameters.

1654 Pancholy, A., Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1989) Interspecific variation in leaf phenolics of six Prosopis species. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 299-303

Phenolics in leaf extracts of six Prosopis species viz. P. juliflora, P. tamarugo, P. chilensis, P. alba, P. siliquestrum and P. cineraria were studied using two dimensional thin layer chromatography. Each species had a characteristic phenolic pattern. Maximum number of phenolic spots (16) was recorded in P. chilensis and P. siliquestrum and minimum number (9) was observed in P. cineraria. In total, there were 37 spots in all the species. The degree of similarity as indicated by number of common spots among different species was in close agreement with their classification based on morphological criteria and geographical distribution.

1655 Parihar, D.R. (1980)

Termite problem in desert plantations. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 329-334

The information about the host plants, nature of damage, predators and control of the desert termites had been described. 0.02% Endrin was found to be better followed by 0.03% aldrin for the control of termite infestation of D. sissoo plantation.

1656 Parihar, D.R. (1981)

Some observations on distribution and pest status of termites attacking forestry plantations in the Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 4: 22-25

Out of 28 species reported here, only 9 were observed as pest of forestry plantations in western Rajasthan. The distribution and extent of damage caused by them have been assessed. Microtermes mycophagus and M. obesi are widely distributed in western Rajasthan and they have the highest host preference, whereas Odontotermes brunneus, O. latiguloides, O. kushwahai and Amitermes belli are less widely distributed here and having the least host preference. Psammotermes rajasthanicus is restricted only to extreme arid tract of Rajasthan where it attacks the indigenous plantations.

1657 Parihar, D.R. (1981) Termites affecting Eucalyptus plantations and their control in the arid region of India. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. 92: 106-111

Two subterranean termites, Odontotermes gurdaspurensis and O. obesus are the culprit species in the Indian desert which are responsible for damaging the plantations. Both seedlings and trees of 13 species were attacked. The infestation was higher from August to February and was lower from March to July 0.25% of aldrin EC ½

litre per seedling and 10 g of aldrin dust per tree can protect the Eucalyptus effectively for at least two years in the arid region of India.

1658 Parihar, D.R. (1993) Insect fauna of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) MacBride of arid zone of India. Indian Journal of Forestry 16: 132-137

In all 48 insects on P. cineraria have been collected and identified. Most of these were first time collected and were new records on the tree. Three types of gall making insects were evaluated. Bruchids were main pests of seeds and pods. Xylophagus insects were observed attacking living as well as dead wood of trees. Insects both as casual visitors to flowers and also prominent pollinators have been identified.

1659 Parihar, D.R. (1994) Galls and gall-makers in khejri (Prosopis cineraria Linn. Druce) of arid zone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 313-317

In P. cineraria trees, four types of galls, showing variability in structure, size and weight, were identified. 25 to 45.4% galls showed the presence of gall makers (insects/mites). Population of these gall makers increased with vegetative growth of trees. Infested galls were maintained in laboratory cages and the emerged adults were identified as a mite, Eriophyes prosopidis (Acarina) and six insects, Contarinia prosopidis (Diptera). Pediobopsis sp. (Hymenoptera) and four Lepidopterans, Assura albicostalis, Anarsia triaenota, Eucosma lioplintha and Ascalenia sp.

1660 Parihar, D.R. (1997)

Field evaluation of natural resistance of timber and fuel wood against termite attack. Annals of Arid Zone. 36 : 61-64

Wood of 14 timber and fuel wood tree/shrub species was found to be non-resistant to termite attack. Maximum damage was observed in Leucaena leucocephala (74.6 % wt. loss) and minimum in Dalbergia sissoo (15.0 % wt. loss). Resistant class of tested materials was also worked out.

1661 Parihar, D.R. and Satya Vir. (1993) Pollinating insects of Prosopis cineraria Macbride. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 267-268

The most dominant species was Apis florea Fabricius which comprised 11.5% population. Details of the insects, their feeding

habits and percentage presence per 50 sweeps has been discussed in the paper.

1662 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1996) Some observations on the insect pests and flower visitors of Tecomella undulata (SM) seem in the arid and semi-arid regions. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 12: 134-141

More than twenty insect species were found imparting varying degree of injury to the seedlings and grown up plants of T. undulata. Termites and white grubs were the major pests of seedlings while the trees were affected mainly by the termites, shoot borer, wood borer and leaf skeletonizer. Among the flower visitors the more important ones were the insects like Apis florea, Halictus sp. Componotus sp. Xylocopa sp. and birds like Leptocoma asiatica and Molpastes cafer.

1663 Prakash, B.S.V. and Sen, D.N. (1987) Floral variations and seed viability in Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. in Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 281-286

T. undulata (Sm.) seem (bignoniaceae), a common tree in the desert region produces yellow, orange-red and red coloured flowers. Only the seeds formed from yellow flowers are viable. The trees with yellow flowers are dominant and have been considered as most advanced and appear to be more suitable for arid environment.

1664 Raina, A.K. (1982) Vermiculite-influenced seed germination seedling growth and root formation. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 181-186

The study revealed a marked influence of vermiculite, when added to the seed beds and rooting medium on the rate of seed germination, radicle length, the growth and development of root and shoot system in Parthenium argentatum, Simmondsia chinensis and Prosopis cineraria. Effect on germination percentage was non-significant. In medium with 1:2 combination of vermiculite and sand-clay-manure mixture a well branched extensive root system developed. The better performance of seedlings on the media is explained by the combined action of manure mixture which helped promote shoot growth, while the vermiculite provided better aeration, moisture and drainage to the rooting medium.

1665 Ramawat, K.G. and Nandwani, D. (1991) Propagation of Prosopis species : Problem preseverance and perspectives. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 247-258

Prosopis species are predominant components of arid-land vegetation but they are degenerated as biotic pressure has caused large scale deforestation. Plant tissue culture has been proved successful in regeneration of a large number of tree species. However, Prosopis species are recalcitrant to regenerate and efforts made by various workers to regenerate and propagate Prosopis are discussed in the light of achievements made in the laboratory.

1666 Rao, A.V. and Giller, K.E. (1994) Assessment of nitrogen fixation in tree legumes using isotope dilution technique. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 42: 378-381

Nitrogen fixing capacity of Leucaena diversifolia and Sesbania sesban was estimated using isotope dilution technique. Inoculation with different strains of Rhizobium had improved the growth and nitrogen accumulation and the improvement varied from one strain to another in both the species. The nitrogen fixation represented 31-54% of the plant nitrogen. Reference plants obtained relatively more amount of nitrogen from fertiliser and soil as compared with the inoculated plants. The plant nitrogen derived from fertiliser and soil varied from 7 to 9% and 38 to 48%, respectively with L. diversifolia while Ndfs for S. sesban per cent was as high as 56 to 59%. Nitrogen fixation is better in L. diversifolia as compared to S. sesban.

1667 Sachan, J.N. and Pal, S.K. (1973)

Some observations on the gall formation in Prosopis cineraria. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 103-104

All the stages of plants have galls and gall formation is due to feeding by insect (Eurytoma sp.). Galls hamper the growth of the tree. Annual lopping reduces the extent of gall formation in the new branches.

1668 Satyanarayan, Y. Treelands or grasslands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 84: 549-553

Describes the chief problems in the reclamation of desert and suggests that attempts to establish treelands under the existing environmental conditions should be tried out with caution. Recommends establishment of grasslands with indigenous grass species which being pioneer vegetation would pave. The way for an ecological succession of other species, professing towards climax. As without trees no permanent reclamation is possible and, therefore, hardly, drought resistant trees should be established either

simultaneously with reseeding or after the stabilisation of the dunes.

1669 Satya Vir. (1996 ) Bruchid infestation of leguminous trees in the Thar desert. Tropical Science. 36: 11-13

Field bruchids attacking fruit of the leguminous trees Prosopis cineraria, P. juliflora, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal and Albizia lebbek in different regions of the Thar desert are reported. No damaged seed from any species germinated.

1670 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1994) Fruit infestation of Acacia tortilis (Forsk) hyne by Bruchidius andrewesi Pic. (Coleoptera : bruchidae) in the Thar desert. Forest Ecology and Management. 70: 349-352

Bruchidius andrewesi Pic. has been recorded as a serious pest of pods and seeds of A. tortilis in the Thar desert of India. Pest infestation on developing pods and its relationship with morphological traits is reported. Pod infestation varied from 5 to 19% with 5-29% infestation of seeds. Infestation of pods is directly related to infestation of seed (r = 0.72**), and both pod and seed infestation are also directly correlated with loss in seed biomass (r = 0.79** and r = 0.88**). The infestation of pods starts in November and increases steady until harvest. Seeds kept in the laboratory for further studies were found to be 100% infested with B. andrewesi, as the insect multiplied faster under these conditions. The heavy infestation is damaging not only to A. tortilis but also to other leguminous trees of the desert. B. andrewesi has also been found on pods and seeds of Prosopis cineraria, an important indigenous tree of the region.

1671 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1996) Field infestation of Caryedon serratus olivier (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) on the pods and seeds of Acacia nilotica in the Thar desert of India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 9: 189-193

Caryedon serratus Olivier has been recorded as a serious pest on pods and seeds of Acacia nilotica in the Thar desert of India. Pest infestation on developing pods and its relationship with morphological traits is reported. Bruchid infestation was recorded in April and the insect continued to multiply in the field as the pods remained on the tree when ripe. Infestation of pods varied from 10 to 30% with 1.2 to 1.8% infestation of seeds. Insect infestation resulted in a loss of 22.51% in seed weight and 1.18% loss in seed

biomass of the tree. Infestation of pods was directly related to infestation of seed (r = 0.81**). Infestation of seed was directly correlated with loss in seed weight (r = O.83**) and loss in seed biomass from the tree (r = 0.76*). The insect remained in the field during the hottest months of May and June and was also reported to infest pods and seeds of Prosopis cineraria and P. juliflora. These trees thus act as the secondary host, for population build-up of C. serratus, from where it spreads to its primary host, the groundnut, Arachis hypogea, which is becoming a common crop of this region with the introduction of the Indira Gandhi Canal in the Thar desert.

1672 Satya Vir and Verma, S.K. (1996 ) Insect pests of agroforestry leguminous trees in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 349-359

This paper attempts to document the recorded arthropod pest species associated with leguminous agroforestry trees in India. The list also covers casual feeders. The compilation, from various sources including published and unpublished reports, notes, and our surveys etc., will be of immense help to ascertain about future new records.

1673 Satya Vir, Parihar, D.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1994) Studies on Bruchus bilineatopygus pic (Bruchidae) infestation on pod/ seeds of Albizia lebbek (L.) benth in the Thar desert of India. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 78-81

B. bilineatopygus Pic -a pest earlier recorded on Acacia senegal was found to be a serious pest of Albizia lebbek in the Thar Desert of India. Time of infestation, quantitative losses and effect of insect damage on seed germination is reported in this paper. Bruchid infestation was recorded in October and the insect continued to multiply in field as the pods remain on tree when ripe. Infestation of pods varied from 54-92% with the infestation of 28-87% of seeds. This infestation resulted a loss of 22.61% in seed weight (r = 0.86*) and loss in seed biomass (r = 0.80**). Loss in seed weight is also positively correlated with loss in seed biomass of tree (r = 0.61*). The germination potential of healthy seeds was 72% whereas the damaged seed did not germinate at all.

1674 Satya Vir, Verma, S.K. and Jindal, S.K. (1994) Relative appearance of important insect pests on select genotypes of Tecomella undulata (SM.) seem at Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 161-163

Slight increase in the appearance of the stem borer infestation was observed except a marginal decline of 0.4% in TU-109 accession of

rohida (T. undulata). No genotype showed any appreciable promise against the grubs of the leaf skeletonizer weevil, (Ptialus tecomella).

1675 Saxena, A. and Sharma, A.K. (1996) Allelopathic potential of Acacia tortilis in agroforestry systems of arid regions. Allelopathy Journal. 3: 81-84

The aqueous extracts of roots, fresh leaves, inflorescence of A. tortilis and soil (collected beneath the A. tortilis trees) were tested against the germination and early seedling growth of pearl millet. All the extracts significantly reduced the seed germination, root and shoot length of pearl millet. The inhibiting capacity of extracts followed the order: root > shoot > inflorescence.

1676 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Nanda, P.C. (1962-63) Cyto-taxonomy of Tecomella undulta seem. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 174-175

Two distinct variants of the species T. undulta have been commonly observed in western Rajasthan, one bearing pure yellow flowers and the other only orange-red flowers which are larger in size. Very often , trees bearing either orange-red or yellow flowers occurred side by side. Cytological studies show that the haploid chromosome number is eleven in both the variants.

1677 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Suresh Kumar. (1986) Aerial seeding of sand dunes i. Trends in seed germination and seedling distribution. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 2: 3-20

Coalesced parabolic and transverse dunes, the source of wind-borne sand silting the Indira Gandhi Canal, were revegetated through aerial seeding. A mixture of seeds of four multipurpose trees i.e., Acacia tortilis, Colophospermum mopane, Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus rotundifolia along with one shrub, Dichorstachys nutans, one creeper, Citrullus colocynthis and one palatable grass, Lasiurus sindicus were broadcast from aircraft in the pre-monsoon and monsoon season in two experimental plots near Bikaner. Before sowing, bare dune crests were mulched and hard interdunal pans were ploughed. Seedling count revealed higher seed germination in monsoon as compared to that in the pre-monsoon sowing; uniform broadcast of seeds from the aircraft and more number of seedlings over mulched crests, leeward slope and ploughed interdunes. This clearly shows that these are the most hospitable habitats for revegtation through aerial seeding.

1678 Sharma, B.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989) Effect of trees cover on soil fertility in western Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 115: 348-354.

Investigations were carried on changes in soil fertility status under six different trees vegetation covers over barren sand dunes. The overall fertility improved under trees cover in comparison to barren sand dunes. Organic carbon increased from 0.03 to 0.47% and total N from 0.007 to 0.043% under P. cineraria cover whereas, available P2O5 increased form 14.95 to 33.68 kg ha-1 under the same cover. Among all the six tree species tried viz. P. juliflora, A. tortilis, A. senegal and Capparis decidua the minimum improvement was observed under P. juliflora cover.

1679 Sharma, B.D., Bawa, A.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1990) Physico-chemical changes in soil as influenced by natural tree and grass covers in arid rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 15-18

Studies were undertaken to ascertain changes as influenced by vegetation cover i.e. trees and grass over bare dune soil. Marked changes were observed in soil chemical pattern under vegetation cover in comparison to adjacent bare dune as organic carbon increased from 0.03% in bare dune soil to 0.4% under tree cover and 0.15% under grass cover, total N increased from 0.007% on bare soil to 0.04% under tree and 0.01% under grass, available P increased from 7.5 kg ha-1 on bare dune soil to 17.0 kg ha-1 under tree and 9.0 kg ha-1 under grass cover and available K revealed similar pattern. Nutrient level under tree cover decreased with increase in soil depth while under grass cover nutrient decreased marginally up to 30 cm depth without further change with depth. Physical characteristics also improved marginally under tree and grass cover.

1680 Sharma, B.K., Dhir, R.P. and Dutta, B.K. (1984) Mineral nutrient elements in natural vegetation of arid Rajasthan. II. Microelements. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 235-241

Microelements composition of natural vegetation in the arid Rajasthan was studied. Results showed considerable variation within and between species. The iron content in trees was 209 to 532 ppm and Ailanthes excelsa showed the highest value. Shrubs and grasses had generally low concentration of this element. Manganese content ranged from 35 to 60 ppm in trees and 20.1 to 57.5 ppm in shrubs but Leptadenia pyrotechnica showed exceptionally high concentration (80 ppm). Grasses with a range of 44.9 to 99.2 ppm appeared relatively rich in manganese content. Similar was the picture in respect of zinc and copper. Judging from the available standards, natural vegetation appears to have more than adequate concentration of these elements to meet animal needs. Only zinc concentration in some trees and shrubs appeared to be marginal.

1681 Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N., Tewari, J.C. and Bohra, M.D. (1993) Variability and changes in genetic parameters for plant height in Prosopis pallida (Humboldt and barplant ex. Willdenow) h b k. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 273-275

Significant differences among the six accessions in respect of plant height over nine years except the five year were observed which shows that selection could not be practised at juvenile stage.

1682 Sharma, N.K., Burman, U., Tewari, J.C., Bohra, M.D. and Harsh, L.N. (1994) Variability studies in pod and seed characteristics of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) Dc. Indian Journal of Forestry. 17: 161-165

Prosopis juliflora germplasm in reference to pod and seed traits was collected from Rajasthan (November 1992) and Gujarat (January 1993). The existence of enormous variability with respect to pod weight, number of seeds pod-1 and pulp weight pod-1 particularly from the collection made from Rajasthan, which lead to identification of certain plus trees. Maximum intensity of correlation among all the characters was found between pod weight and pulp weight pod-1 (0.9619) in Rajasthan collection.

1683 Shri Kant and Narayana, H.S. (1978) Effect of water stress on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Casuarina equisetifolia. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 216-221

The shoot and root lengths, the shoot and root weights, nodule size and number, nodule weight, and the amount of nitrogen fixed decreased with the increase in water stress. There was no degeneration of nodules and cessation of nitrogen fixation when the soil moisture was raised to the field capacity once in 72 hours. The reduction in the number of nodules in various degrees of water stress might have been brought about through inhibition by water stress.

1684 Singh, K., Singh, V. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1988) Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and cations uptake by Acacia nilotica. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 839-42

A. nilotica failed to grow at ECe of 32.5 dS m-1 and ESP of 61.4. Compared to control. It showed about 23, 24, 33 and 37% reduction at ECe 16.3 dS m-1 and 61, 48, 92 and 94% reduction at ESP 30.6, in height, girth, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. Fifty per cent reduction in dry weight takes place at ECe around 20 dS m-1

and ESP 15. Uptake of sodium increased with ECe/ESP but rate of uptake was more in sodic as compared to saline condition.

1685 Singh, M., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1991) Parent juvenile progeny relationship in Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce. Myforest. 27: 39-44

Eighteen trees of P. cineraria from natural stands in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat and sixty trees from even aged stand at single location were studied for their morphological traits and seed characteristics. The progenies of these plants were evaluated in nursery for their growth height and other characters. Variation in natural stands was relatively more than that in even aged stands implying that differences in age and location contribute to natural variation. There was no association of morphological traits of parent with the growth height, root length, etc. of their juvenile progenies. 100-seed weight, however, had positive association with progeny height in nursery. Thus it may be inappropriate to select or reject progenies on the basis of their juvenile height.

1686 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L., Jindal, S.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1993) Variation in morphological and seed related traits of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce in natural stands. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 140

Variability was maximum for canopy diameter and minimum for 100-seed weight. Trees with spreading dome shaped crown as well as trees with erect and compact crown were observed.

1687 Singh, M.P. and Harsh, L.N. (1996)

Denticera divisella Duponchel (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) infesting Euphorbia antisyphilitica in the arid zone. Entomonograph. 21: 263-264

Denticera divisella Duponchel (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) infesting Euphorbia Antisyphilitica in the arid zone has been reported in this paper.

1688 Singh, M.P., Satya Vir and Parihar, D.R. (1989)

A note on the coleopeterous pests of forest plants in the Indian desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 12: 330-331

The more common coleopterous pests associated with nurseries, transplanted and established forest plants have been described, along with the seed feeders.

1689 Singh, R.S., Tewari, J.C. and Sharma, S.K. (1993)

Effect of seed treatment on germination and growth behaviour of Grewia tenax Forsk. under nursery conditions. My Forest. 29: 151-154

Grewia tenax Forsk. is a very important shrub of arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Though the dispersed seeds of the species germinate irregularly throughout the year in its natural habitat, however, the seedling germination under nursery conditions is very problematic. Various seed treatment to enhance germination of the species under nursery conditions are described. Though, the chemically treated and water soaked seeds exhibited superiority over control but in no case germination could exceed 60%. Seeds treated with 50%, H2SO4 solution exhibited maximum germination percentage in a span of 65 days and more over, biomass production was also found to be best in the seedlings obtained from H2SO4, treated seeds.

1690 Singh, S.P., Tewari, J.C., Yadav, S. and Ralhan, P.K. (1986)

Population structure of tree species in forests as an indicator of regeneration and future stability. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 96: 443-455

The size class distribution in tree populations will continue to be used for analysing the regeneration of tree species and successional patterns in forest communities at extensive levels. However, information regarding the approximate estimates of lifetime expectancy (residence time) for each of the size classes, viz., seedlings, saplings and trees and the estimates of rate of net gain for them (population divided by residence time) can considerably enhance our understanding of the regeneration trends of species. It is shown that several population structures, based on size class distribution may indicate declining population trend, although the population, as indicated by rate of net gain parameter, in fact may foretell future expansion or stability. It appears that high species richness and high percentages of species with poor regeneration are interrelated with each other.

1691 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1984) Propagation in Prosopis cineraria (L) MacBride by air layering. Current Science. 53: 1166-67

The present study is, however, useful in demonstrating the scope of air layering for the clonal propagation in P. cineraria.

1692 Solanki, K.R., Jindal, S.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1985)

Phenotypic variation in pod and seed size in Kumat in natural stands. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 30-32

Exploratory survey was undertaken and seeds of 52 individual trees of kumat (Acacia senegal) were collected from the western Rajasthan during November-December 1984. Analysis of pod characters-pod length, pod breadth, seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight revealed enough variability for these characters. Trees with highest values No. 387 for pod length, No. 363 for seeds pod-1 and No. 372 for seed weight. To have high dividends for these characters, exploration of Barmer provenance is emphasised.

1693 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1986) Air layering in Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride. Indian Forester. 112: 202-207

In Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride technique on air layering was developed successfully at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. Cent per cent success was achieved in the twigs at 15 mm diameter treated with seradix B 3 and covered with clay during the month of July and August. Profuse rooting, and better establishment was observed in twigs or around 15 mm diameter. For best results, attempting air layering in July, detaching from mother tree in September and transplanting in field in the month November would be useful under arid conditions.

1694 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1987) Performance of Acacia tortilis progenies in western Rajasthan. My Forest. 23: 65-69

Progenies of twelve plus trees selected on the basis of morphological characters were evaluated in progeny trial. Trial of nursery raised plants were laid out in July in RBD replicated three times and spaced 3 meters apart accommodating 14 plants in each replication. The trial was raised as rainfed. Data at the age of 2.5 year were recorded for tree height, DBH, basal diameter. Volumes were estimated. Based on the performance twenty trees were selected. Genetic grain was observed in all these tree. Tree AT 85-11-11-9 appeared to be the best as it has of shown almost 100% increase for all the characters. Implications of the selection in solving fuelwood problems have discussed.

1695 Solanki, K.R., Singh, M., Jindal, S.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1992)

Annual changes in components of variance of height in Acacia tortilis over five year growth period. Journal of Tree Science. 11: 21-24

Twelve half-sib plant progenies of A. tortilis were planted at two locations viz., Jodhpur and Pali during 1983. Data on height were recorded from 1983-1987. Relative proportions of components of variance were calculated from both locations. Fluctuations in variance components particularly up to second year of growth were observed. Location and experimental error components were the dominant sources of variation. Components tended to stabilise from third year on wards suggesting that three year may be the earliest age for starting effective selection between and within families for tree height in A. tortilis.

1696 Solanki, K.R., Muthana, K.D., Paroda, R.S. and Kackar, N.L. (1984) Performance of the elite trees of Prosopis cineraria in comparison to Acacia tortilis in western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 2: 111-113

Trees evaluated through progeny testing and identified as elite trees have been evaluated against A. tortilis, a very fast growing tree species, and their performance is reported in this communication. A study on the performance of quick growing P. cineraria trees grown during 1978 was carried out at the Research Farm, CAZRI, Jodhpur. The growth height was compared with Acacia tortilis trees of the same age grown side by side.

1697 Sundararaj, R., Murugesan, S. and Mishra, R.N. (1996) Field evaluation of neem seed oil against the babul whitefly Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (singh) (Aleyrodidae : Homoptera) on Acacia senegal seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 369-372

An experiment was conducted to study the bioefficacy of neem seed oil alone and in combination with two conventional insecticides viz., monocrotophos and endosulfan against the babul whitefly A. rachipora on A. senegal seedlings. Neem seed oil at 0.5% is good enough to control this pest and its combination with either 0.1% monocrotophos or endosulfan did not show any superiority than neem seed oil alone to A. rachipora.

1698 Suresh Kumar and Shankaranarayan, K.A. (1988) Aerial seeding on sand dunes : seedling survival and growth. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 4: 124-134

Seedling population of Acacia tortilis, Lasiurus sindicus, Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus rotundifolia, Dichrostachys nutans and

Colophospermum mopane were monitored for over two years (three monsoon seasons) in aerially seeded plots at Sardarpura (300 ha) and Motigarh (400 ha) on Bikaner Anupgarh Road. Season induced mortality in varying degrees was noticed in all species on different dune strata. Seedling population after initial major decline for two years tended to stabilise in case of C. colocynthis, A. tortilis and P. cineraria, L. sindicus population consistently increased over this period. L. sindicus, Citrullus colocynthis, P. cineraria and A. tortilis were successful in surviving the harsh and inhospitable arid environment. Seedling survival and growth in these species was best on dune crests and leeward slope, which are also most susceptible to wind erosion. The attempt to provide plant cover to these bare crests and leeward slope for minimising wind borne transport of sand causing siltation of Indira Gandhi Canal has, therefore, been successful.

1699 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1992) Decomposition of tree leaves in arid soils at different moisture levels. Journal of Tree Science. 11: 140-143

Effects of added organic matter in the form of tree leaves under different moisture on CO2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity was studied. It was observed that rate of CO2 evolution was maximum at 3 days and about 58 to 63% CO2 was evolved within first week of incorporation under different moisture levels. The maximum CO2 evolution and dehydrogenase (microbial) activity was observed under 50% and 50-75% WHC, respectively. Leaves of Prosopis juliflora and Albizia lebbeck were found to be best for microbial build up in arid soil whereas Acacia nilotica leaves were unsuited for microbial growth. The results suggested that farmers can incorporate selected tree leaves to build organic matter status in these soils.

1700 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Patwal, D.S. (1990) On forestry research in arid zone. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 6: 187-194

The arid regions of India cover 3,17,909 sq km and spread over seven States, mostly in north Western part of the country. In entire arid region, the natural vegetation form chief source of fuel besides contributing to requirements of small timber and fencing material. Therefore, forestry is a very important aspect as far as development of arid regions is concerned. The present report briefly summarises the different type of forestry researches viz. nursery techniques, planting techniques, shelterbelt plantation, silvical studies etc. being carried out especially in arid part of western Rajasthan.

1701 Tewari, J.C., Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N. and Felker, P. (1997)

Early growth performance of Latin American Prosopis species in Indian arid tract. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 10: 111-114

Six exotic Prosopis species, mainly of Latin American origin (i.e. P. nigra, P. flexuosa, P. chilensis, P. alba, P. hybrid and P. sp. peruvian) were studied for their early growth performance. Moreover, these exotics are simultaneously compared with P. juliflora for early growth behaviour. P. sp. peruvian and P. alba have shown best over all growth performance. In general, P. juliflora could not attain better overall growth than these exotics. The high degree of adaptability and appreciable early growth performance of Prosopis species (Peruvian) and P. alba make them a very suitable candidate for arid zone plantation forestry activities.

1702 Toky, O.P. and Srinivasu, V. (1995) Response of sodium bicarbonate sodicity on survival, seedling growth and plant nutrients of four multipurpose arid trees. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 115-120

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del., Albizzia lebbek, Pithecellobium dulce and Prosopis juliflora, were grown in sodic soils of 20 to 100 ESP. Seedlings did not survive above 45 ESP in P. dulce, 60 ESP in A. nilotica and A. lebbek, and 80 ESP in P. juliflora. Seedlings did not survive above 45 ESP in P. juliflora. In 5 month-old plants, plant height, biomass production and leaf area decreased, while leaf thickness increased with rising level of sodicity. Plant nutrient concentration varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the species and sodicity levels. N, P, K, Ca and Mg decreased and Na concentration increased with increase in ESP. Maximum reduction in Ca and P concentrations was observed in the leaves of P. juliflora and A. nilotica, and in roots and stems of the remaining two species. The results are useful for afforestation and management of sodic soils.

1703 Verma, S.K. (1985) The leaf beetle, Clytria succincta on Prosopis cineraria. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 33: 123-124

Leaf beetle, Clytria succincta Lacor. is reported to defoliate established trees of Prosopis cineraria.

1704 Verma, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1995) Field insect pests of rohida (Tecomella undulata) in arid zones of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 51-55

Insects associated with T. undulata in arid zones of Rajasthan have been listed and briefly discussed. Patialus tecomella (Cioniindae, Curculionidae: Coleoptera) and Stegmatophora sp. (Cosmopterygide: Lepidoptera) are the key pests on established trees, whereas Nadiasa siva (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera), Odontotennes obesus (Termitidae: Isoptera) and Holotrichia consanguinea Bl. (Melolonthidae: Coleoptera) are the key pests in nursery. Exorista sp. (Tachinidae: Diptera) is the major regulatory factor determining incidence and damage by Patialus tecomella.

1705 Vyas, N.L. (1993)

Leaf spot disease of mopane in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 139

Older leaves bear scattered leisons with yellow circular boundary, spots coalesce to form bigger coffee coloured spots and finally the whole leaf becomes dry and drops from the plant. The disease is caused by a Cercospora canescens.

1706 Wadhwani, B.B. (1953) Prosopis spicigera (Linn.) Indian Forester. 79: 432-435

Some silvicultural aspects of P. spicigera (Linn.) as also some easy and cheap methods of seed collection, afforestation with this species in Sind (now in Pakistan) are dealt with.

Plant of Economic Importance 1707 Amalraj, V.A. (1984)

Floral biology of Datura innoxia mill. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 26-29

Studies conducted on the floral biology of D. innoxia indicate that self pollination is encouraged. Anthesis occurred between 6.45 A.M. and 7.15 A.M. Anthers dehisced when the flower was closed, 12 to 14 hours before anthesis. Receptivity of stigma was maximum on the day previous to anthesis. Fruit drop was nil.

1708 Amalraj, V.A. (1985)

Observations on flowering and fruiting in Balanites roxburghii Pl. Indian Forester. 3: 619-621

Although flowering is twice in a year, fruits generally are available only once annually during winter. Irregular bearing is observed in some trees. Heredity and vigour are perhaps the factors affecting the bearing. Fruits borne on older and thicker branches usually attain maturity, while premature fruit drop occurs on comparatively

younger and thinner branches. Heavy fruit drop has been observed. Both fruit pulp and seed are often infected by two different moth pests.

1709 Amalraj, V.A. (1985)

Studies on imbibition. Germination and seedling growth in Balanites roxburughii Pl. Journal of Plant Morphology. 2: 73-78

Imbibition increased with duration of time and maximum per cent was obtained with mechanical scarification. While experimental study showed that as in nature, stratification treatment gave maximum per cent germination and seedling survivability. Initial growth rate of seedling was also recorded.

1710 Amalraj, V.A. (1986) Regeneration studies in Balanites roxburghii Pl. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 4: 346-150

The studies in the regenerative potential of B. roxburghii Pl. showed that it has high regenerative power and is a good coppicer as its cut stems profusely coppice. Its root when exposed or injured produce aerial shoots developing into daughter plants.

1711 Amalraj, V.A. and Khan, H.A. (1989)

Trial cultivation of Cassia senna L. var. Senna brenum under arid conditions at Jodhpur. Transaction of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 14: 161-164

Its performance was studied by growing the plant under arid conditions at Jodhpur. The optimum sowing depth of 1 cm and plant to plant spacing of 30 cm resulted in taller plants and higher yield. The sennoside content in the dry leaves varied from 3.0 to 4.8% which is more than the desirable.

1712 Amalraj, V.A., Ramakrishna, G.V.S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1985) Foliage biomass-stem diameter relationship in Balanites roxburghii Pl. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 361-364

Foliage biomass - stem diameter relationship in Balanites roxburghii was established. Parabolic equation exhibited highest correlation (r-0.9897) closely followed by the linear one (r=0.9835). Based on least standard error of the regression estimate, the parabolic equation was selected.

1713 Arora, S.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1981)

Genetic association of quantitative traits in aak, Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 259-264

Twenty plant progenies of C. procera, collected from different parts of w. Rajasthan were grown at Jodhpur during 1977. Correlation and path coefficient analysis were made to determine direct and indirect effects of different characters towards the stem fibre yield, an important economic character. All the characters studied were positively and significantly correlated with fibre yield. On the basis of path coefficient analysis, two characters, viz. internodal length and dry weight were considered to be relatively more important components for selection for fibre yield as they are affecting the yield directly.

1714 Bhandari, M.M. (1954) On the occurrence of Ephedra in the Indian desert. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 52: 10-13

The author gives a brief note on the occurrence of Ephedra foliata in many diverse habitats in different parts of the Indian desert. Reasons have been enumerated for the incorrect identification of climbing species of Calligonum polygonoides by Blatter and Hallberg which most probably were the E. foliata plants.

1715 Bishnoi, S. and Gautam, D.D. (1991) The reproductive capacity and nutritive value of Calligonum polygonoides Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 139-144

Calligonum polygonoides Linn. is mono-embroyonic and endospermic having epigeal germination. Natural plant populations have three categories of seeds : large, medium and small. The optimum temperature for seed germination in petri dishes was 20 ± 2° C. The average percentage germination was 68.0 ± 5.35. The average seed output was very high (38177 ± 15469) and varied with the size of the plant. The reproductive capacity was 25960 as the seed or fruits were damaged by the insects even before ripening and shedding. The endosperm of the seed contained starch (37.25%) and crude protein (12.9%).

1716 Bohra, M.D., Harsh, L.N. and Lodha, S. (1996) Solar heating for controlling pathogens of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in nursery soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 66: 679-83

Efficacy of solar heating was tested for controlling root-rot of jojoba seedlings nursery soils under hot arid climate. Transparent polyethylene mulching during May increased the soil temperatures

by 10 and 7°C at 5 cm depth in dry and wet soils respectively. It greatly reduced the populations of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. and Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., and completely eliminated the Cylindrocarpon lichenicola (C. Massal) Hawksw propagules within 15 days. The decrease of propagules at 20 cm depth was lower owing to lesser increase in soil temperature. The pathogen populations decreased greatly in the moistened non-solarized soil, indicating a possibility of partial disease control with single irrigation in hot summer days. Mortality due to root-rot also decreased significantly in the seedlings raised in solarized soil. Increased lytic bacterial density in relation to these pathogens in solarized soils was found associated with induced suppression.

1717 Chandrasekharan, I., Khan, H.A. and Ghanim, A. (1981) Flavonoids from Artemisia scoparia. Planta Medica. 43: 310

This is the first report of the natural occurrence of the flavonoids (Eupatolitin glycodides) in the genus Artemisia.

1718 Chandrasekharan, I., Amalraj, V.A., Khan, H.A. and Ghanim, A. (1983) An insecticide from Tephrosia villosa pers. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 8: 101-103

Chemical examination of the roots of Tephrosia villosa led to the isolation of rotenone, the most effective insecticide among rotenoids, and also 6a, 12a-dehydrorotenone and stigmasterol.

1719 Chandrasekharan, I., Amalraj, V.A., Khan, H.A. and

Ghanim, A. (1984) Scopolamine from Datura innoxia Mill. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 23-25

Seeds were obtained from IARI, New Delhi and raised at various locations. Cultivated plants afforded 0.126-0.309% of active principle which is twice the amount that is present in wild plants. Highest yield (0.31%) of scopolamine has been recorded in the leaves of Jodhpur grown plants which is around three times more than what is reported from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.

1720 Charan, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1985)

The distribution of Calligonum polygonoides L. in western Rajasthan, India - A phytogeographical appraisal. Journal of Arid Environments. 8: 121-131

The occurrence and distribution of the shrub Calligonum polygonoides L. and the vegetation associated with it is used as an index for the phytogeographical demarcation of the western Rajasthan desert of India into arid and semi-arid regions. The distribution of this species is presented according to districts based on pre- and post-monsoonal field observations made in recent years. Four types of vegetational associations of Calligonum were observed in the area. This shrub is more predominant in the districts of Jaisalmer and Bikaner than elsewhere. The region has five main refugia of relict forms. It is almost absent from Nagaur district. Analysis of the distribution of the shrub in western Rajasthan indicates that geographical isolation has played an important role for its occurrence.

1721 Chawan, D.D. and Sen, D.N. (1973) Diversity in germination behaviour and high temperature tolerance in the seeds of Corchorus aestuans Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 23-32

Seeds of five individual plant populations in C. aestuans failed to germinate because of an impermeable seed coat. The application of dry heat pre-treatment brought forth higher germination values. Seed collected from five different plant populations indicated diverse germination behaviour and high temperature tolerance.

1722 Gautam, D.D. and Bishnoi, S. (1990)

Allelopathic effects of some desert plants on seed germination and seedling growth of Calligonum polygonoides L. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 191-195

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Capparis decidua, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Aerva tomentosa, Crotolaria burhia and Lasiurus sindicus on seed germination and seedling growth of C. polygonoides was studied in laboratory conditions. Delayed and inhibitory effect on germination percentage and seedling growth was observed in C. polygonoides when treated with shoot and root extracts. The degree of inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. C. decidua extracts were more toxic and showed 100% inhibition in germination.

1723 Gehlot, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1996) Effect of different salts on seed germination of Haloxylon recurvum (Moq.) Bunge ex boiss., a halophyte of Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 61-64

The seeds of H. recurvum were subjected to germination in different salts. Highest percentage of germination from fresh and old seeds were in NaCl and CaCl2, respectively. The percentage of germination decreased linearly with increase in salt concentration. The vigour index and speed of germination from fresh and old seeds were highest in CaCl2 and MgSO4, respectively. The highest germination value and TΣ4 from fresh and old seeds were in NaCl and MgSO4, respectively. Fresh seeds exhibited higher values of percentage of germination, vigour index, speed of germination, germination value and TΣ4 as compared to old seeds. The fresh seeds showed rapid and progressive seed germination. The seeds of H. recurvum lost their viability with the storage.

1724 Gehlot, M.S. (1972)

Proliferation of flowers in some species of Tephrosia in the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 231-235

Proliferation and variation in flowers of Tephrosia purpurea, T. strigosa, T. Wallichii, T. uniflora and T. leptostachya occurring in Indian desert have been described in detail.

1725 Ghanim, A. Chandrasekharan, I. Amalraj, V.A. and Khan, H.A. (1984) Studies on diosgenin content in fruits of Balanites roxburghii. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 21-22

Diosgenin content in Balanites roxburghii fruits starts increasing as the fruits become mature (greenish yellow) and reaches a maximum when the fruits ripen. It tends to fall again when fresh flush of flowers appear on the tree in the month of April.

1726 Ghanim, A., Jayaraman, I., Khan, H.A. and Amalraj, V.A. (1980) Balanites roxburghii Pl. fruits as a source of diosgenin. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 42: 149-150

B. roxburghii is reported as an alternative source diosgenin as its fruits contain diosgenin in commercially acceptable quantity. Its seed kernel also gives a bland yellow oil 45%.

1727 Ghose, B., Pandey, S., Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal. (1967) Quantitative geomorphology of the drainage basins of the Central Luni Basin in western Rajasthan. Annals of Geomorphology. 11: 146-160

The paper deals with the dimensional analysis of 12 drainage basins selected randomly in the Central Luni Basin of arid Rajasthan.

1728 Gupta, A.K., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1986) Variability for cell wall constituents, crude protein and IVDMD in different cultivars of Leucaena leucocephala. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 277-282

In 19 lines of Leucaena leucocephala wide genetic variability was observed for quality traits. Genet-2, Genet-1, K-6 and Salvador FG 9 showed high protein with more digestibility. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were high for neutral detergent fibre and lignin. Broad sense heritabilities coupled with low genetic advance for crude protein and mimosine suggested hybridisation among diverse genotypes to have desirable segregants.

1729 Gupta, G.N., Prem Lal, Singh, N., Singh, B. and Bohra, N.K. (1994) Response of Ailanthus excelsa to N and P fertilisation on an arid sandy soil. Indian Forester. 120: 372-373

Nitrogen application @ 9 g N plant-1 improved the plant height by 24% when recorded after one year of plantation. Phosphorus application at the rate of 6 g P2O5 plant-1 improved the root length by 27% and root spread five folds after one year of plantation. Preplant application of 9 g N combined with 6 g P2O5 plant-1 was the best treatment which improved the height of two year old trees from 144 to 213 cm.

1730 Gupta, G.N., Singh, Neelu, Bohra, N.K. and Singh, B. (1995) Effect of fertiliser application on growth and biomass production Ailanthus excelsa on an arid land. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 121-125

N18P3 was the optimum level and increased tree height by 49%, 85% and 35% at one, two and three years of age; collar circumference by 56%, 101% and 11% and crown diameter by 47%, 63% and 58% respectively, at three ages. Increase in total biomass production due to this treatment was 181% at one year and 185% at two year of age. Magnitude of response was higher due to nitrogen application. Combined application of N and P had synergistic influence and enhanced the growth, leaf area and root growth of trees.

1731 Gupta, R. (1980)

Possibilities of commercial introduction of some drug and perfume bearing plants in arid and semi-arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 321-327

It is to emphasise here that commercial success of these suggested cash crops in the arid region would need regular studies in genetics and agronomic parameters of the crop with an object to identify varieties / eco-types more suitable for cultivation in arid conditions. This necessarily calls for setting up regular programme of collection and testing of germplasm for adaptability and agronomic studies besides basic work in genetic upgrading of stocks to suit their growing under rainfed and stored moisture conditions.

1732 Harsh, L.N. (1974) Effect of some growth regulants on the rooting in Tragus racemosus hook. F. Geobios. 1: 32-33

The present study was undertaken with a view to understand the effect of some growth regulants on the growth and development of roots of T. racemosus.

1733 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1974) Effect of certain rare earth elements on the regulation of stomatal movements in A. tenuifolius cav. Current Science. 43: 790-791

In the present study the effect of some rare earth elements on the regulation of stomatal movement A. tenuifolius has been studied. It appears that not only monovalent, divalent and trivalent but also rare earth elements can cause the opening of stomata.

1734 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1974)

Further observations of cation-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peelings of Asphodelus tenuifolius cav. and Allium cepa L. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 165: 216-219

Some observations on cation-stimulated opening in isolated epidermal peelings have been made. Water incubation of the peelings caused only turgidity of the guard cells. The incubation of peelings in SnCl2 and FeCl3 for a short duration caused the opening of stomata, with disappearance of starch in guard cells. The stomatal width achieved with monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations was nearly similar. It appeared that a quick stomatal opening was a consequence of these cations being actively accumulating in the guard cells.

1735 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1976) Spectral sensitivity and phytochrome action in seed germination of Tecoma stans juss. The Botanique. 7: 71-76

The present paper deals with germination requirements of light and the action of different spectral regions on seeds of T. stans. A period

of 24 hours exposure to white light appeared essential in dark-incubated seeds for an optimum germination percentage. Interactions of light and dark periods have some role in germination behaviour. Red and far-red were found to affect germination but this was different in light-incubated seeds. A typical phytochrome system appeared to be present.

1736 Harsh, M.L. and Nag, T.N. (1988) Flavonoids with antimicrobial activities of arid zone plants. Geobios. 15: 32-35

Flavonoids, quercetin and kaemferol, isolated from leaves and flowers of Citrullus colocynthis, Corchorus depressus, Fagonia cretica and Lycium barbarum were screened for their antimicrobial activity.

1737 Indrani, J., Ghanim, A. and Khan, H.A. (1980) A new prenylated flavanone from Tephrosia villosa. Phytochemistry. 19: 1267-1268

A new prenylated flavanone (7-methylglabranin) was isolated from the roots of T. villosa. Extraction, purification and structure elucidation are described in detail.

1738 Kackar, N.L., Joshi, S.P., Singh, M. and Solanki, K.R. (1993) In vitro regeneration of female plants of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider (Jojoba) using coppice shoots. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 175-177

Jojoba-plants are trained during cultivation in our country and the numerous coppice shoots produced during subsequent years are removed periodically. Nodal segments obtained from these coppice shoots of 10 year-old female plants were successfully used for in vitro regeneration. Nodal segments produced axillary shoots on Modified Murashige and Skoog medium within a month. These shoots were incubated in dark in a liquid medium for 72 h (for early root initiation on subsequent medium) and then transferred to rooting medium (MS-3) where root initiation could be observed within a week. More than 80% shoots rooted in a months period.

1739 Kaul, A. (1986) Haloxylon salicornicum - An arid land shrub : It's ecology and potential. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 31-43

H. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge, a succulent dwarf chenoped shrub, grows naturally in the extreme arid regions of the world. It is an

important forage shrub as it remains green and available to the livestock during the lean period (November-March) when the green pasturage is scarce. It is also used as a descaling agent for locomotive boilers as it contains high percentage of oxalic acid. Some new piperidine alkaloides have also been studied. These findings have been described and discussed in this paper. Gaps in the available information and future line of research have also been indicated.

1740 Kaul, A., Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1990)

Effect of salinity of the seed germination of Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge. Current Agriculture. 14: 57-60

Effect of five salts (NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3) in seven concentrations (8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 dS m-1 ) on the seed germination of H. salicornicum, a browse chenopod, revealed its facultative halophytic nature. The relative tolerance was in the order: Nacl >= Cacl2 > Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaHCO3. The threshold limits of electrical conductance were observed as 16 dS m-1 in case of NaCl and CaCl2 and 8 dS m-1 in Na2SO4 and MgSO4. The germination percentage was reduced by 50% at 8 dS m-1 in NaHCO3 solution.

1741 Kaul, A., Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1992) Vegetative propagation of Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 227-228

Cuttings of H. salicornicum need no hormonal induction for its rooting. Shoot cuttings of the length of around 10 cm are capable of sprouting even without hormonal treatment. The plant can be used for reclamation of saline and sandy wastes through plants raised from its stem cuttings which involves minimum expenditure.

1742 Khan, H.A. and Harsh, L.N. (1992) Physico-chemical characteristics of ethephon induced gum from Acacia senegal. Indian Drugs. 29: 507-508

In this paper, we report physico-chemical characteristics of ethephon induced gum which has been found to conform to Pharmacopoeia of India specifications for Indian gum.

1743 Khan, H.A. and Harsh, L.N. (1994) Quality of ethephon induced gum from Acacia senegal. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 85-86

The samples of ethephon induced gum from Acacia senegal was in the form of irregular, broken tears of varying size, cream brown in colour having brittle fractured surface. The samples were odourless and tasted bland and mucilaginous. Tapping of ethephom induced gum appeared to have great potential in view of encouraging results about its quality from different locations.

1744 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1983)

Naphthazarins from Arnebia hispidissima. Phytochemistry. 22: 614-615

Besides arnebin-7, alkannin acetate, alkannin isovalerate, alkannin and β-sitosterol, a new isohexenylnaphthazarin, alkannin β-hydroxyisovalerate, has been isolated from the roots of Arnebia hispidissima.

1745 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1984) Tephrosia falciformis pods - A new source of Triacontanol. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 39-40

The pods of T. falciformis, a perennial weed growing abundantly in west Rajasthan, are however a richer source (0.028%) of triacontanol, besides a source of Pongamol, β-sitosterol, lanceolatin -B and lanceolatin-A.

1746 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1986) Falciformin, a flavanone from pods of Tephrosia falciformis. Phytochemistry. 25: 767-768

Falciformin, a new flavanone with a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-1-enyl side chain has been isolated from the pods of T. falciformis along with a known flavanone, 7-hydroxy-8- (Y,Y-dimethylallyl) flavanone.

1747 Khan, H.A., Lodha, V. and Ghanim, A. (1987) Plant growth regulator from the galls of (Prosopis cineraria). Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 149-151

Chemical Investigation of the galls of P. cineraria has led to the isolation of triacontanol, an effective plant growth regulator.

1748 Khan, H.A., Lodha, V. and Ghanim, A. (1992) Triacontanol from the leaves of (Prosopis cineraria) and (P. juliflora). Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 17: 29-32

The leaves of P. cineraria and P. juliflora, the two most common desert plants, have been found to contain triacontanol, an effective plant growth regulator. P. juliflora leaves have afforded up to 0.68%

triacontanol which is 2 to 6 times more than what is available from tea-waste, a potential natural source of triacontanol.

1749 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1981) Note on mehendi (Lawsonia inermis L.) cultivation Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 9: 71-74

It is a hardy shrub and can withstand adverse climate conditions. Its plantations can also act as anti-erosion measure on sloping lands. Therefore, there is immense scope of plantations on degraded waste lands subjected to severe erosion, soil salinity, shallow gravellyness etc. It also provides protective fencing material for field in the form of stick fencing after first 2-3 harvests. Therefore, plantation of this species can be made for reclamation of degraded waste lands.

1750 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1987) A note on some promising neglected crops in Upper Luni Basin (western Rajasthan). Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 13-21

Integrated surveys in the Upper Luni Basin, revealed a number of under-exploited crops being grown in limited areas in semi-arid region adjoining Aravalli range. General enquiries with farmers revealed that it is so not because of any environmental constraint but primarily for two reasons, namely (i) lack of scientific and technical knowledge of methods of production (ii) lack of infrastructure for their processing and marketing. Only a few big farmers, presently growing such crops; are managing for marketing elsewhere. This survey observation thus brings out to the focus a fact that there exists a goods scope of production of some of such neglected crops, not much quoted in literature from this region. In view of their importance, there exists a great need and a large scope to conduct technologies to raise their production, to help local farming community at large. The importance of mehendi crop (Lawsonia intemis L.) was reported from this region. The present note highlights the importance of three other promising neglected crops, namely; (i) Grain Amarnath (ii) Kenaf (iii) Ispaghul.

1751 Lodha, S. and Singh, S. (1983) Simmondsia chinensis - A new host for Fusarium solani. Indian Phytopathology. 36: 728-729

Jojoba (S. Chinensis) has been identified as a new host for F. solani. The leaves turned yellow and drooped off prematurely. Necrosis and discoloration were observed in the collar region of the dead plants. Roots of such plants were found to be partially or fully decayed.

1752 Lodha, S., Dwidedi, N.K., Bhandari, D.C. and Bohra, M.D.

(1994) Infection and colonisation of Jojoba by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytoparasitica. 22: 229-231

In arid conditions of India, G. lucidum (Leyss: Fr.) P. karsten was found to cause root rot diseases in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) plants. In the rainy season, 10-15 year old jojoba plants growing in the proximity of a Ganoderma-infected Acacia tortilis tree, developed disease symptoms. Twigs of affected plants started drying from the top of the branch; leaves turned yellowish brown and finally abscised; plants dried up within 1 to 3 months. Basidiocarps developed from decaying roots near the collar region and produced coloured stalks and fruiting caps. Pathogenicity of the fungus was established by keeping the infected root segments in direct contact with roots of healthy jojoba plants. Root rot symptoms were espressed within 5 months in inoculated plants subjected to moisture stress.

1753 Lodha, V., Khan, H.A. and Ghanim, A. (1990) Chemical investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 225-226

Chemical investigation of I. oblongifolia has led to the isolation of ten compounds. Four of these have been characterised as psyllostearyl alcohol, triacontanol, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside on the basis of spectral and other properties.

1754 Parihar, D.R. (1972) Structure and development of hydropyle in eggs of Ak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorph-idae). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 189: 45-48

The structure and development of the hydropyle was studied in the eggs of P. pictus which were incubated in moist soil at 30 ± 1° C. This organ is formed at the posterior pole of the egg. In the 10½-day stage (after oviposition) the hydropyle begins as a patch of enlarged serosal cells (the hydropyle cells) and a single-layered membrane over it. In the 15-day stage, the single layer (the hydropyle layer) becomes differentiated into two - an outer and an inner layer of hydropyle. The hydropyle cells and also their nuclei are cuboidal (occasionally rounded) in the 10½-day stage, columnar in the 32-day stage, and greatly shrunk in the 42-day stage; they become indistinct in the 65-day old stage (just near batching). About the 27-day stage, the inner layer of hydropyle increases considerably in

thickness; the outer layer is little changed. At the stage just near hatching, the outer and inner layers decrease greatly in thickness and the hydropyle cells become indistinct.

1755 Parihar, D.R. (1972) The embryonic stages of Ak grass hopper, Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). The Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology. 19: 16-22

In eggs incubated at a constant temperature of 30 ± 1° C, the incubation period (from oviposition to hatching) is 64-76 days (mean 68 days). Eggs were dissected at various stages of development and the embroys studied. Fifteen stages are enumerated starting from the 19-day old stage (germ-disc formed) to the 64-day old stage (near hatching). The external morphological characters of the various stages are briefly described. In the 21-day old stage (Stage 2), the embryo is differentiated into a protocephalon and a protocorm. In Stage 4 (25-day old) the rudiments of the cephalic and the thoracic appendages appear. In Stage 9 (33-day old), blastokinesis or rotation of embryo begins; it is completed by Stage 10 (38-day old). Eye-pigmentation appears in Stage 12 (42-day old).

1756 Parihar, D.R. (1974) Some observations on the life-history of Ak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus [Acridodea : Pyrgomorphidae] at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Zoological Society of India. 26: 99-129

P. pictus (Fabr.) is very common around Jodhpur. It feeds on Ak (Calotropis spp.) and thor (Euphorbia spp.) and was never observed on cultivated crops. Its life-history was studied both in the field as well as in the laboratory. Generally, six hopper stages occur, the adult being the 7th stage. But at relatively low constant temperatures (25° C) six to seven hopper stages are gone through, the adult being the 7th or 8th stage as the case may be. No cannibalism was observed in hoppers and adults. The mode of copulation is of "riding type". Males do not copulate immediately after they become adult but only after 12-20 days. Females, however, are ready for copulation after the final moult. Females first stage egg-laying 29-46 days after the final moult. The number of egg-pods laid by a female during its life is not more than two.

1757 Parihar, D.R. (1981) Some ecological observations of insect pests of aak (Calotropis procera) and their significance in Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 4: 191-195

Seasonal fluctuation and population build-up of seven important pests of aak (C. procera), viz. grasshopper. Poekilocerus pictus; bug, Lygaeus militaris; caterpillar of Danals crysippus; weevil, Paramecops farinosa; aphid, Brachyanguish calotropis; fruitfly, Leptoxyda (Dacus) longistylus and termites (Microtermes mycophagus M. obesi), were investigated. Peak population build-up of some of these insects appeared in August, except Poekilocerus pictus and Paramecops farinosa (found in May and October respectively). Optimum temperatures (32-37° C) and relative humidities (50-80%) were supported to have a favourable effect over the pest population build-up, with certain exceptions. A preponderance of female insects was observed.

1758 Parihar, D.R. (1984) Breeding biology of aak fruitfly, Dacus (Leptoxyda) longistylus wied (Dipthera : Tephritidae) on Calotropis procera plantations in Indian desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 7: 213-216

Aak fruitfly, D. (Leptoxyda) longlstylus breads throughout the year on aak (C. procera) plants and passes through 6-7 generations in a year in Indian desert. In the field, preponderance of female fly was observed. Average duration of life cycle from the eggs to adult fly was completed within 48 days approximately. Maggot stage is completed generally in the fruit whereas the pupal stage in the soil and female fly took 12.66 ± 1.55 days for maturation before ovipositing in the fruit.

1759 Parihar, D.R. (1984) The egg coverings of Ak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea : Pyrogomorphidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 89-94

In the fully developed egg of P. pictus the egg-shell is composed of endochorion with outer tubercles, and a thin, structureless vitelline membrane. By the 11-1/2 day stage, the vitelline membrane disappears and the serosa becomes visible. The latter secreted two layers on its outer side a yellow and a white cuticle. At about 23 day stage the white cuticle becomes differentiated into an outer and an inner layer. In the 46 day stage the embryonic cuticle makes its appearance. In the 64 day stage the white cuticle thins greatly. The embryonic cuticle acquires pattern of spine-like papillae, and the hydropyle cells become grouped and indistinct.

1760 Parihar, D.R. (1984) Toxicity of some insecticides to aak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus Fabr. (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Pestology. 8: 8-10

Relative toxicity of four insecticides viz., BHC 10% dust, aldrin 5% dust, malathion 2%, Carbaryl 5% dust were assessed @ 5 kg a.i. ha-1 against the just hatched hoppers of aak grasshopper, P. pictus. BHC 10% dust was found significantly superior to other treatments. While the emulsion concentration of the malathion EC 0.08% gave the highest mortality whereas phosalone EC 0.1% was the least effective to the adults of P. pictus.

1761 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1985) Population ecology of the aak grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus fabricius. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 151-161

P. pictus had only one generation a year in its natural habitat. The egg development was greatly dependent on the availability of soil moisture. Hatching commenced in October and continued up to December. Population of the 2nd instar hoppers was highest in January and that of the adults in July. Development of the hoppers declined rapidly by the end of August. First and the 2nd instar hoppers declined rapidly by the end of August. First and 2nd instar hoppers mostly preferred weeds as the main host plant i.e. C. procera for roosting and feeding. Both the hoppers and the adults moved considerably for the selection of the host plant.

1762 Prakash, B.S.V. and Sen, D.N. (1987)

Adaptive features of Crotalaria burhia buch. Ham. in Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 203-207

Adaptive features of C. burhia in Indian desert with respect to morphological features and rooting behaviour have been described in detail.

1763 Prasad, R.N., Tewari, J.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1987) Effect of certain growth regulators on growth behaviour of Parthenium argentatum Gray seedlings under nursery conditions. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 3: 71-77

The effect of four levels of foliar spray of GA and IAA each [10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm] on the growth behaviour of P. argentatum was studied under nursery conditions. The application of different doses of GA increased shoot growth of seedlings but its effect on root growth was retarding up to certain time period. However, different concentrations of IAA enhanced root growth. In general, application of 100 ppm and 50 ppm GA showed an appreciable increase in biomass production of whole seedling. Relative growth rate of roots was always higher than shoots during entire experimental period.

1764 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982) Associative symbiosis of Azospirillum lipoferum with dicotyledonous succulent plants of the Indian desert. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 28: 778-782

The roots of several dicotyledonous xerophytic plants exhibited nitrogenase activity. A. lipoferum was isolated from the roots of these plants including several species of Opuntia having crassulacean acid metabolism. These isolates showed high rates of acetylene reduction. Maximum nitrogenase activity was observed with the isolate from O. vulgaris. Organic acids rather than sugars were preferred as carbon source for two selected isolates studied. However, no activity was detected with formic, oxalic, or lactic acid. Inorganic nitrogen sources caused significant reduction in nitrogenase activity, while organic sources such as amino acids and proteins either stimulated or did not significantly inhibit the activity. However, urea completely inhibited formation of nitrogenase activity. Growth measured as optical density was enhanced with all the nitrogen sources except potassium nitrite.

1765 Sen, D.N. and Harsh, L.N. (1974) Ecophysiological studies on stomatal regulation in Allium cepa L. and Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Flora. 163: 14-25

Certain experiments with attached and detached epidermis of Allium cepa and Asphodelus tenuifolius in relation to the effect of certain ecological conditions and the role of incubation media were performed. The guard cells of both these species possessed chloroplast, but the presence of starch was distinctly noted only in A. tenuifolius. The stomata continued to respond to environmental factors as they do in intact plants. In cold months, the stomata remained open throughout the day, and they only showed a slight closure in warmer months. Acidity or alkalinity of the medium had absolutely no effect on the opening of the stomata. The nature of the incubating medium was found to exert a considerable influence on the regulation of stomatal pore, as solutions of similar osmotic potentials but containing differentions behaved dissimilarly. Sucrose solutions did not affect but there appeared a direct involvement of potassium ions in the stomatal opening. Uptake of neutral red showed that A. tenuifolius had definitely more absorptive capacity than Allium cepa, and hence the result of the two species vary, when incubated in potassium chloride solution.

1766 Shahi, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1989)

Visual quantification studies on Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) schult. at leaf development under arid climate. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 153-155

The older leaver on the clumps increased in length up to 42 days then yellowing of leaves had taken place. The development and elongation of other leaves on clums were continued up to 50 days. From the practical point of view, green leaves should be harvested at 6-7 leaf stage before yellowing for maximum oil recovery.

1767 Singh, M.P. (1991) Observation on the pest complex of Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Delile in the arid zones of India. Entomon. 16: 249

Two new records of the pests of B. aegyptiaca have been reported one from the fruit pulp- (Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, a pyralid) and the other from kernel (Eupsoropsis sp., a noctuid) mode of injury is discussed.

1768 Singh, M.P. and Satya Vir. (1989) Homoeosoma sp. (Pyralidae : Lepidoptera) as a pest of Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc in the Indian desert. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 17: 293

Homoeosoma sp. has been reported for the first time on E. antisyphilitica in India. The injury symptoms and larval behaviour have been reported along with extent of injury.

1769 Singh, M.P., Satya Vir and Verma, S.K. (1991) Castor semilooper and other insect pests on jojoba in the arid regions of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 105-106

Larvae of Achaea jonata Linn. were observed to feed and pupate on the foliage of jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis.

1770 Singh, S. and Lodha, S. (1983) Euphoriba antisyphilitica - a new host for Macrophomina phaseolina. Indian Phytopathology. 36: 562-563

E. antisyphilitica is a new host for M. phaseolina. This fungus causes necrosis collar rot and root rot of this host.

1771 Singh, S. and Suresh kumar. (1983) Root rot disease of jojoba in Indian desert- a new record. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 13: 108

This is the first authenticated record of the root rot of Jojoba and Rhizoctonia solani is the eausatine organism.

1772 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar (1982) Medicinal plants of the Indian desert : Commiphora wightii (Arnott) bhand. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 1-11

C. wightii, a shrub of arid tracts of the Indian subcontinent, yields an oleo-gum-resin (known as `Indian bellium' or `Guggul') from incisions on the stem and the main branches. Though recognised as an important drug in the ancient Indian system of medicine, only recently have clinical trials established the efficacy of Guggul for the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia. This has engendered much research on its anatomy, the standardisation of cultivation practices, modes of tapping and isolation, and the identification of chemical constituents of the gum. Further investigation is, however, required for the design of a plant ideotype with desirable characters, the development of a suitable gum exudent, and the standardisation of felling cycles in plantations.

1773 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Prasad, R.N. (1987)

Growth behaviour of different varieties of Parthenium argentatum gray under nursery conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry. 10: 27-30

The growth behaviour of fourteen different varieties of P. argentatum Gray, commonly known as Guayule (an alternative source of natural rubber) was studied under nursery conditions in arid climate of India. Germination percentage was > 90% in three varieties, viz., G-4, Arizona-2 and Arizona-1. Variety G-4 and Arizona-2 attained much higher biomass than other varieties. However, other growth parameters exhibited wide range of variation between variety to variety. Variety Arizona-2 showed relatively higher degree of consistency as far as different growth parameters are concerned and seems to be more adaptable for arid regions.

1774 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1982) Isolation of Azospirillum from the rhizosphere of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] and guayule (Parthenium argentatum). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 48 B: 552-555

Nitrogenase activity was associated with the roots of jojoba and guayule. Pure cultures of Azospirillum were isolated from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of both these plants and also from inside

the roots of jojoba. While the N2-ase activity of these cultures did not significantly vary, the isolates from inside the roots showed markedly less activity. All these cultures exhibited more activity with glucose as sole carbon source as compared to malate. The rhizosphere of both these plants maintained higher populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes than the non-rhizosphere.

1775 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1982) Nitrogen fixation in some species of Opuntia. Current Science. 51: 44-45

Different species of Opuntia are above to fix atmospheric nitrogen through the association of Azospirillum in their roots. The bacterium was isolated from the roots and found to fix nitrogen under micro-aerophilic conditions.

1776 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1985) Physiological studies on Azospirillum spp. isolated from the roots of diverse plants. Zendrablat fur Mikrobiolge. 140: 521-526

Azospirillum spp. were isolated from the roots of diverse plant species having C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. All the cultivars showed identical morphological and physiological characters despite the diversity of their origin. Attempts to identify these cultures as A. brasilense or A. lipoferum based on detailed physiological studies were unsuccessful as they showed many overlapping characters. Like A. lipoferm all the strains could utilise glucose and 2-ketoglutaric acid as sole carbon source for growth, and acidify the media containing glucose, fructose, ribose and mannitol, but like A. brasilense they did not require biotin, exhibited dissimilatory nitrate reduction, and did not show pleomorphism. Further these isolates produced indole which was not reported in either of the species. Based on these studies, it was suggested that these cultures might represent a new species of Azospirillum.

ALTERNATE LAND-USE SYSTEMS

Silvi-pasture 1777 Ahuja, L.D., Sharma, S.K., Verma, C.M. and Lamba, T.R. (1985)

Contribution of grass component (ground storey) in afforested areas in arid regions. Indian Forester. 111: 542-548

Contributions of forest tree species in providing shade and top feeds for animals, fuel and timber for farmers, shelterbelts and wind breaks for agricultural farms and reducing erosion hazards on various land forms have well been recognised. Ground storey mostly grass is a rich source for live-stock grazing. But due to centuries of misuse there has been indiscriminate felling of trees resulting in enormous losses to local economy. Grass is important component of economy in arid regions where in live-stock raising is one of the main stay of local population. Studies were undertaken at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute's Farm at Jodhpur in an area experimentally afforested during 1959-60, to evaluate contribution of herbage (grass component) under different tree species from 1972-76.

1778 Lodha, S., and Singh, M. (1984) Quantitative determination of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in grass-legume intercropping systems. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 259-261

In legume both in pure and mixed stands, considerable variation was observed in % soil moisture, mortality and sclerotial numbers and yield.. Highest mortality was recorded in cowpea and lowest in moth bean, both in pure and mixed stand.

1779 Muthana, K.D., Sharma, S.K. and Harsh, L.N. (1985) Study on silvi-pastoral system in arid zone. My Forest. 21: 233-238

Silvi-pastoral systems is one of the systems of land management in which land is managed for the production of wood as well as developing grasses and fodder crops for simultaneously rearing of domesticated animals. Information on interaction between raised pasture and tree seedlings in early establishment phase under silvi-pastoral system in arid conditions is lacking. Therefore present studies on silvi-pastoral systems were initiated to transfer the technologies to the farming community.

1780 Rao, A.V. and Giller, K.E. (1993) Nitrogen fixation and its transfer from Leucaena to grass using 15N. Forest Ecology and Management. 61: 221-227

Nitrogen fixing capacity of L. diversifolia upon inoculation with different strains of Rhizobium was assessed by isotope dilution technique, and nitrogen transfer from this legume to Cenchrus ciliaris grass was quantified using 15N enrichment through foliar feeding. Inoculation improved the dry matter production and nitrogen content. This effect varies from one strain to another. About 42-54% of the nitrogen content was found to be derived from fixation. Biomass production and N accumulation of grass growing along with Leucaena were enhanced compared with monocultured plants. Detopping of Leucaena further increased N concentration in grass. 15N was detected in both leaves and roots of intercropped grass and the percentage of legume N recovered in grass varied from 3.07 to 3.87%. Further, grasses growing with detopped plants had higher % N obtained from Leucaena compared with that of non-detopped plants.

1781 Sharma, B.M., Gupta, J.P., Rathore, S.S. and Prasad, R.N. (1993) Evaluation of some silvi-pastoral systems under arid conditions of Rajasthan. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 9: 103-109

Influence of Acacia tortilis and Zizyphus rotundifolia trees on the productivity of understorey grasses viz. Cenchrus ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus in arid environment was studied for four consecutive years. Dry forage yields of C. ciliaris and L. sindicus grown in association with trees decreased compared to sole grass. The reductions in yields under A. tortilis were more than Z. rotundifolia. L. sindicus suffered greater reduction as compared to C. ciliaris. Tree growth was maximum in the control (trees alone) but decreased considerably in association with grasses. The decrease in tree growth was: C. ciliaris, L. sindicus and A. tortilis, Z. rotundifolia. Growing of grasses and trees together resulted in higher utilisation of profile moisture, the maximum being under A. tortilis - C. ciliaris combination. The organic matter content of soil after four years increased over the initial and followed the order: C. ciliaris, L. sindicus and Z. rotundifolia, A. tortilis.

1782 Sharma, S.K., Verma, C.M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1980)

Production of ground storey (grass component) in afforested areas in arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 283-287

Forage production from different plant communities of ground storey in afforested areas is influenced by total precipitation and its distribution in a year ( and not absolute rainfall) and different tree species (highest forage yield is obtained under Prosopis cineraria and least under Acacia senegal).

1783 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1983)

Site quality assessment for silvi-pasture development in the Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin. Forage Research. 9: 25-36

On the basis of the critical indicators of soil and vegetation prevailing in the community grazing lands, it has been possible to classify the potential sites for silvi-pasture development in the Guhiya catchment. The existing community grazing lands, categorised into seven types were, by and large, of poor to fair quality. Potential species for introduction have been identified. The existing carrying capacity of these grazing lands is very low. With the suggested introductions, the forage as well as browse will increase and so would the existing carrying capacity. Further, this will also cater to the fuel and minor timber needs of the village community of the Guhiya catchment.

Agro-forestry

1784 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1990) Nitrogen response to pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) grown on soil underneath P. cineraria and adjacent open site in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 289-293

The response of fertiliser N to pearl millet grown on two soils i.e. soil under Prosopis cineraria tree (khejri soil) and adjacent open site soil(non-khejri soil) was studied under greenhouse condition. An increase in dry matter yield to the extent of 73% on khejri soil over non khejri soil indicated an enhanced fertility build up in soil underneath P. cineraria. The N-use efficiency increased from 27% (non-khejri soil) to 46% in khejri soil at 140 mg N kg-1 soil application. The response to N on dry matter yield was observed upto 280 mg N kg-1 soil. The uptake of N, S and P and % N in plant were higher on khejri soil as compared to non-khejri soil at all the N-levels.

1785 Chandrasekharaiah, A.M. and Prabhakar, A.S. (1988) Comparative performance of tree species suitable for agroforestry system. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 99-103

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College, Dharwad, Karnataka, during kharif 1979 through 1984 to evaluate the performance of six tree species (viz. Leucaena leucocephala, Eucalyptus, Causurina, teak and bamboo) in agroforestry system, Eucalyptus produced significantly higher total harvestable biomass per plant (168.11 kg) than other species at the end of the 5th year after planting. This was followed by sisso, bamboo, Causurina and

teak. Leucaena produced the minimum total harvestable biomass per plant compared to other species.

1786 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Singh, M. (1990) Seed yield of clusterbean, cowpea and moth bean varieties grown with three arid zone tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 145-146

All the three crops failed in association with Acacia tortilis. The performance of clusterbean and cowpea in association with P. cineraria and T. undulata was not statistically significant. Moth bean is not compatible with T. undulata.

1787 Rana, B.D. (1989)

Ecology of a population of birds in the agroforestry system in the Rajasthan desert. International Study Group on Sparrows. 16: 8-17

The bird population in the Indian desert represents 30 economically important species. in the western desert of Rajasthan, the Crested Lark (Galerida cristata) and Imperial Sand Grouse (Pterocles orientalis); in the central desert of Rajasthan, Baya-Weaver (Ploceus philippinus) along with White Throated Munia (Euodice malabarica) and the House sparrow (Passer domesticus) are common. The habitat preference is discussed in relation to rainfall pattern in western Rajasthan desert. The relative abundance of bird species is directly related to the amount of precipitation and the irrigation system in the Indian desert. An association between the most abundant bird species and agroforestry system is also discussed.

1788 Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Singh, R.S. and Chopra, N.K. (1993) Water and energy use efficiencies of sorghum inter-cropped with Acacia nilotica. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 99-101

The performance of sorghum grown as inter-crop with 10 m widely spaced Acacia nilotica c.v. cupressiformis tree rows was evaluated in an Indian arid region at Pali during 1988 to 1990. The grain yields of sorghum were 134, 683 and 147 kg ha-1 and consumptive use values were 302, 300 and 452 mm during 1988 to 1990. The water use efficiencies of the crop were 0.44, 2.27 and 0.33 kg ha-1 mm-1, whereas the energy use efficiencies of the crop were 0.42, 0.17 and 0.16% during these respective years. A. nilotica trees during three years of their growth did not interfere with inter-crop for moisture and light.

1789 Rao, A.V., Kiran Bala and Lahiri, A.N. (1989)

Influence of trees on micro-organisms of aridisol and its fertility. The Indian Forester. 115: 680-682

The organic matter build up in the soil was dependent on the nature of vegetation. In general, leguminous trees were better as compared to Eucalyptus spp. for the long term build up of organic carbon and total nitrogen resulting in the better environment for the higher microbial activity.

1790 Saxena, S.K. (1994) Traditional agroforestry systems in agro-ecological zones of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 279-285

Farmers of western Rajasthan follow a set of traditional agricultural practices year after year which provide them an assurance towards sustainable crop production in normal rainfall years. While in case of prolonged droughts and famines, they are able to harvest at least top-feeds for their live-stock. The pattern of cropping is such that they are able to derive extra economic benefits through a combination of useful tree and shrub species, which do not compete with the crops grown with them. This paper deals with those traditional systems which are presently known as agroforestry systems and are followed in various agro-ecological zones of western Rajasthan.

1791 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Harsh, L.N. and Kathju, S. (1987) Agroforestry in the arid zones of India. Agroforestry Systems. 5: 69-88

The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km² and are spread over six states, mostly in the north western parts of the country. In spite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenous agroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Central arid zone research institute (CAZRI) has made considerable progress in improving these indigenous practices and also developing new land use technologies some of which involve agroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dune stabilisation, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques in difficult land forms, silvi-pastoral and agro-silvicultural systems, introduction and improvement of fruit trees, other indigenous trees etc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale by farmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted international attention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summary of the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI.

1792 Sharma, B.M., Rathore, S.S. and Gupta, J.P. (1994)

Compatibility studies on Acacia tortilis and Zizyphus rotundifolia with field crops under arid conditions. Indian forester. 120: 423-429

The grain and straw yields of pearl millet and clusterbean grown in association with trees decreased compared to sole crops. The reductions in yields under Acacia tortilis were more than Zizyphus rotundifolia. Clusterbean suffered greater reduction as compared to pearl millet. Growth of trees was maximum in the control (Tree alone) while in association with crops it decreased. Height increment in A. tortilis was more in association with clusterbean than that with pearl millet while Z. rotundifolia attained greater height when in association with pearl millet. Profile moisture stored at the time of crop harvest was maximum in sole crop of clusterbean and higher in clusterbean Z. rotundifolia than clusterbean A. tortilis. The organic matter content of soil after four years increased over the initial and followed the order: Clusterbean > pearl millet and Z. rotundifolia > A. tortilis.

1793 Sharma, S.K. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1985) Evaluation of jujube-buffel grass hortipastoral system under arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 303-309

Establishment, growth and top feed production of two Jujube species viz., Zizyphus nummularia and Z. rotundifolia were studied in an established pasture at buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Maximum mortality i.e. 80.5% in Z. nummularia and 60.4% in Z. rotundifolia was recorded in the first year of the establishment. After five years of the establishment, growth of the jujube species was more than two times and pala (jujube dry leaves) and bushwood production more than six times in control (no pasture) plots as compared to established pasture plots of buffel grass, Thus, growth of jujube species was severely affected in the established buffel grass pasture. Results of the seven years study did not reveal significant differences in the pasture yield in the treatments with and without jujube introduction. Significant yearly differences were, however, observed in the pasture production.

1794 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1995) Allelopathic interactions of arid zone trees and crops. Myforest. 31: 21-25

Five per cent aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora significantly slowed down the growth in seedlings of sesame, moth bean, clusterbean and pearl millet seedlings in bioassay, while the extracts of P. cineraria and Tecomella undulata had hardly any negative effect on germination and subsequent

seedling development. During field trails moth bean, clusterbean and cowpea failed to germinate under Acacia tortilis. Five per cent leaf extracts of Acacia tortilis and A. Indica significantly affected the growth of P. cineraria seedlings in Petri-plates. Already established A. tortilis and A. indica retarded growth height of P. cineraria trees and the pattern of effect was parabolic.

1795 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Kalra, A. (1991)

Allelopathy and vegetation in Acacia tortilis plantations in Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 259-266

The properties of soil beneath Acacia tortilis and Prosopis cineraria at Jodhpur did not differ significantly. The common understorey plants of A. tortilis showed lower phytomass and higher phosphorus, potassium, and also nitrogen in Ecerhavia diffusa and Gisekia pharnacioides than P. cineraria indicating that no apparent competition exists. In A. tortilis, soil extracts exhibited inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth on pearl millet , sesame and clusterbean. Leaves+stem leachates showed maximum inhibitory effect. Extracts exhibited higher inhibitory effect than the respective leachate. Concentration of extracts and leachates were negatively correlated with germination and seedling growth. Sesame was most affected.

1796 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Kalra, A. (1993) Effect of Acacia tortilis on seedling metabolites of clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 197-198

The soluble proteins in cotyledons and shoot axis decreased with increased concentration of aqueous extract. Free amino acids are below detectable level even at 50% concentration of the extract. In contrast to protein, soluble and insoluble sugars increased with the increased concentrations.

1797 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N., Bohra, M.D. and Burman, U. (1996) Certain aspects of soil amelioration in agroforestry systems. Current Agriculture. 20: 43-49

With increased costs of petroleum and naptha bound external inputs like nitrogenous fertilizers, the concept of organic farming/ conservation farming has come to stay. It imbibes the principle of "chain recuperation". More recent addition to this list is the agro-forestry systems. Efforts are now being made to devise the most appropriate way to integrate the production of trees and other woody species with the production of agricultural crops and / or livestock simultaneously from the same piece of land in a

sustainable manner. Management of soils under such systems is a subject of great interest. Based on available scientific evidences beneficial aspects of agroforestry on soil fertility, nutrient cycling, soil conservation, soil physical properties etc. are described.

Ley-farming

1798 Rao, A.V., Singh, K.C. and Gupta, J.P. (1997) Ley farming- an alternate farming system for sustainability in the Indian arid zone. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 11: 201-210

Monitoring soil physical and biological properties may provide useful information in assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems, as these two components of soil are mainly responsible for improving the soil fertility status and higher plant productivity. Soil physical and biological properties often change when different cropping, tillage, or management systems other than conventional cultivation practices are imposed. The effects of ley cycles on selected soil physical properties and biological processes were assessed in the Indian arid zone of Jodhpur. Moisture retention and infiltration rates were significantly higher with the ley treatments compared with those of the conventionally cultivated field (CCF); saturated hydraulic conductivity was lower for the different ley treatments. Dehydrognase, phosphatases, and nitrogenase activities were higher for the ley treatments than for the CCF treatments. Nitrogenase activity was not detected at 15 to 30 cm depth of normal cultivated soil. Continuous forage production for 6 to 8 years had resulted in an increase in the population of nitrifying bacteria, viable VAM spores, organic mater content, and total nitrogen. In general, these increases were highest in soils that remained in stubble. There was no significant differences between the 6 and 8 years ley cycles. Subsurface soil in all the treatments had a lower biological activity. The results of the study demonstrated the potential value of grass leys for enhancing soil biological processes, moisture retention, and infiltration rates. Additionally, the ley treatments improved soil fertility status, resulting in significant increases in yields of pearl millet grain and straw.

1799 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1986)

Effect of fodder and grain legume intercrops on the quality of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 704-709

In a 3-year experiment buffel grass (C. ciliaris) exhibited higher crude protein content, in-vitro dry-matter digestibility and lower

cell-wall constituents when grown as buffel grass + fodder clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) buffel grass + fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and buffel grass + fodder mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia) than its pure stand and buffel grass + grain clusterbean, buffel grass + grain cowpea and buffel grass + fodder clusterbean and buffel grass + grain mothbean excelled the other cropping systems for crude protein and in-vitro dry-matter digestibility of the buffel grass. Crude protein and cellulose contents were the most adequate parameters for predicting in-vitro dry-matter digestibility of the buffel grass.

1800 Singh, M. (1986) Planting geometry simulation for grass-legume inter-cropping in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 86-88

In the establishment year if the objective is to take full yield of grass and a bonus yield of legume, planting geometry of 30 x 40/90 cm is adequate. However, if greater proportion of legumes is required to further improve the forage quality, the geometry of 60 x 60/180 cm with four lines of D. lab lab can be practised with advantage.

1801 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1985) Mineral content of grass (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.) and grass-legume mixtures in various inter-cropping systems. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 1-7

In a field experiment carried out for three consecutive kharif seasons (1981-83), the mixtures of C. ciliaris and annual fodder and grain legumes exhibited higher nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) contents and their uptake than the pure stand of C. ciliaris. Higher content and uptake of these nutrients were recorded in grass plus fodder legumes than grass plus grain legumes. The grass-clusterbean mixture showed better nutrient content and their uptake followed by the grass-moth bean mixture.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND SOIL CONSERVATION Watershed Management

1802 Balak Ram, Singh, N. and Chauhan, J.S. (1995)

Mapping of Khadin - A typical farming system of Thar desert. Indian Cartographer. 15: 45-49

Khadin is a unique farming system to collect run-off and taking crops on the conserved moisture. In Thar desert this system has greater relevance as it not only ensures one crop a year even below 200 mm annual rainfall zone but also provides domain for mankind in such a fragile and hostile hot arid ecosystem. But their appraisal and detailed mapping of various parameters which is a pre-requisite for planning the optimal use and increase the productivity of khadins in a sustained manner, has yet not been taken up. The present study of khadins of Bharamsar village, Jaisalmer district is an attempt to fulfil such objectives. Detailed mapping of various parameters of khadins on cadastral map base using different cartographic techniques have been carried out and their characteristics, limitations and potentialities are discussed. Besides, measures are also suggested to improve the design, make optimal use of land, increase crop productivity and efficient management of khadins on a sustainable manner.

1803 Bohra, D.N. and Issac, V.C. (1987) Run off behaviour of soil sealants for harvesting rainwater in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 163-170

Ten locally available water harvesting sealants were evaluated by simple linear regression analysis of rainfall-run off data recorded daily over a period of four years (1972-75) at Jodhpur. The run off efficiency of various treatments, initially in the first year, was in the order : janta emulsion = sodium carbonate > mud plaster, (RRL) > lime concretion > bentonite > stabilisation > mud plaster > grass = control > cement plaster. Finally the run-off efficiency was in the order : sodium carbonate > lime concretion = janta emulsion > mud plaster (RRL) > bentonite > mud plaster > cement plaster = stabilisation > control > grass in the fourth year. Only sodium carbonate, janta emulsion and lime concretion maintained > 40% run off efficiency by the end of fourth year.

1804 Choudhari, J.S. and Joshi, D.C. (1987)

A note on utility of soil maps for watershed planning in the arid zone. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 15: 116-118

The study revealed that the reconnaissance soil maps be used for locating the potential site for the watershed, whereas for planning and management of the watershed detailed soil map is a pre-requisite.

1805 Khan, M.A. (1989) Upgraded village pond- nadi- to ensure improved water supplies in arid zone. Journal of Irrigation and Water Review. 7: 20-23

Improved nadi design provides safe drinking water in rural areas of India's arid zone. Nadi has LDPE lining at sides and bottom for seepage control. The minimum possible surface to volume ratio of 0.28 designed will reduce nadi evaporation considerably. Provision of silt trap will ensure silt free water into the storage. The storage capacity of nadi is 18100 m3 and sufficient to meet water demand of 500 persons with their livestock throughout the year.

1806 Khan, M.A., Tewari, J.C. and Issac, V.C. (1995) Hydrology of small forested catchments in the arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 259-262

Hydrology of small catchments dominated by Acacia tortilis and Colophospermum mopane forested catchments was studied during the 1993 and 1994 monsoon seasons. Nearly 86.5% of throughfall was received from plots covered with A. torilis compared with 79.9% in C. mopane plots. Canopy interception averaged 21.4% for C. mopane forest stand and 13.1% for the A. tortilis forest stand. Interception was positively related with canopy cover and negatively related with throughfall. Stemflow was influenced by tree species characteristics. Plot size had no effect on canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow. Surface run-off in plots with A. tortilis cover was nearly 53% higher compared with C. mopane stand. Among plots higher surface run-off was received from 10 m x 10 m plots.

1807 Kolarkar, A.S., Murthy, K.N.K. and Singh, N. (1983)

`Khadin'- a method of harvesting water for agriculture in the Thar desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 59-66

`Khadin' is a land use system developed centuries ago in the Jaisalmer district of western Rajasthan. It is practised where rocky catchments and valley plains occur in proximity. The run-off from the catchment is stored in the lower valley floor enclosed by an earthen `bund'. Any surplus, passes out through a spill way. The water arrested stands in the khadin throughout the monsoon period. It may disappear below the soil by the first week of November,

leaving the surface moist. If standing water persists longer, it is discharged through the sluice before sowing. Wheat or chick-pea are then planted. These crops mature without irrigation. The soils in the khadins are extremely fertile because of the frequent deposition of fine sediment, while the water that seeps away removes salts. the khadin is, therefore, a land-use system which prevents soil deterioration.

1808 Kolarkar, A.S., Murthy, K.N.K., and Singh, N. (1980) Water harvesting and run-off farming in arid Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 8: 44-49

Water harvesting and run-off farming has been in practice for many years in varied tracts in arid western Rajasthan. This activity has been limited only to the suitable sites where catchments for runoff and low lying farm lands for growing crops exist in proximity of each other. The water is harvested during monsoon months and allowed to stand on the low lying farm lands during major period of rainy season. By partly draining down deep and partly losing through evaporation, it depletes completely in the winter, leaving soil profiles saturated for winter crops. Mostly wheat or gram is sown on these lands in the month of November, which matures in due course without any additional supply of moisture. Development of such sites could be encouraged for such cultivation practices in this region, and yields could be increased through use of fertilisers better seeds and plant protection measures.

1809 Murthy, K.N.K. and Chandrasekharan, H. (1985) Spatial variability of infiltration in an arid watershed in India. Journal of Arid Environments. 8: 189-198

Thirty-seven infiltration tests were carried out in a complex watershed of about 3051 km² in Luni basin, western Rajasthan. These were distributed in coarse, medium and moderately fine textured soils. The data generated were expressed in the form I= St½ + At (Philip's equation), where S and A, are parameters controlling the infiltration process. S and A, expressed through respective scaling factors and standard deviations, do not show any definite pattern of variation. The frequency distribution of S, A and I at a given time are better approximated by lognormal than by normal and remarkable improvement in scaling was achieved with the geometric or harmonic means of S and A.

1810 Prakash, M. and Gopinath, C. (1962) Tanka for human and livestock consumption. Indian Forester. 88: 861-864

The necessity of water for human and live-stock consumption in arid parts of Rajasthan is discussed. The Tanka is covered underground reservoir generally recommended for the collection and storage of surface run-off. Its design and construction are presented. On an average construction cost of 1000 gallon of water stored works out to Rs. 96 to 100/-.

1811 Sharma, K.D. (1983) A new technique for measuring run-off from experimental plots. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 11: 28-30

A runoff measuring system from experimental plots based upon rates of inflow and outflow from a silting tank of constant storage was constructed and operated for two years. The system appeared to be sensitive and accurate.

1812 Sharma, K.D. (1986) Runoff behaviour of water harvesting micro-catchments. Agricultural Water Management. 11: 137-144

The relationship between rainfall and run-off has been observed over a period of 7 years on sandy loam soils of the Indian arid zone. Fifteen micro-catchment areas (MC) were studied. These were formed by combinations of three slopes (0.5, 5 and 10%) and five lengths (5.12, 7.0, 8.5, 10.75 and 14.5 m) with corresponding areas of 252, 324, 360, 396 and 432 m². These MC's can produce 13.3-45.4% run-off depending upon their morphological characteristics. Over the 7-year period, threshold rainfall reduced by half and run-off efficiency doubled due to the formation of a less pervious soil crust over the MC surface; it became denser each year.

1813 Sharma, K.D. and Bohra, D.N. (1990) Rainfall analysis for rainwater management in a drought prone area. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 165-169

The probability analysis of 31 years (1958-88) rainfall at Bikaner indicated that maximum two days rainfall of 1.01 to 5 years return period vary from 16 to 82 mm with 2 to 24 days as the corresponding length of dry spell and these could be taken as the design storms for rainwater harvesting projects. For planning of the soil and water conservation measure maximum 4 days rainfall of 10 years return period (108 mm) can be taken as the design storm. Probability of growing pasture in this area is 99%, whereas for rainfed crop growing it is only 40% and that too by the middle of July only.

1814 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1982)

Sedimentation and its control in nadis in the Indian arid zone - a case study. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 269-276

Sandy and eroded rocky catchments in association with torrential rainfall are the main causes of heavy sediment deposition in nadis and reduce their capacity markedly. The nature, volume and characteristics of the sediments depend upon environmental conditions and can be controlled through revegetation in catchments and construction of silt traps at the entrance to the nadis.

1815 Sharma, K.D. and Singh, S. (1995) Satellite remote sensing for soil erosion modelling using the Answers model. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 40: 259-272

The distributed parameter model ANSWERS was used to predict run-off and soil loss from three agricultural watersheds in the arid zone of India. Model input parameters such as landform, drainage, soil and land use /land cover were derived from LANDSAT Thematic Mapper false colour composites and limited ground truth. The model predicted hydrographs and sediment graphs within acceptable limits. ANSWERS under-predicted the total soil loss by factors of 2.6 to 3.6. Reasons for these results are discussed.

1816 Sharma, V.C., Joshi, D.C. and Choudhari, J.S. (1980) Planning soil and moisture conservation in arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 421-424

Soil and moisture conservation plans of two such sites namely Rampura and Balarava have been discussed in the present paper. The watersheds of Rampura and Balavara are located in the north of Jodhpur at about 30 kms. The Rampura watershed is characterised by deep, sandy soils whereas Balarava watershed has moderately coarse textured shallow soils with occasional rocky exposure. The detailed soil characteristics are reported. On the basis of the detailed study of morphological characteristics of the soils and associated land features, areas of watersheds are grouped in different capability classes. Run-off estimates have been made according to the United States Soil Conservation Service method as reported in Vente Chow (1964).

1817 Singh, S. (1995)

Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology using remote sensing techniques. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 243-251

Dimensional and dimensionless geomorphic characteristics/ variables of 13 watersheds of the Jojri catchment have been

discussed in this paper, using remote sensing techniques and ground truth. Inter-relationship between these geomorphic variables have also been established and these are, by and large, significantly correlated to each other. Based on these findings, priorities have been fixed under four categories for the development of watersheds into croplands, grasslands, woodlands and water harvesting at suitable sites.

1818 Yadav, R.C., Murthy, K.N.K. and Abichandani, C.T. (1976) Run off potential of desert catchments in Bikaner district. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 1-7

The run off potentials of the eroded rocky Kolayat catchment and the eroded aggraded Nal catchment of Bikaner district have been evaluated on the basis of soil, vegetation, land-use and daily rainfall conditions. In the Kolayat catchment an yearly run off of 20 mm or more occurred during 60% of the year studied, whereas, in the Nal catchment, similar chances are for 28%. Kolayat catchment has run off potential of 640 ha meters in deficit years and 8800 ha meters are expected for six years in a period of ten years. The run-off potential of Nal catchment is 1000 ha meters in normal years and 11,500 ha meters in excessive flood year. Kolayat catchment can be exploited for run-off storage, reuse and ground water recharge whereas the Nal catchment can be managed to utilise run-off for crop production in pockets with adoption of water harvesting practices during normal years and to provide for ground water recharge under excessive flood years.

1819 Yadav, R.C., Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1979) A comparative study of run-off potential of different water harvesting systems under arid conditions. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 30-34

Under arid conditions, the water requirement of dryland crops are not often fully met because of low and erratic rainfall distribution. The conventional system of planting crops on flat lands has a limited run-off potential, thereby offering very little scope for stabilising crop yields. In-situ water harvesting systems involving surface configurations not only prove helpful in inducing more run-off, but also go a long way in improving and stabilising crop yields. Very little information is available on the run-systems in vogue. A comparative study was, therefore, undertaken to study the efficacy of these different water harvesting systems with regard to their run-off potential under arid conditions.

Soil Conservation

1820 Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, J.P., Saxena, S.K. and Muthana, K.D. (1976) Studies soil physico-chemical and ecological changes under twelve years old five desert tree species of western Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 102: 863-872

The vegetation during the course of its establishment initiates a series of changes in ecological and soil physico-chemical characteristics. No information is available whether the presence of desert tree vegetation along with characteristic ground flora has any fertility exertion and beneficial soil physico-chemical effects in such areas. It was therefore, considered necessary to investigate the changes in ecological and soil physico-chemical properties under twelve years old tree plantations of five species established at Central Research Farm of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur.

1821 Bhimaya, C.P. (1961) The effect of animal factor on soil conservation in western Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 87: 738-44

The paper deals with the set-backs that the animal factor causes in tackling the problem of soil conservation in this region. In the course of delineating the different processes which contribute to such set backs the various factors which in turn contribute to the perpetuation of various animals and birds and the different beliefs and sentiments that to such perpetuation are mentioned.

1822 Bhimaya, C.P. and Choudhary, M.D. (1961) Plantations of wind-break in the central mechanised farm, Suratgarh appraisal of techniques and results. Indian Forester. 87: 354-367

Reviews the entire shelterbelt planting programme from 1956-60 including the establishment technique and the choice of species.

1823 Bhimaya, C.P. and Kaul, R.N. (1960) Some afforestation problems and research needs in relation to erosion control in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 86: 453-468

Technique of rehabilitating various soil types met with in the desert region are under study at the Desert Afforestation and Soil Conservation Station at Jodhpur. Suitable experiments have been designed to determine the best period for making root-shoot cuttings

of Prosopis juliflora, phenological studies on the important desert plants in relation to climatic variations, preliminary studies on the nitrogen requirements of growing seedlings of Eucalyptus species, to determine the optimum age of transplants and best method of planting on moving sand dunes.

1824 Bhimaya, C.P., Ahuja, L.D., Prakash, M., Gopinath, C. and Vangani, N.S. (1966) The economics and efficiency of different types of fencing for soil conservation in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 159-172

Although the initial cost of erection of angle iron posts with barbed wire fencing is rather costly, it is the most efficacious. The cost of maintenance being low in the long run, the average cost of protecting the area is very economical. Due to difficulty of procuring angle iron posts wherever stone slab quarries are nearby, stone posts and barbed wire fencing is recommended, being the next best from the aspect of providing protection and the economics over a long period. Due to decay and termite damage to the wooden posts, especially at their base they become unserviceable within 4 to 5 years. Therefore this type of fencing has proved uneconomical. Woven wire fencing is not very efficacious and is very costly. Corewall and thorn fencing effectively works but the thorns have to be renewed every year. The thorns are blown away by storms and therefore require constant attention. However there is the special advantage that thorny shrubs like Lycium species, Mimosa hamata, Balanites aegyptica, Zizyphus nummularia etc. which are unwanted plants on the range and thorny branches of xerophytic top feed trees are easily available in the fields and ranges, can be used for this type of fencing. Cactus fencing although apparently very cheap, is least effective and takes considerable time for establishment. Dry stone masonry fencing near the quarries is cheap at the out set but costly to maintain and unless built high and solid involving further cost, is not effective.

1825 Das, E.S. (1958) Problem of wind erosion in the Punjab and experience gained so far to meet it. Indian Forester. 84: 66-68

To control wind erosion in the Punjab plains it is suggested to (1) determine best technique of sand fixation for rolling sands, (2) find the most suitable species and their best combination for the formation of windbreak and shelter belts. The results of experimental plots on stabilisation of shifting sands in Jhumpa in Hisar district are summarised. Cenchrus Ciliaris C. biflorus, Saccharum munja, Citrullus colocynthis were found extremely

suitable plant species for sand fixation. Among shrub and tree species Ricinus communis, Aerva javanica, Acacia arabica, Acacia modesta and Acacia senegal proved successful. The success of Prosopis spicigera was moderate whereas Salvadora oleoides, Capparis aphylla, Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora failed. Two years after afforestation complete sand movement stopped.

1826 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1981)

A note on wind erosion from a cultivated field in western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 29: 278-279

Cultivation of bare dry soil and planking breaks the clods and thus makes the soil more vulnerable to wind erosion.

1827 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Raikhy, N.P. (1981) Soil erosion by wind from bare sandy plains in western Rajasthan, India. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 15-20

This study was conducted on a bare sandy plains at Bikaner and a partially stabilised sandy plains at Chandan, during 1978. The object was to determine the amount of soil loss due to wind, the relationship between wind velocity and soil eroded, the particle size distribution of the eroded soil and the nutrients associated with it. The results showed a loss of as much as 615 tonnes ha-1 and 325 tonnes ha-1 of soil from Bikaner and Chandan respectively during a 75 day period in April-June. A high exponential correlation between wind velocity and soil loss was observed at both sites. Particle sizes in the range 0.10-0.25 mm were observed to be most erosive, while particles less than 0.05 mm were least erosive. Finer fractions of eroded soil were found to contain higher contents of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Total loss of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, S) and of micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) was two to three times higher at Bikaner than at Chandan.

1828 Gupta, J.P., Rao, G.G.S.N., Gupta, G.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1983) Soil drying and wind erosion as affected by different types of shelterbelts planted in the desert region of western Rajasthan, India. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 53-58

Studies on the effects of 8-year-old shelterbelt plantations indicate a general reduction in wind velocity, wind erosion and evaporative loss of moisture from fields protected with Prosopis juliflora, Cassia siamea and Acacia tortilis. Cassia siamea shelterbelts are the most effective in checking wind erosion and delaying drying of the soil.

1829 Kaul, R.N. (1959)

Shelter belts to stop creep of the desert. Indian Forester. 85: 191-195

Reviews the principles of shelterbelt layout including composition, form, density, orientation, height, width, length and spacing. Tree, shrub and grass species suitable for raising windbreaks and shelterbelts in the arid regions of India have also been indicated.

1830 Kaul, R.N. and Misra, D.K. (1961) Land utilisation problems in arid zone and its significance in soil conservation. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, India Sec. B. 31: 315-320

Reviews the history of miss-use of land and its ill-effects as experienced in different parts of the world, role of conservation practices in arid zone is stressed and problems requiring research relating to three major land use, viz. silviculture, agrostology and agronomy are outlined.

1831 Mertia, R.S., Muthana, K.D. and Singh, M. (1988)

Impact of shelterbelts on pearl millet crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 305-307

The water use was less near the first shelter belt on the leeward side and it increased gradually away from the shelterbelt. Tree shelterbelts alone are most effective against strong and hot or cold winds over long periods and protect large areas.

1832 Misra, D.K. and Kaul, R.N. (1959) Erosion of soil by wind. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 7: 24-34

Discusses the various processes of wind erosion and factors affecting each of these processes.

1833 Mishra, M.N. and Ram Prasad. (1966) Strip cropping for erosion control I. Wind strip cropping. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 238-247

Considerable information is still lacking on air flow, temperature, evaporation, soil catching mechanism, and crop yields in the vicinity of crop strips and crop rows especially under Indian conditions. A large amount of work on the wind strip-widths, their practicability and soil loss equation which have been carried out in the U.S.A. and other parts of the world are of little value under our conditions in

view of the different topo-climates prevailing in agricultural fields of our country and the impoverished agricultural machinery available with the Indian farmers. Knowledge of the commencement of a particular wind storm a few days earlier to its actual occurrence will help farmers in planning suitable remedial measures to avoid substantial loss to soil and crops. Tillage implements, chemicals required, value of soil surface roughness coefficient, role of legumes in arid zone strip-cropping etc. all are to be determined to make the wind erosion control by strip-cropping effective.

1834 Prakash, M. (1958)

Green walls of protection. Indian Forester. 84: 334-40

The principles of shelterbelts and windbreaks and their various advantages are explained. Wind erosion can be checked by belts. Different types of belts, and also their orientation, form, width, density, and length are discussed. Regarding their sheltering effect a brief note is given of findings in other countries. The great shelter belt projects of America, Russia and China are reviewed. The article concludes with remarks that overall increase in yield offsets the losses due to root competition (soffing effects) and shade of the belts. Species suitable for belts and windbreaks are also mentioned.

1835 Prakash, M. and Pathak, S. (1957) Brick- planting in shifting sands of west Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 83: 224-225

In view of the adverse climatic factors in arid zone need for using container transplants is emphasised. Brick planting which combines in one, the function of both the container and the contents has proved most successful, particularly for afforestation of shifting sands and dunes. The specification of the planting brick are that it is unburnt and of the shape of frustum of a pyramid with top and bottom sections of 4 and 6 inches square respectively and a height of 12 inches, moulded out of a mixture of farmyard manure, sand and clay in equal proportion with the help of a wooden mould.

1836 Prakash, M. and Sarwal, S.S. (1958) Erection fencing. Indian Forester. 84: 70-73

Describes the equipment required, its erection and details of subsequent maintenance, etc. Comparative cost of different kinds of fencing and their advantages and disadvantages have also been described.

1837 Raheja, P.C. (1963)

Shelter-belts in arid climates and special techniques for tree planting. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 1-13

Species suitable for shelter-belt planting on sand dunes are Prosopis juliflora, Albizzia lebbek, Tamarix articulata and A. indica. The width of these belts should be 13 m interspersed with 60 m grass strips to stabilise the sand dunes. Species suitable for range lands are Albizzia lebbek, Prosopis spicigera, Ailanthus excelsa, A. indica and Z. nummularia which provide shade, fodder lopping and shelter. For roadside avenue plantings, the pit method has given a high degree of success with root-shoot cuttings of A. lebbek, P. juliflora and entire plants of A. indica. Species suitable for planting in rocky areas are P. juliflora, A. senegal and A. arabica. Of these P. juliflora is frost susceptible. In semi-rocky area, A. lebbek has proved successful.

1838 Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Prabhu, A. and Vasudev, S. (1995) Rate of aeolian dust accretion in the lower atmospheric layers of western Rajasthan. Indian Association of Science and Technology on Aerosols.. 118-119

The Indian arid region which extends in 0.32 million km² is subjected to wind erosion during summer months more so when the previous seasons rainfall was low. On an average droughts occur once in 2.5 years triggering the problems of wind erosion, duststorms and associated activities. Though biotic interference on poorly vegetated areas through overgrazing, cultivation of marginal lands etc., is an important causative factor of wind erosion, the climatic parameters like rainfall and strong winds play a key role in influencing the wind erosion and dust phenomena in the region. The large quantities of atmospheric dust creates weather changes in the arid environment by altering radiation balance through scattering and absorption and evaporative losses. Studies carried out on the monsoon rainfall and the frequency of dust storms during the subsequent period in the Indian arid zone indicated that dust storms followed a pattern similar to that of monsoon activity. The dust storms also influenced the thermal regime by reducing air temperatures by 2.8-3.2° C on a dusty day compared to a dust-free day. The class A pan evaporation was also lower by 18% on a dust day compared to a dust-free day.

1839 Sha, S.A. (1957)

Tree lands or grasslands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 83: 488-491

Reviews the causes of erosion; draws attention to the density of Prosopis spicigera trees naturally occurring in cultivated fields in the Jhunjhunu districts of western Rajasthan and suggest that desert conditions can well be effectively ameliorated by creating tree lands than grasslands.

1840 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Patwal, D.S. (1989) Wind stability status of certain promising tree species introduced in arid region. Journal of Tree Science. 8: 18-21

Fourteen promising tree species (indigenous and exotic) were assessed for their wind stability in the arid region. The wind stability of Prosopis juliflora was maximum and that of Acacia senegal was minimum. On the basis of wind stability status, these tree species could be graded as Prosopis juliflora > Azadirachata indica > Acacia tortilis > Tecomella undulata > Albizia lebbek > Prosopis cineraria > Colophospermum mopane > Acacia niotica > Hardwickia binata > Eucalyptus terminalis > Holoptelea integrifolia > Eucalyptus camaldulensis > Acacia aneura > Acacia senegal.

1841 Wasi, U., Chakravarty, A.K., Mathur, C.P. and Vangani, N.S. (1972) Effect of contour furrows and contour bunds on water conservation in grasslands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 169-182

The soil moisture depleted at varying rate till the end of October when it was mostly used for plant growth. Thereafter the loss was mainly due to evaporation. In Jaisalmer area soil moisture increase was comparatively higher in the treated plots and it was followed by Jadan and Bhopalgarh. This was due to shallow depths of soil in these areas. But in Palsana where depth of sandy soil was more, the infiltration rate was comparatively higher than consequent decrease in moisture at upper layers of the soil (5-25 cm). The contour furrowing and bunding treatments indicated in forage yield in all the areas except Jaisalmer. This treatment also indicated comparatively higher increase in moisture percentage in different areas.

1842 Venkateswarlu, J. and Kar, A. (1996) Wind erosion and its control in arid north-west India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 85-99

Wind erosion is a major problem in the arid sandy tract of north-west India, especially in west Rajasthan. To understand the spatial pattern of wind erosion in the region, wind erosivity and erodibility

of the terrain have been worked out, which suggest a westward increase in the erosivity with decreasing rainfall and increasing wind velocity. The pattern of erodibility cuts across this gradient. Currently man is the most important agent for acceleration of aeolian process, although the nature of sand reactivation is dependent more on the pattern of erosivity. Many of the problems can be tackled through effective technology intervention like vegetative propagation in the sandy terrain, plantation of dunes, etc., for which the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur has the required expertise. Mechanical methods of control are not very popular, but have their appeal in specific areas. For the success of any technology intervention, however, people's participation will be necessary.

1843 Verma, C.M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1979) Growth performance of heifers under different systems of grazing on Dichanthium-aristida pasture in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 13-20

The growth rate of yearling heifers was not significantly affected by the different treatments of grazing management viz. continuous controlled grazing and grazing during different rotational periods. The growth rate of these heifers ranged between 48.4 to 88.0 kg/animal in a year. However, the growth rate of the yearling heifers was significantly affected by the seasons (periods) irrespective of the years and the treatments of grazing. The highest growth rates have been observed during August-September followed in the month of October-November, the least being during the month of April and May. The growth rate during the month of August-September was quite high and average to 13.0 kg per animal per month and it compares favourably to the animals maintained on the farms under fairly high level of nutrition.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Goat 1844 Goyal, S.P. (1983)

Coat colour and body temperature regulations in Indian desert goats. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 59-63

A black coat colour appears to impact some thermolytic advantage over other coat colours in Rajasthan desert goats. The adaptive significance of the desert goat's shade-seeking behaviour has been discussed.

1845 Goyal, S.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1987) A note on the measurement of heat exchange by radio-telemetry in black desert goats during winter. Journal of Agricultural Science. 108: 509-510

Recently, radio-telemetry has been widely used in the measurement of various physiological attributes, e.g. body and skin temperatures, heart rate and heat flux across the surface in unrestrained animals. The present note provides some basic information on heat flux across the skin in untethered black Marwari goats of the Rajasthan desert, measured by radio-telemetry during winter.

1846 Kalra, D.S., Sharma, M.R. and Dhanda, M.R. (1962) Mastitis in goats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 33: 181-189

At Hisar farm the disease was found to be more than 9% goats and the incidence of latent infection was as high as 45.5%. Test injury was found to pre-dispose the udder to mastitis. Age and lactation number influenced the incidence of Streptococcal agalactiae mastitis. Streptococcal as well as staphycocceal mastitis occurred more frequently during summer than during winter months. The possibility of spread of infection from goats to cows and buffaloes and vice versa, when kept in close proximity is suggested.

1847 Kaushish, S.K., Georgie, G.C. and Sen Gupta, B.P. (1987) Effect of heat and water restriction on physiological responses of Beetal and Black Bengal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 57: 461-465

Six goats from each breed were divided into 2 groups. In one group water was not withheld, whereas in the other it was withheld for 36 h before exposure to thermal stress (43 ± 0.5° C, RH 55%). The observations were recorded before exposure and then at ½ h intervals during 2 h exposure. Increase in all the 3 body responses was seen under thermal stress. Maximum respiration rates were

observed when goats attained rectal temperature between 40.3 and 40.5° C. The rectal temperature level at which maximum respiratory frequency was observed, was lower when the animals were under combined stress of thermal exposure and water restriction. Significant differences were observed between breeds and groups in pulse and respiration rates.

1848 Kaushish, S.K., Sengupta, B.P. and Georgie, G.C. (1993) Serum electrolytes and body water compartments response to acute heat and water stress in Beetal and Black Bengal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 63: 1277-1279

This study was conducted on 5 to 6 months old male kids, (9 Beetal and 9 Black Bengal),which are exposed to 43.0 ± 0.5° C in a chamber for 2 h. The exposure was given under 2 sets of conditions viz. with availability of water prior to exposure and with no availability of drinking water for 36 h. Variance due to breed and different intervals of sampling were not significant for all the serum electrolytes studied. The variance interaction of interval of sampling with breed and also treatment groups were also nonsignificant. The fall in sodium and potassium was not significant. The serum chloride concentration increased in experimental groups. There was significant increase in chloride on exposure. Slight fall was also observed in protein level in G-2, but significant rise was observed when thermal exposure was coupled with water restriction. All the three body water compartments estimated were found increased after the heat exposure treatment. Non-availability of drinking water for 36 h do not change the response pattern of the both the breeds.

1849 Khan, M.S. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983) Body water turn-over in Indian desert mammals. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 173-175

Body water turnover estimates suggest that the Marwari goat of the Rajasthan desert is more efficient in water-use than Marwari and Magra sheep, the Parbatsar goat or the desert donkey. Young Marwari goats are, likewise, superior to Marwari and Magra lambs and Parbatsar kids in respect of water use efficiency.

1850 Mittal, J.P. (1988) Hair characteristics of desert goat. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 65: 731-733

The hair of Marwari goat are used for the manufacture of carpets, ropes abd blankets etc. and provide employment to many people in small scale or cottage industries at the village level. The work

reported in this communication provides information on hair in Marwari goat.

1851 Mittal, J.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Sengar, O.P.S. (1983) A note on Marwari breed of goat. Journal of Veterinary and Allied Sciences. 2: 39-42

The Marwari goat is a triple purpose breed providing milk, meat and hair to the inhabitants of desert region. The productivity of this breed can be improved by cross-breeding with heavy indigenous breed like Beetal.

1852 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1985) The goat - an appropriate animal for arid and semi-arid regions. Economics and Political weekly. 20: 1965-1972

Land use in the Indian arid zone has been both thoughtless and unscientific. The forces of desertification have gathered momentum within this zone. If this trend is to be reversed a suitable system of mixed farming with emphasis on animal husbandry has to be evolved and practised. In evolving such a programme the choice of appropriate livestock becomes crucial. Where feed is scarce and of low nutritive value larger animals are at a disadvantage because of their greater maintenance requirements. Smaller animals like the goat with lower maintenance needs can cover large areas to gather sufficient nutrients for survival and for minimum production of meat and milk. There are two conflicting views about the goat's role in land use. One view holds that the goat is the major cause of rangeland destruction and soil erosion, and its propagation should be checked. But a contradictory opinion is that the goat is after all a major supplier of animal protein and that since it usually consumes the scrub left-over from the over-grazing by cattle and sheep, it is unrealistic to blame the goat for environmental destruction. The authors, who subscribe to the latter view, discuss why it is ecologically necessary to assign the goat its rightful place in plans for arid and semi-arid regions.

1853 Singh, A., Singh, K. and Joshi, S. (1996)

Gross anatomical studies on the kidney in Marwari goat (Capra hircus). Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 77-78

The kidneys were smooth, bean shaped, convex dorsoventral with rounded extremities and reddish brown in colour. The overall average length of kidney was 5.6 ± 0.03 cm, and width was 3.4 ± 0.02 cm. The average caprine kidney weighed 32.7 ± 0.41 g.

1854 Singh, K. and Gupta, P.C. (1977) A note on the nutritive value of pala (Zizyphus nummularia) hay for sheep and goat. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 157-160

Pala was eaten more by goats than by sheep but it is a satisfactory maintenance ration for non-producing adults of both species. Both species were in positive balance for nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus.

1855 Uppal, P.K., Dubey, S.C. and Kaushish, S.K. (1981) Efficiency of panacur (Fenbendazole) against naturally infected tapeworm infections in sheep and goats under field conditions. Indian Journal of Parasitology. 5: 63

A trial was conducted in Bheepur and Rajpura villages. The animals were drenched with panacur. After the completion of trial it was found that it was 100% effective. Five immature tapeworms of Moniezia expansa were recovered in control sheep and 20 in control goat. The higher body weights were observed in treated sheep and goat.

Sheep

1856 Abichandani, R.K. (1981) Water use economy in Rajasthan desert sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 215-228

Watering twice weekly does not impair the health and productivity of sheep. The water-restricted animals of both the breeds consumed less than half the quantity of water consumed by the daily watered groups during this period. A considerable saving in stock drinking water is thus possible to achieve. No significant treatment effect on body weight was recorded. Water restriction also had no effect on wool production and lambing performance of the animals. The daily watering of sheep would, therefore, appear to be a dispensable practice, at least in the management of desert-adapted breeds.

1857 Bharat, N.K., Chowdhary, A.L. and Chowdhary, M.S. (1980)

A study on efficiency of wool production for reducing the impact of forces of desertification. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 493-497

The genes responsible for weight and weight gains did not get required environment in pre weaning age. The extent of heterosis as well as improvement over the native breed is higher when the Chokla were combined with Russian Merino than Rambouillet. By increasing the number of efficient animals and reducing the low

producing animals, biotic interference can be checked and desertification forces can be reduced.

1858 Bohra, H.C. (1980) Nutrient utilisation of Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) leaves by desert sheep and goats. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 73-81

Dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight was higher in the goat than in the sheep. While the feed contained 14.2% crude protein, the percentage of digestible crude protein was only 3.1% and 5.5% in sheep and goats respectively. In sheep, the digestibility of cellulose fraction of this feed was less than half that recorded for grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) cellulose (57.4%). The observed low digestibility of the feed protein may be due to the formation of an insoluble tannin-protein complex, which remains undigested in the intestine of the animals. Negative digestibilities of acid detergent fibre and lignin were recorded, probably due to the formation of an artifact in the hind gut of the animals as analysed quantitatively as lignin and which qualitatively resembled a non-conjugated phenolic lignin fraction. The digestible and metabolizable energies of the feed (kcal g-1 DMI) available to the sheep were estimated as 1.82 and 1.43, respectively, while for goats these values were 2.33 and 1.76, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of different cell-wall constituents and proteins, and the gross energy intake were higher in goats than in sheep.

1859 Bohra, H.C. (1982)

Utilisation of cell-wall constituents and nitrogen fraction of Lasiurus sindicus hay in Magra and Marwari breeds of Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 52: 649-651

Comparative efficiency of utilisation of nutrients from L. sindicus hay was evaluated in Magra and Marwari breeds of sheep of western Rajasthan. Dry-matter intake per unit live weight was 22.2% higher in Magra than in Marwari sheep. No significant differences in the digestibility coefficients of different nutrients of L. sindicus were observed in these breeds. Even with a high intake of nitrogen Magra animals were in negative nitrogen balance. This may be due to high demand for nitrogen for wool production in this breed, which apparently cannot be met by the feed nitrogen available through grazing alone.

1860 Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1977) Effect of restricted water intake during summer on the digestibility of cell-wall constituents, nitrogen retention and water excretion in

Marwari sheep. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Cambridge. 89: 605-608

The water-restricted animals (50% reduction in daily water intake) consumed 54 and 42% less dry matter and digestible energy respectively than normally watered animals. The digestibility coefficients of different CWC were apparently, though not significantly, higher in water-restricted animals. Throughout the study period, animals of both the groups, particularly the water-restricted group, remained in negative nitrogen balance. Moisture loss through the faeces was about 22% less in the water-restricted group than in the control animals. The water-restricted animals lost 21.2% of body weight in 23 days and these animals, when allowed water ad libitum, were able to recover 71.5% of the lost body weight within 3 days.

1861 Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983) Nitrogen metabolism in water-restricted Marwari sheep of the Indian desert. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Cambridge. 101: 735-739

The reduction in feed intake in water-restricted sheep leads to a reduction in intake and excretion of nitrogen through faeces and urine of these animals. No significant differences in the excretion of most urinary nitrogenous constituents between ad libitum watered and water -restricted animals were observed. On offering water ad libitum for 3 days to the restricted animals, the plasma urea in these animals dropped from 33.0 to 20.7 mg 100-1 ml), i.e. almost to the level in the animals watered ad libitum (18.7 mg 100-1 ml). The daily dry-matter intakes of the ad libitum watered and restricted animals were 790 and 488 g, respectively. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein of the feed were 47.1 and 27.2%, respectively in ad libitum watered and 56.6 and 39.5%, respectively, in restricted animals. This improvement in the efficiency of digestion in water-restricted sheep may not be due to any enhanced microbial activity in the rumen, but may possibly be due to an increased absorption of feed nutrients in the hind gut of these animals.

1862 Bohra, H.C., Goyal, S.P. and Joshi, D.C. (1988) Influence of differential grazing on plasma micromineral status of desert sheep and goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 58: 140-142

This study was conducted to evaluate the micro-mineral status of the desert sheep and goats maintained on 2 types of grazing lands, viz. scrub forest and sown pasture of western Rajasthan.

1863 Faroda, A.S. and Singh, A.N. (1972) A note on the performance of sheep fed on some top-feed species. Indian Journal of Animal Production. 3: 56-57

A trial on the performance of sheep fed on some of the most common arid and semi-arid zone top-feed species like pala (Zizyphus nummularia), khejri (Prosopis specigera), khejri (Acacia senegal) and kankera (Gymnosporia spinosa) was conducted at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, during 1970. It can be concluded that sheep cannot be maintained only on fodder leaves. However, they can be raised on them if concentrate is given in addition.

1864 Ghosh, P.K., Khan, M.S. and Abichandani, R.K. (1976) Effect of short-term water deprivation in summer on Marwari sheep. Journal of Agriculture Science. 87: 221-223

Effect of 24 h and 48 h of water deprivation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR),and on blood and urine electrolyte levels in Marwari sheep of the Rajasthan desert, has been recorded. Body weight, urine volume, GFR and erythrocyte sodium concentration in these animals registered considerable decreases due to dehydration. Both plasma potassium was somewhat reduced, the potassium in red blood cells increased after 48 h of water deprivation. The most remarkable response was in the concentration of urinary sodium which rose to more than double the normal level.

1865 Ghosh, P.K., Ram Ratan and Taneja, G.C. (1971)

Effect of chemically protecting dietary protein from microbial degradation in the rumen on wool growth. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 9: 109-110

The rate of wool growth in rams of Marwari breed fed with a supplement of formaldehyde-treated Zizyphus nummularia leaves (300 g; daily for 60 days) was significantly higher than in the controls fed with untreated leaves for a similar period; the average growth rate of wool fibre in experimental group was 0.61 mm day-1 while that in control was 0.49 mm day-1.

1866 Kalla, S.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1972)

Erythrocyte glutathoine level in relation to blood potassium type in Rajasthan desert sheep. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics. 3: 121-123

Although the frequency of distribution of the different blood potassium phenotypes, including the sub-type, in the sheep breeds of the Rajasthan desert in the north-west of India has been known, there has been no report so far on the nature of the association between blood potassium type and erythrocyte GSH level in the these breeds. The present paper attempts to provide some basic information on this association as observed in four sheep breeds in the Rajasthan desert.

1867 Kalla, S.D. (1980)

Some aspects of sheep development in arid zones of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 499-502

Sheep production is a labour intensive enterprise and almost amongst all the agricultural operations, sheep rearing is the only provision which provides an answer to our rural idle masses as the main source of occupation and for self employment in arid regions of India. A comprehensive programme of cross breeding by artificial insemination, feed and fodder production and conservation, health cover, marketing and extension support will change the rural economy of the entire arid region of our country. There should be a micro level planning based on local conditions but should be leading to national direction of development of sheep industry of arid area.

1868 Kalla, S.D. and Ghosh, P.K. (1975) Blood biochemical polymorphic traits in relation to wool production efficiency in Indian sheep. Journal of Agriculture Science. 84: 149-151

Seven hundred and twenty-five adult ewes of six breeds, namely Marwari, Chokla, Magra, Pugal, Jaisalmeri and Russian Merino x Marwari were typed for blood potassium, haemoglobin and erythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH) types. The nature of the association between each polymorphic trait and wool production efficiency in these breeds has been examined. GSHh animals were predominant in all the breeds. A negative correlation was observed between wool production and erythrocyte glutathione level. In general, mean wool production was found to be more in animals of Hb type A than in other Hb type animals. No significant correlation between blood potassium level and wool production was found in any of these breeds.

1869 Kandasamy, N. and Sahni, K.L. (1982 ) Studies on the location and physiological status of the cervix in native and cross-bred ewes during oestrous. Indian Veterinary Journal. 59: 382-384

The location and physiological status of the cervix were studied in 121 Nali, 167 Chokla and 31 cross bred sheep while they were in heat. Almost equal number of ewes were detected in heat both in the morning and evening. The evidence of the location of cervix was similar in both the native breeds. The cross-breds differed significantly from the natives by having more percentage of animals with their cervices located in the centre of the vagina than the natives. However, in all breeds the percentage of ewes with their cervices on the right side was more. There was no difference in the state of cervix and quantity of mucus secreted between the animals in heat. There was no difference in the quantity of the mucus secreted between fully and partially open cervix. But there was a significant increase in the number of ewes with scanty mucus in the closed cervix group.

1870 Karim, S.A., Singh, M. and Rai, A.K. (1984) Performance of cross-bred weaner lambs under hot environmental conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 54: 1087-1090

Thirty Merino x Chokla male lambs were divided into 3 groups at weaning (90 days of age) and kept : (1) in an open enclosure from 10.00 to 16.00 h and in a shed from 16.00 to 10.00 h (2) in an open sided shed throughout; (3) in a humidified shed. The sheep were fed ad lib. from 10.00 to 16.00 h and feed and water intakes were recorded daily over the 63 day experimental period. In the 3 groups respectively, initial body weight averaged 18.3, 18.7 and 19.2 Kg, final body weight 26.4, 27.0 and 27.2 kg, the percentage increase in body weight 44.6, 45.4 and 41.4 daily gain 125.4, 132.4 and 123.2 g, the feed efficiency ratio 1:0.139, 1:0.143 and 1:0.136, daily water intake per kg body weight 136.8, 132.1 and 148.5 ml dry matter intake 37.5, 37.2 and 36.6 g and Wool yield 1.74, 1.28 and 1.18 kg.

1871 Kaushish, S.K. (1994)

Sheep rearing provides livelihood for many in Bikaner district - An economic analysis. Carpet-e-World International. 16: 89-90

An attempt has been made to study the management practices of sheep growing and utilisation of wool product to examine the cost of and return from sheep farming. On an average Rs. 2385.43 were spent on flock of 100 sheep during the year. The expenditure on flock was higher at Kanasar followed by Tejrasar. The net income

from a flock of 100 sheep during year comes to be Rs. 16006. In the case grazier is an engaged labourer, the net income from this flock during the year comes to be Rs. 10,006 from a flock of 100 Magra sheep.

1872 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1972) Effect of weight of dam at service on gestation length, parturition and weight of lamb born to Nali sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Production. 3: 47

Relationship between the weight of ewe at service and gestation length, durations for the expulsion of foetus and placenta and weight of lamb born to Nali sheep were studied. The gestation period of the dam and the time taken for the expulsion of foetus and placenta were inversely related to the weight of the dam. Selection of heavier-bodied ewes will not only result in production of heavier lambs, but also reduce the chances of complications involving parturition.

1873 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1974) Studies on reproduction in sheep. 3. Factors effecting gestation length. Indian Journal of Animal Production. 5: 85-90

Average gestation periods of Nali, Lohi, Nellore X Nali and Mandya X Nali ewes were 152.2, 152.5, 151.3 and 151.1 days, respectively. Differences in gestation length due to genetic groups and sex of the lamb were not significant.

1874 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1974) Studies on reproduction in sheep. 4. Process of parturition. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 44: 667-671

The duration of three stages of parturition in two pure breeds, viz. Nali and Lohi, and two crosses, viz Nellore x Nali and Mandia x Nali, sheep was studied. The time taken for the completion of parturition was longest in Mandia x Nali and shortest in Lohi. The time taken for dilation of cervix stage and expulsion of foetus stage differed significantly between these groups. The type of birth did not affect the time taken for any of these stages. The post-service gain in weight of the dam was negatively related with the time taken for the second and third stages of the parturition.

1875 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1975) Studies on relationship among weight of placenta, number of cotyledons and birth weight of lamb. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 45: 248-251

Data were collected on the number of cotyledons, weight of placenta and birth weight from 125 cases of normal parturition of Nali, Lohi and crosses of Nali with Nellore and Mandia rams. The average number of cotyledons varied from 66.6 to 74.1 between these groups. The weight of placenta ranged from 0.195 to 0.259 kg. The sex of the lamb did not affect the placental weight and the number of cotyledons significantly. There was positive relationship between placenta weight, number of cotyledons and birth weight.

1876 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1977) Studies on reproduction in sheep. 5. Blood and plasma constituents before and after parturition in Nali sheep. Haryana Veterinary Journal. 16: 74-77

Packed cell volume and haemoglobin levels were significantly higher a day prior to parturition than after parturition. These showed a sharp fall on the day following parturition and thereafter there was rise. Packed cell volume returned close to pre-parturition level within seven days. Plasma sodium and potassium levels were significantly lower before parturition. They showed a steep rise one day after parturition after which a continuous fall was observed. Plasma total protein and cholesterol levels were significantly higher before parturition. They showed continuous fall after parturition.

1877 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1983) Effect of weight and measurements on placenta weight and number of cotyledons in Nali and Lohi sheep. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture. 167-169

Ewes weight at service was positively correlated with placenta weight and number of cotyledons. As the post-service gain in weight and abdominal circumference increased, the weight of placenta and the number of cotyledons also increased.

1878 Kaushish, S.K. and Mittal, J.P. (1994) Physiological responses of sheep and goats to exercise stress under arid conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 64: 423-424

Significant diurnal variation was observed in rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates. The evening rectal temperature was higher by 0.9 to 1.1° C in summer and 1.9 to 2.4° C in winter in sheep and higher by 1.4 to 1.5° C during summer and 2.2 to 2.4° C during winter in goats. The respiration rate increased by 180% and 167% in group one sheep and goats by 232 and 199% in respective species in exercise groups. Under arid conditions of Rajasthan, Magra sheep and Marwari goats can safely be grazed within 8 km

from their watering point without ill effects on their health when the average atmospheric temperature is ground 44° C.

1879 Kaushish, S.K. and Sahni, K.L. (1975) A note on time of parturition in Russian Merino Ewes. Indian Veterinary Journal. 52: 837-839

The time of parturition was observed in Russian Merino ewes during spring season of the successive years. Maximum concentration of births (40%) occurred between midnight and 6 AM and this was followed closely by another concentration (30%) between noon and 6 PM.

1880 Kaushish, S.K. and Sahni, K.L. (1976)

Effect of feeding animal protein (egg + milk) and trace elements and provision of cooler climate on libido, semen quality and certain physical reactions. in summer season. Indian Journal of Animals Science. 46: 135-139

The libido of the rams was not affected by any of the treatments. The feeding of eggs and milk had adversely affected the quality of semen during summer, while feeding of trace elements did not show any beneficial effect. A significant improvement in semen volume and sperm concentration was observed in rams maintained under artificially cooled room, where the maximum environmental temperature did not exceed 32° C. The semen production in control rams was most satisfactory. The respiration rate, rectal temperature and pulse rate were significantly higher in the group supplemented with eggs and milk. The animals inside cooled room also showed signs of discomfort, which was attributed to a marked increase in the per cent relative humidity. The values were significantly less in the control group and were comparable with the animals given trace elements.

1881 Kaushish, S.K., Arora, K.L. and Dhanda, O.P. (1973) Studies on reproduction in sheep. 2. Time of parturition. Indian Journal of Animal Production. 4: 56

There was a significant difference among genetic groups regarding the frequencies of lambing which took place during different periods (arranged at 3-h intervals). Overall, the highest frequency was between 3 and 6 AM, and between 3 and 6 PM. The largest number of lambings took place following 3 PM, particularly as the cooler and darker hours approached.

1882 Kaushish, S.K., Bhatia, D.C. and Arora, K.L. (1976)

Studies on adaptability of sheep to sub-tropical climate and seasonal changes in rectal temperature cardio-respiratory and haematological attributes of Nali sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal. 53: 760-765

Average packed cell volume and haemoglobin values for Nali sheep were observed to be 26.88 and 9.04. Highly significant variation was observed between seasons. These were lowest in summer. Minimum and maximum values for haemoglobin were 7.55 and 10.22 and for packed cell volume 22.40 and 30.68, respectively. As the ambient temperature increased fall in haematocrit and haemoglobin was observed. These attributes were positively, though non-significantly related with relative humidity. Pulse and respiration rates were positively related with haemoglobin.

1883 Kaushish, S.K., Dubey, S.C. and Kalra, D.B. (1995) Treatment of entero-toxaemia in sheep and goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 65: 655-657

The treatment for entero-toxaemia in sheep and goats has been developed. The clinical management was adopted with 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate (50 ml animal-1). Complete recovery took place in 3-4 days. Cure rate was 92.6%.

1884 Kaushish, S.K., Karim, S.A. and Rawat, P.S. (1994)

Performance of native and cross-bred sheep in farmers' flock. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 65: 1379-1382

The experimental stock consisted of 1987 adult sheep in farmers flocks comprising 1665 native Malpura (85 male and 1580 female) and their 172 quarterbreds with Rambouillet (25 males and 147 females). During March the average body weight of these animals was 27.8 Kg which decreased to 27.1 Kg in June and increased thereafter to 27.8 Kg during October. Males were heavier than females, as the breeding rams were given preferential treatment in management and supplementary feeding. The greasy fleece yield of adult animals was higher in March followed by that in October and was lowest in June. The staple length of four monthly harvested wool in native and crossbred sheep was 4.89 and 4.58 cm, respectively. Cross breeding resulted in reduction in fibre diameter in quarterbred population compared to native. Under field conditions the grazing sheep exhibit seasonability of body weight with loss during summer and regain during lush and comfortable months.

1885 Kaushish, S.K., Karim, S.A. and Rawat, P.S. (1995)

Physiological responses of unshorn and shorn native and cross-bred sheep under heat exposure. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 65: 714-717

The information is based on 3 each of unshorn and shorn Chokla (C) and their halfbreds with Rambouillet (RXC), Merino (MXC), Nali (N) and also their halfbreds with Rambouillet (RXN) and Merino (MXN). During peak hot period although the respiration rate of unshorn animals was higher than the shorn counterparts, but their rectal temperatures were lower indicating better heat tolerance. In hot semi-arid and arid regions the animals should not by shorn during hotter months of year.

1886 Kaushish, S.K., Sahani, M.S., Dubey, S.C. and Sharma, S.C.

(1982) Performance of cross bred rams and their progenies under field conditions. Wool and Woollens of India. July-Sept: 39-44.

Avikalin and native rams were heaviest in autumn, whereas, Avivastra rams were heaviest in winter season. The average body weights of Avikalin, Avivastra and native rams was 42.25,41.12 and 38.94 Kg, respectively. There was significant difference in body weights of rams in summer and autumn seasons. The fibre diameter in native lambs was about 40 µ which decreased to 31 µ in crossbred progenies. Similar trend was observed in case of medullation. The medullation was lowest in Avivastra progenies. The differences due to breed of sire were no significant in case of staple length. Of the 149 rams distributed from 1975 to 1979, 64 died, 39 were culled and 35 were surviving upto June, 1980. Majority of the very fine wool (35.7%) and Avivastra (69.9%) rams died within six months of their being distributed in the field, whereas 48.2% Avikalin rams survived for over 12 months in the field. The survival was longest (16.6 months) where Avikalin rams of above 2 ½ years of age were given. Highest mortality (21.9%) was observed to be due to pneumonia. This was followed by worm load and progressive debility.

1887 Kaushish, S.K., Sharma, S.P. and Shiv Prasad. (1995)

Effect of supplementation on serum metabolites during pregnancy. Indian Journal of Animals Sciences. 65: 1233-1235

This information is based on 20 Chokla synthetic sheep of 1-1½ year old. Each animal of group 2, 3, 4 and 5 was given 250 g of concentrate mixture which had 7, 10, 13 and 16% DCP respectively. The total digestible nutrients were kept at 70%. The cholesterol levels at breeding varied from 162.6 to 210.2 mg dl-1 among groups.

It increased with the advancement of gestation. The mean glucose level among group ranged from 28.8 to 47.9 mg dl-1 at different stages of pregnancy. It was higher at breeding and decreased just before parturition. The mean total serum protein level was highest at breeding and lowest just before parturition. The serum protein and albumin levels showed decline with advancing gestation. The total serum protein and globulin levels at three months of gestation differed significantly from those at breeding and at five months of gestation.

1888 Khan, M.S. (1983) Body water turnover rate in Indian desert sheep and goat. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 47-49

The average water turn-over in Marwari goat is considerably lower than in Marwari sheep during summer. The superior water use efficiency of desert goat is responsible for the enormous increase in goat numbers in western Rajasthan while the growth rate of the sheep population in this tract has preceded at a much slower rate.

1889 Khan, M.S. and Abhichandani, R.K. (1977) A note on electrophoretic distribution of plasma proteins during acute and chronic water deprivation in Rajasthan desert sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 271-274

In the plasma proteinograms of the chronically water deprived animals of both Marwari and Magra breeds-2 globulin band was found to be persistently present, while this band failed to show up in the proteinograms from normally hydrated animals.

1890 Khan, M.S. and Abhichandani, R.K. (1983)

A note on the characterisation of blood potassium genotypes in Indian desert sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 359-361

The incidence of occurrence of homozygous LK (KLKL) type sheep in both male and females was very low in comparison to heterozygous LK (KLKL) and HK (KLKL). The percentage of KLKL female sheep was highest in Pugal breed (20%) and lowest in Marwari breed (7%).

1891 Mahal, S., Singh, G. and Sudarshan Kumar. (1959) Estimation of clean fleece from small regional samples in the fleece of the Bikaneri sheep. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 29: 73-79

Ten yearling Bikaneri ewe lambs were taken for study to find out a method of estimating clean fleece yield from small regional samples viz. neck, shoulder wither, side, back, britch and belly.

1892 Mahal, S., Singh, G. and Sudarshan Kumar. (1961)

Estimation of fleece density from small regional samples in fleece of Bikaneri sheep. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 31: 75-79

A study on 15 yearling Bikaneri female lambs was made to find a method for estimation of fleece density. The samples from each of six regions, neck, shoulders withers, sides back and birtch were used for the study. Fleece density in neck region was highest and lowest at britch region. For obtaining fleece density of a single fleece, observations are essential on all regions. But to compare density between two fleece, it is essential to compare sample from back region. For comparing fleece density from one group of sheep with that of other, it would be enough to take one sheep of one group and take fleece samples from back region and compare.

1893 Mali, P.C., Bedekar, A.R. and Patnayak, B.C. (1984) Comparative growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs and kids fed with Pala (Zizyphus nummularia leaves). Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 243-248

Eight lambs and 8 kids were divided into two groups (4 in each) and fed Pala (Z. nummularia leaves) ad lib either alone or supplemented with a mineral mixture free choice for a period of 210 days. The daily gain of lambs fed on Pala alone or Pala supplemented with a mineral mixture over a period of 210 days was 51.0 and 38.0 g, respectively. The corresponding values for kids were 76.0 and 64.0 g. Average daily feed consumption over the whole experimental period ranged from 1.230 to 1.282 kg in all four groups but the consumption per unit weight was higher in kids than in lambs. Within species mineral mixture supplementation had a rather depressing effect on weight gain. In lambs, low weight gain appeared to be due to low intake of DCP in relation to TDN as compared to kids. The average dry matter intake during the digestion trial was 3.4 ± 0.1 and 3.8 ± 0.2 kg per 100 kg body weight for lambs and kids, respectively. In general, the digestibility coefficient of nutrients was higher in kids than in lambs. In both the species, however, protein digestibility was low although kids showed higher digestibility than lambs. In lambs nitrogen excreted in faeces was 70 to 77% of the intake as compared to 62 to 65% in kids. Urinary nitrogen excretion was 14 to 17% of the intake in both the species. In a Pala feeding regime kids perform better and utilise nutrients better than lambs although both the species could show growth.

1894 Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Bedekar, A.R. (1983) Plan of nutrition of Marwari ewes in different seasons of grazing on natural range pasture of the arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 323-328

Intake measurements were taken in August, November, February and May representing four seasons covering January to March, April to June, July to September and October to December and designated as season 1,2,3 & 4 respectively. The crude protein percentage of the ingested forage was highest and crude fibre lowest during season 3. The acid detergent fibre was the highest (50%) and TDN value of the ingested forage was the lowest during the season 4 as compared to other seasons. The DCP value of the ingested herbage varied from 0.84% during season 1 to 1.6% during season 3 due to very low digestibility coefficient for protein. Dry matter consumption was the highest during season 3 and lowest during season 2. The TDN intake varied from 339 g day-1 to 440 g day-1 in different seasons. Due to low digestibility of protein, CF and NFE the TDN consumption per unit metabolic size was the lowest during season 4 as compared to that of other seasons. Although crude protein intakes were adequate, the digestibility coefficient values for crude protein were very low amounting to DCP intake/animal/day of only 7 to 8 g during season 1 and 2, and 14 to 15 g during season 3 to 4. These values are much lower than expected. It may be that in a low protein regime the animals recycle the nitrogen and meet their nitrogen requirement. It could also be possible that in the grazing situation ingestion of soil/sand may lead to increase in metabolic faecal nitrogen through denudation of mucous membrane which gives high nitrogen percentage in the faeces resulting in low apparent digestibility of protein.

1895 Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Ghosal, A.K. (1994) Levels of certain blood nutrients in grazing non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating Marwari ewes. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 319-323

Blood serum levels of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, copper, sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, total protein and blood glucose were measured in 16 month old Marwari ewes bred during autumn (September) or spring (March) and maintained exclusively on grazing. Serum phosphorus level significantly decreased and calcium level increased during lactation as compared to pregnancy in March-bred ewes. In September-bred ewes, although the calcium level increased, the phosphorus level did not decrease during lactation. Sodium level decreased during pregnancy of ewes in both the seasons. Serum protein level decreased only in September-bred ewes. Blood urea nitrogen values were significantly lower in

November, February and March as compared to May, August and September in both mated and non-mated ewes. The low level of urea nitrogen could be indicative of low protein status of the ewes, during the lean period.

1896 Mann, J.S., Dubey, S.C. and Kaushish, S.K. (1980) Effect of different managemental conditions with special reference to feed and fodder resources on the performance of local sheep - a field study. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 14: 101

One flock in each of the three villages viz. Malpura, Hathki and Sindolia of Operational Research Project Centre, Malpura, Distt. Tonk were selected to study the performance of flocks kept on different levels of feed and fodder resources and managerial conditions, but provided similar health coverage. This study indicated that the flock maintained on high level of nutrition by ad-lib grazing and supplementary feeding in the form of agricultural by product and tree loppings etc. did not show significant differences in body weight and wool yield from the group kept on somewhat low level of nutrition. The flock reared on overcrowded pasture and inadequate supplementary ration had lowest body weight wand wool yield. Higher stocking rate results in lower production and higher morbidity and mortality. Development of local grazing land by silvipastoral system and intercropping leguminous fodder with the cereal crops in cultivable fields may facilitate an improvement over the present situation of fodder crisis.

1897 Mathur, B.K., Mittal, J.P., Mathur, A.C. and Bhandari, M.C.

(1991) Effect of drought on wool production in Chokla and Nali sheep maintained on desert rangeland. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 61: 80-83

The effect of drought on wool production was studied in 12 ewes and 5 rams each of Chokla and Nali. They were maintained under free range conditions of arid region from spring season of 1986 to spring season of 1989. Water was provided once ad-lib. throughout the study. During the most severe drought period in summer 1987 all these sheep were provided with tree loppings of Prosopis cineraria. In autumn 1987 each animal was provided with 150 g of supplementary feed to keep them alive. In all 6 shearing records of this flock were analysed. Nali rams and ewes produced higher greasy fleece than their counterparts of Chokla breed. The effect of period and season on greasy-fleece was lowest during spring 1988 in both the breeds. However, this reduction in yield was slightly higher in Nali than in Chokla and in rams than in ewes.

1898 Mathur, O.P. (1990) Evaluation of by-pass protein and urea for wool production. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 131-135

Studies on the comparative efficacy of utilisation of native protein vis a vis by-pass protein with or without urea was conducted to assess the biological response on wool production, quantitatively and qualitatively. The wool production was highest in lambs fed by-pass protein. Staple length, staple crimps were found to increase, and modulation percentage was found to decrease, with the advancement of age in all the animals irrespective of treatment received.

1899 Mathur, O.P. (1993) Effect of feeding formaldehyde treated and urea supplemented guar on sheep rumen liquor. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 73-74

Ammonical-N at different intervals after feeding was found to be significantly higher in groups of lambs fed with urea compared to control. TVFA concentration irrespective of treatment steadily increased with time.

1900 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, C.S., Purohit, G.R. and Sharma, Y.K. (1992) Economics of by-pass protein and urea feeding in sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 147-148

Magra lambs should be raised economically on by-pass protein with urea and for maximum profit lambs should be disposed off at the marketable age of 10 months.

1901 Mittal, J.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983)

Long-term saline drinking and female reproductive performance in Magra and Marwari sheep of the Indian desert. Journal of Agriculture Science. 101: 751-754

The ewes of Magra and Marwari breed, drinking natural saline waters containing total soluble salts up to 3500 mg l-1, continuously for prolonged periods reproduce satisfactorily. The general health and live weight of ewes and their lambs were also not affected by continuous intake of this saline water.

1902 Mittal, J.P. and Kavia, Z.D. (1986) Sheep improvement in operational research project area of Rajasthan desert. Wool and Woollens of India. 23: 31-32

The present study aimed at demonstrating the improved technology for all round development of sheep sector in arid areas.

1903 Mittal, J.P. and Kavia, Z.D. (1987)

Constraints of sheep development in operational research project area of arid Rajasthan. Wool and Woollens of India. 24: 27-28

The constraints that are hindering the progress of sheep production in arid region have been identified and described in this paper.

1904 Mittal, J.P. and Sengupta, B.P. (1981) Superovulation and multiple lambing in desert adapted Magra ewes with serum and chorionic gonadotrophins. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 247-252

The effect of several factors on pregnant mare serum gonadotrophins (PMSG) stimulated lambing performance in a desert adapted breed of sheep (Magra) which is essentially monotocus, was investigated. A single injection of 750 I.U. PMSG on 13th day of oestrus cycle was found satisfactory for parous ewes. The apparent advantage was of 1000 I.U. does over 750 I.U. in terms of lambing percentage was offset by a relatively lower conception rate at the higher dose level. When human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given in addition to PMST, it improved the fertility as well as lambing rate in young and parous ewes. It was observed that with judicious choice of dose of PMSG and HCG, the lambing rate could be augmented by as much as 100% in nulliparous ewes. It was found that the stimulatory effect of PMSG was dependent on the post partum interval, there being a distinct direct interval response relationship. At 120 = 10 days post partum the ovulatory response to PMSG seemed satisfactory though not optimum. It was also inter alia observed that the haemoglobin (Hb) and red cell potassium variant showed some association with superovulatory response following PMSG treatment.

1905 More, T. (1982) Effect of water deprivation of urinary levels of creatinine and nitrogen in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 98: 233-236

Overall yearly average concentrations of urinary nitrogen in groups I, II and III were 1.67, 1.78 and 2.21%, respectively. The monthly mean values irrespective of treatments were 1.13 (April) 0.91 (June), 1.78 (July), 2.70 (September), 2.91 (October), 2.74 (December), 1.76 (January) and 2.81% (March).

The urinary creatinine concentration was found to increase (P<0.01) owing to water deprivation upto 72 h. An overall yearly average of urinary concentration, irrespective of months in groups I, II and III

was 144, 161 and 196 mg/100ml, respectively. The monthly average values, irrespective of groups, were 90, 98, 245, 250, 233, 114, 137 and 180 mg/100ml in April, June, September, October, December, January and March, respectively.

There was significant decline in urine volume, conversely urinary nitrogen and creatinine concentration increased with water deprivation. Absolute levels of creatinine excretion declined in sheep given water once in 48 or 72 h during the summer month of April.

1906 More, T. (1982) Influence of long term intermittent watering on urinary electrolyte changes in Chokla sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 52: 530-533

Intermittent watering in chokla sheep caused significant rise in the concentration of potassium as well as sodium. This in turn resulted in significant rise (P<0.01) of osmolarity, conductivity and freezing point depression. The fall in K/Na ratio with water deprivation indicated relatively more rise in concentration of sodium. Though the values on chloride levels were not similar to that at sodium yet their excretion pattern was the same. There were significant seasonal differences for these urinary attributes and most of them were highest during summer. The maximum urinary osmolarity observed was about 2,128 m osmol litre-1 in sheep given water once in 72 hr during the summer.

1907 More, T., Singh, M. and Rai, A.K. (1981)

Note on the adaptation of Rambouillet to hot environment as compared to native sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 51: 113-115

Three Rambouillet, 4 Malpura and 4 Chokla rams were studied in metabolism cages in summer at temperatures of 24-39° C. As a percentage of body weight feed intake in Choklas was significantly high than in Rambouillets or Malpuras (3.4 vs. 2.0 and 2.7%), and also water intake (8.3 vs. 6.1 and 7.6%). Dry mater digestibility was significantly higher in Choklas than in Rambouillets or Malpuras (52.79 vs 44.64 and 46.85%). Nitrogen balance as a percentage of body weight was significantly higher in Choklas than Rambouillets or Malpuras (11.52 vs. 4.49 and 7.21). Urinary sodium concentration was significantly higher in Rambouillets than in Choklas or Malpuras (81.06 vs 45.30 and 57.67 m Eq/litre). Plasma volume as a percentage of body weight was significantly lower in Rambouillets than in Chokla or Malpuras (4.10 vs. 5.90 and 5.27) and also blood volume (5.66 vs. 8.83 and 7.10).

1908 Narayan, S. (1960) Skin follicle types, ratios, and population densities in Rajasthan sheep breeds. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research. 11: 400-426

Observations are reported on skin follicle types, ratios, population densities and percentages of medullated fibres in four Rajasthan sheep breeds Chokla, Marwari, Jaisalmeri and Malpura. Data from three body regions shoulder, side and breech were available for a total of 21 sheep and for 12 more there were observations for at least one of the three regions. Chokla breed had the highest total and primary follicle population density, as well as the highest ratio of secondary to primary follicles and the lowest percentage modulation. Malpura breed had the lowest total and lowest primary follicle population density, and was equal with the Marwari breed for the lowest ratio. Malpura breed had the highest percentage medullation. Of the three body regions studied, the side had the highest ratio of secondary to primary follicles in all four breeds, while the breech had the highest percentage of medullated secondary fibres. The percentage of medullated primary fibres in the breech was equal to or greater than that in either of the other regions.

1909 Purohit, G.R., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1975)

A note on seasonal variation in normal water intake by indigenous and crossbred sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 274-276

Water intake was higher in summer than in winter. The Russian merino x Marwari sheep have been found to drink minimum water compared to the other breeds.

1910 Purohit, G.R., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1976 )

Effect of water restriction on dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients in pure and crossbred Marwari sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 95-101

Fifty per cent restriction of normal water intake in Marwari and Russian Merino x Marwari sheep over a period of 21 days have no effect on DM intake per unit body weight and in this coefficients of digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE in comparison to ad libitum watering treatment. The coefficient of digestibility of CF was however, found to be significantly (P<0.01) increased in the water restricted pure bred and cross-bred animals. There was no treatment effect on the nitrogen balance of the animals belonging to either of the breeds.

1911 Rai, A.K., Kaushish, S.K. and Honmode, J. (1976)

A note of physical and biochemical studies on semen of Chokla, Malpura and cross-bred rams. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 46: 658-659

Chokla (C) and Malpura (M) and their crosses with Rambouillet (R), viz. R x C (1/2 and 3/4) and RXM (1/2) and of about 12 to 18 months of age, served as the experimental stock. The semen was collected once a week in the morning with the help of AV. There were differences in volume of semen between breeds. It was lowest in Malpura which differed from Chokla. The concentration of sodium and potassium was similar in native and cross bred rams. The chloride content of the cross breed semen was higher than that of native. The semen of Chokla Malpura and their crosses did not show any differences in the concentration of calcium. However, phosphorus was significantly lower in R2 X C than in other breeds and breed crosses. Except for potassium and chloride contents the semen of different genetic groups did not differ remarkably.

1912 Rai, A.K., More, T. and Singh, M. (1983)

Certain blood attributes in different genetic groups of sheep on feed lot ration. Indian Veterinary Journal. 60: 839-41

Certain blood attributes were studied in 48 wethers of Malpura Sonadi and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, maintained on feed to ration. The blood samples were collected 10 days before slaughter and analysed for haemotocrit, extra cellular fluid volume, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, serum protein and cholesterol content No breed group differences were observed for these attributes. The cholesterol values were considerably higher than normal reported range in sheep.

1913 Rai, A.K., Singh, M. and More, T. (1983)

Experimental thermal stress and post stress responses of sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 53: 1104-1106

Native chokla and Rambouillet x Chokla (½) sheep were exposed to 20°C for 2 h in a climatic chamber. Chamber temperature was than rained to 40°C in 2 h, maintained for 2 h, and then brought back to 20°C in 2 h At 40°C increase in respiratory frequency. Cutaneous moisture loss and haematocrit were higher in the cross breds than in the Chokla; only pulse rate was higher in the cross breds. Alkaline phosphate and serum inorganic phosphorus showed a decreasing trend at past exposure 20°C. Alkaline phosphate activity and serum inorganic phosphorus showed a tendency to return to pre exposure levels. Apparently, the cross breds experienced more stress

at 40°C but both breed groups maintained homeothermy and their responses attained normally within 2 h after removal of stressor.

1914 Ram Ratan, Purohit, G.R., Abichandani, R.K. and Ghosh, P.K.

(1973) A note on the utilisation on hay by pure and cross bred Marwari sheep. Animal Production. 17: 213-214

A comparative study was made of the utilisation of hay (Lasiurus sindicus) by Marwari and Russian Merino x Marwari male sheep. In takes of dry matter and crude protein and digestibility of dry matter were similar for both groups but the digestibility of crude protein was higher for the pure bred Marwari sheep. Within the pure-bred animals, digestibility of crude protein was higher in those that gave a consistently low fleece yield.

1915 Ram Ratan, Purohit, G.R., Abichandani, R.K. and Ghosh, P.K. (1978) Comparison of the apparent digestive ability of high and low fleece yielding indigenous and cross-bred sheep in the Rajasthan desert. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44: 301-303

A comparative study of the apparent digestive ability of the Marwari breed of sheep of the Rajasthan desert, and Russian Merino x Marwari cross were maintained on Lasiurus sindicus hay. Animals of the two breeds had similar dry matter and crude protein intakes and dry matter digestibility. The Marwari had shown a significantly higher crude protein digestibility in comparison to the cross-breds.

1916 Rathore, S.S. (1994) Growth of ramlambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus-aristida Rangeland in arid region. Indian Journal of Range Management. 15: 57-60

Two years (August 1983 to July 1985) grazing study with ram lambs of Marwari breed was carried out on Cenchrus-aristida grass cover under different grazing systems. The results of this study revealed that (a) growth rate of ramlambs was significantly affected by different grazing treatments (b) growth on yearlong basis ranged from 5.33 to 7.58 kg per animal per year (c) growth variations in body weight were influenced by seasonal variations in the production of herbage. The growth rate was highest during August-September and least during February-March.

1917 Sehgal, J.P., Karim, S.A., Singh, M. and Acharya, R.M. (1982)

A note on crossbreeding for fat-lamb production in the hot tropics. Animal Production. 35: 435-38 To compare the genetic differences in live-weight gains, efficiency of food conversion (in terms of dry matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible crude protein, digestible energy and metabolizable energy) and physiological responses related to heat balance, a total of 24 male lambs (91 to 180 days old), four each of Malpura, Sonadi, and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, were given a ration having a roughage to concentrate ration of 250: 750 g/Kg and metabolizable energy content of 10.0 MJ/Kg dry matter. Live-weight gain per day was higher and the food conversion ratio (the intakes of total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy per kg gain) was lower in the crossbreds than in the native sheep. The crossbreds had higher respiratory rates (153 per min) than the natives (140 per min) but there was no significant difference in rectal temperature between purebreds and crossbreds. The crossbred lambs in the present experiment grew faster, consumed more food and utilised the food more efficiently than did the native lambs ,despite the fact that they dissipated more energy as body heat. The crossbreds performed better than the native breeds between 3 and 6 months of age, even though they were not permanently acclimatised to hot environmental conditions.

1918 Sharma, R.M. and Malhotra, F.C. (1959)

Protective value of sheep pox vaccines in Indian breeds of animals. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 29: 58-61

Vaccines from Mukteshwar and Mysore were tried. 15 days after vaccination of virulent sheep pox virus a challenge dose was given. One out of 10 animals vaccinated with Mukteshwar vaccine showed thermal and local reaction. After 10-11 months another challenge dose was given and it revealed that 50% animals vaccinated with Mukteshwar vaccine showed solid immunity and it was only 33% with Mysore vaccine.

1919 Sharma, T., Purohit, G.R., Sharma, Y.K. and Bhatia, J.S. (1990) Quantitative relationship of mimosine contents and wool shedding on feeding subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) in cross bred Karakul x Malpura F2 rams. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 59-61

The cross bred F2 rams could possibly tolerate higher level of mimosine without any dilapidatory action in wool and health.

1920 Singh, M. (1980) Problems of adaptation by sheep to hot arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 301-306

Management plays an important part in ameliorating the effect of hot climate. The constructive management measures are, provision of shade, diminishing the ground reflection, suitable shelters, restriction of feeding during hotter parts of the day, postponement of shearing to cooler season, and control of mating so that late pregnancy occurs in comparatively cooler season. But in developing countries the approach has to be based on proper selection and breeding of animals so as to optimise the combination of heat tolerance and productivity. Also, research on the ecology of the sheep raised in the arid zones is of the utmost importance.

1921 Singh, M., Rai, A.K. and Karim, S.A. (1983) Relative heat tolerance of Indian Nali and Soviet Merino x Nali half bred sheep to continuous 35°C and 40°C temperature condition. Journal of Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 49: 18-23

Relative heat tolerance of native Nali and their crosses with Merino sheep was assessed by exposing them to 35° C or 40° C for 5 days in each case. The body temperature and the respiratory frequency was found to be higher in the half breds than in the Nali sheep at 35° C and the magnitude of this response was more marked at 40° C. The gradient of body temperature was not only lower in the half breds at 35° C but the same further decreased when the animals were exposed to 40° C. A tendency of decline in blood glucose and increase in lactic acid concentration was deserved at 35° C only, while the level of total serum protein increased. Significantly under both the ambient temperature. Feed intake in the half bred was lower at 35° C compared to that in the natives but under higher ambient temperature (40° C) the voluntary feed intake increased both in the half bred and in the natives. The water intake increased with the rise in ambient temperature, more so in the half breds. At a relatively lower ambient temperature (35° C) the natives could tolerate heat better than the half breds but at a higher temperature (40° C) thermal stress was marked in the native also; the half breds were under greater thermal stress under both the conditions.

1922 Singh, M., More, T., Rai, A.K. and Karim, S.A. (1982) A note on the adaptability of native and cross bred sheep to hot summer conditions of semi arid and arid areas. Journal of Agricultural Science. 99: 525-528

Progressive decline in faecal moisture, increase in rectal temperature and decrease in morning respiration rate were also

noted in both the breeds while an increase in pulse rate was recorded only in the cross breeds. Increase in respiratory or pulse rate for unit rise in rectal temperature was found to be higher in the cross breds on accentuated thermal stress. Haematocrit values were higher in the cross breds and blood potassium concentration was higher in the Chokla while blood glucose decreased in both the groups under the condition of short term exposure to summer stress. The cross breds maintained homoethermy as well as the chokla.

1923 Singh, N.P., More, T. and Sahni, K.L. (1976) Effect of water deprivation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science. 86: 431-433

Thirty six Chokla adult empty ewes were divided into three uniform groups A, B and C. Animals of these three groups received water once in 24, 48, and 72h respectively. The water and dry matter intake was 5.5 and 2.1% in group B and 4.8 and 2.2% in group C. Although the animals compensated their water intake, if deprived for 48 h they could not compensate their dry matter consumption owing to limited capacity of their stomachs. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre was highest in group B. Nitrogen intake in groups A, B and C was 22.1, 20.1 and 20.4 g day-1 and the animals in the three groups lost 24.2, 20.4 and 26.3% of total intake through faeces and 29.1, 23.5 and 27.1% through urine making the total loss of nitrogen 53.2, 43.9 and 53.3% of the total intake respectively. The digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) values, calculated from the proximate composition dry matter intake and digestibility coefficient figures, of the cowpea hay fed were 12.5 and 60.2% in the control group, 13.5 and 63.1% in group B and 12.5 and 61.4% in group C respectively. The animals deprived of water for 48h showed about 1% more DCP and about 2-3% more TDN than those deprived for 24 or 72h.

1924 Taneja, G.C. (1970) Blood potassium types in sheep in relation to animal production in arid environment. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 36: 311-319

HK is inherited as a simple recessive and LK may be either homozygous or heterozygous. There are significant differences between the breeds in respect of potassium levels of both LK and HK. LK sheep are more suited to stressful condition of arid environment and have lesser medullated fibres and therefore have relatively finer wool. HK are more resistant to diseases and are in better health condition. Propagation of the LK type under optimum

husbandry conditions may lead to a rational solution of the complex problem of wool production under arid conditions of Rajasthan.

1925 Taneja, G.C. (1971) Genetic and environmental correlations amongst some body measurements and weight at birth in Marwari lambs. Journal of Genetics. 60: 260-265

Data on body length, chest girth, height and weight at birth of 404 Marwari lambs from 19 different sire-families were analysed. There was a significant phenotypic correlation between any two characters. All the environmental correlation’s except the one between body length and chest girth were smaller than the corresponding phenotypic correlation’s. The genetic correlation between body length and width was fairly low but all other correlation were very high. Heritability estimates for body length, height, chest girth and birth weight were 0.06, 0.42, 0.23 and 0.20, respectively.

1926 Taneja, G.C. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967) A note on interdependence amongst water intake, air temperature and humidity in sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal. 44: 41-42

In Rajasthan where there is an acute scarcity of water, sheep may be watered on every 3rd day and if watered daily, the quantity may be reduced to 1/2 without any ill effects. The air temperature in this region is another important factor which should affect the water intake to these animals. In the absence of any information on the relationship of water intake with air temperature and absolute humidity in this species, this investigation was undertaken.

1927 Taneja, G.C. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967) Genetic basis of blood potassium concentration in sheep. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 5: 226-228

Inheritance of high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) blood traits has been studied in Marwari, Malpura and Sardarsamand breeds of sheep. The level of potassium concentration in blood is independent of the concentration of red blood cells. There are significant differences between the breeds in respect of potassium levels in both LK and HK type. The frequency of gene controlling HK is similar in all three breeds used. HK is inherited as a simple recessive, and LK may be either homozygous or heterozygous.

1928 Taneja, G.C., Fuladi, B.M. and Abichandani, R.K. (1966)

Differences in blood and serum characteristics of high and low potassium types of Marwari sheep. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 4: 125-126

High potassium (HK) type of Marwari sheep show higher values for packed cell volume, specific gravity of red blood cells and plasma and density of red blood cells and white blood cells than low potassium (LK) type. Significant difference in the white blood cell number between the two groups seems to suggest that HK type succumb to disease more readily than LK type.

1929 Taneja, G.C., Fuladi, B.M. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967) Blood potassium types and body temperature during exercise in Marwari sheep. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 5: 188-189

Rise in body temperature under stress induced by exercise has been studied in Marwari sheep of low potassium (LK) and high potassium (HK) blood types. A more significant rise in body temperature was observed in LK type as compared to HK type of sheep. It is suggested that the LK type can adapt more easily to desert conditions than HK type.

1930 Taneja, G.C., Ghosh, P.K., Abichandani, R.K. and Goyal, D. (1971) Seasonal variations in blood composition in high and low potassium type Marwari sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science. 77: 37-41

Blood samples were obtained at monthly intervals for 12 months from 8 HK and 8 LK wethers of the Marwari breed maintained at Jodhpur. The HK animals, on average, had significantly higher PCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC and plasma inorganic phosphorus values than the LK animals but the MCV was significantly higher in the LK group. There was no difference in the plasma specific conductance. PCV, RBC and Hb values differed considerably from animal to animal within each group. These individual variations could help the breed to survive in a desert environment. No particular tendency or pattern in the effect of season on the blood characters studied has been observed. The animals of both groups responded in a similar way to the environmental changes.

1931 Thakur, S.S., Mali, P.C. and Patnayak, B.C. (1985)

Digestibility and nutrient intake in non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating ewes grazing on natural range-land of arid region. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 19: 9-16

The nutritional status of ewes during early pregnancy, advanced pregnancy and lactation and grazing on natural rangeland and bred

during autumn and spring months was determined. Chromic sesqui-oxide was used to estimate faecal output and lignin as an internal indicator to estimate intake and digestibility. Mouth samples were collected for analyses of ingested forage. During advanced pregnancy, digestibility of nutrients was depressed in autumn-bred ewes whereas there was improvement in spring-bred ewes. Availability of DCP was less during January, March and May while TDN intakes were adequate to meet the requirements of autumn and spring-bred ewes. The period from January to May appeared to be critical in respect of DCP intake and any physiological stress like pregnancy or lactation may be avoided during this period or additional supplementation be provided.

1932 Thakur, S.S., Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Lal Chand. (1984) Feeding value of Zizyphus nummularia leaves (Pala) for lambs and kids fed with or without supplementation of guar meal. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 47-54

The average daily gain over a 14 week period was 53.7 g day-1 in lambs and 22.1 g day-1 in kids in the control group while it was 15.0 g and 4.0 g on pala alone and 32.1 g and 27.5 g day-1 in guar meal supplemented group. The overall average dry matter intake was 0.777 and 0.451 kg day-1 in lambs and kids in control group, while on pala alone it was 0.656 kg and 0.44 kg and in pala supplemented with guar meal groups it was 0.711 kg and 0.530 kg. The dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight was 3.45 kg, 3.66 kg, and 3.46 kg in lambs and 3.17 kg, 3.73 kg and 3.81 kg in kids, respectively. There was no visual abnormality observed in the spleen, liver, rumen, reticulum, abomasum and small intestines of the animals. Feeding of pala leaves reduced the blood inorganic phosphorus level and supplementation of guar meal did not improve the level comparable to the control. The control group lambs and kids showed considerable increase in blood glucose level after the experimental feeding period. The feeding of pala leaves reduced blood glucose level in both the species. The blood urea level was reduced significantly in the pala fed kids. the supplementation of guar meal maintained the pre-experimental level of urea in kids. The guar meal supplementation could improve the feeding value of pala, but not the extent comparable to that of control diet.

Cattle 1933 Ahuja, L.D., Goswami, R.P. and Kuchhawah, S.S. (1965)

Estimation of body weight of zebu cow from heart girth measurement. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 17-23

The overall coefficient of correlation between the body weight and heart girth is highly significant for both breeds (Kankrej and local cows). Although Kankrej cows are slightly lighter than local cows in relation to their heart girth measurements, these differences are not statistically significant. Hence the data for 544 observations were pooled and a common regression equation is given where Y is the estimated body weight in Kgs and X is the observed heart girth measurement in centimetres Y=5.1189 X-479.7. The above regression equation can be quite reliably utilised by field workers to obtain the live weights of animals without a weighing machine.

1934 Gopakumar, G. (1991) Effect of drought on the breeding activities of cattle Erget, Bubulcus ibis coromandus in a semi-arid to arid region. Geobios. 18: 10-15

The low intensity of the rainfall caused a severe limitation to the food resources of the breeding birds compelling a few of them to arrest the breeding activities fully. Those birds which bred exhibited a low rate of nesting success. Few other birds deserted the nests even after reaching the platform stage.

1935 Kaushish, S.K. and Shiv Prasad. (1991) Seasonality and diurnal variations in parturition in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 12: 48-50

A data on 677 calvings of Murrah buffaloes was analysed. Season had significant effect on the births of calves. About 49.9% of births took place in rainy season. Significantly higher calvings (39.3%) occurred during day time (6 to 18 hrs).

1936 Khosla, S.K. (1961) Guard against liverfluke infestation in the cattle. Gosamvardhana. 9: 19-20

The author presents the damage due to liver fluke, life cycle of the pest, symptoms of disease and its prevention and treatment. Prevention- Consists of Killing snails by hand picking or copper sulphate in pandi, deferment of grazing in infested pasture in summer and spraying 1 to 2% copper sulphate solution on pasture. The treatment consist of hexachlorothane (I.C.I) at 15 g for every six month age subject to maximum of 45 g per adult. In places where disease is already known to exist routine dose of above at monthly intervals from June to October to be given. Carbon tetrachloride (I.C.I) S.C. for adults, 1 to 2 C.C. for yearlings to be given as a drench in the form of emulsion to 12 h fasting animals. This dose to be repeated on one or two occasions at 3 to 4 week intervals.

1937 Khosla, S.K. (1961) Save your cattle from warbles. Gosamvardhana. 8: 11-12

This disease is caused by the fly (Hvpodrma linetum). It is common in Rajasthan. Author discusses the life cycle of the pest and mode of infection. Control measures namely use of fly repellents like flit and singing of hair in case of eggs laid should be done. Treatment measures are also suggested.

1938 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad and Mittal, J.P. (1989) Effect of tumba-cake (Citrullus colocynthis) feeding on cattle production in arid region. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 59: 1464-1465

An attempt was made to evaluate the palatability and nutritive value of tumba cake, on oil-industry waste in Rajasthan. Heifers (24), 12 each of Tharparkars and Rathi breeds and 24 to 30 months old, were divided into 2 groups of equal numbers, viz. control and treatment. Concentrate pelleted feed @ 2 kg animal -1 day-1 was given to the control groups. Treatment group was given 1.75 kg concentrate pellet feed and 250 g of oiled tumba-cake head -1 day-1. Both the groups grazed for about 8 hr -1 day-1 on Lasiurus sindicus dominated pasture. Tumba-cake was fed to the heifers after proper soaking and draining out excess of water. The trial was conducted for 75 days (1 May-16 July 1987). The growing heifers can safely be fed about 250 g of tumba-cake every day (12.5% of concentrate ration) after soaking it thoroughly in water to remove its bitterness or toxin if any. This simple practice alone can result in 25-30% saving of feed cost of cattle.

1939 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. (1991) Effect of feeding cake of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) on lactating Rathi cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 61: 651-652

The study was conducted to observe the effect of water soaked deoiled cake of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) on milk production of Rathi cows under extreme arid conditions of Bikaner. The difference in total milk produced was not significant between control and treatment groups. Similarly the effect of tumba-cake feeding did not produce any significant effect on average daily milk yield cow-1 in control and treatment group. Water soaked tumba-cake @ 0.75 kg cow-1 (25% of concentrate ration) can be safely tolerated by milking Rathi cows. By adopting this simple practice at least 35% saving in cattle feed cost can be achieved.

1940 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad, Bawa, A.K. and Mittal, J.P. (1991)

Effect of feed supplementation in grazing cattle of arid region. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 8: 49-52

Fourteen Rathi (146.79 ± 5.95 kg) and 14 Tharparkar (85.86 ± 4.40 kg) yearling heifers were maintained on protected pasture of Lasiurus sindicus at the stocking rate of 1.5 ha animal-1. From the month of December the average daily gain was negative in both the breeds of heifers. Animals exhibited the signs of debility and malnutrition followed by marked boney prominence and lacrimal discharge during the month of January. Provision of Lasiurus hay, supplemented with concentrate feeding and parental administration of vitamin-A alongwith feeding mineral mixture from February onwards improved the general health status and average daily gain of all the experimental heifers.

1941 Patel, A.K., Mathur, A.C. and Mittal, J.P. (1994) Factors affecting composition of milk in Tharparkar cows maintained under arid condition. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 10: 102-105

The 215 milk samples of 14 cows during one year period were analysed for fat, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS). The overall average percentage of fat, SNF and TS were 4.78 ± 0.08, 8.75 ± 0.04 and 13.53 ± 0.08 respectively. The effect of management was significant on fat and TS contents. Higher fat percent was found in milk of cows maintained under scientific management than under the conventional management. The milk samples of autumn and winter seasons contained higher fat and TS than milk samples of other seasons.

1942 Raheja, P.C. (1963) Breeding cattle for high milk production and draught characters. Gosamvardhana. 10: 1-5

A dual-purpose breed in India is a necessity for milk production and draught to establish dual-purpose families within the breeds. In foreign countries beef-draught cattle have been bred with success. A comparison of the constitutions of dairy breeds and draught breeds in India shows that physiologically it is possible to combine these characters. The heritability for milk production ranges from 20 to 34% in cattle. The milk production in animals is very much controlled by the plane of feeding than other factors while characters determining conformation and stamina index in draught animals are more under the control of genetic factors. Breeding work on Sahiwal, Tharparker and Hariana breeds confirms the above contention. In a draught breed a programme of line breeding coupled with selection based on total score and independent culling

can be very helpful in introducing the character of milk production in the breed.

1943 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Mathur, B.K. (1989) Productive performance of cattle on pasture lands of Indian desert. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 2: 507-508

Sandy soils of desert region of India offer a good scope for cattle farming through establishment and the use of Lasiurus sindicus pasture. There is a need to provide supplemental feed alongwith mineral and vitamin additives from November onwards every year for protecting cattle from malnutrition and vitamin-A deficiency.

1944 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Kaushish, S.K. (1996) Dominance pattern in free grazing Zebu cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 12: 93-103

The cows were maintained together on 7-8 h grazing on Lasiurus sindicus pasture for entire period of experimentation except during calving and illness. During lean period (December to June) they were supplemented with grass hay and pelleted cattle feed according to the stage of production. The observations (antagonistic interactions) were recorded while cows were grazing, feeding on grass hay or drinking water together. On the basis of these interactions each cow was ranked in a rank order ranging from 15 (top rank) to 1 (bottom rank) and dominance hierarchies were formed. Body weight plays predominant role in determining social ranks in Zebu cows brought from different sources and managed together. Separation of cows from the herd for about 16 days resulted in change in social ranks within the herd. Dominance ranks were highly correlated with heart girth and height at withers in addition to body weight. It was also related with first lactation milk yield indicating higher social ranks in high producers. Rank order in calves got established when they neared yearling stage when males regardless of size became dominant over their female counterparts. By 23 months of age, male calves were dominating all the female cows and heifers of the herd. Within the sexes it was combination of body weight and age which was responsible for dominance ranking. Rank orders of cows and their calves were closely related.

1945 Taneja, P.C. (1961) Safeguarding livestock against flukes. Gosamvardhana. 9: 31

Fasciolis known as Bisi in cattle and Gillar in sheep and goats is caused by liver and stomach flukes. Liverfluke (Fasciole and Dicrocoelium) stomach fluke (amphistomes) and blood flukes (Schistosomes) are common are know frequently. first two are responsible for severe damage and heavy mortality in live stock.

Ineffective places, life cycle, intermediate host of the fluke, mode of infection are presented briefly. Killing of snail by chemicals or mechanical means has been suggested. Drugs such as carbontetrachloride, Hexachloroflane for liver flukes and stomach flukes; and tartarematic and antimosan for blood flukes are effective.

Camel 1946 Banerjee, S. and Bhattacharjee, R.C. (1963)

Distribution of body water in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) American Journal of Physiology. 204: 1045-1047

Serum volume 6.9% of body weight; blood volume 8.3% of body weight; total body water, 68.7% of body weight; entracellula water (thiocyanate space 23.3% of body weight; intracellula water, 43.4% of body weight and interstitial water 17.4% of body weight. The serum and blood volumes of camels were higher than similar values in man.

1947 Banerjee, S., Bhattacharjee, R.C. and Singh, T.J. (1962) Hematological studies in the normal adult Indian camel (Camelus dromedarius). American Journal of Physiology. 203: 1185-1187

The normal blood picture, different blood indices and electrophoretic mobility of haemoglobin were determined in the Indian camel. The different values have been reported. The electrophoretic mobility of camel haemoglobin was less than the mobility of human and monkey haemoglobin.

1948 Gaur, D.D., Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1982) A note on the formulation of least cost balanced ration for the camels of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 263-266

The feeding of non-conventional feeds as the replacement in camel ration curtails about 50% cost of the feeds of the camel in arid zone of Rajasthan, which could be considered economical on practical feeding point of view from locally available seemingly unuseful forages in the country side.

1949 Khanna, N.D. and Rai, A.K. (1991) Camel rearing in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 1-10

With about 6.3% of the world camel population, India ranks third after Somalia and Sudan in this respect. According to the livestock Census(1982), Rajasthan state alone accounted for 70% of India's total camel population of which 84.5% was found in its 11 arid districts. The camel density in these 11 districts was 3.06 Km-2 and

4.78 per 100 persons, contributing 9.9% towards the total domestic herbivore livestock. The augmentation of camel rearing has a strong case in the Indian arid zone. The camel has great adaptive mechanisms and is well suited for life in the desert. The major camel resources are energetic, milk, meat, hair and hide. It is necessary that untapped potentials of camels are explored scientifically to make camel rearing as economically viable proposition in terms of the social and agrostological aspects of livestock management and for providing sustainable subsistence to the people inhabiting Indian arid region.

1950 Khanna, N.D., Rai, A.K., Tandon, S.N. and Jindal, H.K. (1987) Camel reproduction : A review. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 143-155

High prenatal losses, seasonal breeding, late sexual maturity age (5 years), acyclic sexuality of females and reproductive behaviour are the reasons of low fertility rates. Ovulation is induced 36-48 h after copulation. Unmated females have prolonged oestrus. Shape of penile sheath, poll glands and evagination of soft palate during breeding season are characteristics of male camels. Mating occurs in sitting posture and takes 3 to 18 minutes. The gestation period is about 390 days. Most of the pregnancies occur in left horn of bicornuate uterus.

1951 Mathur, G.N., Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1982) A note on the economics of urea feeding in camel (Camelus dromedarius). Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 55-57

From the observations it is therefore recommended that incorporation of urea at 30% level leads to optimum economic results.

1952 Tandon, S.N., Bissa, U.K. and Khanna, N.D. (1988)

Camel meat: present status and future prospects. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 23-28

Camel is not used for human consumption in India because it is rough, coarse fibred, watery and sweetish in taste. With the increasing age an increase in the meat toughness was observed with a decrease in palatability and quality. It has been emphasised to multidisciplinary research and development of camel meat technology, marketing and social awareness.

Animal Nutrition

1953 Ghosh, P.K., Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1987) Competition for resource utilisation between wild and domestic ungulates in the Rajasthan desert. Tigerpaper. 14: 2-7

Competition for resource utilisation by wild (Indian antelope and the Indian gazelle) and domestic (sheep and goats) ungulates has been studied on the basis of feeding strategy, dietary overlap and ecology of water holes in a natural rangeland in the Indian desert antelope and sheep are exclusively grazers and roughage feeders, while the Indian gazelle and goats are browsers and mainly concentrate feeders. Throughout the year there was no direct competition between the browsers in resource partitioning due to differences in their dietary preferences. Except during summer, the Indian antelopes and sheep which utilise the same niche may not be in direct competition for the food resources of their habitat, which are usually sufficient to meet the needs of both. During summer, as sheep flocks migrate to areas of better grass cover, the antelopes further augment their nutrient and moisture intake by consuming the pods shed by Prosopis cineraria trees. The ecology of two water holes utilised by the wild as well as the domestic ungulates of this biome, and an idealised exploitation of desert rangelands by these animals, is discussed.

1954 Gupta, A.K. (1985) Forage quality on Cenchrus setigerus vahl. at different growth stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 143-150

Dry matter yield, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and cellulose content of Moda Dhaman (Cenchrus setigerus) increased with plant growth whereas crude protein and dry matter digestibility decreased. With the ageing of the grass, dry matter yield decreased appreciably, but the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) remained unaffected. The NDF, ADF, lignin and cellulose were positively and significantly inter-correlated. These attributes, however, showed significant negative correlation with crude protein and IVDMD.

1955 Mathur, O.P. (1990) Evaluation of by-pass protein and urea for wool production. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 131-135

Studies on the comparative efficacy of utilisation of native protein vis a vis by-pass protein with or without urea was conducted to assess the biological response on wool production, quantitatively and qualitatively. The wool production was highest in lambs fed by-pass protein. Staple length, staple crimps were found to increase, and modulation percentage was found to decrease, with the advancement of age in all the animals irrespective of treatment received.

1956 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, S.K. and Talati, N.R. (1985)

Studies on accumulation of wind blown sand due to various tillage operation and their effect on fine textured salt affected soils under Rajasthan canal command area. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 129-132

It was observed that substantial quantity of wind blown sand got accumulated due to various tillage operations. Highest yield of paddy was obtained in the ridging treatment (15.90 q ha-1 ) followed by ploughing (15.72 q ha-1 ) and tilling (15.53 q ha-1 ) as compared to no tilling treatments (13.94 q ha-1 ).

1957 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1992)

Ensiling of cattle waste with desert grass Lasiurus sindicus, millet (Pennisetum typhoides) straw, additives and starter culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 38: 75-80

Ensiling of catle waste with Lasiurus sindicus, and millet straw was studied in laboratory silos using three different treatments. Urea and molasses at 1.5% and 10% respectively were added in the first two treatments while a starter culture of homofermentative lactobacilli (18 x 106 cells ml-1 ) in the form of butter milk (6% on DM basis) was added in the third treatment. pH reduction (6.6-4.5) was observed within the first week of fermentation, but a good -quality silage (pH 4.2 and lactic acid 4-6%) was produced after 10 days of ensiling in all the treatments with urea, molasses and starter culture. Additives and starter culture showed a positive role also in early production of lactic acid, decreased sugar utilisation and reduction in microbial load by abolishing coliforms and Salmonella within 20 days and reducing the clostridial population to a safer level.

1958 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Ensiling Prosopis cineraria with Pennisetum typhoides. Nitrogen Fixation Tree Research Reports. 11: 108-109

P. cineraria leaves were ensiled with and without Pennisetum typhoides fodder for improved palatability, nutrition and preservation. When P. cineraria leaves were ensiled alone or mixed in a proportion of 75%, lactic acid production was significantly low and did not drop below 4.6% indicating poor stage quality. Proportions of 25 to 50% resulted in a quality stage. The process of ensiling not only retained the nutritive value of fresh green fodder but also improved taste and aroma due to lactic acid production and addition of carbohydrates.

1959 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Effect of addition of sheep and goat droppings on preparation of silages with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). Bioresource Technology. 48: 91-93

Sheep and goat droppings were added to pearl millet, (Pennisetum typhoides) (DM 32.5%, CP 4.78%) in proportions of 25, 50 and 75% along with additives- urea (1%) molasses (8%) and Lactobacillus culture (1.05 x 107 cells ml-1; 6% on DM basis). Any increase in addition of droppings from 25 to 50% or more resulted in poor qulaity silage without stability. An addition of 25% droppings increased the crude protein levels by more than 60% while urea-molasses addition provided fermentable energy and NPN for proper fermentation. Pathogens, including clostridia, survived in silages with more than 25% sheep and goat droppings.

1960 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Ensiling of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) with clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) for arid regions. Archives de Zootecnia. 43: 119-126

Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) was ensiled with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) harvested at late flowering stage in four different proportions of 25-100 p. 100 (D.M. basis). Good quality silage was produced in 25 p. 100 and 50 p. 100 and 75 p. 100 clusterbean proportions (pH 4.03 - 4.2; lactate 3.63 to 7.25 p. 100 DM), while in 100 p. 100 clusterbean silage, rapid decline in pH (4.2) and lactic acid production to the minimum required (3 p. 100,D.M. basis) could not be achieved. Increased proportions of clusterbean upto 75 p. 100 improved crude protein (C.P.) levels of the silage and with 75 p. 100 proportions, C.P. level of 14.6 could be achieved. Coliform, clostridial and yeast and mould counts also confirmed the biochemical findings. A combination of clusterbean- pearl millet silage can help solving problems of conservations of legume crops besides providing a suitable feed for arid livestock.

1961 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Fermentation characteristics and microbial population changes of pearl millet-cattle waste silage for arid regions. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 34: 137-142

Cattle waste (crude protein 11.2%, dry matter 92.8%) was mixed in three proportions (25, 50 and 75% dry matter) with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides; dry matter 28%, crude protein 5.2%). Urea, molasses and lactic acid bacteria additives were added to all the feed mixtures. Good quality silage was produced with 25 and 50% cattle waste additions (pH 4.06-4.13, lactic acid 3.77-5.71), while coliform

bacteria and clostridia were totally abolished or drastically reduced at pH 4.2 in 5-7 weeks of fermentation.

1962 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Fermentation studies on pearl millet moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifoleum) silage for arid regions. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 19: 177-182

Moth bean was ensiled with pearl millet in different proportions of 25, 50 and 75% (D.M. basis). Good quality silage was produced after 45.60 days of fermentation with 5.25 to 7.20% lactic acid and pH below 4.2. Urea-molasses as NPN and fermentable energy source at the level of 1 and 8% helped in silage fermentation, while LAB addition at specified cell concentration at 6% levels helped in early establishment of Lactobacillus population.

1963 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994) Requirement of bacterial inoculant and urea addition for ensiling of desert grass Lasiurus sindicus. Journal of Arid Environments. 27: 387-391

To ascertain the requirement for bacterial inoculant and urea addition in the ensiling of desert feeds and forages, desert grass Lasiurus sindicus was ensiled in laboratory silos for 90 days in five treatments with differential addition of urea (1% and 2% on D.M. basis), molasses at 8% and homofermentative Lactobacillus culture (LAB) at 6% in the form of buttermilk (1.8 x 106 cells ml-1). The addition of bacterial inoculant altered the fermentation during the initial period of ensiling and lactic acid levels were higher in the final silage. With LAB additions, intense metabolic activity, as shown by rapid degradation of sugars, marked reduction in pH and higher initial production of lactic acid compared to silage without LAB inoculant, was significant. Addition of urea at the rate of 1 and 2% increased the crude protein content of the silage from 4.63% to 10.43% (1% urea) and 15.83% (2%urea).

1964 Pancholy, R., Mali, P.C. and Mathur, D. (1994) Effect of urea-molasses and lactic culture on silage fermentation of Cenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 147-150

To study the effect of additives,urea, molasses and Lactobacillus cultures, on silage fermentation of Cenchrus ciliaris in arid regions, 5 treatments with different proportions of urea (1 and 2% DM) and molasses (8%) were studied in laboratory silos. Molasses addition showed a significant effect on lactic acid production, pH and coliform population,while crude protein levels of the silage increased to 9.29% and 12.27% on addition of 1% and 2% urea, respectively.

Uniform addition of LAB culture at the rate of 6% affected final silage quality only in the presence of added molasses.

1965 Pancholy, R., Patel, A.K., Mali, P.C. and Mathur, A.C. (1997) Inclusion of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) straw silage in summer feeding system for lactating animals in arid regions. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management. 13: 10-12

For improvement in summer feeding system of milch animals in arid regions, crop residues - millet (Pennisetum typhoides) straw and moth stover were ensiled after moisture adjustment (70%) and with additives urea, molasses and LAB at the rate of 2, 8 and 6% and silage was tested for biochemical and microbiological characterisitics. Silage was offered to a group of Tharparkar milch animals at 40% DMI levels in addition to normal grazing and it was found that concentrate could be replaced to an extent of 69% without affecting milk quantity, as well as quality in terms of fat and SNF. The treatment cost being only 4% of the cost of concentrate, inclusion of silage would be cost effective for improved management of summer feeding systems in arid regions.

1966 Patel, B.M., Shah, B.G., Patel, P.S. and Shukla, P.C. (1961) The digestibility and nutritive value of common straws of Gujarat. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 14: 12-19

DCP and TDN on dry matter basis of bavto (Eleusine coracana) wheat, paddy, bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) straws are 0.50 and 60.76, 0.18 and 56.86, 0.30 and 54.38, 0.93 and 51.08, 1.71 and 55.30 and negative and 50.54%, respectively. All straws gave negative nitrogen balances and all of them except wheat straw gave negative calcium and phosphorus balance.

1967 Patel, B.M., Patel, P.S. and Shukla, P.C. (1962) Nutritive value of neem leaves, mangolds and comfrey. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 15: 139-45

DCP and TDN of neem leaves, mangolds and comfrey on dry matter basis are 6.19, 52.51: 10.50 and 71.97; and 18.69 and 66.10 percent respectively. The fodders impact positive balance for Ca, P205 and N except negative calcium balance due to mangolds and comfrey. On balance due to mangold feeding authors recommend 14 lb of neem leaves, 10 lb of comfrey, and 9 lb of mangold, as a maintainance ration for an animal weighing 800 lb. They further suggested feeding of calcium supplements due to mangold feeding.

1968 Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1970)

Nutritive value of murat (Panicum turgidum) grass. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 261-264

A conventional metabolic trial with six Bikaneri rams was conducted for the evaluation of the nutritional value of murat grass. The average daily uptake of the grass was 3.27 100-1 kg body weight. The percentage digestibility coefficients of the nutrients were found as follows,dry matter 59.15 ± 4.09; crude protein 50.84 ± 3.08; ether extract 3.88 ± 3.70; crude fibre 68.12 ± 2.04 and nitrogen free extract 56.66 ± 5.37. A positive nitrogen balance and negative calcium and phosphorus balances, respectively were observed. The following values of practical nutritional interest were also calculated : DCP 2.6%, TDN 52.63%, SE 32.24, and N R 1:19 24.

1969 Seth, C.M. (1996) Biomass fluctuation in alpine pastures of Kashmir Himalaya. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 65-67

In a free grazing alpine pasture land of Kashmir Himalayas, the plant biomass fluctuation had no definite trend at both grazed and protected sites. Above ground (live) biomass attained its peak value of 1461.1 g m-2 at grazed sites in August and 170.8 g m-2 at fenced sites in the first week of September. Root : Shoot ratio was higher at grazed site than at protected site. In alpine meadows of Kashmir Himalayas (Rupri marg),the seasonal grazing by the transhumant and nomadic grazing societies significantly affect the strucutral and functional attributes of alpine pasture lands of the state.

1970 Srivastava, S.P. and Singh, G.S. (1960) Digestibility coefficient and nutritive value of guar meal or churi. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 13: 136-142

On dry matter basis DCP, TDN, SE contents are 42.52, 83.49, 77.15 1b per 100 lb dry matter and 38.27, 75.14, and 69.44 lb per 100 lb of raw matter respectively.

1971 Tayal, M.M. (1961) Chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of barl jargi (Dichanthium annulatum) grass hay at the pre-flowering stage. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 14: 20-25

D. annulatum was quite palatable to bullocks. It contained 1.30 and 44.91 per cent of D.C.P and T.D.N., respectively. The animals displayed positive balances for N, Ca and P.

WASTELAND MANAGEMENT Saline and Alkali Soils 1972 Agarwal, R.P. and Ramamoorthy, B. (1976)

Effect of different materials on the availability of calcium in calcareous sodic soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 117-120

Proteineous material like castor cake is useful in increasing the solubility of calcium through dissolution of CaCO3 and other soil minerals under aerobic conditions, while semi-proteineous material like Sesbania aculeata powder is better suited for water-logged conditions. Cellulose type of material like powdered wheat straw seems to be of little importance for calcium availability.

1973 Anjaneyulu, B.S.R. (1972) Drainage improvement for reclamation and preventing waterlogging in some soils of Rajasthan canal area. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Punjab. 118: 43-48

In the Anupgarh branch command area of Rajasthan canal, there are extensive areas affected by salinity and alkalinity, due to lack of surface and sub-surface drainage. To improve sub-surface drainage, vertical mulches (holes of 10 cm diam) of sand, organic and sand- organic combination with gypsum were made upto a depth of 2.5m. The maximum response to each treatment was observed when the vertical mulches of sand and organic were made @ 100 ha-1 and those of sand and organic combination @50 ha-1. Gypsum addition to the combination increased the response. Soils were reclaimed within 6 months resulting in bumper crop of rice.

1974 Arya, R., Gupta, G.N., Kachhwaha, G.R. and Limba, N.K. (1996) Response of Atriplex lentiformis to management practices on an arid salt land. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 133-135

Untreated bushes of A. lentifonnis attained an average height of 99 cm. and crown diameter of 88 cm within 9 months of planting Gypsum + drainage + urea + zinc applications (T4) was the best treatment increasing the average height of bushes to 133 cm and crown diameter to 135 cm. Even in second year its performance was consistent attaining impressive growth despite the bushes being subjected to 30-40% pruning at the age of 21 months. Total biomass production in T4 treatment was 1830 kg ha-1 as compared to 238 kg ha-1 in control. Water use efficiency increased to 27.2 kg ha-1 cm-1 in T4 from 3.5 kg ha-1 cm-1 in the control.

1975 Bhumbla, D.R. (1978)

Salinity and alkalinity problems of arid regions of India. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44B: 331-343

Salt-affected soils in the arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan. Punjab and Haryana present serious problems. Though accurate statistics are not available, it is estimated that about 1.2 m ha of land in Gujarat and about 0.7 m ha in Rajasthan are already affected by salts. The area is likely to increase with the introduction of irrigation. Factors responsible for the formation of these soils have been discussed. Physico-chemical charactristics of the typical profiles in the salt-affected areas have been presented. The main causes of the formation of these soils are: (a) the rise of water-table as a result of canal irrigation, (b) obstruction of the natural drains due to development of roads and canal, (c) siltation of natural drains as a result of erosion, and (d) use of poor quality water in areas having restricted drainage. The soils in Gujarat in the coastal areas and in the Bhal are heavier in texture with very high salt content. Soils in Rajasthan are generally light-textured but there are some areas like Anupgarh Shakha where the texture is generally loam to clay loam. The predominant salt is sodium chloride. Exchangeable sodium percentage though higher than 15 is generally less than 30 per cent. The main problem of these soils is leaching of salts alongwith drainage. Amendments may not be needed for reclamation of most of these soils. Need for careful studies on the rise of water-table in the areas coming under irrigation has been stressed.

1976 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970) Natural leaching of highly salt affected soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 18: 62-64

An investigation on the effect of leaching on highly salt-affected sandy soil profile showed that rainfall of about 50 cm decreased total cation concentration from 304 to 23 me l-1, soluble sodium from 7.5 to 0.3 me 100-1 g and exchangeable sodium from 3.5 to 1.3 me 100-1 g in the surface 0-20 cm . There was significant improvement in the sub-surface upto 80 cm depth.

1977 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1974 )

Role of continuous irrigation in the improvement of saline sodic conditions of the desert soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 24: 21-25

Comparison of the saline-sodic conditions developed in a desert soil under continuous irrigation with saline water has been made with fallow-cum-irrigated and continuous fallow soils. The levels of salt and sodium in top layers of the continuously irrigated soils is less as

compared to others. Continuous irrigation on permeable, well drained soils helps in checking the excessive development of salt in the surface layers because the salts accumulated during the pervious irrigation are leached down to deeper layers due to the precipitation of about 50 cms in the intervening period, followed by supplemental irrigation in the ensuing season.

1978 Gupta, S.K. and Pandey, R.N. (1979) Prediction of salinisation-desalinisation behaviour in soils of western Rajashtan. Current Agriculture. 3: 31-35

The procedure to evaluate seasonal variations in salinity levels has been explained and tested using data from western Rajasthan. The analysis shows that salinisation is the result of irrigation with poor quality water. More than 50 per cent of the rainfall percolates through the soil profile at three out of four stations considered. More than 60 per cent of the salts from the soils get leached through rainfall in the top 40 cm soil profile such that these could be used for next winter crop.

1979 Harsh, L.N., Gupta, I.C. and Sharma, B.D. (1987) Note on Haloxylon salicornicum from saline wastelands. Current Agriculture. 11: 93-94

Natural growth of Haloxylon salicornicum has been reported on dominantly fine texture (silty clay loam) strongly saline-sodic soils classified as Typic Salorthid, in Anupgarh Shakha area under Indira Gandhi Canal Command. These seedlings could establish well elsewhere on a saline-sodic soil profile ( ECe 97 to 17.5 dS m-1 ). It is suggested that instead of reclamation of saline wastelands through drainage, which is neither easily feasible nor very economical, cultivation of H. salicornicum, a plant of great industrial importance, should be resorted too.

1980 Jain, R.C., Sharma, L.N., Jain, S.V. and Vinayak, C.P. (1977) A note on nutrient cation distribution in some alkali, saline and normal soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 161-164

Copper and manganese are highly deficient in saline and alkali soils while zinc is considered to be marginally deficient. Salinity shows a non-significant negative relationship with manganese and iron and positive with other cations.

1981 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1991) Rehabilitation of degraded sodic soils in an arid environment by using residual Na-carbonate water for irrigation. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 5: 175-185

Studies on the rehabilitation of degraded sodic soils using residual sodium carbonate water (RSC 7.1 to 8.8 me L-1 ) were performed. Its use together with gypsum treatment at 100% soil gypsum requirement plus the quantity of gypsum needed for neutralization of excess RSC in irrigation water was effective in lowering the soil SAR (6.4 to 10.7) and improved water infiltration. A higher level of gypsum could reduce the soil pH but the values were in alkaline range (pH 8.3-9.3) because of high RSC in the irrigation water. In the first year of gypsum treatment it was possible to establish the crop, and a moderate production of wheat (2,610 kg ha-1 ) and raya (Brassica sp) (2,000 kg ha-1 ) was obtained in the second year.

1982 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1992) Amelioration of degraded saline lands in the arid region of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 16: 33-41

Studies on the amelioration of degraded saline lands were carried out at three sites, near Balotra on the farmer's fields. Higher dose of gypsum (100% soil GR) followed by leaching with moderately saline water reduced the salinity and sodium adsorption ratio in surface soil. In the gypsum treated fields there was increase in the infiltration rate and wheat grain yields compared to the fields where only leaching was applied.

1983 Karan, F. and Qureshi, F.M. (1988) Use of Cassia auriculata for reclamation of sodic soils in Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 320-323

C. auriculata (a weed) when applied with gypsum proved a very effective ameliorative system in reclaiming sodic soils. Gypsum equivalent to 25% GR should be saved by combining organic materials like C. auriculata, cow dung and FYM in the reclamation programme. Singificant reduction in pH and ESP was observed. Increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity of treated sodic soil was noticed due to application of gypsum with the organic amendments. These had positive and significant effect on the yield of grain and dry matter of barley.

1984 Khan, M.A.W. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1962) Characteristics and afforestation problems of saline alkali soils. Indian Forester. 88: 262-271

A brief account has been given of the measures required for the reclamation of different types of saline- alkali soils. Attention is focussed on growing appropriate alkali resistant species using suitable planting techniques, the choice of which will vary

accordingly to the nature and intensity of salinity and alkali, A comparehensive review has been given of the field experiments conducted so far and the results obtained on afforestation of these lands employing different species and planting techniques.

1985 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, S.K. and Talati, N.R. (1983) Effect of addition of sand and gypsum to fine -textured salt-affected soils on the yield of cotton and jowar under Rajasthan canal command area conditions. Plant and Soil. 74: 61-65

Five to 10 cm layer of sand applied to the surface of saline soil in IGCC area enhanced the leaching of salts from the soil profile, owing to increased infiltration and reduced evaporation. The yields of seed cotton and hybrid sorghum grown on this soil were increased by sand application. Ploughing after sand application increased yields. Gypsum had no effect on salinity or on crop yields.

1986 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, G.S. and Talati, N.R. (1984) Note on the effect of fertiliser application on the salinity of soils in Rajasthan canal project area. Current Agriculture. 8: 100-102

Ammonium sulphate (0.2 to 1.2 mg-1 100 g) fertilizer was found to increase ECe from 4.00 to 12.50, 2.00 to 7.69 and 2.58 to 7.16 dS m-1 in Loonkaransar, Hanumangarh and Anupgarh soils, respectively. Similar trend was observed in ammonium nitrate and potassic fertilizers whereas mixed nitrogen material, phosphorus material, superphosphate and urea increased the salinity in descending order. Urea showed an increase in salinity after 2 and 4 days of incubation. Maximum increase (6.0 dS m-1) by urea was observed in Anupgarh soil by the addition of 1.8 mg-1 100 g of urea.

1987 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, O.P. and Talati, N.R. (1985) Note on effect of surface scarification and ploughing on leaching of salts in the soils of Rajasthan canal command area. Current Agriculture. 9: 109-111

Leaching with periodical surface scarification was compared with treatments having surface disturbed and initially deep ploughed. Periodical surface scarification enhanced the removal of soluble salts as compared to other treatments. With the application of 51.8 cm of water, salt concentration reduced from 20.2 to 2.3 dS m-1, in surface layer (0-30 cm). Salt concentration also decreased in the 2nd layer (30-60 cm) while its accumulation was observed at lower depths.

1988 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, O.P. and Talati, N.R. (1987)

Comparative studies of various soil amendments on infiltration rates in salt affected soils. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 9-12

Three soil amendments with varying levels of gypsum, calcium chloride and farm yard manure were tried for improvement in infiltration rate under fine textured saline alkali soil conditions. It was observed that all the three amendments substantially improved the infiltration rate over the control. Farm yard manure, gypsum and calcium chloride were found to be superior over control in a descending order in improving water intake rates.

1989 Mauria, S., Jain, B.L. and Harsh, L.N. (1987) Assessing salt tolerance of range species through vegetation monitoring. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 43-46

Vegetation on saline, sandy clay-loam pocket of a protected natural rangeland in western Rajasthan was monitored for eight years. Salt tolerance of different species has been interpreted from their occurrences and productivity under different soil salinities.

1990 Mohammad, S. and Sen, D.N. (1992) Ecophysiological studies on saltwort in the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 115-118

Saltwort is a halophyte growing naturally in the highly saline tracts of the Indian desert. This investigation was conducted to determine salt resistance, soil-plant relationships, metabolic process and survival of the saltwort (Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk.) as influenced by salinity. This species exhibited higher sugar and protein contents in rainy season and higher chlorophyll under salt stress. Proline accumulation was higher in the winter followed by summer and lowest in the rainy season. All the elements viz., Na, K, Ca and Cl in plant and soil did not follow a definite pattern.

1991 Palkhiwala, A.B. and Shah, R.K. (1975) Possibilities of reclamation of saline and alkali soils of arid salines of Saurashtra. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 9: 77-82

Chemical properties of saline-alkali soils of arid tracts of Saurashtra have been described along with the composition of irrigation water occurring in the area. Some soils have ECe as high as 188 mmhos/cm. NaCl is the most predominant salt. EC of the waters in general varies between 500 and 5,000 mmhos cm-1. Plantation of Prosopis juliflora, use of gypsum, petroleum acid resins and lime sludge, storage of flood waters in suitable reservoirs to affect

leaching, have been suggested as some of the measures for the reclamation of saline soils.

1992 Rajpurohit, K.S. and Sen, D.N. (1979) Seasonal variation in chloride ion percentage of plants and soils of Pachpadra salt basin in Indian desert. Indian Journal of Botany. 2: 17-23

Seasonal variations in Cl- percentage in leaves of 6 halophytes: Cressa cretica, Haloxylon recurvum, Salsola baryosma, Suaeda fruticosa, Trianthema triquetra and Zygophyllum simplex were investigated in relation to their percentage at different depths of the soil profile at Pachpadra salt basin. Cl- percentage was directly related to the rainfall. The highest value observed was at the depth 75 m (2.56 and 2.60%) in April and May, respectively, whereas minimum value was in June and July (0.07 and 0.03%) at surface. Regarding the Cl- value in the leaves of the different plants it was highest (36.16 and 34.17%) in Z. simplex in July and August followed by S. fruticosa in November, December and January, whereas in S. baryosma it was lowest (2.13%) in January followed by C. eretica (2.42%) in September.

1993 Rajpurohit, K.S., Charan, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1979) Micro-distribution of plants in an abandoned salt pit at Pachpadra salt basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 122-126

The phyto-geographical demarcation of physiographic micro unit such as the one in Pachpadra salt basin, has been made here. This study illustrates as to how plant species are distributed according to the fluctuations in the salinity in water as well as in the soil.

1994 Rajput, P. and Sen, D.N. (1991) Salt bladders in Atriplex spp. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 347-351

Salt accumulation in bladder cells is the primary means of salt exclusion in Atriplex spp. before it reaches a toxic level in the cell sap. Comparative studies of salt bladders in A. holocarpa and A. vesicaria showed differences in the number of stalk cells and size of the bladders. Bladder structure in young leaves of both species is similar but the variations occur more in the older leaves.

1995 Sastry, E.V.D. and Vijay Prakash. (1993) Effect of salinity on variation in Na and K contents in wheat seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 257-259

The mean Na content over the genotypes increased linearly with the salinity. The Na content increased steeply in less tolerant genotypes. In the tolerant genotypes, the increase was less marked

particularly with Kharchia-65. The mean K value did not exhibit rapid increase with increasing salinity.

1996 Seth, R.K. and Vora, J.C. (1965) Prosopis juliflora DC for improving saline soils. Journal of Gujrat University. 8: 210-214

Comparison of the chemical analysis of the soils of salty barren tract and those of under Prosopis juliflora in vicinity showed that salinity and ESP of the later soils were less than the former. The probable mechanisms affecting this seemed the downward movement of moisture and salts due to demand of water by the tree root in dry months in case of soils under P. juliflora.

1997 Seth, S.P. (1967) Indices for diagnosis of alkalinity and salinity in soils of the Rajasthan canal area. Journal of the Indian Scoiety of Soil Science. 15: 93-95

Four alkalinity groups, based on pH < 8.0 normal; pH 8.0-8.5 alkaline; pH 8.5-9.0 very alkaline; pH > 9.0 not equal to highly alkaline), and four salinity groups based on conductivity (conductivity range < 1.0 normal; 1.0-2.0 tending to be saline; 2.0-3.0 saline; > 3.0 highly saline) were formed. pH and EC were determined in 1:2 soil water suspension.

1998 Shah, R.K., Vora, J.C. and Trivedi, A.M. (1958) Possibilities of reclamation of the alkali soils of the little Rann of Kutch. Journal of Soil and Water conservation in India. 6: 133-137

Chemical composition of 10 water samples obtained from well, bore-well, shallow-well and river has been presented. Electrical conductivity of well and bore-well waters generally higher than 3,500 mmhos/cm. Sodium chloride was predominant salt. Salt composition of typical saline-alkali, saline, non-alkali and non-saline alkali soils has been described. The gypsum content of the soils is about 750 t ha-1. The CaCO3 content of the soils is on an average about 10 to 15 per cent. Leaching of gypsum containing soils with saline waters, growing of Prosopis juliflora, stopping of the encroachment of sea water and conservation of flood waters of the river Banas, have been suggested for the reclamation of salt affected soils.

1999 Sharma, B.M., Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1991) Ammonia volatilization as influenced by amendments in a light textured alkali soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 203-207

An alkali soil, treated with gypsum (50 and 100 per cent of its gypsum requirement) and flyash (8 and 15 per cent by weight of soil) and folllowed by leaching with water was studied for ammonia release and changes in available nutrient content. There was drastic reduction in NH3 losses with the application of gypsum and flyash which was partly due to reduction in soil pH. The magnitude of reduction was higher in gypsum than flyash amended soil and increased with the dose of amendments. The treated soil showed significant increase in the availability of macro and micro nutrients.

Rocky areas, mine spoils etc. 2000 Gupta, I.C. and Jain, B.L. (1992)

Salinisation and alkalisation of ground waters polluted due to textile hand processing industries in Pali. Current Agriculture. 16: 59-62

The large volume (4 Mgd) of effluents arising from about 760 hand processing textile units in Pali, is characterised with abnormal pH; high salinity, BOD and COD; excessive concentration of sodium and carbonate ions;and unduly low concentration of calcium ions. Very high values of SAR and RSC disqualify these effluents for discharge into inland surface water, or direct use for irrigation. Conventional treatment of the effluents consisting of filtration, equalisation,acid (H2SO4) treatment, sedimentation and aeration although lower the pH, TSS, BOD and COD but the values of SAR and RSC, which have more relevance from irrigation point of view, remain high. To reduce SAR and RSC to safe level and raise the concentration of calcium ions, a vital element responsible for the maintenance of cell viability of the plants, it is necessary that effluents after conventional treatment are further treated with gypsum.

2001 Gupta, J.P. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1993) Research on wastelands and prospects for rehabilitation in west Rajasthan. Journal of Environmental Resources. 1: 51-57

Wastelands may be idle due to inherent, environmental or anthropogenic factors. This area is further increasing at an alarming rate because of over-exploitation and improper use of land, to meet the ever growing grain, fodder and fuelwood requirements of the increasing human and livestock population. Also, culturable areas is decreasing because of increasing urbanisation, mining and other economic activities, besides informal land use. In view of this, it has become essential not only to use the land according to its capability but also to manage the degraded lands for sustained and improved productivity.

2002 Jain, B.L. and Gupta, I.C. (1992)

Effect of gypsum treatment in the amelioration of industrial effluents. Current Agriculture. 16: 75-77

Industrial effluents (1.5Mgd) arising from about 650 textile hand processing textile units and metal rolling industries in Jodhpur city,characterised with abnormal pH, high SAR and RSC values, and conspicuous absence of calcium ions are being discharged without treatment, into nearby Jojri river course, causing deterioration in the quality of irrigation waters of riverine wells. Consequently, the yields and quality of crops are being affected adversely and some wells have been abandoned. Treatment of the effluents with gypsum has been observed to be effective in lowering pH, SAR and RSC values of the effluents. Gypsum application @500 kg/100 cubic L reduced pH from 9.3 to 7.7 SAR from 101 to 24 and RSC from 31 to 0 meq/L.

2003 Nanda, P.C. (1967) Interrelationship of habitat to growth and composition of Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. F) W & A. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 66-73

Lesser water supply under rocky conditions modified the morphological features in Zizyphus nummularia plants. There was a definite tendency to complete its growth cycle within a short period while under sandy conditions growth was a much prolonged process.

2004 Nanda, P.C. (1969) Inter-relationship of habitat to acid metabolism in Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.F). W. And A. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 85-91

Organic acid metabolism occupies the central position in the plant metabolism and is modified by the habitat peculiarities in as much as that in Zizyphus nummularia from sandy habitats. Optimum acid synthesis occurs during summer season whereas in plants from rocky habitats optimum synthesis has been observed during the rainy season. The plants growing in rocky habitats show more T.A.N. values than those from sandy habitats thereby showing the direct influence of habitat. The plants from both the habitats show distinct seasonal variations in the TAN values. The young plant parts always show more TAN values than the mature parts. The roots from both habitats show the dominance of malic acid. It has also been observed that in the leaves and stems the malic acid is produced in more concentration as the conditions of drought increased. The presence of appreciable quantities of fumaric acid in the plants from both the habitats is another interesting finding.

Generally this acid occurs in traces and is accummulated only in a very few species of Papaveraceae. Its dominance appears to have some adaptive significance.

2005 Prajapati, M.S., Ahuja, L.D. and Bhimaya, C.P. (1980)

Reseeding and fertilization of Aristida-Eleusine-Cenchrus rocky rangelands in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 461-467

For seeding shallow gravelly arid range lands with C. ciliaris and C. setigerus, land preparation by harrowing is necessary. Fertilization of reseeded rangelands is beneficial and 22 kg N ha-1 is adequate. However any usable production from degraded rocky lands in arid region should out weigh all economic considerations.

2006 Prakash, M. and Chowdhary, M. (1957) Reclamation of sand dunes in Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 83: 492-496

Describes the processes of intial binding of shifting sands, as also different methods and species used for immobilization and afforestation of sand dunes in different range of annual precipitation. The success attained during the past four years of experimentation indicates that afforestation of dune areas is both practical and of economic importance.

2007 Puri, D.N., Muthana, K.D., Handa, D.P. and Singh, M. (1973) Studies on the comparative growth and establishment of Acacia tortilis (Forsk) and Acacia senegal in rocky habitats. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 167-171

One year old nursery raised seedlings of A. tortilis (from Isreal) and Acacia senegal (local), when tried in specially prepaed pits, have proved to be of much promise for afforesting rocky habitats in the desert of Rajasthan. Height growth data, collected over 5 years, indicate a three-fold superiority of Acacia tortilis transplanted over those of A. senegal. The rate of height and growth of A. tortilis plants, grown out of direct seeding in trenches, has also been found to be higher than that of A. senegal transplants raised in pits.

2008 Rao, A.V., Jain, B.L. and Gupta, I.C. (1993) Impact of textile industrial effluents on agricultural land - a case study. Indian Journal of Environmental Health. 35: 132-138

The impact of effluents from textile industry on Bandi river and nearby wells is investigated. The effluents are highly saline, coloured and sodic in nature, resulting in the river and well waters

unsuitable for irrigation. The biological activity in the soil is also severely affected.

2009 Rao, A.V., Tarafdar, J.C. and Sharma, B.K. (1996)

Characteristics of gypsum mine spoils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 44: 544-546

In the present study gypsum mine spoils from different sites were analysed for important physical, chemical and biological parameters and examined changes from the surrounding normal soil to develop appropriate reclamation plans for rehabilitation.

2010 Sharma, S.K. (1994) The life form distribution of plants in the rocky rangelands of Indian Thar desert. Range Managment and Agroforestry. 15: 15-21

The micro-catchments (watersheds) in rocky rangelands at Kailana(Indian Thar Desert) have been categorized into gentle slope (upto 6% slope); moderate slope (6 to 15% slope) and steep slope (more than 15% slope). In the gentle slope group of watersheds a maximum of 17 plant species were recorded in the lower and middle slope profiles and these belonged to six life form groups of Raunkiaer. In moderate slope group the life forms were studied in four watersheds including one unprotected watershed. Therophytes dominated over other life form groups: nanophanerophytes were absent in these profiles of unprotected watershed. In steep slope group, chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes were present throughout the watersheds. In all these categories of watersheds, therophytes predominate (45-54%) followed by phanerophytes (20-30%), chamaephytes (15-18.5%), hemicryptophytes (5.6-7.5%) and geophytes (2.5-4.4%). Thus rangelands having gentle to moderate slope have comparatively better soil cover and dominance of the chamae and nanophanerophytes and are suitable for development of silvipastoral system. The steep slope site dominated by nano-and microphanerophytes could best be improved by afforestation with suitable indigenous and exotic multipurpose tree and shrub species.

2011 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1990) Gradient analysis of the catchment vegetation of Kailana in the Thar desert, India. Tropical Ecology. 31: 104-111

Vegetation habitat studies at Kailana catchment in the Indian Thar desert revealed soil variations in GS (gentle slope) and MS (moderate slope) group of watersheds from 0 to 100 cm. The watersheds in the SS (steep slope) group were almost devoid of soil cover. Soil texture in GS group was sand to loamy sand while in MS

and SS group on middle and upper slopes it was fine sand to silty clay loam and rich in organic carbon content. Euphorbia caducifolia, Grewia tenax and Barleria acanthoides were most common woody species recorded from all the watersheds. The presence of different groups in the watersheds prefering varied habitats like Aerva persica, Fagonia cretica and Justicia vahlii of hummocky habitat, and Grewia tenax, Euphorbia caducifolia and Acacia senegal of rocky habitat confirms the complexity of vegetation habitat relationship in the Kailana catchment area.

2012 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1991) Classification and ordination of vegetation of the Kailana catchments in the Indian Thar desert: I. Herbaceous vegetation. Tropical Ecology. 32: 255-268

Habitat relationships of the herbaceous vegetation have been analysed through the multivariate techniques of classification and ordination. The herbaceous species have been broadly separated out into two major groups in the TWINSPAN classification; (i) species growing on sites located on slopes upto 8% and (ii) species on sites of over 8% slope. The DCA ordination further refined both species and site classes, into three distinct groups. The first group of site classes in the left bottom corner of the DCA model has bare rocks and no soil cover. the site classes in the middle part of the DCA model vary in soil depth, site slope and other edaphic variables. Vegetation on these sites has high species richness and beta diversity. The site classes in the extreme right corner of the DCA model have deeper soil and other favourable soil conditions. The comparison of succinctness of the DCA classes with their respective TWINSPAN classes have revealed higher general diversity and species richness in group one (exactly same classes) as compared to group two (splitted classes) and group three (scattered classes). Higher species richness of herbaceous species in these sites has confirmed the fact of anualisation of desert.

2013 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1991) Classification and ordination of vegetation of the Kailana catchments in the Indian Thar desert. II. Woody vegetation. Tropical Ecology. 32: 269-286

In rocky watershed at Kailana, several perennial woody species growing in a variey of situations (Microsites) have been grouped into 30 site classes and 8 species classes by the TWINSPAN, a classification programme. The TWINSPAN classes have been further refined and regrouped by the DCA, an ordination programme. The main classification and ordination criterion in both

the multivariate techniques was general slope of the site. The subsequent separation of site classes was done on the basis of soil depth, soil texture, pH, EC, WHC and organic carbon in the soil. Prominent vegetational parameters in grouping and ordination of perennial woody species were relative importance value (RIV), Relative density and relative frequency. More degraded sites were characterized with moderate to steep slope and very shallow soil cover. Such sites had low species richness, low beta diversity and log normal to geometric dominance diversity curves.

2014 Singh, R.S., Tewari, J.C. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1994) Effect of textile industrial effluents on establishment of certain tree species. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 212-216

In Pali district of western Rajasthan, 700 textile industries are discharging 4 million gallons of industrial effluents per day which has created lot of pollution problems. The chemical composition of textile effluent shows the presence of coloured dyes, high pH (7.7 - 10.8), Ec 4.4 - 16.3 dS m-1 having predominance of sodium content 2736 ppm and near absence of calcium and magnesium. Manganese, copper, iron and zinc are present in agreeable amount with traces of cobalt and cadmium. Such effluents can thus possibly be utilized for establishment of certain economic tree species of this region and soil deterioration can be reduced by some soil amendments. In this paper, possibilities of the uses of the effluents of textile industry for tree plantation are discussed.

2015 Singh, S. Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Vats, P.C. (1989) Wastelands and rural development in Rajasthan desert by using satellite remote sensing techniques. The Geographer. 36: 37-49

Eight types of wastelands have been identified in Jodhpur district by using field survey and remote sensing techniques. The wastelands like desertic sands, gullied land, upland with or without scrub could be developed into pastures, silvipastures and afforestation by using proper soil and water conservation measures. Hills and rocky / gravelly pediment type of wastelands could be developed into desert catchments and pastures. Agro-industries based on plant products like gum, wood, pulp and fibre may be established which will provide employment opportunities to the people.

2016 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1997) Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient concentration of naturally grown plants on gypsum mine soils in India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 61: 13-18

Thirty-one plant species, including legumes and sedges, were found to be growing naturally on gypsum mined spoil. These species carried AM-fungal infections which varied from plant to plant growing on normal soil. Plants on mined spoil had significantly higher K, Ca, Mg, and Fe concentrations and lower concentration of N, P, Zn and Cu. The results demonstrated the possibility of employing AM fungi for rehabilitating gypsum mine spoils.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT Solar and Wind Power

2017 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1981) Solar energy thermal storage system based on encapsulated phase-change material. Research and Industry. 26: 159-161

A storage unit based on latent heat technique is fabricated for storing the solar energy and its performance is compared with the conventional water storage system. It has been observed that latent heat storage gives hot water with an average temperature of 490 C which is 130 C higher than the water storage system under the similar ambient conditions.

2018 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1982) Thermal conductivity of two-phase thermal storage materials. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics. 20: 145-147

An expression previously developed for the estimation of thermal conductivity of a two-phase system is modified to account for the effects of radiation. Results of applying the modified model to various samples over a wide range of temperature are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

2019 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1985) Solar energy warmer storage unit. Energy in Agriculture. 4: 57-65

A solar storage unit based on the latent heat technique with paraffin wax as its storage material has been designed, developed and successfully tested for warming food for evening meals. This unit is capable of storing sufficient solar heat to warm food to a temperature of 37-44°C in 2-3 hours in the evening.

2020 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1985) Studies of solar heat storage in paraffin wax. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 43-45

A study has been carried out for the solar heat storage in praffin wax for a period of one night duration. Different quantities of paraffin have been used in a same storage volume for its comparative performance. From this study, it has been found that useful output solar heat obtained next day morning decreased with the decreasing of wax quantity in the latent storage system.

2021 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1986) Study of solar energy storage in paraffin wax storage system upto two night duration.. Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 8: 57-62

The storage of solar energy in a system based on latent heat technique has been studied upto two night durations. Paraffin wax was employed as storage material in the system. From this study, it has been found that hot water obtained from the storage system decreased with increasing storage period. This type of storage system could be well employed to supply useful hot water upto next day evening from the stored solar heat.

2022 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1990) Solar water heating from natural surfaces. Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 12: 31-38

The alpha-natural surfaces made of cement materials have been studied for solar water heating to provide hot water during the beta-day. The delta-effect of black board painting (dull black) is examined over the natural surfaces for enhancing the water heating. Maximum temperatures of hot water from such heating systems without using glazing at the top and insulation at the base have been found to be 610 C (with black board paint over the absorbing surface) and 56° C (without black board paint over the absorbing surface). This type of heating offers the potential applications for passive solar water heating in buildings. The maximum efficiency of the system has been found to be 22.4% after blackening the absorbing surface.

2023 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1991) Design study of a solar candle device for melting wax. Energy. 16: 879-881

A design study of a solar candle device has been carried-out to investigate the effect of melting-chamber thickness on the melting of wax in one shift. The melting chambers with a uniform thickness of 70 mm gave the best results and had an efficiency of 42.5%.

2024 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1992) Comparative study of insulating materials in solar water storage systems. Energy Conversation and Management. 33: 7-12

Two insulating materials have been tested for their relative performance for retaining solar heated hot water for the duration of the night. The insulating materials tested in this study are fibreglass, glasswool and sawdust. The performance study has been carried out under similar environmental conditions using two identical storage systems. The water heating efficiency and storage efficiency have been calculated, and it has been observed that low cost and abundantly available sawdust insulating material can be successfully employed in solar water heaters.

2025 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1995)

Passive water heating in buildings using exposed surfaces. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 26: 51-54

The roof structure of a house may be used for heating water using solar energy falling on it to provide the hot water requirements in buildings during winter season.

2026 Chaurasia, P.B.L., Gupta, J.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1982)

Solar device for the candle industry. Energy Research. 6: 297-302

A solar device has been developed for manufacturing candles from paraffin wax, utilizing solar energy. The design, operation and performance of the device have been described. It is concluded that the device can be used for saving fuel, minimizing the loss of wax due to the vaporization and labour.

2027 Chaurasia, P.B.L., Gupta, J.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1983) Comparative study on performance of two models of solar device for melting wax during the winter season. Energy Conversation and Management. 23: 73-75

The paper describes the performance study of two similar devices of different capacities which melt paraffin wax to manufacture candles. These devices are based on a flat plate collector system having the same absorbing surface area (0.25 m²) but different capacities of about 5.0 and 8.0 kg, respectively. It has been found that better results are obtained with the lesser capacity unit during the winter season at Jodhpur.

2028 Garg, H.P. (1975)

Year round performance studies on a built-in storage type solar water heater at Jodhpur, India. Solar Energy. 17: 167-172

An improved solar water heater (capacity 901) made up of a 112 x 80 x 10 cm rectangular tank which performs the dual function of absorbing heat and storing the heated water has been designed and a prototype tested in Jodhpur. The performance tests carried out at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, indicate an efficiency factor reaching as high as 70 per cent. The year-round performance tests show that this heater can supply 90 liter of water at a mean temperature of 50 to 60° C in winter and 60 to 75° C in summer (measured at 4:00 p.m). A performance equation for this type of heater, where the inputs are the solar intensity, ambient air

temperature and geometry and material specifications of the heater, has also been developed.

2029 Garg, H.P. (1976) Solar energy research at CAZRI, Jodhpur - achievements and future plans. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 228-246

Research work on some of the important applications of solar energy for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes such as for heating of water, drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables, cooking and boiling of food, distillation of saline water and solar pumping of water for lift irrigation purposes carried out at CAZRI, Jodhpur is reviewed in this paper. Designs of some of the solar energy appliances such as of improved low cost solar water heater are finalised and referred to National Research Development Corporation of India for commercial exploitation. Continuous per-formance studies of these gadgets were carried out in the fields as well as in the laboratory and discussed in this paper.

2030 Garg, H.P. and Krishnan, A. (1974) Solar drying of agricultural products. I. Drying of chillies in a solar cabinet dryer. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 285-292

The dryer is based on the principle of hot box and is suitable for drying small agricultural products like chillies, copra, peas, tobacco etc. The basal area of the dryer is 1.37 sq.m. and its volume id 0.324 m3. The solar cabinet dryer was used for drying chillies in winter season having initial moisture content of 79 to 85% on the wet weight basis. In the dryer the average air temperature exceeded 22-8° C above the day time average temperature when chillies were kept inside. Field tests indicate that by the use of solar dryer the drying time for chillies can be reduced to nearly half of the open drying method. The quality of the chillies dried by the solar dryer was also superior.

2031 Garg, H.P. and Krishnan, A. (1974)

Solar energy utilization potential in Jodhpur and New Delhi. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 25: 473-478

Average useful solar energies available for utilization in respect of flat-plate collector kept at optimum tilts in respect of Jodhpur and Delhi were worked out for typical winter and summer months. Based on these average energies, generalised design curves for water heating by flat-plate collectors giving the ratio of useful energy collected by the flat-plate collector to the heat removal efficiency factor in terms of inlet temperature rise over ambient

temperature have been prepared. Such design curves based on 90 per cent, 50 per cent and 10 per cent exceedence values of useful energies have also been presented in addition to those using average values. With these design curves the flat-plate collector areas required for various heating loads has been estimated for these stations.

2032 Garg, H.P., Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1978) Solar water heater-cum-steam cooker. The Indian and Eastern Engineers. August: 315-317

The authors who are with the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, discuss the design details and the performance trials conducted on a solar water heater-cum-steam cooker which can be used for heating the water for bathing, cleaning and other kitchen purposes and also for steam cooking of food as and when required.

2033 Gupta, J.P. (1985) Solar ponds-physical processes, applications and present status. The Journal of the Institution of Enginners (India) Jodhpur Sub-centre. 1: 15-20

A solar pond is the large body of water with salinity concentration gradient, the concentration being maximum at the bottom. Due to higher concentration and hence density at the bottom, convection does not take place in the main body of the pond except narrow layers at the top and the bottom. Thus it is the innovative system which simultaneously collects and stores solar energy for some useful applications.

2034 Gupta, J.P. and Purohit, M.M. (1986) Role of renewable energy sources for mitigation of cooking fuel problem. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 11: 7-17

The paper suggests an integrated approach to use renewable energy devices viz. solar cookers, biogas plants and improved chulhas to mitigate the cooking fuel problem particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. The box type solar cooker with two glass mirror reflectors requiring tracking only once in three hours has been found to be useful for cooking, boiling and roasting type dishes in urban areas. Biogas plants have good potential in western Rajasthan but insufficient fermentation due to saline water and lack of water needs solutions. Improved smokeless chulhas are likely to be very useful in above areas. There is need to study their thermal efficiency in accordance with certain international standards.

2035 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1980)

Solar power plants for rural arid areas of India. Indian Journal of Power and River Valley. 30: 76-80

Arid areas in India receive maximum solar radiation (60 kWh m-² day-1 ). If these areas are developed in the light of already available technology, the energy pay back period will be reduced considerably. Thermal technology is a well known science which can be used for generating electricity from solar energy. Solar energy is first converted into heat and then transformed into electric energy in heat engines. While raising difficult problems of its own, this method has the well known thermodynamic limitations. The overall average efficiency of thermodynamic conversion system ranges from 1.5 to 3.5%. Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using p-n junction principal of electronics; the conversion efficiency achieved is as high as 18%. In India, solar cells with 10% efficiency are being manufactured and are available in the market. Thermal conversion process involves highly sophisticated technology and it will be very difficult for rural people to install and maintain the necessary equipment. On the other hand solar cells have stand alone capability and have no moving parts, hence are very easy to maintain.

2036 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1981)

Appropriate technology for cooking in arid areas. Urja. 9: 232-255

Western Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat contribute nearly 82% of the total arid area in India. Rural people of Gujarat are very fastly shifting to biogas for their cooking needs but the Rajasthanis are slow in adopting alternate sources of energy and are hopefully looking forward for solar cookers as is clear from recent survey of these areas. In this paper a newly designed solar cooker has been discussed and its economics is compared with the biogas plant.

2037 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1982) Seasonal constraints in management of alternative sources of energy in rural areas. Energy Research. 6 : 283-292

A plan for the management of alternative sources of energy, namely, wind, solar and biomass, available in a typical village of arid area has been formulated and it is found that the energy potential available in the village from mid February to mid September is much more than the energy requirement of the village and during the remaining period the energy available is about 78.5 per cent of the energy requirement. Appropriate technologies for the effective

and efficient use of these energies are earmarked so as to convert the energy potential available into useful energy.

2038 Malhotra, K.S., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1982) An improved solar cooker. Indian Journal of Energy Research. 6: 227-231

An improved hot box type solar cooker (SC-2) has been designed, developed and tested. It is an improvement on the solar cooker SC-1 earlier developed at the institute. The cooking chamber has properly been optimized for cooking the food for a family of five persons. A rubber gasket has been provided at the boundary of the openable door to prevent the leakage of hot air, thus increasing the pressure in the cooking chamber. Different cooking trials like boiling, roasting and baking were successfully conducted and the cooker was found useful from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., even during a winter month. The efficiency of the cooker was found to be 41.2 per cent.

2039 Mann, H.S. (1976) Solar energy utilization for arid zone development. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 129-136

In India, we are fortunate enough to be amply endowed with solar energy and this bounty can hopefully be utilized for a number of rural applications such as pumping of water, drying of agricultural produce, desalination of water, cooking and lighting. It is very necessary that systematic, integrated, time bound and well coordinated research projects are undertaken right now. It is also important that in this futuristic endeavour, the industries are involved from the very beginning and commercial aspects like utilization, production, marketing etc. are kept in view from the start. A high priority should be assigned to the development of a 5 H.P. solar pump. This pump will find ample application in minor irrigation programmes. The development of a suitable low cost and sturdy family size solar cooker will also go a long way in conserving the rural eco-system by sparing cow dung, litter biomass and afforested areas.

2040 Mann, H.S., Singh, R.P. and Pande, P.C. (1980) Utilizing solar energy for agriculture and development in India: problems and prospects. American Mechanisation in Asia. 2: 15-19

Various problems related to practical aspect of energy use in arid region are enumerated and in that context the prospect of using solar stills for providing distilled water, solar cookers and biogas plants for supplementing the fuel for cooking, solar dryers for

dehydrating fruit and vegetables and sloar pumps for lift irrigation purposes are discussed.

2041 Misra, D.K., Tekchandani, C.K. and Nahar, N.M. (1987) Performance and testing of a parabolic spheroidal concentrator type solar cooker. Regional Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 9: 51-55

Performance and testing of parabolic spheroidal type solar cooker has been designed. The aperture area of cooker is 2.27m² having 1000mm focal length. The efficiency of the solar cooker was found to be 19.1%. The solar cooker is capable of cooking in open utensils as well as in pressure cooker and sufficient for meeting requirement of 5 to 8 persons.

2042 Nahar, N.M. (1980) Flat-plate collector - a solar energy device for rural applications. Urja. 8: 279-285

Solar energy can be more efficiently trapped by use of flat-plate collectors with optimised configuration. In this paper brief introduction of flat plate collector is given and collection efficiency and overall heat loss coefficient has been worked out. The applications of flat-plate collector for efficient harnessing of solar energy for rural development viz., solar water heating, crop drying, solar refrigeration for preservation of food, solar engines etc. has been discussed.

2043 Nahar, N.M. (1981) Measurement of flat-plate collector heat loss coefficients. Regional Journal Energy Heat Mass Transfer. 3: 123-133

The solar energy can be more efficiently trapped by optimised flat-plate collectors. An essential requirement for the design, development and installation of solar water heater system is to understand the performance characteristic of flat-plate solar collectors including the heat loss characteristics. An indoor method has been developed and described in this paper for the driect measurement of UL. The UL. is reported for bond duct type collector with single and double glazing each painted with board paint at no wind speed and at controlled wind speed. These results are in a good agreement with the theoretical values.

2044 Nahar, N.M. (1983) Year-round performance of an improved collector-cum-storage type solar water heater. Energy Conveservation and Management. 23: 91-95

Systematic studies have been carried out on collector-cum-storage type solar water heaters, and efforts were made to minimise heat losses so that this type of water heater can be used for getting hot water at 40-45° C for taking bath in the early morning hours of the next day. This paper reports year round performace, the performance equation and economics of this new improved solar water heater. This heater can supply 100 litres of hot water at 60-70° C in the afternoon, and 40 -45° C temperature can be retained till next day morning. Its efficiency is 70.1%.

2045 Nahar, N.M. (1984) Energy conservation and field performance of a natural circulation type solar water heater. Energy. 9: 461-464

A natural circulation type solar water heater has been fabricated and installed at the CAZRI Guest House. Its field performance has been evaluated. The heater provides 200 l. of hot water at 50-60° C at all times. This solar heater is economical.

2046 Nahar, N.M. (1985) Performance and testing of an improved solar water heater cum steam cooker. International Journal of Energy Research. 9: 113-116

The paper reports performance and testing of an improved solar water heater cum steam cooker. The efficiency of the system as a solar water heater is 51.5% and as a solar steam cooker is 16.1%.

2047 Nahar, N.M. (1987) Performance and testing of a solar tea boiler. Regional Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 9: 45-49

A solar tea boiler has been designed, developed and tested. The device can be used for boiling water and milk for the preparation of tea. The device can be used to boil 1.5 to 150 cups of tea from 10 AM to 5 PM. The overall efficiency of the device is 34.2%. The payback period show that the system is economical.

2048 Nahar, N.M. (1988)

Performance and testing of a low cost solar water heater cum solar cooker. Solar and Wind Technology. 5: 611-615

Performance of a novel device which can be used as a solar water heater during winter and a solar cooker during summer has been described. The device can provide approximately 50 l of hot water at a temperature of 55-65° C in the evening which can be retained at 40-45° C until the next morning when tap water temperature is 15-

20° C. The same device can also be used as a hot box solar cooker for cooking 4 kg of dry food per day. The overall efficiency of the device as a solar water heater is 62.6% and as a solar cooker is 23.8%. The payback period of the device shows that it is economical.

2049 Nahar, N.M. (1988) Performance and testing of a natural circulation solar water heating system. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 9: 149-154

A natural circulation solar water heating system of 750 litres capacity has been designed, developed and tested. The solar collector is based on the thermosyphon principle and can provide hot water at a temperature of 80-85° C by the late afternoon. If this is stored until the following morning its temperature is still 70-75° C. The overall efficiency of the solar collector is 43%. The simple payback period for the system is between 7 months and 27 months, depending on the cost of alternative fuels.

2050 Nahar, N.M. (1990)

Performance and testing of an improved hot box solar cooker. Energy Conservation and. Management. 30: 9-16

The performance and testing of a novel solar cooker has been described and compared with a solar oven and a hot box solar cooker. The uniqueness of the device is that it has tilted absorbing surface so that more radiation can be obtained even during winter, therefore, two meals can be prepared in winter, while only one meal is possible in hot box solar cooker because it has a horizontal absorbing surface. Simultaneously, there is no need of frequent tracking as compared to 1 h tracking for the hot box solar cooker and 30 min tracking for the solar oven. The overall efficiency of this improved hot box solar cooker is 24.6%. The payback period shows that use of the solar cooker is economical.

2051 Nahar, N.M. (1991)

Energy conservation and payback periods of large size solar water heater. Energy Convservation and Management. 32: 371-374

Hot water is an essential requirement in most agrobased industries. Firewood, coal, electricity and furnace oil are being used for obtaining hot water. These sources are not readily available and are scarce in most rural parts of Rajasthan. Fortunately, solar energy is plentiful which can be successfully harnessed for getting hot water. In this paper, performance of the large size pressurized natural circulation type solar water heater has been described. The heater can provide 750 l of hot water at 80-85° C which can be retained at

70-75° C until the following morning when the tap water is 20-25°C. The economic analysis of the solar water heater has also been carried out. The relatively short payback periods show that the use of a solar water heater is very economical and will conserve a lot of conventional fuels which are being wasted for merely obtaining hot water.

2052 Nahar, N.M. (1992) Design, deveopment and testing of different models of solar water heater cum solar cookers. Renewable Energy Technology and the Environment. 2: 815-819

Solar water heaters are useful during the winter season only in most parts of India. Therefore, dual systems, i.e. solar water heater cum solar cookers have been designed, developed and tested. The performance of the different models, viz solar water heater cum steam cooker with black board paint, and with MAXORB selective surface and solar water heater cum solar cooker have been described. The efficiency of the devices as solar water heaters are 52.7%, 59.6% and 63.0% respectively and as solar cookers are 16.5%, 18.6% and 24.0% respectively. The energy conservation and payback periods have been computed with respect to fuels - firewood, coal, electricity, LPG and kerosene.

2053 Nahar, N.M. (1992) Energy conservation and payback periods of natural circulation type solar water heaters. International Journal of Energy Research. 16: 445-452

Energy savings in relation to different fuels, namely firewood, coal, kerosene, LPG and electricity have been calculated for a pressurized natural circulation type solar water heater with blackboard paint and a selective surface on the absorber. The payback periods have been computed by considering 10% compound annual interest, 5% annual maintenance cost and 5% inflation per year in maintenance cost and fuel prices. The cash flow has also been worked out for both solar water heaters. The cash flow is more for a solar water heater with a selective surface. The payback periods are 2.08-8.67 years for a solar water heater with a selective surface and 2.13-8-96 years for a solar water heater with blackboard paint. The estimated life of a heater is about 15 years. This shows that use of a solar water heater for heating water is very economical.

2054 Nahar, N.M. (1992) Performance studies of a large size nontracking solar cooker. Renewable Energy. 2: 421-430

A large size non-tracking solar cooker has been designed, fabricated and tested. The cooker is based on the hot box principle. The cooker has been tested extensively and its performance has been compared with a solar oven, a hot box solar cooker (titlted absober). The stagnation temperatures are in increasing order for the hot box solar cooker and the solar oven. The performance of this solar cooker is comparable with that of a solar oven. The former is not tracked towards sun while the latter is tracked every 30 minutes. The efficiency of a large size nontracking solar cooker is 24.9%. The energy saved by this new solar cooker has also been calculated and its payback period has been computed by considering interest, maintenance and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance cost. The payback periods are 1.10-3.63 years depending on which fuel it relaces. Relatively short payback periods show that the use of the cooker is economical, and it is easy to operate since no tracking is required.

2055 Nahar, N.M. (1992) Studies on coloured aluminium as selective surface on aluminium substrate. Solar Energy Society of India Journal. 2: 13-17

Cobalt pigmented anodized spectrally selective surface has been developed on aluminium substrate. The anodic oxidation voltage and electrolytic colouration voltage has been optimized. It has been found that the best selective coating is obtained by 15 volt anodic oxidation as well as electrolytic colouration voltage. Selective coating having solar absorptance =0.93 and thermal emittance =0.20 has been obtained.

2056 Nahar, N.M. (1993) Performance and testing of large-size solar water heater cum solar cooker. International Journal of Energy Research. 17: 57-67

The performance of a novel device has been tested. The device can be used as a collector cum storage type solar water heater during the winter, and with minor adjustments, it can be used as a hot box solar cooker. The device can provide hot water at 50-60° C in the evening, which can be maintained at 40-45° C until the following morning. It can also be used for cooking food for about 40 people. The efficiencies of the device as a solar water heater and as a solar cooker have been found to be 67.7% and 29.8% respectively. The payback period varies between 1.64 to 5.90 years depending on the fuel it replaces. The payback periods are of increasing length with respect to the fuels firewood, coal, electricity, LPG and kerosene.

2057 Nahar, N.M. and Garg, H.P. (1980)

Free convection and shading due to gap spacing between an absorber plate and the cover glazing in solar energy flat plate collectors. Applied Energy. 7 : 129-145

The free convection heat transfer coefficients have been evaluated for horizontal, vertical and tilted collectors. The natural convection coefficient decreases and the shading due to side walls increases with increase in gap size. Therefore, the shade correction factor has also been calculated for different collector inclinations for low and medium latitude stations. By taking into consideration both these factors- that is, covection losses and shading- the air gap between the absorber plate and the cover glazing has been optimised. It has been found that, for minimum shading and minimum covection losses, a gap of 4 to 5 cm should be maintained between the absorber plate and the cover glazing in typical flat-plate solar energy collectors.

2058 Nahar, N.M. and Garg, H.P. (1981) Selective coatings on flat-plate solar collectors. Renewable Energy Review Journal. 3: 37-51

Solar radiation can be effectively trapped by using selective coatings because the solar range of wavelengths and the thermal range of wavelengths generally do not overlap, and thus the performance of solar collecting devices can be improved. Several selective surfaces such as black nickel, black chrome, copper oxide, lead sulphide, etc., have been developed and deposited either on copper, aluminium or on galvanised iron sheet. The theoretical efficiency obtainable from these selective absorbers is calculated with the help of an improved expression and the results are compared with a nonselective absorber. It is shown that for solar water heaters for medium temperature heating (up to 60-70° C) there is not much advantage in using a selective coating. This advantage increases as the collection temperature increases.

2059 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1987) Performance and testing of improved natural circulation type solar water heater in arid areas. Energy Convservation and Management. 27: 29-32

A conventional natural circulation type solar water heater has been improved upon by eliminating the float valve and using a seales pressure tank instead of an open tank. Performance of the improved natural circulation type solar water heater has been compared with and without solar-selective surfaces. The detailed design, fabrication and testing have been reported in this paper. The efficiency of the

improved natural circulation type solar water heater with and without solar-selective surfaces is 57.5 and 51.0%, respectively.

2060 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1988) Studies on collector-cum-storage type solar water heaters under arid zone conditions of India. International Journal of Energy Research. 12: 147-153

Conventional natural circulation type solar water heaters are very costly. Though manufactured in India, they are beyond the reach of the common man. To reduce the cost, a collector-cum-storage type solar water heater has been developed and its detailed study has been carried out and reported. The heater can provide 100 l of hot water at a temperature of 55-60° C in the evening which can be retained at 40-45° C until the next morning. The efficiency of the heater varies from 57.4 to 66.0% depending on design parameters.

2061 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1989) Energy conservation and payback periods of collector-cum-storage type solar water-heaters. Applied Energy. 34: 155-162

The performance of the collector-cum-storage type solar water-heater is compared with those of water-heaters using different fuels, viz. firewood, coal, kerosene and electricity. The payback periods have been calculated by considering compound interest, maintenance cost and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance per year. The payback periods for solar water-heaters with selective surfaces and single glass covers are 4.09-7.51 years for winter use only and 2.36-4.19 years for year round use. The payback period increases, according to the fuel used, in the sequence firewood, coal, electricity and kerosene.

2062 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1989) Studies on gap spacing between absorber and cover glazing in flat plate solar collectors. International Journal of Energy Research. 13: 727-732

The air gap between absorber and cover glazing in flat plate collectors has been optimized experimentally by designing three identical collectors cum storage type solar water heaters with 25, 50 and 150 mm air gaps. The heater with 50 mm air gap collects 11.64% and 7.72% more energy compared with heaters having 25 mm and 150 mm air gaps, respectively. The average overall efficiencies of the heaters are 52.5%, 54.1% having 25, 50 and 150 mm air gaps. A 50 mm air gap has, therefore, been found to be optimum.

2063 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1990)

Effect of dust on transmittance of glazing materials for solar collectors under arid zone conditions of India. Solar and Wind Technology. 7: 237-243

Concentration of dust is very high in the atmosphere. Therefore, a study has been carried out to quantify reduction in transmittance of different glazing materials, e.g. glass, acrylic and PVC, which are used in solar collectors. It is found that for the same tile and cleaning cycles, the reduciton in tramittance of galss, acrylic and poly vinyl chloride are in increasing order of transmittance whereas for the same material the reduction in transmittance decreases with increasing tilt from the horizontal.

2064 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1991) Energy-conservation potential for solar cookers in arid zones of India. Energy Conversation and Management. 16: 965-969

Energy consumption for cooking accounts for most (90%) of the total energy used in developing countries. Solar cookers may play a significant role in conserving traditional cooking fuels (firewood, cowdung cake etc.). Here, we examine different solar cookers (the solar oven, a hot-box solar cooker, and a solar cooker with tilted absorber) and evaluate their potential impact on energy savings. Relatively short payback periods are obtained for investments in solar cookers.

2065 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1982) A low cost collector-cum-storage type solar water heater. International Journal of Energy Research. 6: 195-198

A low cost collector-cum-storage type solar water heater has been developed. The cost of the heater is reduced by replacing window glass cover with 0.2 mm thick PVC film to avoid glass breakage in transportation and maintenance. The performances of solar water heaters having double glazing of PVC and glass have been compared. Their performances are similar. Moreover, by providing an insulating cover in the night, the water remains warm till next morning for taking a bath etc. in the early hours when there is no sunshine.

2066 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1983) Design optimization of cylindrical solar water heaters. Renewable Sources of Energy. 1: 165-168

Two cylindrical-type solar water heaters, each with a capacity of 50 litres have been designed, developed and tested to deternine their optimum length and diameter, at minimum capital cost per k Wh. The performance of these water heaters was compared with that of

flat plate collector-storage solar water heaters. Cylindrical solar water heaters 1.0 metre long and 25 cm in diameter are best suited for domestic purposes.

2067 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1984) Year round performance of a cylindrical solar water heater. Energy Convservation and Management. 24: 277-280

The heater can provide 50 litres of hot water at 50-60° C in the afternoon and a temperature of 35° C can be retained till the next day for early morning use. The heater receives approximately 30% more radiation as compared to a flat surface. The ecomomics of the heater has been worked out and it has been found that the cost can be recovered within one year.

2068 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1981) A cylindrical solar heater for low cost housing. Urja. 10: 81-82

This heater can supply 50 litres of hot water at 50° C in winter afternoon when tap water is 15° C and the cost of manufacturing is only Rs. 150 and can be fabricated by any village carpenter/blacksmith.

2069 Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1986) Harnessing solar energy through saline water. Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development. 36: 153-156

The possibility of harnessing solar energy through, saline water in the arid region of India was examined and a review of work done on solar ponds has been reported. The possibility of generating electricity has been theoretically estimated considering a typical case. Arid regions can be developed by harnessing solar energy through saline water.

2070 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1993) Performance and testing of an improved community size solar cooker. Energy Conservation and Management. 34: 327-333

Performance and testing of an improved community size solar cooker have been carried out and compared with a hot box solar cooker with a singel reflector. The cooker can meet the requirement of about 80 persons, therefore it is very suitable for hostels, temples, canteens, restaurants, etc. The economic analysis of the cooker has been carried out by considering the annual interest, maintenance cost and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance cost. The payback periods are in increasing order with respect to the fuels, firewood, coal, electricity, LPG and kerosene.

2071 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1994)

Design, development and testing of a large-size solar cooker for animal feed. Applied Energy. 48: 295-304

The cooker employs locally available materials of low cost, e.g. pearl millet husk and horse excreta. The commercial materials required for its fabrication are plain glass, mild steel angle and sheet, wood and aluminium sheet cooking utensils. The solar cooker is capable of boiling 10 kg of animal feed, sufficient for five cattle per day. The efficiency of the solar cooker is economic. The use of the cooker will save a lot of firewood, cowdung cake and agriculture waste which are presently used for the boiling of animal feed.

2072 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1996)

A novel solar cooker for animal feed. Energy Conservation Management. 37: 77-80

The cooker is made of locally available material of no cost, e.g. clay, wheat husk and horse excreta. The only commercial materials required for its fabrication are glass covers and mild steel absorber plate. The cooker is capable of boiling 2 kg of animal feed per day and its efficiency is 22.6%. The payback period with respect to firewood is only 186 days which shows that its use is very economical, and it will be a boon for rural areas.

2073 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1996) Performance and testing of two models of solar cooker for animal feed. Renewable Energy. 7: 47-50

Two simple solar cookers, one made of clay and locally available materials, and the other of exfoliated vermiculite and cement tiles, have been designed, fabricated and tested. The comparative performance of both cookers is described, and their efficiencies are 22.6 (clay) and 24.9% (vermiculite), respectively. The cookers are capable of boiling 2 kg of animal feed per day, and represent the equivalent of 1350 MJ of fuel per year at Jodhpur. Payback periods for solar cookers made of vermiculite tiles vary from 0.50 to 3.47 years, depending upon the fuel they replace. The shorter payback period suggests that the use of the cooker is economical.

2074 Nahar, N.M., Thanvi, K.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1986)

Design, development and testing of an improved multipurpose solar energy device. Energy Research. 10: 91-96

This paper reports the design, development and testing of an The novel feature of the device is that it can be used as a solar water heater and solar still simultaneously and, when required, as a solar cabinet dryer by incorporating minor changes.

2075 Pande,P.C. (1990) Optoelectronic and structural aspects of various forms of CdS solar cells. Journal of Semicouductor Materials and Devices. 2: 23-26

A study on various forms of cadmium sulphide viz. single and mixed crystals, thin and thick films deposited by electrophoresis, silk screen printing and thermal evaporation was carried out. Preparatory aspect, recrystallization of the films, associated structural and optoelectronic studies are discussed with their suitability for the development of photovoltaic devices.

2076 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1987) Design and development of a solar cooker for maximum energy capture in stationary mode. Energy Conservation and Management. 27: 117-120

The device can be used for cooking, boiling and roasting of different foods in clear days. The important part of this new device is its stationary mode and maximum capture of energy through improved design and optimum tilt of the system. This new cooker has been found to be more practical in comparison to the simple hot-box type solar cooker, where one needs to direct it to follow the sun. The new device can be used twice a day, even in winter days.

2077 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1988)

Design and development of a solar cooker cum drier. International Journal of Energy Research. 12: 539-545

In designing this unit, optimum booster-collector geometry has been considered in order to eliminate the requirement of sun tracking. Tilting arrangements have also been provided to capture more solar energy. This dual purpose device has been found useful for cooking food and dehydrating fruits or vegetables.

2078 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1991)

Design and development of a solar dryer cum water heater. Energy Conservation and Management. 31: 419-424

A solar dryer cum water heater has been designed, developed and tested. The device can be used for dehydrating fruits and vegetables or heating water exclusively. The important feature of this new

gadget is that the drying process continues even in the night. About 10-15 kg of fruits/vegetables can be dehydrated in 3-5 days. As a water heater, it can supply 801 litres of hot water of about 60° C in winter after-noons. It was estimated that the unit can save 418 kWh of electricity as a water heater and, in addition, 500 kg of fruits or vegetables can ve dehydrated in a year.

2079 Pande, P.C., Thanvi, K.P., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1980) Multipurpose solar energy device. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 525-528

Multipurpose solar energy device can be used to heat water and provide distilled water simultaneously . It can also be used as a solar cabinet dryer by (i) removing the caps fixed to the G.I,. nipples, (ii) opening passage to the chimneys and (iii) loading the material to be dehydrated in wooden trays kept inside the box. About 15 to 20 kg of fruits and vegetables can be dehydrated in about 4 to 5 days. The hot box type cooker can be used for cooking simultaneously when kept inside MSED during summer season.

2080 Pande, P.C., Thanvi, K.P., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1981) A multipurpose device. Sun World. 5: 141-143

A multipurpose solar device has been described which is suitable for providing hot water and distilled water simultaneously through out the year and for drying fruit and vegetables, whenever required.

2081 Thanvi, K.P. and Nahar, N.M. (1980)

A low cost solar water heater-cum-solar still. Research and Industry. 25: 74-77

The device can be used for getting hot water and distilled water simultaneously. Its efficiency as a solar water heater is 57.9% as a solar still 47.5%. When used as a solar water heater and solar still simultaneously, the efficiency is 72.8%. The total cost of fabrication of the system is about Rs 500 with a payback period of 4-6 months only.

2082 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1987) Development of a low-cost solar agricultural dryer for arid regions of India. Energy in Agriculture. 6: 35-40

The design details and performance of a low-cost solar dryer which can be used for dehydrating 10-15 kg fruit and vegetables are described in this paper. Field tests indicated that by the use of a

solar dryer, the drying time for chillies can be reduced to nearly half of that by the open drying method.

2083 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1988) A step basin type solar water heater-cum-solar still. International Journal of Energy Research. 12: 363-368

This communication reports the design details, perfomance and testing of a step basin type solar water heater-cum-solar still. The combined efficiency of the system is 64.5 per cent.

2084 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1988) Design and development of solar cooker cum drier. International Journal of Energy Research. 12: 539-545

A solar cooker cum drier has been designed and developed. In designing this unit, optimum booster-collector geometry has been considered in order to eliminate the requirement of sun tracking. Tilting arrangements have also been provided to capture more solar energy. This dual purpose device has been found useful for cooking food and dehydrating fruit or vegetables.

2085 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1989)

Design and development of an efficient solar still for electirc grid station. Research and Industry. 34: 56-59

The design and performance of a small but efficient multibasin tilted type solar distiller (glass area 0.62 m²) are described. This small solar device is technically feasible for production of distilled water which is required for maintenance of batteries at 33 KV electric grid station. The efficiency of the device is 45% and the total cost of its fabrication is Rs 730. It is estimated that the device has a payback period of 5-6 months only.

SOCIO ECONOMICS AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Sociology

2086 Bharara, L.P. (1977) Socio-economic consequences of canal irrigation in an arid district of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 458-472

The study reveals changes in various socio-economic parameters as an impact of canal irrigation in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. Irrigation brought immigration resulting in tremendous increase of population in the Gang Canal area during the period of 1921-71. Human settlements increased from 231 in 1921 to 1633 in 1975. Land use changes brought a decrease in degenerated lands and increase in irrigated area and net area sown. Irrigated forestry, afforestation and controlled grazing took place. Changes in land ownership pattern from absolute rights of the ruler on land to absolute rights of the occupiers viz; Khatedars; cropping pattern-subsistence to commercialization; adoption of agricultural innovations and increase in ground water level and tube wells encouraged agriculture development. Increase in crop productivity and reduction of risk in crop failure increased the value of land. Introduction of irrigated fodder and availability of stall feeding checked livestock migration, decreased mortality and increased livestock population sustaining higher pressure during the period. Reduction in degenerated lands decreased sheep population in the canal area. Rural credit system institutionalised changing attitude of the people towards use of loans from non-productive to productive purposes.

2087 Bharara, L.P. (1980) Social aspects of drought perception in arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 154-167

Desert rural folk perceive drought as a multi-dimensional phenomenon varying from meteorological to bio-physical to socio-reliogion in nature. Among various believed notions concerning the causes of drought, 77% of the responses were meteorological exhibiting climatic changes; 49% bio-physical bringing devastation of natural vegetation; and 33% socio religious with supernatural beliefs. Associated with these notions folk reported drought induces problems; the most pre-dominantly perceived economic disorder revealed distress sale of land, livestock, personal assets; set-back to occupational caste's economy and loss of crop-livestock production. Biophysical problems revealed indiscriminate cutting of vegetation for fuel, construction, field bunding; traditional practices of overgrazing and frequent lopping of trees by livestock raisers;

shifting soils affecting cultivated fields, pastures, barren lands and village ponds/wells. Social disorder revealed migration, occupational diversification, social loss and shifting settlements. Nature and extent of the past 80 years (1898-1978) perceived has revealed frequent predominant drought situation in the area. Farmer's classification of past droughts revealed more severity of the former droughts (prior to 1970's). Perception of Zamana extent of kharif crop production revealed close association with the extent of rainfall. Overall mean annual Zamana perceived was 46% with 371.56 mm mean annual rainfall. Agro-pastoralists as compared to socio-religious, occupational and other caste groups had better perception of the severe droughts and surplus years. Folk memory exhibited more authenticity of the nature of year and trends derived because of the actual Zamana witnessed by the respondents. Folk believe in locally synthesized knowledge of omens derived from behavioural activities and languages of the local birds/animals for predicting the nature of year. Changes in climatic and vegetational characteristics, animal-birds behaviour and socio behavioural activities are the widely believed means of drought prediction. The validity of all the years (1900-1979) predicted was found to be 55% true reported by 61% of the respondents.

2088 Bharara, L.P. and Bose, A.B. (1963) Socio-economic investigations in a community development block.(1) population, land and economy in a desert tract. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 101-113

Sanchore Community development block in south-west Jalore district in western Rajasthan is a typical desert tract with a normal annual rainfall of about 470 mm. The age and sex pyramid of population is broad-based. The percentage of population economically active is 57.8%. Women also share the burden of earning a livelihood, usually as family workers. The average size of a household is 6.26. Cultivation is followed as a main occupation by 88.6% of the earners. One-fourth of the total earners also practise subsidiary occupations. The average size of a holding is 12.63 hectares. Subsistence farming is practised. The major kharif crops are bajra and guar. The area under forests is negligible. There is excessive overcrowding of livestock on the grazing lands. Most of the debts were incurred for non-productive purposes.

2089 Bharara, L.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1970) Social aspects of farm forestry in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 36-44

Social aspects of farm forestry have been discussed with reference to irrigation facility, ownership of land, form of settlement, vegetation and its use, nature and extent of species planted and those survived, preferences and place of planting in Sumerpur block of Pali district. There is a significant relationship between the number of trees planted and irrigation facility. Differences between the average number of trees planted by the households owning less than 20.0 and above 20 ha of land are significant. Difference between average number of trees planted by households living in compact, Dhani (scattered), and partial compact form of settlements, is not significant. Plantation is done mostly on field boundaries, irrigations wells, home compounds etc for shade, agricultural implements, fruits and food, animal feed etc. The survial variation ranges from 60.0 to 77.1%.

2090 Bharara, L.P., Malhotra, S.P. and Patwa, F.C. (1974) Some socio-agricultural changes as a result of introduction of irrigation in a desert region. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 1-10

Introduction of irrigation brought changes in socio agricultural aspects of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, all in the same desert region-Rajasthan canal project tehsil Gharsana, district Ganganagar. Compared with each other, socio-agricultural changes occurred in the occupational structure land use, land distribution pattern, size of land holding, area sown, yield, fallow land, agricultural inputs and labour employment. Traditional caste occupations shifted to cultivation and agricultural labour, subsistence farming gradually commercialised, mean size of land holding per household decreased, landless class gradually became land owning class, agricultural inputs and demand for labour employment increased, and thus a new folk of farming communities sprang up.

2091 Bhattacharjee, B.D. (1982) Proposed settlement types in Rajasthan canal command area. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 49-54

The community structure and facilities etc. planned to be provided in village settlements, agro service centres and market towns of various classs are provided.

2092 Bhimaya, C.P., Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1961) The human factor in relation to trees and shrubs in a village in arid parts of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 87: 614-617

Discusses the results of the survey carried out in a village; enumerates the uses to which various indigenous tree and shrub species are put to by local populace.

2093 Bose, A.B. (1961) A comparative study of man and his habitat in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan. Indian Geographer. 6: 181-198

The eastern and western side of Rajasthan which comprise the semi-arid and arid parts of the state have been studied comparatively from the viewpoint of population, land and livestock. The mean deviation growth rate of population is higher in the arid areas. The age and sex composition, marital status and percentage distribution of women in reproductive period are all favourable for a high rate of population increase. There is over-whelming dependence upon agriculture. Pressure of livestock on grazing resources is also very high.

2094 Bose, A.B. (1962) Society, economy and change in a desert village. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 1-15

A village in arid zone of Rajasthan was selected for study of its social stratification, household, economy, leadership, education and community development. The findings show that caste still governs life in the village and social status and occupation are inherited. The joint family is disintegrating. Factionalism has emerged. Subsystems farming is practised.

2095 Bose, A.B. (1962) The population problem in the Jaisalmer desert region. The Journal of Family Welfare. 9: 1-7

The desert region of Jaisalmer is faced with the problem of a rapid growth of population. The percentage variation of population during the period 1931-61 was 81.6% as compared to 4.1% during 1901-31.Agriculture resources in the region are extremely limited. There are hardly any minerals or industries to provide diversified employment. Under such conditions even a small addition of numbers puts a severe strain on the economy of the region. It is, therefore, necessary to initiate measures of population control.

2096 Bose, A.B. (1963) Regional imbalance in the arid parts of Rajasthan. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, India. 33: 153-57

The distribution of population, its growth and livelihood pattern have been reviewed. The findings show that there are symptoms of regional imbalance. The rate of population growth is high keeping in view the limited resources. There is a very large dependence upon agriculture inspite of the fact productivity is low and uncertain.

2097 Bose, A.B. (1963) Size and composition of households in dispersed dwellings. The Journal of Family Welfare. 10: 24-31

The size and composition of sample households in dispersed dwellings were studied in a desert village. The findings show that the size of household changes during the different stages of the life cycle reaching the peak in the age group 45-54 years of the household head. The averages of earners and dependents per household also reach the peak during this period. There is a high positive correlation between size of household and number of earners per household.

2098 Bose, A.B. (1963)

The structure and composition of rural families. Indian Journal of Social Work. 23: 351-358

The salient features of family life in a desert village have been brought out. The composition of families has been shown. The way in which age, sex and relationship govern the pattern of behaviour has been indicated. The data show a trend towards the formation of more nuclear families than hiterto.

2099 Bose, A.B. and Bharara, L.P. (1965)

Some sociological considerations in farm forestry. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 24-31

In view of difficult climatic conditions and the general scarcity of land, forestry should be taken up to perform a protective function in which case the question of equating returns to investment assumes a secondary role. It is, therefore, advisable to explore also the possibilities of utilization of alternative forms of energy like solar and wind-power to reduce pressure on fuel wood requirements. Similarly, the requirements of wood for housing and for agriculture implements should also be sought to be met through alternative means even though it may mean some technological adjustments.

2100 Bose, A.B. and Bharara, L.P. (1967) The rehabilitation of gadolya lohars - The Sojat experiment. The Indian Journal of Social Work. 27: 399-402

In this paper it is proposed to evaluate the attempt to rehabilitate Gadolya Lohars at Sojat.

2101 Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1961)

The form of settlement in a desert village. Indian Geographer. 6: 9-20

The form of settlement in a desert village, factors influencing the form of settlement, relative advantages of the compact and dispersed settlement types, and the nature of social relationships have been discussed. The findings show a tendency among people belonging to the same caste to live together. The web of social relationships confined within the limits of form of settlement.

2102 Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1962) Economic structure in a village in arid part of Rajasthan. Journal of Social Research. 5: 81-94

The sources of livelihood in a desert village such as agriculture, animal husbandry, and traditional caste occupations have been indicated based upon survey data and the cycle of activities described. Caste influences the pattern of economic organisation.

2103 Bose, A.B. and Sen, M.L.A. (1963) Spatial aspects of rural living. Man in India. 43: 9-26

The problems faced for rehabilitation of nomadism Banjaras have been dealt in detail after considering their social habits. The resettlement schemes should be under the panchayat samitis.

2104 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P. and Bharara, L.P. (1963) Animal husbandry in arid zone. (II) A socio-economic study of households raising sheep in central and lower Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 44-53

About 18.2% households keep sheep and 63.8% of them live in dhanis.The average size of a flock of sheep is 33.05. Raikas have the largest number of sheep followed by Jats and Muslims who have, on the average, about one-seventh the number owned by Raikas. About 57.1% of households raising sheep are joint. The average size of household is 6.98 of which 4.17 are earners. Four-fifth of the earners in households raising sheep have cultivation as their main occupation. About 41.6 per cent of the household raising sheep are indebted. The average indebtedness per household is Rs. 218. Traditional management practices are followed. A certain proportion of goats are kept in the flock.

2105 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Johory, C.S.K.

(1966) Socio-economic aspects of animal husbandry. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 72-80

On the average a household has 19.55 heads of livestock of which about one-third are bovine. Bullocks and cows are kept by the largest percentage of households. Six-tenths of the households keep only cattle. The proportion of bullocks to cows is about 2:1. The general practice is to raise a mixed flock of sheep and goats. The extent of ownership of livestock, particularly sheep. goats and camels is greater among houeholds living in dhanis, among farmers with larger holdings and castes traditionally owning sheep and goats. The proporation of cattle to total livestock is low among households living in dhanis, among households with no agricultural holdings or with large holdings, among households belonging to castes traditionally raising sheep and goats and among Muslims. Livestock produce is meagre. Sale of livestock or livestock produce is extremely limited.

2106 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1968) The rehabilitation of Gadolya Lohars. (IV) The Khanpura experiment. Annals of Social Sciences. 127-133

To rehabilitate Gadolya Lohars, a traditionally nomadic group living primarily on blacksmithy with cattle trade forming a subsidiary base, housing colonies were built in different parts of Rajasthan. An evaluation of the rehabilitation scheme for Gadolya Lohars at Khanpura about five miles from Ajmer was carried out recently. Apart from collection of secondary data, schedules were filled from all the households who had stayed in the colony. Information was also collected through interviews.

2107 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P., Johory, C.S.K. and Sen, M.L.A. (1965) Agriculture in central and lower Luni basin in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 195-206

About 87.3 per cent of the workers have cultivation as their main occupation. Only 9.4% of the households have no land holdings. The average size of agricultural holding per household is 35.04 acres. The coefficient of correlation between size of agricultural holding and number of fragments per holding is significant. Subsistence farming is practised. Agricultural output is generally very low and has remained constant on account of traditional farming practices followed by the farmers. About 44.3% households did not sell any

agricultural produce. Most of the upper class farmers rank high in ritual status and come from agricultural castes. There is significant association between class of farmers and type of household and between class of farmer and extent of working population. There is larger ownership of livestock, both cattle and others, among upper class farmers. The chief other sources of livelihood for the farmers are agricultural and casual labour and the traditional caste occupations. Lower class farmers are more dependent upon sources of livelihood other than cultivation.

2108 Bose, N.K. (1956) Cultural zones of India. Geographical Review of India. 18: 1-11

Items of cultural traits to prepare distribution maps are suggested. These maps can play a useful part in unravelling the present and past relationships of particular human communities .

2109 Gaur, A.P. (1979) Comparison of output of traditional and progressive farms in the arid-region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 204-208

Human labour is the most responsible factor to output on both types of farms. The elasticity coefficient for human labour is positive. There is a great scope to increase the crop income by increasing the irrigated area.

2110 Gheesa Lal. (1986-87) Impact of ground water on rural socio-economic structure in Borunda village of western Rajasthan. The Indian Journal of Geography. 15: 63-68

In arid region, where water is a scarce commodity, this type of well and waterlordism will result in greater socio-economic imbalance in the region. If such a state of affairs continues in the village for another 10 or 15 years then the small farmers will be more aggressive, which is against the basic tenets of socialism in the country.

2111 Gupta, B.S. and Roop Chand. (1996) Spatial and temporal variation of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population in different arid districts of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 143-146

The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes together contribute 21.5% of the total population in western Rajasthan. In 1991 census, wide variation was observed in the spatial distribution of scheduled

caste and scheduled tribe population and population density in different arid districts. Location quotient method has been used in order to study the concentration of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population within the study region. Seven districts, namely Churu, Ganganagar, Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jalor and Pali are the areas of high concentration of scheduled castes whereas, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Barmer districts are the areas of low concentration. Areas of high concentration of tribal population are Barmer, Jodhpur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jalor and Pali. Here 90.8% of tribal population of western Rajasthan resides. Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Churu, Ganganagar and Nagaur recorded low concentration where 9.2% of the entire scheduled tribe population resides. Scheduled caste density follows total population density. Jhunjhunu has highest scheduled caste population density (41), whereas, Jaisalmer has minimum (1) population density. In the entire western Rajasthan, the density of tribal population is highest in Jalor (9.1) and least in Bikaner (0.1).

2112 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Khan, W. (1980) Some urban growth contributory factors in Nagaur district - a discriminant analysis. Current Agriculture. 4: 125-132

The contribution of some important factors in discriminating the urbanization between rural and urban population was examined. The data were collected for 120 villages of Nagaur district to classify the villages on the basis of degree of urbanization. To study the comparative level of urbanization in two populations, Mahalanobis D²-statistics generating the distance between the two populations of villages were worked out. The contributory factors viz., population of village, percent literacy rate, percent non-agricultural workers, distance from town and accessibility, accounted for 32.65, 5.60, 7.96, 18.01 and 35.78%, respectively, of the total urbanization distance between two populations. The accessibility, village population and distance from the town jointly caused about 87% of the total urbanization distance. The discriminant function was employed and it turned out to be significant. The relative weights, 1, -118.19, 89.90, -35.94 and -2059.54 did help in differentiating the urban growth between two populations from representative villages in Nagaur district.

2113 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Pramod Kumar. (1988) Statistical appraisal of urban growth in Barmer district (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 165-170

The path coefficient and multiple regression analyses revealed percentage literacy and population, followed by percentage of non-

agricultural workers, as the crucial variables for urbanization in Barmer district. Step-up regression analysis determined the major contributors to urbanization as percentage literacy, followed by population, percentage of non-agricultural workers, population density and infrastructure facilities. The high values of coefficient of determination implied that the estimated regression equations could safely be used for planned growth of urbanization in arid areas.

2114 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Taimni, V. (1982) Note on the factors responsible for urban growth in arid districts of western Rajasthan - a principal component technique. Current Agriculture. 6: 1-2

The variation in the extent of urbanization among different villages of Barmer district in arid-zone of western Rajasthan is very negligible, indicating smaller impact of urbanization in whole of the district.

2115 Gupta, B.S., Roop Chand and Gupta, K.N. (1995) Demographic changes in different agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 137-144

This research paper establishes the relationship between spatial distribution of population with its demographic characteristics. Based on 1991 primary population census, significant variations exist in the density of population and population growth rate in different agro-climatic regions, viz., arid, transitional between arid and semi-arid, semi-arid, subhumid and humid regions. Proportion of main workers and marginal workers to total population in different agro-climatic regions has also been dealt with. Main findings of some demograpic characteristics in the agro-climatic regions are depicted through two tables and three maps at 1 : 25,000,00 scale.

2116 Lambrecht, F.L. (1979) The implications of health in the development of arid zones in the Indian sub-continent. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 181-185

The implications of health in the development of arid zones in India have been described in detail. Only an effective, adequate health service combined with an action programme in health education could prevent serious public health problems in Indian Arid Zone.

2117 Malhotra, S.P. and Bharara, L.P. (1963) Socio-economic factors in a desert village. All India Congress Committee Economic Review. 15: 23-27

The population, family and economic organisation of a typical desert village were studied.The findings show a rapid growth of population, dependence on cultivation as chief source of livelihood, traditional agricultural practices, and overcrowding of livestock on the grazing lands.

2118 Malhotra, S.P. and Bose, A.B. (1963) Problems of rehabilitation of nomadic banjaras in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 69-81

The problems faced for rehabilitation of nomadism Banjaras have been dealt in detail after considering their social habits. The resettlement schemes should be under the panchayat samitis.

2119 Malhotra, S.P. and Saha, D.K. (1985) Leaders' perception towards arid land development. Man and Life. 11: 171-178

A study was undertaken in an arid village of Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan, to see the attitude and reactions of leaders towards some development programmes and their participation and to study some of the characteristics viz; communication behaviour, credibility of news etc. of leaders.

2120 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Joshi, P.L. (1966) Impact of land, water and vegetation resources on the economy of the cattle breeders of a desert village. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 219-228

Land, water and vegetation resources, their efficient utilization and development influence the socio-economic mode of life of the cattle breeders of village Sattasar. With the inception of Rajasthan Canal most of the area will go under cultivation and the area for pasture and grazing purposes will be decreased. The sources of water supply both for animal and human consumption are Tobas, tankas, wells and kundas. Toba is an important economic centre of milk and ghee production where grass and forage production are abundantly available. Subsistance farming is practised. `Sewan', `Dhaman', `Lampada'. `Bhurar' are available.

2121 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Joshi, P.L. (1967) Comparative socio-economic factors of inhabitants of Anupgarh Pugal region and in Luni basin of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 117-128

The density of population in Anupgarh-Pugal region is only 2.7 km-2. as compared to 31.8 persons in the Luni basin. The population is

predisposed to high growth rate. There is significantly greater shortage of females in the former as compared to the latter region. The mean size of household is 6.83 and 5.94 respectively in Anupgarh-Pugal region and in Luni basin, the difference in the mean values is statistically significant. The percentage of economically active population in Anupgarh-Pugal region is compartively more which may be attributed to the larger percentage of population in this region engaged in the main occupation of animal husbandry. The average size of land holding with a household in the latter region in significantly greater as compared to the former region.

2122 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Patwa, F.C. (1969) Population, resources and food situation in various tracts within the arid zone of Rajasthan. Indian sociological bulletin. 6: 213-221

A study on population, resources and food situation in various tracts within the arid zone of Rajasthan has been done.

2123 Malhotra, S.P., Kalla, J.C. and Goyal, D. (1977)

Man, land, livestock and food prospects in an extremely desertic tract of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 133-146

Although the districts of Barmer, Bikaner and Jaisalmer constitute extreme desertic tract, yet these have been densely populated as compared by arid zone standards of the world. During 70 years (1901-71), the human population in the tract increased by 176% as compared to 131% in the country. Livestock population in this region far exceeds human population leading to acute imbalances in the land use pattern. Land in this region predominantly constitutes of degenerated forms like barren, culturable wastes and fallows, which, with increasing pressure of animal and human popoulation has resulted in low level of production. This region is plagued by high rate of instability (extent of yield variation ranging from 87.12% for sesame to 33.61% for barley) and negative annual growth rate of yield of principal crops owing to frequent crop failres. The study revealed the necessity of a concerted effort to allocate land according to its inherent capacity, population control and rational resource use supported by modern technology.

2124 Malhotra, S.P., Saha, D.K. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1983) Factors influencing information sources - A study of casual relationship. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 313-137

Considering the importance of communication in adoption of agricultural innovations a study was undertaken to examine the casual relationship of information sources with different factors

influencing adoption. The techniques of path co-efficient analysis has been used in studying the casual relationship among the variables under consideration. Path-coefficients indicated that systemic linkage had highest direct effect with information sources followed by social participation. The multiple regression analysis also revealed that most of the variation (66%) in the information sources was accounted by the systemic linkage and social participation which showed highest direct effects in the path analysis.

2125 Malhotra, S.P., Sen, A.K. and Gupta, B.S. (1983) Recent demographic changes in different agro-climatic regions of Rajashtan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 209-219

The density of population, the population growth rate in different agro-climatic regions are dealt with. Working population and their variation in different agro-climatic regions are then described. Proportion of main workers, marginal workers to total population in agro-climatic variation has been added. The paper concluded with a note on the main findings of some demographic characteristics in agro-climatic regions. These are illustruted through three maps (1:2,000,000 originally cartographed and subsequetly reduced for publication) and three Tables.

2126 Malhotra, S.P., Rao, J.S., Goyal, D. and Patwa, F.C. (1972) Population, land use and live-stock composition in India and its arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 116-127

The growth rate of population in Indian arid zone is comparitively much higher, literacy rate level comparitively much lower and a greater concentration of workers on cultivation. The area under forests ia very meagre. More than 25% of the waste lands of the country are located in the hot Indian arid zone. The crops grown in the Indian arid zone are mostly rainfed crops, the percentage of double cropped area being only 3.65 as compared to about 15% in the country. Though it occupies one-tenths of the country's area, the Indian arid zone contributed only 2.40% of the cereals produced in the country. The percentage contribution to total production of bajra and cotton had, however, been quite subtantial. Wherever irrigation facilities are availble the per hectare average yield of wheat, barley, maize and cotton crops had been higher for the arid areas. The livestock population in the Indian arid zone constitutes 6.66% of the total livestock in the country. Sheep, goat and camels constitute comparatively higher percentage. The total livestock population exceeds human population and the density of livestock on the cultivated lands, on permanent pastures and grazing lands and per

units of human population is comparatively higher in Indian arid zone.

2127 Mehta, B.C. (1989) Socio-economic development in the arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 9-17

The level of socio-economic development and the incidence of poverty are studied for the arid districts of Rajasthan. Poverty was measured by using the head-count ratio, poverty-gap and the Lorenz ratio of the distribution of income. In the western region,43.34 per cent of the rural population lives under the poverty line and the poverty gap is 29.16% of the required level. Bottom 25% cultivators have only 5.9% of toal rural assets but 23% of toal liabilities. Most of the debt incurred is for meeting out household deficit. For the study at district level, composite indicators of quality of life, agricultural development, agrarian relations, agricultural infrastructure, input use and industrial development were computed for 1970-71 and 1980-81. Infrastructural development is low, agrarian relations are pre-capitalist and industrial development is slow.

2128 Purohit, M.L., Anantha Ram, K. and Goyal, D. (1997) Imbalances in food consumption and nutritrion in Kutch district of Gujarat. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 9: 127-31

Balanced regional development is one of the objectives of planning exercise in the country. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary to identify the level of development at regional and sub-regional levels. Consumption levels of food could be one of the indicators of the levels of development in a given region. The Kutch District of Gujarat State is one of the backward districts owing to the physiographic and climatic conditions. In order to study the development process, the district has been classified into five well defined physiographic land form units (LFUs) by examining the topo-sheets at CAZRI, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. A detailed agro-economic survey of the district was carried out in the year 1990-91. The results of one of these aspects, viz., consumption levels of food in these LFUs with an objective to assess the regional imbalances with respect to consumption of food, the data are analysed and presented in this paper.

2129 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, J.S. (1983) A note on human discomfort due to excessive heat and humidity in the arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 37-39

The paper deals with human discomfort in relation to excessive heat and humidity in arid regions. Monthly human comfort values calculated for 11 arid stations situated in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh showed that discomfort prevails during the day time for five months in northern and north-western with moderate to severe conditions in evenings during May to September.

2130 Ramnath, T. (1992) Village population density in desert and its implications on community health and social survey. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 163-164

When representatives of the samples is considered in relation to all the amenities, the population density based selection of villages scored over the selection based on the population size. While planning any type of survey in desert areas, there is not much gain in going for villages by their size unlike in non-desert areas.

2131 Ramnath, T., Ganguly, K.K., Mahapatra, A., Yadav, S. and Pandy, R.M. (1993) Dietary intakes, knowledge of people about the diseases and nutritional disorders in two desert districts of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 59-62

A comprehensive health survey was initiated in 1986, in two desert districts of Rajasthan covering 512 households from 19 villages and 438 households from 15 villages from Jodhpur and Bikaner districts, respectively. More than 30% of the families have to travel more than 10 km to avail any health facilities. More than 50% of the respondents had the knowledge of fever, diarrhoea, worm infestation, measles, malaria and guinea worm. However, their knowledge about nutritional disorders was poor in both the districts. The diets were predominantly based on bajra and wheat. The consumption of pulses, vegetables, fats and oil, sugar and other foods were far from satisfactory and were below 30 g. The nutrients intake (except protein) were inadequate in all the age groups but the deficits of nutrients were observed to be more pronounced among childern below 12 years.

2132 Saha, D.K. (1989) Adoption of improved farm practices in an extreme arid district of western Rajasthan. Man and Life. 15: 72-78

The study was conducted in an extreme desert district (Barmer) to investigate the extent of adoption of various improved farm

practices in different land form units. The adoption of various improved farm practices was, by and large, poor. Inter land form units variation was, however, observed as the adoption was slightly better in agriculturally potential land form units.

2133 Saha, D.K. (1992) Social scientists and farming-systems research. Man In India. 72: 73-76

The paper examines the importance of anthropologists and sociologists in on-farm or farming-systems research. The participation of resource poor farmers in on-farm or farming-systems research is essential for the success of any improved farming programme since they constitute the bulk of our rural population. Anthropologists played a significant role in CIP, Peru, in solving the farm level problems alongwith other biological scientists. The involvement of sociologists or anthropologists in on farm or farming systems research, therefore, may solve the farm level problems and ensure better participation of resource poor farmers.

2134 Saha, D.K. (1993)

Population dynamics in Indian arid zone. Man and Life. 19: 153-162

The growing trend of population is a world-wide phenomenon barring a few nations. The present paper discusses the trends of population growth, composition of population etc. The study was conducted in arid regions of western rajasthan and Kutch district of Gujarat. The growth of population in zone-1 (Jaisalmer district) was considerably high compared to other zones. The level of literary also remained quite poor in this zone. The early age of marriage, massive illiteracy, especially the female illiteracy, traditional beliefs and customs, limited use of birth control measures, poor health care system, scattered settlements, poor infrastructure facilities were some of the contributing factors towards the growth of population besides influx of population from bordering country during (1971-81) and the arrival of Indira Gandhi canal.

2135 Saha, D.K. and Malhotra, S.P. (1984) Leadership pattern in an arid village of western Rajasthan. Eastern Anthropologist. 37: 257-263

The study was conducted in an extreme arid village to identify the different types of leaders and how far they differ with regard to socio-economic status, socio-psychological attributes, media exposure and agricultural adoption. The leaders were identified through socio-metric technique. The leaders were mainly polymorphic in

nature. The formal leaders were prone to change than the informal leaders due to better education and exposure to mass media communication.

2136 Saha, D.K. and Sen, M.L.A. (1993) Status of education in some villages of Jalor district in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 17: 89-96

A case study was undertaken in six villages of Jalor district to investigate the extent of education, factors affecting education and aspiration for children education. Empirical studies revealed that the extent of education was very meagre. The socio-economic factors did not vary significantly with the level of literacy. Socio-economic factors bound with tradition and custom, distantly placed schools, lack of motivation and reluctance of parents were some of the factors causing poor level of literacy. The female education was viewed only with the understanding of day to day activities.

2137 Saha, D.K. and Singh, V. (1990)

People's perception towards common property land (CPL) degradation in some arid areas of western Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 15: 75-84

An attempt was made to study people's perception towards the common property land (CPL) degradation in seven villages of arid Rajasthan. The principal factors responsible for degradation were the declining trend of productivity of various grasses due to erratic and poor rainfall, privatisation of CPL and extension of cultivation in grazing land as perceived by the villagers.

2138 Saha, D.K. and Vyas, D.L. (1991)

Improved farming - its implications in arid Rajasthan. Man and Life. 17: 125-132

The present study clearly indicated that even poor farmers, if they are provided with basic inputs like HYV of seeds, fertilizers and irrigation are ready to accept the improved farming. The traditional farming over the years have made their survival possible even in the worst drought years. The traditional practices which are prevalent in this region for centuries may be examined whether some improvements can be made by introducing some improved techniques by which yields may be enhanced.

2139 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1981)

Diffusion and adoption of agricultural innovations in arid villages of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 271-275

The rate of diffusion in general was very low and chemical fertilizer like urea had the highest rate of diffusion (0.2187 in terms of probit) followed by wheat, Kalyan sona, bajra; BJ 104 and insecticide. The period for 50% and 90% adoption ranged from 6.50 years (urea) to 10.46 years (insecticide) and 15.87 years (urea) to 22.38 years (insecticide). Social participation score was highly correlated with the adoption score and accounted for a significantly greater amount of variation.

2140 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1983)

Factor analysis in adoption of agricultural innovations in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 307-312

The techniques of factor analysis was adopted to determine the factors associated with the adoption of agricultural innovations. Altogether 12 attributes were subjected to factor analysis. Four factors, viz., adoption behaviour, economic factor, family structure and occupation, were extracted which accounted for 71% of the total variability. Adoption behaviour or expression of innovativeness accounted for highest variability. Multivariate structure of the innovation decision process is concluded from this study.

2141 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P., Mathur, Y.N. and Singh, U. (1987) Pattern of communication and constraints in disseminating modern agricultural technologies in arid villages. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 235-240

No major difference was observed between and within the villages with respect to utilization of various media. Situational and input constraints were predominantly higher in village Doli than socio-psychological and communication constraints. The literate farmers reported more communication constraints than illiterate farmers. Technical persons had the highest relative credibility.

2142 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1976)

Some agro-demographic aspects in different agroclimatic regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 121-128

The rural population with percentage density and decennial growth rate during the last census decade (1961-71), occupational pattern, agricultural population, per capita agricultural land, agricultural land per cultivator and pressure on land; production of cereals and pulses per cultivator; per capita production of staple food crops, per capita requirements in different macro agro-climatic regions are described through a series of 1:2 milliion maps. On the basis of per

capita food production a map showing the surplus and deficit areas has been prepared.

2143 Sen, M.L.A. (1969) Mass communication in a desert village. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 135-142

In Pal village examined with its limited availability of different formal and informal media of communication, the extent of awareness to a natural event was observed to be quite significant. Age, occupation, level of income, education and caste were observed to be important correlates to the relative effectiveness of different communication channels. In the lower age groups, the formal media of communication were more effective, whereas in the higher age groups, a word of mouth still plays a vital role in dissemination of information. In relation to occupation, the formal media of communication was more effective with Government servants and business communities perhaps because of their greater degree of exposure to the public. A word of mouth has still a strong hold among the people following the traditional occupations. In relation to income groups, the lower range of income has more inclination towards informal media of communication, i.e., a word of mouth, whereas the upper range of income group has responded appreciably to the formal media of communication. In relation to level of education, the formal media of communication was observed to be more operative in the higher level of education, whereas the lower level of education was mostly associated with the informal media of communication. With respect to caste groups, upper and middle caste groups are more associated with formal media of communication, whereas lower caste groups have inclinations towards informal media of communication.

2144 Sen, P.K. (1960) "A new method of mapping three variables." Geographical Review of India. 22: 15-28

The concept of deviation method has been applied to develop a new method of mapping three variables for population mapping. The method which has been worked out mathematically is quite suitable to prepare population maps of the arid zone.

2145 Solanki, G.S. (1990) Nomadism and migration of pastoralists and their livestock in western India. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 203-210

Nomadism and migration are conspicuous features of livestock raising in the arid and semi-arid regions of western India. Migratory movement initiates in the month of November and December and return migration starts in June and July. In extreme western part of sandy desert the migration is local and without any cyclic pattern. In the eastern part of the sandy desert, the livestock migration is cyclic and follows the definitive routes. Livestock herds from the western part of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner districts move towards Punjab plains via Ganganagar. The herds from the eastern part of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Nagaur districts go to Ganga-Yamuna Doab and Punjab plains through Jaipur. Herds from southern part of Jaisalmer and Barmer move down to Gujarat via Sanchor. The migratory herds spread over about three times the area of origin.

2146 Tewari, A.K. and Laxmi, T.G. (1978-83 ) Levels of economic development and agro-demographic structure of Osian-Mathania tract of the Indian desert. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 55-62

Agricultural planning needs the scientific analysis of the basic resources. It also requires the correlation of these resources with the socio-economic conditions of the rural population. An attempt has been made in this paper to assess the agro-demographic regions in Osian-Mathania tract of the Indian desert and to indicate the levels of agro-demographic development of three sample villages in this tract.

Agricultural Economics 2147 Ahuja, U.R. (1991)

Comparative efficiency of dairy plants in the states of Haryana and Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 123-128

For whole of HDDCF (Haryana) capital productivity turned out to be 55% at constant and 49% at current prices. Capital productivity was maximum (74% at constant and 67% at current prices) for Jind milk plant. The capital productivity for whole of RCDF (Rajasthan) was 40% at constant and 38% at current prices. Capital productivity was maximum (93% at constant and 89% of current prices) for Bikaner plant. In case of labour productivity, output per employee was found to be more than 26 thousand rupees at constant and almost double at current prices. Jind in HDDCF and Bikaner in RCDF were most resource efficient plants.

2148 Ahuja, U.R., Vyas, D.L. and Jodha, G.S. (1992)

Measurements of land inequality by revised Lorenz Gini ratio in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 123-126

Inequality in land distribution by employing different measures have been studied. Family size. age and sex composition of the farm households are important determinants of inequality in land holding distribution Revised Gini Ratio's I and II are found to be superior to conventional Lorenz/Gini ratio.

2149 Anantha Ram, K. (1992)

Incidence of fertiliser subsidy : A macro level analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 47: 377-378

The production of rice and wheat, the two cereals accounting for a major share of fertilisers used, increased by 21% and by 22%, respectively between 1984-85 and 1988-89 and the amount of subsidy increased by 68% during the same period. The subsidy per additional loan of wheat and rice produced in 1988-89 over 1984-85 worked out to Rs. 594.60. Therefore, the fertiliser subsidy per additional tonne of rice and wheat produced formed almost one-fifth of the value of rice or wheat. The sharing of fertiliser subsidy on the basis of fertiliser consumption amongst the four zones in absolute quantity of fertiliser consumed (35% and 25%) and fertiliser consumption per hectare of gross cropped area (113 and 96 kg ha-1 ) were higher than in the west and east zones. However, the economic subsidy the farmer derived from the fertiliser subsidy is estimated to be Rs. 84.80 per tonne of rice and wheat produced in 1988-89. Between 1984-85 and 1988-89 an additional tonne of fertiliser yielded 4.80 tonne of rice and wheat which in approximate monetary terms was worth Rs. 2,907 and Rs. 8,640, respectively. Therefore, the recent decision of the government to increase the fertiliser price to the farmer, so as to reduce the burden of fertiliser subsidy, appears to be not in the right direction. The solution to the problem may be in thoroughly re-examining the pricing of the supplies from feed stock agencies to the fertiliser industry and the retention price subsidy scheme. To reduce the regional imbalances in fertiliser consumption and sharing of fertiliser subsidy equitably, the development of complementary infrastructure like irrigation in the less developed regions is suggested.

2150 Anantha Ram, K. and Dave, B.K. (1988)

Trend analysis of sesame production in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 161-164

Sesame production trends, problems and prospects in Rajasthan were examined by analysing the secondary data. The problem of

decreasing sesame production is traced to decreasing area allocation to the crop. The low yields of local varieties in the absence of viable new technology have tended to take away the area normally used to be allocated to this crop, in favour of pulses.

2151 Anantha Ram, K. and Gajja, B.L. (1983)

An application of discriminant analysis in wheat acreage in arid zone of Rajasthan. Rajasthan Economic Journal. 7: 73-77

An attempt has been made to study the contribution of some individual factors which affect the allocation of land to wheat and also made to find out the factors that help in distinguishing the allocation of acreage under wheat in the two districts. Barmer and Ganganagar, with the help of discriminant function analysis. Area allocation was influenced by yield, irrigated area and area allocation lagged by one year. On the basis of this study, it was further concluded that area under wheat and irrigated area under the crop were the major factors which distinguished the two population.

2152 Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, D.L. (1990) Agro-climatic region - the case of western dry region. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 45: 339

The need and adequacy of variables considered for the classification of agro-climatic regions have been examined with particular reference to the western dry region. The case of 11 arid districts of western Rajasthan which forms a part of the dry region has been specifically studied. Besides the five variables, viz., per capita net sown area, gross irrigated to gross cropped area, cropping intensity, density of population and per cent of workforce to population considered by the Planning commission, the linear growth rates of major food-grain crops and their variability over time and space have been examined. The growth of crop yields is negative in over 50% of major crops, mostly kharif, with high variability often exceeding 40% and above. Only wheat and barley showed significant growth rates with least variation. By ranking the variables for the individual zones and scoring, it is observed that the micro zones ended with almost similar total scores despite vide variations in agro-climatic conditions between the micro zones, leading to the inference that the variables considered are not adequate enough for micro level planning. Since irrigation is highly associated with crop yield variability in dry regions, it is surmised that an index of crop yield variability of major crops of the region as an additional variable should give proper signal to micro level planning. It is suggested that all regions with a crop yield coefficient of variation of 20% and above, in major crop/crop groups, should get priority in

allocation of funds, preferably for creating irrigation infrastructure/water harvesting technology.

2153 Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, K.K. (1984)

Economics of sheep production in arid western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 171-180

Sheep enterprise was highly profitable in zones I and II, but not so in zone III. The net returns for a unit of 100 sheep were Rs. 4805 in zone I, Rs.3534 in zone II. In zone III, the returns over actual costs were Rs. 289 compared to Rs. 2916 and Rs. 1466 in zones I and II, respectively. The low returns in zone III was traced to the low yielding characteristic of Marwari sheep breeds, higher mortality of lambs (40%) high stocking rates (6 animal units per hectare) and lower price quoted for the products of this breed. Since sheep were essentiallay raised on grazing lands the cost of feeding was negatively related with availability of grazing resources. High stocking rates may therefore endanger the profitability of the enterprise. Measures to check mortality rates along with development of marketing infrastructure for sheep skin, hoof etc. are suggested. The strengthening of wool marketing federation with adequate finances has been recommended.

2154 Anantha Ram, K., Bhati, G.N. and Goyal, D. (1990)

The economics of cooking energy scenario in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 333-338

About 60 per cent of fuel wood consumed on sample households was supplied by ones own farm. Fuel wood, dung cake and crop wastes accounted for 58, 28 and 14% total non-commercial fuels used in cooking food. The per household annual consumption of non-commercial fuels ranged between 3.13 to 5.62 t in different size of farms. However, the actual per capita energy derived from the non-commercial fuels consumed on sample farms was short by 22% compared to requirement in country side conditions. It is inferred that the fuels are used inefficiently leading to diversion of valuable cowdung to hearths. The per farm cowdung used as fuel worth Rs. 108.00 was actually worth Rs. 302.00 in terms of nutrients (NPK) contained in it.

2155 Anantha Ram, K., Purohit, M.L. and Goyal, D. (1986) Factor affecting tractorisation in arid Rajasthan and demand projections. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 290-293

The demand for the tractors by the turn of the century and the factors affecting tractorisation in arid Rajasthan have been

analysed. The analysis revealed that the growth of tractors was highly instable. Still the estimated demand for tractors by the turn of the century is 81000. The main factor affecting tractorisation in the region were irrigated area and draught power. Tractorisation of agriculture can get a fillip in the region with irrigation and significant reductions in draught power.

2156 Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, D.L. and Pareek, B.L. (1993) Consumption expenditure on food in typical rural farm families in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 187-190

Cross section data on consumption of food expenditure of 154 sample households in a cluster of six villages in Jodhpur tehsil in Rajasthan for the year 1989-90 has been analysed. The analysis revealed that the average household consumption expenditure of Rs. 105/- per consumer unit was below the All India poverty line expenditure at current prices. However, consumption in terms of calories was marginally below the poverty line norms in marginal (2705) small (2768) and medium (2758) farms against the recommended 2800 calories per consumer unit per day. The valuation of home grown cereal bajra and milk at farm rate prices, rather than at the retail market prices was found to be the factors behind the low consumption expenditure. The lower per capita production of cereals from ones own farms constrained the increased calorie intakes.

2157 Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, K.K. and Singh, U. (1989) Groundwater - a study in common property resource usage problem in arid areas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 44: 296-297

The study incorporates the results of analysis of household level data of two representative village of 51 households in different size-groups. Groundwater use as a common property resource (CPR) has been analysed. Both in terms of numbers, area commanded and area actually irrigated, the large farmers derived the maximum out of CPR groundwater. In the large size-group, 90% of sample households had irrigation from tubewells. The area commanded by each tubewell in this group was 6.8 ha as compared to 1.7 ha in the small size-group, although the area actually irrigated varied from 49% in the large to 73% in the small size-group. The groundwater irrigation has thus added to the already existing inequalities in holding size distribution. The shortfall in actual area irrigated (51 percent) in relation to the command was traced to power shortage and depletion of water table in the wells presumably due to overdrawal. Water use efficiency was at a discount because the CPR groundwater was practically free of cost as the power tariffs were

linked to horse power of engine and not to power consumed or water drawn. The nature of groundwater and the least cost structure of groundwater use have apparently promoted a cropping pattern that is neither in the larger interest of groundwater resource nor was it on socially desirable lines, because it has encouraged overdrawal of water on the one hand and discouraged crops that yield both food and fodder. No doubt, the availability of groundwater has encouraged private investment in irrigation but the resource itself is threatened because of overdrawal. The need is suggested for public investments in water harvesting by impounding run-off through check dams and storage in tanks and investments in public tubewells for equitable distribution of groundwater for desired results.

2158 Bhati, G.N. and Vyas, D.L. (1982)

Economics of fertilizer use for oat forage production in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 207-214

Economic evaluation of field trials (1973-76) on oat forage production in relation to varying levels of N application was done. Statistical analysis of green fodder yield data was done for selection of 'best fit' economic optima for N use and revenue cost relationship. The study amply demonstrated that oat forage production at 100 kg N application yielded highest income per hectate with given factor-product price relationship under irrigated conditions in western Rajasthan.

2159 Bhati, G.N., Bhati, T.K. and Shankarnarayan, K.A.(1987) Economic evaluation of pasture establishments in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 241-246

Studies were conducted on grazing behaviour of mixed flock of ram lambs and he-goats at a fixed stocking rate of 10 animals ha-1 on shrub (Zizyphus nummularia) and legume (Clitorea ternatea) based pastures of buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. Pure pastures of C.ciliaris were profitable and could recover investment cost in the second year, but in the long run, shrub based pasture showed a more productive trend. Shrub based pastures involved more investment cost for planting and maintenance of Zizyphus. Legume based pastures could not sustain the grazing stress and failed to regenerate under prevailing droughts of 1983-84.

2160 Bhati, G.N., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1985) Economic appraisal of date palm plantations in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 251-257

Date palm plantations offer an attractive arid land use options where irrigation water, sunshine and absence of rainfall at fruit ripening stage from natural resource endowments. Estimated IRR was only 13%, being little less than the prevalent bank interest rate of 14% per annum on long-term investment. The results rendered this enterprise little short of economic viability. The viability could however, be enhanced by incorporating under-storey companion crops or vegetables under irrigated conditions together with combining production and processing of fruits and providing liberal institutional help.

2161 Bhati, G.N., Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, D.L., Bankar, G.J. (1992)

Economic evaluation of pomegranate cultivation in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 213-216

Economic appraisal of pomegranate cultivation technology in arid Rajasthan revealed the annuity of Rs. 20 , 193.0 ha-1 at 14% discount rate. The BC ratio was 2.74 and the pay back period of investment was 4 years. The technology was found to be beneficial even at discount rate of over 40%. The pomegranate technology is viable even under a combination of natural, economic and market induced fluctuations. The adoption of the technology, however, hinges on the availability of irrigation.

2162 Diwakar, G.D. (1990) Socio-economic profile and marketing pattern of livestock sellers in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 319-324

The illiteracy was more dominant (59%) among the sellers of livestock. Family size was quite large. Operational size of holding was 6.82 hectares and above 90% area was found to be unirrigated. Backward castes were playing major role in rearing of the livestock as their share was 63% of the selected sellers. Among the rest, upper castes, muslims and SC/ST communities comprised of 20, 10.67 and 6.67%, respectively. At seller farms, cattle, camels and goats ranked I, II and III places sharing 29, 24 and 23% of the livestock population. Most sellers brought their camels to Gongamadi market for sale due to its specialisation for camel marketing. Marketable surplus of camels was quite high (80%) and marketed surplus was 47% of camel population. Most of the camels were sold in market and rest in the villages. In Gongamadi market, the sellers (agriculturists), wholesale dealers and nomadic tribals were involved in assembling and distribution of livestock to fulfill the damands and supplies over time and space. Mainly, two marketing channels i.e, livestock owner-user and livestock owner-trader-user were existing in the market. Under the method of sale, the direct

negotiation was popular. Sale through broker was also prevalent. The barter method of livestock sale was rare.

2163 Diwakar, G.D. and Mruthyunjaya. (1985) Economics of irrigation and crop production under different water lifting devices in the Upper Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 101-108

The inital investments were considerably high under different water lifting devices and these also varied considerably between and within devices due to different factors. Under working costs, bullock and human labours consisted of 89% of the total cost in case of indigeneous devices and below 30% in case of modern devices which were more economical and efficient with regards to higher cropping intensity, irrigated cropped area under superior cereals and commercial crops, and their productivity. Modern devices contributed higher gross and net income on a unit of area. Among modern devices, electric devices performed better.

2164 Diwakar, G.D. and Sehara, D.B.S. (1981)

Agricultural prices in Rajasthan with reference to price policy. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 36: 113-114

There was a rising trend in the prices from 1966 to 1968 for all the crops and then a fall upto the year 1970. During the years 1974 and 1975, there was a high rise in prices which slowly declined upto 1977. Correlation coefficients also indicated high and positive relationship in the price indices of crops. Parity ratios showed that all the cereal crops except jowar and barley for a few years had adverse terms of trade as compared to general food articles. General wholesale prices and manufacturers had favourable terms of trade from 1966 and 1971 onward respectively while the parity ratios for industrial raw material were favourable only in 1971, 1977 and 1978. In the case of inputs, except diesel, the parity ratios of fertilizer and electricity with cereal prices were low. The adjusted base method of parity was used to fix the price of wheat, barley, bajra, jowar and maize for the year 1978-79. The estimated prices of these commodities were found higher than the prices fixed by the Government for the same year. For more accurate assessment, other factors like labour wage, consumer price index, etc., can also be taken into account in fixing the prices.

2165 Diwakar, G.D. and Sehara, D.B.S. (1982) Factors affecting the consumption of plant nutrients in arid and semi-arid districts of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 59-63

Area under tenancy and rural literacy extended maximum influence in semi-arid districts while rural literacy did not show any significant effect on the use of plant nutrients in arid districts of Rajasthan. Area under tenancy showed negative effect on the use of nitrogenous and potassic nutrients in arid districts but in case of phosphatic nutrients its effect was positive and significant. On the other hand, annual rainfall influenced the use of nitrogenous and potassic nutrients significantly in arid districts. Gross cropped irrigated area was observed significantly affecting the use of all the nutrients separately and in combination of in arid districts while the same did not influence the use of any of the nutrients significantly in semi-arid districts. Average size of holding showed positive effect in arid districts but it influenced negatively the use of nutrients in semi-arid districts of Rajasthan.

2166 Gajja, B.L. (1986)

Cost analysis of milk processing in arid zone of Rajasthan. Indian Co-operative Review. 23: 82-93

The present study is an attempt to estimate the cost incurred at different stages of two mild plants in arid zone (one at Jodhpur and another at Bikaner) having installed capacity of 1 lakh litres of milk per day. Cost of collection had lion's share in total cost in milk processing. The break-even point during 1976-77 and 1977-78 were 60.78 and 120.56 lakhs litres for Jodhpur milk plant and 123.87 and 145.73 lakhs of litres for Bikaner milk plants respectively. The procurement of milk was increasing but at decreasing rate which is much below the capacity of milk plants.

2167 Gajja, B.L. (1987)

Crop yield instability and rainfall in western Rajasthan, a case study of Jodhpur district. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 37-44

The data regarding monthly rainfall were collected from Jodhpur meteorological Station for the period 1956-82. The data on yield per hectare of principal crops and irrigated area under different were complied `Statistical Abstracts of Rajasthan'. Weather is the important determinant of crop instability in the arid areas. Though adequate and timely rainfall is admittedly important factor for stable crop production in these areas but more often compounded by lack of proper soil and water management techniques.

2168 Gajja, B.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1983) Inter-district variations in area of wheat in Rajashan. Agricultural Situation in India. 37: 751-755

Three districts, namely, Jodhpur, Ganganagar and Udaipur were selected to represent different levels of water availability. The data for this study were collected from the annual publication entitled `Agriculture Statistics of Rajasthan'. Arid district like Jodhpur is likely to be endowed with less but stable productive performance of wheat with almost similar stability at higher levels of performance of production in Ganganagar due to irrigated area. The Udaipur district displayed higher mean production than Jodhpur but this higher productivity was associated with higher degree of instability. The study conclusively proved that even under most developed conditions, the area responsiveness of wheat in Rajasthan may be guided by combined effects factors like logged price, production of wheat, extent of water availability and competing crops.

2169 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, G.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1983) Acreage response to prices of major crops in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan - An econometric analysis. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 271-278

An attempt has been made in this study to obtain the best estimates the district acreage response to prices in major crops viz., wheat, barley, rape and mustard; cotton and sugarcane in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan state. The Nerlovian lagged model with some modifications was employed in present context. Risk variable was included in the model alternatively in the forms of standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the relative profitability based on preceeding three years. Area allocation of major crops have been proved to be a better proxy of risk than standard deviation. On the basis of this study it can be inferred that cotton, rape and mustard; and sugarcane are relatively high risk crops as compared to wheat and barley. Policy of rationalised output price-structure is thus prerequisite for stabilised productivity performance of major crops in arid areas endowed with assured irrigation.

2170 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1984)

Inter-district variation in supply response of rape and mustard in Rajasthan. Oilseeds Journal. 13-16

An attempt has been made to evaluate district supply response of farm sector for rape and mustard in the state of Rajasthan for a period of 22 years (1956-57 to 1977-78). Seven districts on the basis of area allocation of more than 5000 ha were selected. Three districts from arid and four districts from semi-arid region represented in the study area. The results shown that decision regarding area allocation of this crop strongly correspond to own harvested that own yield of the crop also influence the allocation of

area. The interesting observation was that price effect has a closer correspondence with irrigation facilities on area under rape and mustard.

2171 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1985)

Determinants of tractorisation process of arid areas of western Rajasthan. Agricultural Situation in India. 39: 257-260

In this paper attempt has been made to quantity the contribution of factors affecting the tractorisation process to arid areas of western Rajasthan. Secondary data on various economic indicators used were compiled from different sources. Despite obvious limitations of such restricted resource endownments, the agricultural productivity, size of holding, labour density, draught animals density and rural literacy will have a positive impact on the tractorisation in the arid lands. A concerted policy for providing sufficient tractors to meet their demands alongwith net-work of efficient service centres will thus go a long way in increasing agricultural productivity without replacing human and draught animals in the arid districts of western Rajasthan.

2172 Gajja, B.L., Vyas, D.L. and Chouhan, T.S. (1984) Factors affecting aggregate crop production : a step-wise approach. National Geographer. 19: 69-72

An attempt has been made to identify the major factors affecting crop production through step-wise regression technique, cross district data of Rajasthan were used. The secondary data for crop activities for the year 1976-77 and other data from Livestock Census (1977) were used. The results revealed that total cropped area has less fluctuated in comparison to other variations under study. The value of agricultural products was influenced by the use of fertiliser followed by number of bullock carts, number of tractors, number of water lifting devices and cropped area. This indicates that fertiliser consumption is very high, while tractorisation has still not received considerable attention of the farmers.

2173 Gajja, B.L., Vyas, D.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1984) Spatial variations in supply response of wheat in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Agricultural Situation in India. 39: 591-94

Commensurate with the objective Seven districts (Barmer, Ganganagar, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar) were selected on the basis of area allocation under wheat more than 10,000 ha. The study is based on the secondary data of 23 years compiled from `Statistical Abstract of Rajasthan'. The decisions pertaining to

allocation of area under wheat crop corresponds strongly and positively with harvest price lagged by one year or two years. Wherever, the harvest price lagged by one year had negative influence, it turned out to be invariably positive under lag of two years. Wheat yield lagged by one year did not have strong influence on current area allocation. The area lagged by one year did not exert any positive influence on decision regarding the area allocation but had positive influence when lagged by two or three years.

2174 Goyal, D., Joshi, B.R. and Taimni, V. (1981) Comparative economics of bullock and tractor use in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 265-270

Bullocks have traditionally been an important source of traction power in the agricultural sector of arid areas of western Rajasthan. The advent of the green revolution and massive allocation of planned resources for rapid agricultural development have generated sizable element of competition in the pattern of power use in farm sectors. This study has revaled a positive case for limited substitution of bullocks by tractors in the arid region and has further indicated that under the constrained availability of tractors, complete substitution of bullocks would result in wastage of the available power resource of the arid region. It has been inferred that a limited substitution of power use should be allowed in arid farms where the time of completing farm chores is the overriding consideration. Even this limited substitution will need a vigorus infra-structural development for meeting the input demands created by the increased quantum of mechanical energy use.

2175 Gupta, B.S., Kavia, Z.D. and Taimni, V. (1983)

Resources productivity on demonstration farms in operational research villages in Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 227-231

An attempt is made here to study resource use productivity on demonstration farms in the O.R.P. villages of CAZRI, Jodhpur. Farm level data on 20 demonstration farms and 29 control farms were used and they related to the years 1977 and 1978. Linear and Cobb Douglas functions were used to evaluate resource productivity. Results from Cobb Douglas function which gave better fit indicated increasing marginal productivity of farm size and decreasing marginal productivity of farm power in case of demonstration farms. In case of control farms, farm investment was found to have diminishing marginal productivity. The results indicated scope for enlarging the farm size and stepping up of investment on farm power on demonstration farms.

2176 Gupta, B.S., Mathur, B.K. and Purohit, M.L. (1992)

Trend, growth and technological development of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) crop in different agro-climatic zones of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 62: 273-275

Agro-climatic variations in the growth rates of area, production and productivity of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] in arid region of Rajasthan were studied. The study was conducted for 1956-57 to 1966-67 (pre-green revolution) and 1967-68 to 1987-88 (post-green revolution) period in 4 micro-units, viz., arid rainy-season (kharif) monocropping, arid irrigated kharif and winter-season (rabicropping, kharif monocropping and irrigated rabi and kharif cropping of western Rajasthan. Compound growth rate in the area during post-green revolution period was less than that during pre-green revolution period in all the 4 micro-units. Its growth rate during green-revolution period was found significant and positive in all the micro-units except in arid irrigated kharif and rabi cropping. Similarly, compound growth rate of production during pre-green revolution period was higher than that under post-green revolution period. Compund growth rate of productivity was non-significant in the post-green revolution period and was less than that in pre-green revolution period in all the 4 micro-units.

2177 Jodha, N.S. (1970) Conservation technology and capital formation in arid agriculture. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 215-220

In the ill-watered areas modern conservation technology, embodied in different resource conservation measures, can offer some solution to the principal problems of low and unstable farm production and fast depletion of resource base. Some of the conservation measures being permanent land improvements, constitute part of farm capital. Thus increased capital formation in terms of conservation measures can ensure quicker spread of conservation technology in arid agriculture. But, these conservation measures find insignificant place in the existing structure of farm capital in the arid region. Their share in plan expenditure (1956-57 to 1967-68) was only 2.57% of the total. In most of the districts surveyed by the Reserve Bank of India and others, conservation measures accounted for less than 2% of the total capital formation by private farmers. Increased capital formation maintaining its present strucutre, i.e. predominance of livestock and farm implements and complete neglect of conservation measures may have several undesirable implications. It can accentuate the process of resource depletion

without ensuring development of arid agriculture. The situation calls for a change.

2178 Joshi, N.J. (1959)

Kutch desert immobilization scheme. Indian Forester. 85: 43-50

The article deals with the scheme for immobilization of the Kutch desert, sanctioned by the Goverment of Bombay under the Second Five Year plan. The situation and the locality factors of the area boardering the desert are given. The nature of the problem is explained. The details of the scheme and the work actually executed so far are given. Lastly, an assessment of the results achieved is made and experiences gained are mentioned.

2179 Joshi, N.L. (1984)

Economics of fertiliser application in pearl millet production in arid areas. Fertiliser Marketing News. 15: 1-4

This paper attempts to discuss the economics of nitrogen application in pearl millet varieties under arid conditions. The analysis is based on the data derived from field trials conducted at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, during 1978-79. The total expected yield of BJ 104 was found to be higher than that of Local BD 111 and PHB 12 in both the years of study. Marginal rise in optimum dose was observed for all the varieties when rainfall during crop growth was well distributed. PHB 12 gave the highest net profit with the highest level of optimum nitrogen dose but with a consequent low B-C ratio compared to BJ 104. The highest B-C ratios ranging from 3.56 to 4.39 were recorded with BJ 104. The level of nitrogen giving maximum production for different varieties exceeded the most profitable level of N-application by 15-58 per cent. Increase in net profits from most profitable level of N-application for different varieties ranged from 2-50 per cent.

2180 Kalla, J.C. and Bhati, G.N. (1988) Economic evaluation of pasture management systems in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 7-14

The economic analysis of three alternative pasture production systems viz., natural protected, natural protected with soil conservation measures and the sown pasture with improved technology and soil conservation measures, was carried out in relation to grazing (sheep, cattle and mixed) fodder marketing and seed-fodder marketing options. All the options were economically viable under the identified production technologies. However, the improved technology for pasture production systems was found to be

less cost-effective. To generate viable returns in the long-run, such cultivated pastures have to be near the fodder demand points.

2181 Kalla, J.C. and Gajja, B.L. (1982) Rationality of unused land in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan- A case study. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 7: 57-58

In this paper to know the dynamics involved in keeping unused lands in arid areas of western Rajasthan, attempt to quantify mechanics of following crop lands in Jodhpur district has been made. Uncultivated areas per operational holding have been determined by the joint forces of proportion of irrigated and per capita availability of cultivated land, proportion of net irrigated to total cultivated area. Increased pressure of human population in combination with this suporting infrastructure and climatic reserves may increase uncultivated lands at an increasing rate.

2182 Kalla, J.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1980) Growth of sheep population and land use policy implications in arid region of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 345-350

If sheep productivity is to be improved, it would only be done with over-all improvement in forage productivity of grazing lands in order to reduce the existing inter-species competition for forage. A land use policy with built in mechanisms of restricting conversion of grazing lands into crop lands, introducing productive grass strains and renewed emphasis on raising fodder as a commercial crop should receive priority in the crop rotations for the arid region.

2183 Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1972) A study in the farm investment and income pattern of farm families in arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 187-197

Size of farm is one of the important determinants for incomes and investmetns in arid areas. Farm investment under arid conditions is couched in traditional set up of investing possibilities. Although farm investments categories as they are, fail to explain statistical variance in income levels significantly, nevertheless, succeed in contributing, in an important way, to augment the agricultural incomes. Finally, it is established that new opportunity for increased farm investment do not exist in conducive way owing to hostile agro-climatic situations.

2184 Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1987)

Supply response of chillies in arid districts of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 11-15

District-wise secondary data for arid districts of western Rajasthan reporting more than 500 ha area under chillies (Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Pali) were used to study its supply response. The response was stipulated to follow dynamic Nerlovian model. The price signals play a key role in the decision making process on area allocation. Extension of irrigation facilities leading to higher yield would inevitably attract more area under chillies in arid region of western Rajasthan.

2185 Kalla, J.C., Bhati, G.N., and Vyas, D.L. (1986) Economic appraisal of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivation in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 294-299

Economic appraisal of the recommended ber plantation technology for western Rajasthan was done. The estimated internal rate of return (21%) was 1½ times higher than the prevailing bank rate (14% per annum) on the long term investment. A ber plantation maintains its economic viability even if capital costs exceed long term bank rates by 6% per annum. The ber plantation also retains its economic resilience under a combination of natural, economic and market oriented constraints. Adoption of the technology, however, needs a sizeable plant protection and insurance credit-extension back up.

2186 Kalla, J.C., Gajja, B.L. and Vyas, D.L. (1984)

Temporal dynamics of cropping pattern in the arid region of western Rajasthan - A case study of Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 199-205

Data on land allocation to different crops in Jodhpur district for 21 years (1956-57 to 1976-77) were analysed to examine and quantify the changes in cropping pattern over time by employing Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Despite attendant temporal variations in climatic, economic, social and technological factors, the changes in cropping pattern have not been perceptible enough. Under the existing circumstances, adoption of new crop technology in the arid areas may not be a viable proposition.

2187 Kalla, J.C., Gajja, B.L. and Vyas, D.L. (1988)

A study in agricultural development of Rajasthan - A principal component analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 22: 143-149

Agrarian development is a precondition for enhanced productivity, gainful employment and human resource base in agricultural sector. In a large country like India regional resource endowments are too varied to make any generalization in context of development process. An attempt has been made in this paper to identify and document the district-wise agrarian development process in the state of Rajasthan. Of the 26 districts, five districts each could clearly be categorised into highly advanced, advanced, medium advanced, low advanced and very low advanced. The results conclusively suggest for gearing up of the development planning towards creating favourable resource endowments in six arid (Barmer, Churu, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu and Sikar), three semi-arid (Dungarpur, Bundi and Sirohi) and two sub-humid (Banswara and Jhalawar) districts in order to remove the regional imbalance in the agrarian development process.

2188 Kalla, J.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Joshi, B.R. (1977) Livestock productivity and desertification in the arid lands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 360-366

The livestock sector is of considerable economic significance for the arid districts of western Rajasthan. However, the observed increase in livestock productivity over the years is mere a reflection of the increased number of livestock rather than any increase in the efficiency of individual productivity. Further, the high growth rate of livestock has been depleting the region of its phytomass resources resulting in ecological imbalances. Simultaneously, increased utilisation of marginal lands for crop growing has been further accentuating the desertification process. Optimization of livestock production through checks on excessive animal population build-up and use of marginal lands for increased fodder production has been advocated as a means of reducing the impact of the forces of desertification.

2189 Kalla, J.C., Joshi, B.R. and Goyal, D. (1986) Comparative economics of traction energetics in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 61-68

Economic analysis of alternative traction inputs needed for agricultural sector in the arid region of western Rajasthan revealed that supply of the total traction energy from animals as well as from machines is in commensurate with its demand in the region. In comparative terms, the annual traction would be cheaper strictly in an 'out-of-pocket' sence. Taking long range implications, mechanised traction seems to have an edge over the animal traction resources. A judicious combination of both animal and mechanical traction inputs

is needed for better resource utilization and optimum agricultural production.

2190 Kalla, J.C., Bhati, G.N., Mertia, R.S. and Bawa, A.K. (1987) Economic analysis of milk production on range lands in extremely arid districts of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 247-258

The milk-productivity of Tharparkar and Rathi herds kept at Chandan (Jaisalmer district) and Beechwal (Bikaner district) range-lands in extreme arid conditions was evaluated by production function and project evaluation techniques. Despite variations in productivity performances due to breed and spatial factors, the herd size, quantity of fodder grazed and supply of concentrates turned out to be important determinants of milk production at both the location. The results of measures of project evaluation revealed sound resilience and economic viability of milk production system on improved grasslands at the selected locations. The result conclusively established grassland development programme as a precondition to optimize milk production in arid areas.

2191 Kalla, J.C., Gian Chand., Vyas, D.L. and Gehlot, N.S. (1978) Techno-economic felling cycles for selected energy plantation species in the arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 42-51

Felling cycles for fuel were evaluated for four desert tree species, viz. Acacia tcrtilis, Albizia lebbeck, Acacia nilotica and Azadirachta indica. By employing requisition techniques the physical maxima of fuel yield per tree for A. lebbeck, A. tortilis, A. indica and A. nilotica were realised after 14th year, 25th year, 50th year and 13th year, respectively. Subjecting these to ammortized cost- revenue constraints, the economic optima came out to be 11 years for A. lebbeck yielding 6 kg tree-1, 8 year yielding 20kg tree-1 for Acacia tortilis, 24 kg tree-1 on 23 year for Azadiarchta indica and imaginary yield in 49th year for Acacia nilotica. Considering the maximum fuel yield within minimum time period and thus maximum returns, A. tortilis was found to exceed all the tree species under consideration.

2192 Kapoor, K.S. and Bhagat, S. (1990) Resource potentials of Spiti : the cold mountain desert of Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 243-250

This paper embodies the socio-economic set up and the related environmental issues in Spiti valley-the cold mountain desert of

Himachal Pradesh. It suggests some ways to carefully utilize this fragile ecosystem and some safeguards against further destruction.

2193 Keshwa, G.L. and Jat, P.C. (1991)

Economics of phosphorus and zinc nutrition of forage pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) during summer season. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 601-602

Fodder yield was improved upon P application but there was a significant increase in gross and net returns with increase in P level upto 22.5 kg ha-1. Zinc at 10 kg ha-1 gave the highest gross and net returns, the lowest being under the control

2194 Kuber Ram and Johory, J.S.K. (1971)

Growth rates and trends in agricultural production in arid region of Jodhpur. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 5: 151-158

The analysis of 15 years time series data of area, production and productivity of different crops in Jodhpur region indicated that inspite of great fluctuations in area and production from year to year, in general the area under crops had upward trend while the productivity had declined. The upward trend in area was more pronounced in kharif pulses, til and Chillies crops. The variation in crop yields showed cyclic movement in bajra, kharif pulses, gram , wheat and chillies. The highest positive compound growth rate in crop was recorded for chillies 13.5 %, followed by kharif pulses 10.4% and til 5.0 %, perhaps because of higher market prices.

2195 Kuber Ram and Lahiri, A.N. (1974) Economic analysis of wheat production with fertiliser under adequate and limiting irrigation water. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 25-36

Maximum response under wet condition was 38.29 q ha-1 and under dry condition 14.20 q ha-1. The optimum doses of fertiliser were 171.29 kg N and 131.46 kg P2O5 under wet conditions and 80.12 kg N and 88.44 kg P2O5 under dry conditions. If wheat sells at Rs. 90 per quintal, the net returns over fertiliser cost would be Rs. 2668.80 under wet and Rs. 861.29 under dry conditions. At this price of wheat the economic optima of yield reached at 37.68 q ha-1 under wet and 13.65 q ha-1 under dry conditions which is lower than the maximum attainable yield.

2196 Kundu, A. and Sidhu, H.S. (1978-83)

Complete and incomplete schemes of regionalisation : A case study of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 38-54

Barring a few pockets of urban-industrial development like Ajmer, Jaipur, Kota, Bikaner and of agricultural development like Ganganagar, regions are formed in the shape of belts running with the Aravallis from the north-east to the south-west. These regions, characterised by structural underdevelopment, have considerable similarities in their overall levels and hence some of them change from one region to another when different methods are applied. They could have formed a larger region of underdevelopment but for the emergence of a few urban islands breaking the contiguity. This can perhaps be attributed to the fact that the growth in these isolated pockets was due not to the endemic developmental forces but to politico-historical influences.

2197 Mam Chand, Vyas, D.L. and Goyal, D. (1991)

An analysis of demand supply imbalances in dry matter in the ORP, lab to land and KVK villages in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 91-100

The pressure of livestock on grazing lands and reporting areas is very high in the cluster of villages. Although the livestock declined between 1983-88, the density 172 ACU 100 ha-1 grazing land was much more than carrying capacity of the grazing lands. The density in these villages varied between 112 to 276 ACU 100-1 ha of grazing lands. The demand for the supply prospects of forage from all sources including crop residues and grown fodder in 1988-89 was 12,856 tons compared to the estimated demand of 27,856 tons. The forage deficit worked out 55% of estimated demand in the cluster of villages.

2198 Mehta, A.C., Joshi, B.R. and Kalla, J.C. (1978 ) A time series analysis of the production performance of principal crops in three agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 348-352

The production performance of principal crops are composed of systematic and random fluctuations over time. An attempt has been made in this study to isolate systematic from random fluctuations of the production performance of principal crops in three distinct agroclimatic regions of the state of Rajasthan and the study has revealed very few crops in any region with a persistently significant trend. The study conclusively proved that over time, production performance of principal crops have mainly been a result of stationary random processes. It thus seems inevitable to conclude that except wheat, the existing technology has not been able to shift the production functions of these crops significantly.

2199 Mruthyunjaya and Sirohi, A.S. (1979) An economic analysis of crop yield and product price variability in Bijapur arid agriculture, Karnataka. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 186-198

Crop yield instability was the highest in case of oil seed crops, followed by pulses, cereals and cotton. Continuance of poor crop conditions for successive four and above years was over-whelming in the study area, low yield of a crop was accompanied by low yield of one or more of the remaining crops too, with jowar crop as an exception. Instability of product prices was dominant over that of crop yeilds and there was high covariance between product prices. Creation of irrigation facilities, opening grain and fodder banks, creating a net work of motorable roads are suggested for development of these areas.

2200 Mruthyunjaya, Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, K.K. (1983) Pace and problems of growth of coarse grains and kharif pulses in western Rajasthan : an appraisal. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 177-185

The pace and problems of growth of coarse grains and kharif pulses in western Rajasthan is studied by examining the growth trends in the last 24 years. Coarse grains are loosing and kharif pulses are gaining area and drought years in recent years are more severe than those in the earlier years. Adoption of improved dry farming practices coupled with diversification of demand for coarse grains is suggested. Expanded procurement operation, adequate credit support, crop insurance and better co-ordination between research centres and development departments are also suggested to improve the performance of these crops.

2201 Mruthyunjaya, Goyal, D. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986)

Distribution of crop yields in the arid regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 203-209

Randomness, normality and year to year fluctuations in the yields of pearl millet and kharif pulses in western Rajashtan were studied using non-parametric tests, co-efficient of variation and probability of the crop yields as the tools of analysis. The analysis showed random distribution of yields, non-normal distribution in more than 50% of the cases, very high probability of low yields and increasing tendency of fluctuations.

2202 Mruthyunjaya, Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, A.K. (1983)

Technological possibilities for agricultural growth and stability in western Rajasthan : an assessment. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 121-133

Agriculture in western Rajasthan is not only backward but also highly unstable. Lots of money being spent by government on famine relief over years have neither strengthened the production base of the economy nor enabled it to mitigate the rigours imposed by recurring droughts and famines. The problems and prospects of the application of arid zone technologies as a permanent solution to the arid zone problems is assessed. More of food, fodder and fuel can be produced, Adequate employment is also possible, However, it is shown that application of technologies needs pooling of state, National and even International resources.

2203 Oberoi, R.C. (1989) Economic rationale of agricultural development in cold desert areas of Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 157-164

The data obtained through two stage stratified random sampling design from 65 farmers of cold desert of Spiti valley revealed that the agriculture of cold desert area is mostly traditional, primitive and subsistent in nature. Improved technology was not found to have any significant impact in the study area. The optimum farm plans suggested that with the introduction of improved technology and reallocation of resources, as high as 50 per cent increase in farm income could be attained. The vast potential of agriculture in the study area remained untapped because of number of geographical, social and economic constraints. The major economic constraints responsible for non-adoption of improved technology were inadequate and untimely supply of farm inputs, smaller holdings, scarcity of capital, inadequate irrigation facilities and lack of adequate extension services in the study area. Once the constraints responsible for poor agricultural development are removed, there lies a wide scope of improving the tribal agriculture. The study also suggested that keeping in view the non-economic constraints there is a need to follow the psycho-social approach for the agricultural development of the cold deserts.

2204 Purohit, M.L. (1978) Land ownership patterns and desertification in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 112-118

The process of continuous pauperization of ryots (peasants) in the land tenurial management systems formerly prevailing in western Rajasthan led to over-exploitation of the land resources, thereby

contributing to an intensification of the xeric environment. The rituals and customs of their socio-religious way of life required the rural folks to indulge in much non-productive expenditure, leading to poor economic growth in these arid areas. Unchecked resource exploitation over the centuries eventually disturbed the already fragile eco-system beyond redemption.Past land tenurial management systems and the social attiudes of the rural people would, thus, appear to have been jointly resposible for intensifying the desertification process in western Rajasthan.

2205 Purohit, M.L. (1980) The chronology of socio-economic dynamics of land ownership in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 335-343

The post-independence period is marked with significant changes in distribution and ownership of land in this arid Tehsil. the transfers of the land form monopolized caste to various socially disadvantageously placed castes have materialized the situation albeit only slightly. These types of land transters, provided substantial level of standard of living to many landless labourers and tillers of the soil, reduced the gap between have and have-nots. This type of self employment mitigate the socio-economic disparities, social distances go on reducing, leads to eliminate the poverty of rural areas and ultimately pushes the rural masses towards prosperity and happiness. It should however, be noted that any correction in land ownership by legal interventions of the state anywhere will be nullified if the growth of population, process of urbanization and employment opportunities in sectors other than agriculture are not provided in time. Arid region can also not be an exception to this socio-demographic and economic process. Finally the contributions of land reform programmes to the enhancement of productivity especially in arid region can be materialized if necessary infra-structure of providing new component of technology, credit and marketing systems are simultaneously developed.

2206 Purohit, M.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1978) Socio-economic dynamics of land ownership pattern in rural western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 311-319

Sizable, inter-caste, inter-temporal and inter-village differences in the land ownership patterns exist in arid regions. The study indicates the insufficiency of the efforts of recent post-Independence past to mitigate the resource ownership differences. Additionally a combination of rigid caste structure and population increase has contributed to this situation. The social, economic and political power base of the existing rural elite has also been a considerable

hinderance in rational implementation of land reform programme in this region.

2207 Rama Rao, C.A., Srinivasa Rao, M. and Reddy, Y.V.R. (1995)

Impact of fertiliser consumption and drought incidence on pesticide consumption. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 149-150

Fertiliser consumption had significant positive effect on the aggregate pesticide consumption, whereas, the incidence of drought had significant negative effect.

2208 Ramakrishna, G.V.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Yadav, M.D. (1983) Trend and stability analysis of crop production efficiency over western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 157-161

The crop production efficiency in the districts of western Rajasthan did not improve over the last 25 years except Ganganagar district. Districts with high rainfall are more efficient and stable in crop production indicating that the farmers in the districts with low rainfall are at greater uncertainty.

2209 Sehara, D.B.S. and Goyal, D. (1981)

A study of price behaviour and acreage response to price change of main crops in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 53-61

Parity price of crops with food articles had mixed trend and food articles had favourable market for the period under study. Acreage response of rabi crops to their price change were highly positive for arid districts. None of the crops acreage except jowar in arid districts was affected inversely by price change of other crops of the season. Further, correlation coefficients between prices and successive years' production were found positive for almost all the crops in both the regions Price elasticities and cross elasticities were higher for arid districts than Rajasthan state as a whole. Arid districts of Rajasthan are more sensitive in acreage response to price change of different crops.

2210 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1981) A note on the economic features of tractor farms in an arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 277-279

There is an ample scope of hiring out tractors for custom work on small and medium farms. Loan facilities for small farmers through banks and societies requires priorities. The tractors in this area are under-utilized in all types of farms due to less number of accessories and lack of infrastructure facilities.

2211 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1982)

An economic analysis of energy utilization for major crops in different farming systems in the villages of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 219-223

The major selected crops covered 77 to 84% area in all the farming systems, prevailing in arid villages of Rajasthan. The energy utilization varied with the energy-use regions. The human energy was inversely proportional to the tractorisation, with maximum consumption of energy on bullock and minimum on tractor farms. Maximum utilization of human energy per hectare (66.74 h.p. hours) was found for wheat crop on bullock farms followed by bullock plus tractors (55.8 h.p. hours) and tractor (50.8 h.p. hours) farms. Maximum share of energy was used under tillage operations rather than other operations for all the selected crops. For the preparatory tillage, rabi crops needed more energy as compared to kharif crops. Tractor energy required in rabi crops is just double the kharif crops in preparatory tillage, manuring, interculturing and threshing. The observed ratio of energy consumption on rabi and kharif crops was 1.5:1 in case of harvesting and picking operations on tractor farms. Generally, net returns were found more on tractor farms in comparison to bullock farms while cost of energy per hectare was maximum on bullock farms. Returns per rupee of energy investment were found higher on tractor farms which justified the replacement of bullock power by tractor power. In the conditions of increasing infrastructure facilities and electrified/dieseld irrigation means there is no problem of replacing bullocks by tractors for increasing economics and time efficiency in this area.

2212 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1983)

Crop returns, human employment and resource use productivity on bullock and tractor farms in upper Luni basin (W. Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 29-35

Percentage of gross cropped area under cereals and pulses was found different on two types of farms. Per hectare crop income was more on irrigated and unirrigated tractor farms as compared to bullock farms. About ten per cent decrease in human employment was noted due to tracorization. There is scope of increasing tractor and human employment on tractor-farms and use of manure and fertilizers on bullock farms.

2213 Sehara, D.B.S., Mruthyunjaya and Purohit, M.L. (1986) Income sources and resource use in crop production on different land forms in the upper Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 210-213

Income sources and resource use in crop production were studied in different land form units of Raipur Guhia catchment of upper Luni basin in western Rajasthan. Crop production was the principal source of household income followed by animal husbandry and subsidiary sources. Fertilizers were more critical than either mechanical or labour inputs. Increased use of manures and fertilizers are suggested for increasing the crop production in various land form units.

2214 Sharma, S.K. and Mruthyunjaya. (1984) Economics of range reseeding in arid western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 225-228

Economics of range reseeding with Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus strains at Jodhpur and Samdari in western Rajasthan, was worked out by method of discounting. Reseeding with C.ciliaris strain Palsana is suggested for areas similar to Jodhpur and with C.ciliaris strain 358 for areas similar to Samdari.

2215 Singh, D.V. (1982)

Economics of mixed cropping in the arid zone farming systems of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 289-297

Mixed cropping is a common practice in the arid zone of Rajasthan on account of the spreading risk effect and fulfillment of the multiple requirements of the farmers. A study of 100 households from three clusters of two villages each in Jodhpur district reveals mixed cropping as relatively more popular system amongst small farmers and covers upto three-fifths of the gross cropped area. The income from mixed crops as compared with the sole crops is generally higher and, under unfavourable conditions more stable than in normal conditions.

2216 Singh, D.V. and Mathur, B.K. (1983)

Relationship between costs and returns in the rainfed kharif crops on arid lands. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 301-305

Agriculture in arid region is purely a gamble on rainfall. Farmers decision to minimise the expenditure on cost of cultivation, in the environment of risk and uncertainty, may thus be justified. It is difficult to visualise the impact of cost of returns in these circumtances. Correlation coefficient estimated to measure the relationship between cost and returns is found weak. The cost is not fully reflected in returns and tells very little what shall be the level of returns for a given amount of cost.

2217 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1985) Economic analysis of sole cropping of grass (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.) and grass-legume inter-cropping systems. Forage Research. 11: 51-54

All inter-cropping systems generated higher grass and net returns as compared to pure cropping of grass. The maximum gross returns, net returns and net returns per rupee of variable cost were obtained with grass + moth bean (grain) mixture. The ratio of additional returns to additional costs, incidental to different intercropping systems, ranged from Rs. 1.66 in grass + clusterbean (fodder) to Rs. 7.02 in grass + moth bean (grain) systems. Employment potentials were higher with all intercropping systems than that of pure grass, the highest being with grass + moth bean (grain) mixture.

2218 Singh, S. and Kalla, J.C. (1979) Population dynamics and milk production potential of bovines in the arid region of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 211-224

An attempt was made to quantify the temporal population changes of the breedable bovine population and relate these spatially with the milk production of the region. Despite wide inter-district variations, the total and breedable cattle population over the last 27 years have registered sizable positive annual rates of growth. The districts marked by high aridity, viz. Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Churu and Jodhpur had registered higher growth rates of breedable cattle populations. Higher growth rates of breedable buffalo populations on the other hand, were localised to certain districts like Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu, which are endowed with better irrigation facilities. The districts with high concentrations of livestock population had high degrees of spatial association with milk production performance. The need for development of fodder and infrastructural resources for realising greater milk production in the region has been stressed.

2219 Singh, Ved, Ramdeo, Sharma, S.K. and Siag, R.K. and Verma, B.L. (1995) Economics of legume-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping systems under different levels of irrigation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 712-716

A field experiment was conducted from 1988-89 to 1992-93 to evaluate the production potential and economic returns in wheat based cropping systems under various levels of irrigation. Green gram (Phaseolus radiatus L.)-wheat, pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)]-wheat and clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)]-wheat

cropping systems gave maximum economic yields and net returns with respectively 8, 11 and 8 irrigations during rainy and winter seasons. Among the rainy-season legumes, pigeonpea gave the maximum seed yield with 5 irrigations applied at irrigation water : cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) ratio of 5, followed by clusterbean and greengram. Pigeonpea-wheat cropping system receiving 11 irrigations showed the highest economic yield and wheat-equivalent yield (5.84 tonnes ha-1 year-1), total net return (Rs. 16,831 ha-1 year-1) and consumptive use of water (863 mm). Significantly highest mean net return of Rs. 13,158/ha/year was obtained from pigeonpea-wheat cropping system, followed by clusterbean-wheat and greengram-wheat. The highest mean values for cost of cultivation (Rs 8,725/ha/year), net return (Rs 46.49/ha/day), consumptive use (807 mm water) and land-use efficiency (77.53%) were recorded with pigeonpea-wheat, followed by clusterbean-wheat and greengram-wheat. Maximum water-use efficiency of 5.67 kg ha-1 mm was recorded in clusterbean-wheat, whereas highest harvest index (26.4%) and production efficiency (15.36 kg/ha/day) were obtained in greengram-wheat cropping system.

2220 Vyas, D.L. (1977) Resource use efficiency of irrigated farms in Borunda tube-well command area, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 127-132

This study was initiated to document the comparative use-pattern of resources in arid areas where water has recently been made available. The results revealed that, water and tractor use could be profitable only if the intensity of cropping is increased.

2221 Vyas, D.L. (1978)

A note on resource productivity estimations for wheat crop in borunda tube-well command area, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 326-328

Newly provided water in Borunda tube well command area is yet to attain the optimal productivity for wheat. The restrictive use of water, tractor hours and human labour for this crop might thus go a long way to optimize the returns by pursuance of this crop without wastage involved in current use of resources.

2222 Vyas, D.L. (1981)

Economics of farm investment structure on irrigated farms of Borunda tube-well command area in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 123-128

The measurement of asset productivity in farm sector is an important decision variable in regional planning. The productivity of asset structure depends largely on the manoeuverability of resource endowments. Agricultural sector in arid region is confined to more constraint in adjustability of resources. Farm survey data on newly irrigated area for the year 1972-73 were employed in this study. The results revealed a pronounced complementarity among existing asset structures of farmers if the lands are provided irrigation. The results further revealed that asset productivity was directly related with farm size and extent of irrigation.

2223 Vyas, D.L. (1984)

Resource productivity in milk production on mixed dryland farms in Nagaur district (Raj.). Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 15-21

Resource productivity of dairy cows on dryland farms in Nagaur district of arid western Rajasthan was examined for 1977-78 to 1979-80. Fixed cost and labour required subtractive corrective measures together with appropriate increases in feeds and fodder to improve the milk productivity on mixed dryland farms.

2224 Vyas, D.L. (1989)

Farm size and productivity relationship in dryland agriculture in Nagaur district (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 29-35

Farm-size productivity relationship in dryland agriculture in Nagaur district of Rajasthan State was examined for three successive years (1977-78 to 1979-80) by employing correlation and regression methods. Return to scale in dryland agriculture was positive but predominantly of very low order. There is a scope for soil conservation and irrigation facilities for further enhancing the per hectare productivity particularly, on small farms.

2225 Vyas, D.L. (1989)

Resource use and productivity in dryland agriculture in Nagaur district (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 37-45

Resource use and productivity in dryland agriculture in Nagaur district of arid Rajasthan was examined for 1977-78 to 1979-80 for three farm size groups by employing production function approach. All the components of input-mix, excepting human labour, need additive adjustment for enhancement of value productivity of crop output-mix on dryland farms.

2226 Vyas, D.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1975)

Economics of wheat cultivation under different sizes of farms in Borunda tube-well command area (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 167-174

The better use of inputs like seeds, fertilizer and water on small farms as compared to medium and large farms. The analysis of efficiency of factors of production of wheat per hectare on different size of farm indicated that whereas labour and material use on small farms was most efficient, the role of fixed investment was more efficient in case of big farmers. From this study it could be conclusively established that for reducing imbalances of intra-farm variations in production of wheat, gradual but bold attempt of injecting capital to the samll farmers will be sine qua non of development programme in areas where irrigation has only recently been made available.

2227 Vyas, D.L., Singh, S.D., Daulay, H.S. and Misra, D.K. (1972)

Comparative study of nitrogen sources for fertilisation of rainfed bajra. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 145-153

In general, sources of nitrogen did not influence the grain and stalk yields, differential response of crop to various sources of nitrogen in certain years appears to be unrealistic. However, nitrogen treated plots indicated increase in yield over control, but the three units of nitrogen gave yields of identical magnitudes. The optimum dose of nitrogen for locally improved variety RSK worked out to be 23.2 kg ha-1 and at this level a yield of 397.15 kg and return of Rs. 187.48 per ha can be predicted. Keeping in view the price per unit of manure/fertiliser, any source of nitrogen can be used for bajra cultivation under natural rainfall conditions of the sandy arid plains of Rajasthan.

2228 Vyas, M.M., Purohit, M.L. and Gajja, B.L. (1985)

Crop productivity and environmental attributes in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Mausam. 36: 203-204

The study deals with crop yields of bajra, kharif pulses and sesame in relation to rainfall, mean relative humidity and mean temperature in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Highest instability was observed in order of sesame, bajra and kharif pulses, while mean relative humidity and mean temperature were more stable. Multi-variate analysis showed that yield of crops under study were positive and significantly influenced by rainfall and negatively by mean temperature barring bajra crop. The order of variables were rainfall, mean relative humidity and mean temperature, for bajra and kharif pulses while for sesame order was rainfall, mean

temperature and mean relative humidity. Therefore, to increase the yield of crops, technological changes like use of fertilizer and HYV seeds more tolerant to temperature should be popularized.

Agricultural Extension

2229 Chauhan, K.N.K., Kavia, Z.D. and Kokate, K.D. (1987) Knowledge, adoption and training needs of the farmers of arid zone. Journal of Educational Research and Extension. 23: 236-246

The present study was conducted with the following objectives: i) To make a profit of the farmers based on their personal traits. ii) To determine the level of knowledge and adoption of arid farming technology by the farmers and iii) To find out training needs as received by the farmers.

2230 Chauhan, K.N.K., Singh, R.N. and Singh, M.P. (1990)

Impact of training on knowledge of improved agricultural practices of arid zone. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 26: 64-66

All the training programmes except afforestation benefitted the extension personnel in enhancing their knowledge of improved agricultural practices. As the afforestation training programme has less duration, it could not benefit extension personnel. They gained significant knowledge in the field of improved practices of conservation and preservation of resources (reduced tillage, ley farming etc.), variety, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer, plant protection, tree species, conservation of water through agronomical and mechanical measures, besides details of watershed. The training could not improve the knowledge of extension personnel about grass species, sandy stone/rocky site and saline-alkaline soil and much less about several arid horticultural practices and concepts of phenology, successional characters, growth rate and adoptability.

2231 Gadewar, A.U. and Kavia, Z.D. (1982) Awareness of farm technology among small farmers. Indian Journal of Adult Education. 43: 9-12

Though aimed at weaker sections, rural development programmes in our country have failed to bring about a preceptible change in the plight of the rural poor. It is alleged that benefits accruing such programmes are generally appropriated by the well-to-do farm community and in most of the cases the small and marginal farmers are not even aware of the programmes. The present article, based on a study conducted in an arid village of Rajasthan attempts to point out the factors responsible for this ignorance.

2232 Gadewar, A.U., Kavia, Z.D. and Prasad, M.S. (1982)

Communication behaviour among small farmers in an arid village of western Rajasthan. The Eastern Anthropologist. 35: 143-146

From among most flexible six factors, only urban contact has come out to be important in widening the horizon of thinking of small farmers. Urban contact not only brings the farm community much closer to city people but also modifies its values to a great extent. Radio listening and newspaper reading in the present study found to have no association with communication behaviour.

2233 Gadewar, A.U., Kavia, Z.D. and Prasad, M.S. (1983)

Training preferences and preception of small and marginal farmers of western Rajasthan. Man and Life. 9: 89-94

The study is exploratory type and conducted with the objectives that i) to study the needs of farmers; ii) prefernces of the farmers; iii) duration and season for training; iv) methods; and suggestions for over all improvement.

2234 Jain, J.K. (1983)

Impact of scarcity hazard and evaluation of DPA programme in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 1-17

In order to ensure benefits of tube-well scheme to real small farmers, it would be desirable if the government runs tube-wells and gives priority in water distribution to small and marginal farmers. The same should be the case with pasture development under the sheep and wool scheme and also in getting loans for exotic breeds in dairy development scheme. Certain important schemes, such as stabilization of shifting sand duens, establishment of green shelter belts along roadside etc. should be incorporated either in the DPA programme of the district or in any other special programme or in regular plan schemes. Such schemes would prove helpful in preventing spread of desert in adjacent regions.

2235 Kavia, Z.D. and Gadewar, A.U. (1983) A study of constraints in the transfer of farm technology in the arid zone. The Eastern Anthropologist. 36: 45-48

An investigation was undertaken to find out the factors responsible for hampering the process of technology transfer in four typical arid villages. It has been brought out that different types of constraints, designated as thematic, macro and micro, are operating in the

transfer of technology from the research laboratories to the farmers' fields.

2236 Kavia, Z.D. and James, B.K. (1985) Studies on sprinkler irrigation in arid zone - saving of water and energy inputs. Bhagirath. 32: 1-4

An attempt was made to quantify the water saving per irrigation by sprinkler system over the conventional surface method in the farmers’ field. Apart from it the two methods of irrigations were compared with respect to saving in consumption of electricity and labour expenditure per irrigation provided to an area of 10 acres, each. Finally the overall economy was worked out per irrigation provided, taking into consideration of fixed and running costs of the assests in both the systems which revealed that sprinkler system of irrigation is more economical to this arid regions of western Rajasthan.

2237 Kokate, K.D. and Kavia, Z.D. (1989)

Combating desertification through afforestation technology - A case study. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 25: 60-66

In arid zone the basic object is to effect or to bring about changes in the attitude of the farmers and motivate them to adopt better methods for increasing farm produce. Afforestation in arid zone is very essential and it can succeed only with active involvement and cooperation of the people. Active involvement of the people should be ensured at every stage- planning, implementation and management.

2238 Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Yadav, S.P. (1992) Use of the camel-cart for health care delivery in remote desert habitations. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 151-152

The existing health care delivery systems in remote desert village are more cumbersome and take more time to deliver the health care products to the inhabitants. A concept of camel health cart has been developed in order to reach the residents of remote villages for the delivery of health care, the major components of which are prevention of diseases and administration of prophylactic measures.

2239 Ramachandran, K. (1987) Energy conservation through fuel-efficient devices - its impact on conservation of biological diversity. Transactions of the Indian Scoiety of Desert Technology. 12: 183-195

Studies on the efficiency and fuel economy in using recently developed cooking devices viz., smokeless stove, in the semi arid rural parts of Rajasthan revealed that with very little modifications in the traditional stove a lot of fuel wood could be saved and forest stands conserved besides, eliminating health hazards and protecting the immediate environment. Also, the role and adoption has been discussed in the traditional socio-economic set-up.

2240 Saha, D.K. (1989)

Studies on adoption of agricultural innovations in an arid region of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 14: 81-88

An attempt has been made to analyse various studies conducted on diffusion and adoption of agricultural innovation in arid regions of western Rajasthan. Extent of adoption of various agricultural innovations was quite meagre leaving on few irrigated areas. Further studies can be carried out at micro level on farmers' risk behaviour on adoption of agricultural innovation.

2241 Saha, D.K. and Malhotra, S.P. (1981) Factors affecting communication process in adoption of HYV of wheat in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Man and Life. 7: 83-90

The study was carried out in two arid villages of Nagaur district of western Rajasthan to investigate the channels of communiction at different stages of adoption of high yielding varieties of wheat and media utilization pattern with socio-economic factors. In three different stages of adoption of HYV of wheat the use of interpersonal cosmopolite and localite channels were pronounced tran-massmedia channel of communication. Literate farmers used mainly radio and interpersonal cosmopolite sources of information.

2242 Saha, D.K., Gupta, B.S. and Mathur, Y.N. (1991) Factors affecting adoption of improved farm technologies in an arid viilage of western Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 175-180

The study was undertaken in an arid village of western Rajasthan to investigate various factors affecting adoption of improved farm technologies. Co-oefficient of determination (R²) revealed greater amount of variation with education of head of household (24%) followed by change provenness (22%), irrigated land (15%) etc. The step down regression indicated that education of head of household, irrigated land and change provenness played an important role in predicting the innovativeness.

2243 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Gadewar, A.U. (1982) Differential characteristics of key communication and followers in arid villages of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Social Research. 23: 107-114

A study was conducted in three vilages of western Rajasthan having irrigation facilities to investigate the characteristics of key-communication. The key-communications were from bright socio-economic status, innovative in nature and exposed to mass media communication from their followers. It was also observed that the key communication had the quality of both mono-morphic and poly-morphic characteristics of leadership.

2244 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1988) Communication media utilisation pattern in adoption of agricultural innovation in an arid tract of western Rajasthan. The Journal of Sociological Studies. 8: 168-178

The study was conductecd in four villages of Barmer district of western Rajasthan to investigate the communication media utilisation pattern and credibility of information sources in relation to various socio-economic parameters. The pattern of communication was interpersonal. The media utilisation pattern depended on the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers. Farmers occupying higher socio-economic status were exposed to mass media sources and had greater contact within the village level extension officials. The utilization of various media, was significantly higher among adopters than non-adopters.

2245 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Singh, V. (1987) Constraints in disseminating modern agricultural ideas. Man and Life. 13: 109-115

A case study in two arid villages of Jodhpur district was attempted to study the constraints in disseminating the ideas of improved farm practices, pattern or communication etc. Farmers' lack of knowledge and interest due to physical conditions, scattered settlement, illiteracy, poor quality of seed and non-availability of inputs in time were the major constraints in disseminating the ideas of improved farm practices. Village level worker was the most credible and authentic source of information.

2246 Singh, B. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1996) Technological gap in recommended mustard production technology. Agricultural Extension Review. 8: 29-30

This study was conducted in two villages of Pali district. Twenty farmers from each village were selected randomly for the study. Over all technological gap in recommended mustard production technology was 54.50%. The technological gap was as high as 90 per cent in seed treatment. The gap ranges from 52 to 68% in case of plant protection, fetilizer application, irrigation and line sowing method. The practice of improved variety and sowing time registered 48 and 40%gap, respectively. The lowest gap (20%) was found with respect to seed rate.

2247 Singh, B. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1996) Training needs of farmers in mustard cultivation in western Rajasthan. Agricultural Extension Reveiw. 8: 15-17

The study was conducted in three villages of Jodhpur district. About 130 farmers were interviewed to know their training needs. Out of 130 farmers, 22 farmers were marginal, 47 small farmers, and 61 big farmers. A three point scale containing most essential, essential and not essential with the score of 3, 2, and 1, respectively was used to assess the training needs of farmers. The average score of needs of various categories of farmers were 2.67 for large farmers followed with 2.28 for small farmer and 2.13 for marginal farmers. The large farmers had highest need for training on mustard crop. The marginal farmers had the least need. About 76 per cent farmers desired that October to December (during crop season) should be optimum time for training. About 18% farmers expressed their desire that training should be conducted in January-March. About 72% respondents wanted that duration of training should be less than 2 days, because long duration training affected the agricultrual practices. Only 19.23% farmers expressed their desire for training of 2 to 4 days duration.

2248 Singh, B. , Patidar, M. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1997) Farmers liking of improved varieties of mustard in arid area. Agricultural Extension Review. 2: 19-20

The study was conducted in three villages of Jodhpur district. Sixty farmers from three villages participated in the field day at the demonstration plot of Pusa bold and T-59 of mustard. Those farmers were interviewed. Six attributes, namely length of plant, branches per plant, pods per plant, length of pod, grain size, and number of grains per pod were selected for the study. A fine point scale was used to assess the farmers liking. The scores was very high liking-4, high liking-3, liking-2, low liking-1, and very low liking-0. The study showed that the farmers liked Pusa bold variety very high (3.38) while their liking for T-59 was high (2.84). The characteristics of Pusa bold variety, namely, grain size, branches per plant, pods per

plant, Number of grains per plant were liked very high than those of T-59 (2.80). Length of plants of T-59 (3.25) was higher than those of Pusa bold (3.16). The finding indicated that although farmers liked both the varieties of mustard they preferred Pusa bold to T-59.

2249 Singh, B., Chauhan, K.N.K., Kavia, Z.D. and Singh, M.P. (1994)

Rajasthan farmer's view of package of practices for mustard. Agricultural Extenstion Review. 6: 26-28

The study was conducted in two villages, namely Doli and Dawra, adopted by Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur for extension work under National Oil Seed Project. Ninety farmers consisting of 20 marginal, 30 small and 40 large farmers were purposively selected during 1992. The opinion of farmers about the improved practices shows that a very large number of farmers (81%) had positive opinion. The farmers irrespective of size of land holding had the same opinion. Among the various practices, almost all the farmers (96%) had favourable opinion about improved varieties and recommended seed rate (92%). A considerable percentage of farmers did not favour in the recommended method of sowing (40%), use of sulphur (34%), recommended dose of fertilizer (34%). The study also indicated that an average of 29% farmers had adopted the improved agricultural practices indicating low adoption of improved practices. The majority of farmers had adopted improved varieties (57%), and seed rate (56%). A few farmers adopted line sowing (15%), seed treatment (30%), recommended dose of fertilizer (32%) and plant protection measure (25%). The percentage of the farmers adopting the improved practices was equal among the small farmers (31%) and large farmers (32%). The marginal farmers (24%) were far behind the small and large farmers in adoption of improved practices.

2250 Singh, M.P., Tewari, P., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, H.P.

(1993) Attitude and knowledge of youth farmers towards ber budding in drought prone areas of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 18: 177-181

The perennial, deep rooted and hardy fruit trees are best suited to rainfed areas not only to minimise risk in arable farming but also to provide the much needed drought proofing and famine insurance. Unlike annual crops, these fruit crops if given some care, seldom fail to give returns. The crops like ber, pomegranate, date-palm and ker can be grown with minimum management practices on uncultivable hilly, rocky and undulating wastelands. In years of drought when crops fail, horticultural crops can provide substantial benefits to

farmers in the arid zone. These nutritious fruits help people to survive droughts, and in better rainfall years provide delicious food to masses, apart from handsome economic returns. Pioneering work done at CAZRI Jodhpur has resulted in a simple ber cultivation technique for farmers of arid zone. Several farmers have since raised ber orchards and many are earning through raising ber nurseries. In this context the present study throws light on attitude and knowledge of youth farmers employed as budders in these ber nurseries.

2251 Singh, R.N., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, M.P. (1989)

A study of utility of the content of arid zone farming training programme. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 14: 59-63

The paper intends to assess the utility of content of arid zone farming courses, in which 47 Assistant Agriculture Officers from different parts of Rajasthan attended. The study clearly shows the availability of vast amount of improved arid zone farm practices. This emphasises the concerted efforts for educating the extension workers and farmers about the improved arid zone farming practices coupled with effective availability of input for adoption of these practices at field level.

2252 Singh, R.N., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, M.P. (1989) An evaluation study of the training programmes on arid zone management. Journal of Rural Development. 8: 325-338

This paper dwells with the effectiveness of training programme covering two important dimensions, namely utility and coverage of content. The efficiency of each training programme was high and there was less variability in the efficiency of individual content within the training programme.

2253 Tewari, P. (1995) Human health and food security in arid regions of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 201-208

The growth rate of population and food production in India has a difference of 0.7% per annum and condition may further deteriorate as cultivable land is limited. The situation in arid western Rajasthan is more alarming as the population growth in the region is recorded as high as 249% in last eight decades (i.e. from 1901 to 1981) of this century. The diets of the population in this part are primarily cereal based and in general are unbalanced from nutrition point of view. Low crop production, hostile environmental

conditions, inadequate nutritional knowledge and improper planning, especially in food distribution sector are some of the important reasons ascribed for this situation. The present article attempts to discuss important aspects of food security which are highly essential for overcoming the problems of malnutrition and low food consumption in the region.

2254 Tewari, P., Waris, A. and Singhal, S. (1996)

Rural women's participation in agriculture and livestock activities in arid areas of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 20: 91-95

The study was conducted in Lunawas-Narnadi cluster on 100 farm women based on cluster sampling method. Rural women's work participation in agriculture, livestock, household and income expenditure activities was studied. Women's participation in livestock based activities was found between 60 and 80% with a maximum of 90%. In agricultural operations women's joint participation was upto 75% whereas their sole participation was limited to 30%. Food preparation activities were sole domain of farm women. It was found that responsibility of money management in the farm and home is taken care of by older male members of the family.

WILDLIFE 2255 Bohra, H.C., Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1992)

Studies on ethology and eco-physiology of the antelopes of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 83-96

The present paper deals with the findings of a long term study conducted on the ethology and eco-physiology of the antelopes, the chinkara or the Indian gazelle (Gazella benneui), the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the nilgai (Baselaphus tragocamelus) inhabiting the arid region of India. The blackbuck is basically a grazer and prefers upon scrub lands, saline flats or gravelly to hard pan soil having a waterhole nearby, whereas the chinkara is a browser and prefers sandy undulating or duny slopes or sandy to loamy bush lands and fallows. The presence of waterhole(s) in the chinkara habitat is desirable but is not essential. The chinkara's preference for moisture laden leveas and flowers and its habitat of seeking shade during the hottest part of the day curtails its dependence on free water intake. The nilgai's preferred haunts are gravelly wasteland and piedmont areas as well as hard pan areas. Their numbers are considerably high around irrigated double cropped agricultural fields. The blackbuck and chinkara population are generally dwindling and hence they need protection whereas the nilgai has proved to be a menace to the standing crops as well as stored agricultural produce. The blackbuck and the chinkara may be further protected by demarcating some more areas around the Bishnoi dominated villages for preservation of the whole eco-system. These areas should be suitably fenced and should have assured feed and water supply which will keep the animals away from the crop fields. Special attention is required to be given to the problem of the fast multiplying nilgai population in the desert region. Uptil now, no viable method is available to keep the nilgais away from the crop fields.

2256 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1983) Soil ingestion by two wild ungulates, Antilope cervicapra and Gazella gazella in their natural habitats. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 99-102

The note presents evidence of ingestion of soil by the Indian antilope and the gazella during summer, the most stressful season in the arid zone.

2257 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1985) Last stand of the blackbuck : The Bisnois preserve species. The India Magazine. 5: 28-37

The blackbuck in relation to its desert habitation indicates that this species has, almost instinctively, become more or less hardy in its behaviour. It subsists primarily on grazing and has a high heat tolerance level. Its widespread distribution in the Luni basin, including its saline tracts of Khatu, Didwana, Tal Chhappar and suchlike, would speak of its rather high salt tolerance.

2258 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1991) Problems and possible solution of blackbuck in the Rajasthan desert. Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter. 6: 15-18

The blackbuck or Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) once roamed in their thousands throughout the great Indian plains. Indiscriminate hunting and poaching through the centuries gradually decimated their numbers almost to the point of extinction throughout their distribution range except in some pockets. It must be said to the credit of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, and to the eternal vigilance of the people belonging to the Bishnoi Community of north-western India that the blackbuck staged a come back. These isolated pockets of surviving population have indeed served as gene banks for posterity.

2259 Goyal, S.P., Bohra, H.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1988) Role of Prosopis cineraria pods in the diet of two Indian desert antelopes. Journal of Arid Environments. 14: 285-290

Examination of fresh faecal matter of the balckbuck or Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) and the chinkara or Indian gazelle (Gazella dorcas) over a year in a village complex habitat of the Rajasthan desert showed that both species consumed the nutritious pods (crude protein 11.5%, energy value 6.5 kcal g-1) of Prosopis cineraria tree during the lean periods. Maximum consumption was recorded in the month of June. The blackbuck consumed significantly higher quantities of pods than did the chinkara.

2260 Khan, M.S. (1983) Mechanism of body water regulation in Indian desert donkey. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 319-322

The body water distribution pattern in normally hydrated, 9 day water deprived and rehydrated donkeys of Rajasthan desert, India, were measured during late winter. The donkeys failed to maintain extracelluler fluid volume. Recovery during rehydration regime was very slow and even after 4 days of rehydration only 44% of SCN space losses were regained. Unlike camel and goat, the cell and gut

water was of no help and the interstitial water compensates, mainly, the water losses due to dehydration.

2261 Nama, H.S. and Khichi, P.S. (1974) Studies on some reptilean trematodes from Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 353-360

A new trematode, Paradistomoides hemidactylis sp. n., recovered from the gal bladder of the house-lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppell, has been described. It is distinct allied Indian forms in size and measurements of different organs. Another trematode, Acanthostomum burminis (Bhalerao, 1926) collected from the intestine of the snake, (Natrix piscator), is reported for the first time from Rajasthan.

2262 Pandey, S. and Murthy, R.S. (1980) Environmental analysis of arid lands in Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 369

In the great Ranns, little Ranns and all along the coast salt is manufactured on large scale. Mining of bauxite and limestone is also an asset. Wind and solar energies are assets and can be used as source of energy for small scale industries.

2263 Prakash, I. (1962) Taxonomical and ecological account of the mammals of Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 142-162

Seasonal collections and field observations on mammals of Rajasthan desert have been carried with additional work on gerbils and hares. The prefereed habitat, food and breeding habits were observed as also their modes of adjustment to desert conditions, food centres, biotic associations and zoogeography of these mammals are also discussed.

2264 Prakash, I. (1963) Taxonomical and ecological account of the mammals of Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 150-161

Under each species or sub-species the author's reference, notes on the biology, including habits and preferred habitat, stomach contents, breeding habits and parasites found on the body have been given. There main mammalian associations have been recognized in the desert region: Sandy, Rocky and Ruderal. The first comprised of 4 sub-associations sand dunes, sand hills, sand plains and artificial mines. The second consists of lakes, gardens, caves and tunnels. The ruderal is the association which is influenced by man. Six food centres have been established and mammals by each centre are

listed. Simplified food chains are also given. The mammalian fauna of the Indian desert is comparatively of recent origin and it is found that 56.4 per cent mammals of the Rajasthan desert are Palaearctic and the rest are Indo-Malayan.

2265 Prakash, I. and Kametkar, L.R. (1969) Body weight, sex and age factors in a population of the northern palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti wroughton. Journal of the Bombay Natural Histroy Society. 66: 99-115

This paper presents a study of the Northern Palm Squirrel, F. pennanti at Jodhpur in western India. The study area was a garden. Traps were generally placed where they were likely to catch more squirrels instead of in a grid system. Their positions were noted by numbering the trees, near the bases of which they were placed. A total of 213 squirrels were captured, marked and released for further observations. Marking was done by toe and ear clipping. Observations were made on body weight, sex ratio, age structure and persistence.

2266 Rahmani, A.R. and Ravi Sankaran. (1991) Blackbuck and chinkara in the Thar desert: a changing scenario. Journal of Arid Environments. 20: 379-391

Considered sacred by the Vishnoi community of Rajasthan, India, both chinkara (Gazella benettii) and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) are found in large numbers around Vishnoi settlements. While the chinkara is present in the whole of Rajasthan state, and especially abundant in the Thar desert, the blackbuck is restricted to areas where surface water is available throughout the year. Development of irrigation canals in the Thar desert will have far-reaching consequences for the distribution and status of these two antelopes.

2267 Sharma, I.K. (1981) Adaptations and commensality of the peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in the Indian Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 71-75

Adaptations of the peafowl in arid lands and with man were studied in the Indian desert for three years. The peafowl has adapted to become omnivorous in the drought season when the usual food availability gets scarce. It has adapted to take mid-day rest under bushes and roost of the Prosopis cineraria tree, adjustment to arid environment. In the absence of long grasses, the peahen lays eggs under bushes. Local migration is practised to avoid hard conditions.

2268 Sharma, I.K. (1983)

The grey partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) in the Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 117-120

The grey partridge is a common ground bird of the Rajasthan desert. Its habitat covers a variety of biotypes ranging from sandy scrub to rocky scrub to agricultural farms. It feeds on both seeds and insects and roosts under bushes of thorny fences or on the branches of trees like Prosopis cineraria and Acacia nilotica. The birds drink water twice every day and sunbathes regularly. The grey partridge usually moves as a pair, comprising a male and a female, along with their brood of chicks, if any. It breeds from February to April, and from July to October. The mode clutch size is of 6 eggs, and the average brood size is of 6-7 chicks. There are many predatory species feeding on this bird, the principal among which is the Shikra bird (Accipiter badius).

2269 Srivastava, A. and Srivastava, M. (1991) Some aspects of ecology and social behaviour of blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) around Luni basin. Geobios. 18: 64-68.

Blackbuck population around Luni basin was investigated with regard to their social behaviour and population dynamics. About 12,600 animals with 49.4% of these being adult females, 24.4% adult male and rest 26.2% composed of sub-adults or juveniles of both sexes. The male : female sex ratio at juvenile stage 1.54:1, sub-adult stage 1:1.96 and adult stage 1:2.04 are found. Animals devote 74% of their diurnal time to feeding, vigilance and resting. Their preferred food include grasses like Doob and Dab; pods of Khejri; flowers of Rohida and Ker. The biological explanation for high agonistic interactions is perhaps the results of high intra-sexual competition and for crop raiding more agricultural practices rather than their increased population as suggested earlier.

MISCELLANEOUS 2270 Aminullah. (1970)

A note on the development of the Institute's Library. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 272-273

The nucleus of the present library of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute was formed as early as in 1952 to cater to the needs of the research workers in the field of Agronomy, Forestry and Agrostology. It was a very modest beginning. In 1961 and 1962 the library got an aid of $ 6,400 and $ 12,000 respectively from UNESCO.

2271 Das Gupta, S.P. (1961) Petrological studies in the Khetri copper belt, Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 67

In the khetri copper belt the anthophyllite-bearing suit of rocks includes products of metamarphism, characteristically developed mainly in the shear zones along the contact of quartzites and schists in the neighbourhood of the mineralized zones. The assemblages are characterised by anthophyllite, commingtonite, chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, talc, andalusite, feldspar, quartz and iron ores. The Fe-Mg ampjiboles, chlorite, quartz and iron ores occur in all the assemblages. Minor amounts of biotite are also present in most assemblages.

2272 Jakher, G.R., Dey, T., Misra, S.D. and Bhargava, S.C. (1981) Diurnal variations in physico-chemical factors and zooplankton population in Balsamand lake, Jodhpur. Geobios. 8: 119-122

The zooplankton population in Balsamand lake was described. Almost all of them exhibited a characteristic diurnal pattern of increase in number at the surface layer during night time and decrease at day hours.

2273 Khan, M.A. (1992) Farm mechanization in Rajasthan in India. Agricultural, Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 23: 71-74

The use of tractors and farm machines have positive contribution to agricultural production. In Rajasthan, farm mechanization started in the 1940s but gained momentum only in the post-green revolution era (1966-67). In 1988, about 87000 tractors were on farms as compared with only 15 in 1945. In just 16 years (1972-1988) the population of tractors, tillage implements, mechanical seeders,

pump sets and power threshers increased by about 7, 6, 40, 10 and 25 times, respectively.

2274 Paliwal, B.S. (1977) The source of salt in Rajasthan - an investigation of the salt lake of Didwana. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 221-230

The origin of salt in different salt lakes of Rajasthan had been a long controversial problem, which remained unsolved inspite of numerous efforts made by a number of workers. The recent investigation carried out in the salt lake of Didwana as well as the occurrence of halite in it and the Bikaner area, gave a new turn to the problem. The investigation revealed that the source salt in all the salt lakes of Rajasthan appears to be associated with the Aravalli rocks, probably in the form of salt domes and intrusives, situated below recent depostis at a good depth. This salt appears to be Precambrian evaporatic in origin which must have pushed out at a number of places, during different phases of tectonic deformation of the Aravalli rocks in western Rajasthan.

2275 Singh, A.K., Mishra, D., Sharma, P., Kavia, Z.D. and Pande, P.C. (1995) Tractor vs. Power : Projections for Indian arid zone. Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 26: 16-20

An analysis of the use of tractor and animal power for agriculture in the arid region has shown that about 50% area can be sown by tractor, 18.5% by bullocks and 26.3% by camel. The coverage varies with the number of days of utilities of animals and tractors. Considering both agriculture and transportation the benefit cost ratio for tractor, camel, single bullock and pair of bullocks have been estimated at 1.39, 1.06, 0.85 and 0.86, respectively, for maximum utility. If the operator's cost is excluded, i.e., the owner himself is the operator, the benefit cost ratio for tractor, camel, bullock and pair of bullocks were 1.52, 1.43, 1.3 and 1.07, respectively. The results are indicative of the significance of the animal power in arid regions.

2276 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. and Vyas, S.C. (1996) Cultivation of Pleurotus species on different substrates. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 389-390

Initial surveying of different species of Pleurotus showed that P. sajor-caju and P. florida were the most promising species. There was no marked difference in the yield potential on wheat and pearl millet straw. Leaves of Prosopis cineraria is not a suitable substrate.

2277 Venkataraman, P.K. (1962)

Nature of plagio-clase in some high level granite plutons of western Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 300-301

The plagioclase exhibit low-temperature optics. The U:A:e rations of the plagioclase towns when plotted on the trilinear digram of Gorai, fall in the igneous field.

2278 Venkataraman, P.K. (1962) Studies on perthite formation in some high level granites of Barmer district, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 65

Orthoclase is always cryptoperthitic and microcline is always microperthitic. On the basis of Ansilewski's diagram, these fall in the field of Kosmo-perthoclase; which have ordered distribution of Al and Si atoms.

BOOKS 2279 Atul Chandra, Chandra, A. and Gupta, I.C. (1992)

Datepalm research in Thar desert. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.116

Several institutions have generated a wealth of information on this subject as a result of which it has been possible to collect, synthesize and disseminate the available information in this book. This book is a critical evaluation of the present knowledge on `Datepalm' in Thar desert. Bringing information in one volume will not only contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the subject but also help to solve the nutritional and environmental problems of the country without disturbing the ecology of the region.

2280 Atul Chandra, Chandra, A. and Gupta, I.C. (1994) Arid fruit research. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.302

The book contains 18 chapters. First chapter is devoted to climate, soils and irrigation waters II arid zone districts located in north-west India. Seventeen fruit crops have been discussed separately in each chapter. Information on uses and nutritive value, soils and climate, cultivars, propagation, establishment of orchard, nutrition, flowering and fruitset, diseases and insects, post harvest handling and storage, field and economics, has been presented for ber, pomegranate, guava, aonla, citrus, datepalm, phalsa, grape, lasoda, bael, fig, custard apple, papaya, mulberry, jaimun, karonda and ker.

2281 Director, CAZRI. (1977)

Arid zone research in India - Souvenir - Silver jubilee 1952-1977. CAZRI, Jodhpur. pp.135

As a result of the research carried out during the last 25 years, techniques for soil and water conservation and for sand dune stabilisation are fortunately available today. The large scale planting of shelter belts could help to minimize wind erosion and decrease the dust over the desert. The scope for establishment of pastures and grazing lands is great. Strip cropping involving the setting up of permanent grass strips to prevent wind damage will help to increase the yield of crops like bajra and moong. Such measures in addition to providing the much needed grains for human use will also help to establish a thriving livestock industry, the mainstay of the arid region. A few research papers presented on the occasion have been brought out under this publication.

2282 Director, NISI. (1952)

Proceedings of the symposium on the Rajputana desert. New Delhi, National Institute of Sciences of India. pp.302

Themes:- Evolution of the Desert; Geology and Mineral Resources; Topographical Survey of the Desert; Region and its possible extension; Meteorology and hydrology; Animal and Plant Ecology; Soils and Agriculture; Afforestation; Reclamation and Control.

2283 Director, CAZRI. (1971)

21st International Geographical Congress (1968) CAZRI Jodhpur : Proceedings of symposium on arid zone (1968). Calcutta, National Committee for Geography. pp.137

This monograph is one of the series of publications of the 21st International Geographical Congress held in India in December 1968. This monograph comprises twenty-two technical papers presented at the pre-congress symposium on Arid Zone held at Jodhpur during 22 to 29 November 1968 in collaboration with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The symposium on arid zone was organized in 5 paper sessions covering the following fields of study: (1) arid areas of India, a regional introduction of the field studies, (2) desert margins, (3) nomadism and its present day aspects (4) urban geography in arid environments, and (5) problems of Indian deserts. The papers brought out in this monograph offer a survey of the problems of arid zone in general and deal in particular aspects of Indian arid zone covering such fields as climate, geomorphology, soils, hydrology, vegetation, zoogeography, transport and land use.

2284 Director, CAZRI. (1984)

Proceedings of INDO-US workshop on arid zone research. Jodhpur, CAZRI. pp.551

There exists a competition for the natural resources between various types of users in the arid areas. Increasing population pressures deplete natural resources. This state of affairs adds to the dynamics of degradation. Many processes operate simultaneously which feed back into the system resulting in desert like conditions. Unless mitigation efforts are applied with full understanding of the processes and their interactions, the risk of further degradation involves is high. A proper perspective of supply and demand of natural resources requires urgent attention. Against the persistent demand of population and economic growth and better life styles necessitating higher consumption of natural resources in the arid areas, there is a need to review the resource position, particularly the water resource, technological limitations in utilizing the scarce

resources, economic and political limitations and socio-cultural environment. A similar situation also exists in the USA, particularly in the South-Western part of the country. In view of commonality of problems, the Indo-US Sub-Commission on Science and Technology, at its fifth meeting, recommended the organisation of a Joint workshop to identify problems of mutual interest. The workshop was held at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur from 9-13 January, 1984.

2285 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1997) Saline wastelands environment and plant growth. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.287

The book contains ten chapters viz. Historical developments; Nature and properties of salt affected soils; Reclamation and management principles; Plants in relation to salinity; Mechanisms of salt injury in plants; Salinity and metabolic processes; Salinity and mineral nutrition; Environmental factors and salt tolerance; Mechanisms of salt resistance; Strategies for increasing salt resistance in plants.

2286 Gupta, I.C. (1979) Use of saline water in agriculture: a study of arid and semi-arid zones of India. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp.210

The purpose of the present revised monograph was to update the relevant information so that the latest synthesised knowledge becomes easily accessible to research workers, teachers, students, extension people and planners, who can utilise it profitably in the diagnosis and improvement of saline ground waters and which can also be extended safely to the use of drainage waters and sea waters after dilution to the extent required for cultivation of specific crops under particular agro-climatic conditions and management practices.

2287 Gupta, I.C. (1988)

Quality of irrigation water : recent criteria and classification. Bikaner, Alfa Publishers and Distributors. pp.42

Characteristics that determine water quality for irrigation viz. salinity, specific ion toxicity, sodicity and alkalinity, have been discussed in detail. To evaluate sodicity hazard of such waters as have magnesium higher than calcium, SAR has been replaced with SCAR. Likewise, for waters free from carbonates, it has been suggested to determine RSBC in place of RSC. USSL diagram for classification of waters has been criticized. New classification has been suggested.

2288 Gupta, I.C. (1990)

Use of saline water in agriculture. Revised Edition. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp.308

The book contains 7 chapters viz. Origin and nature of irrigation waters; Quality of irrigation water criteria and classification; Quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid zones of India; Effect of saline water irrigation on soil properties; Crop tolerance to saline conditions; Management practices; Alternate uses of saline water. The research work conducted in India in last fifty years has been reviewed.

2289 Gupta, I.C. (1992)

Advances in arid zone. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. Volume 1 : pp.209

About one-third land surface of the world is in the grip of arid zone hot deserts. The man-made deserts alone, cover 910 million hectare area. Advances in arid zone, a new serial publication has been introduced with the objective that the available information in the world is synthesised for dissemination and implementation of the results in practice.

2290 Gupta, I.C. and Pahwa, K.N. (1978)

A century of soil salinity research in India: an annotated bibliography 1863-1976. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp.400

The purpose of this bibliography is to bring together all the relevant available references, so that the published literature might become easily available at one place. The bibliography contains about 1100 abstracts covering research articles, reviews, books, bulletins, monographs, bibliographies, etc. related to soil salinity, and alkalinity in the country published during a period of 114 years (1863-1976) in Indian as well as in foreign literature.

2291 Gupta, I.C., Sharma, D.P. and Gupta, S.K. (1995)

Alkali wastelands environment and reclamation. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.273

Reclamation of alkali wastelands is essential as not only do these soils occupy significant areas, but these lands are potentially fertile. Experience acquired through research and experimentation in laboratories and fields in the reclaimation and management of

alkali soils shows that a major part of the alkali lands can be utilised for growing several selected crops, if these are managed scientifically. Several institutions have generated a wealth of information on this subject as a result of which it has been possible to collect, synthesize, critically evaluate and disseminate the available information in this book.The book contains 12 chapters viz. Historical; Nature and properties; Land development and leaching; Drainage methods; Reclaimation; Agronomic and cultural practices; Irrigation practices; Alkali tolerance of plants; Crop production practices; Post reclamation behaviour; Alternate land use; Socio-economic criteria.

2292 Gupta, R.K. and Prakash, I. (1975)

Environmental analysis of the Thar desert. Dehradun, English Book Depot. pp.484

In this compendium, authors have made an attempt to analyse the Thar desert eco-system with a major objective to collate the existing information about this arid zone at one place.

CHAPTERS:- Origin, Evolution and Geomorphology: The landscape and landforms; Origin and geomorphic Evolution; Palaeo-botanical history; Man in the thar; Evolution of land use and agricultural patterns; Abiotic environment: Soils of thar desert; Hydrometeorology; Western Rajasthan; Quality of subsurface water for irrigation and soil salinity; Primary producers: Plant life in the thar desert; Phytogeography of the thar region; Plant associations of western Rajasthan; Forestry and afforestation practices; Range ecology and development; consumers: Locust ecology; thar desert termites; Ecology of reptiles; Some birds of the Indian desert; Ecology and zoogeography of mammals; Wild life ecology and conservation; index.

2293 Gupta, S.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1997) Management of saline soils and waters. Revised Edition. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. Jodhpur pp.299

The book contains eight chapters viz. Introduction; Nature and properties of soils; Quality of irrigation water; Crop tolerance to saline conditions; Land development and leaching; Irrigation practices; Drainage methods; Management practices.

2294 India, Ministry of Education and UNESCO South Asia

Science Cop. Office. New Delhi. (1964)

Proceedings of the symposium on problems of Indian arid zone. 23rd Nov. to 2nd Dec.,1964. pp.495

The themes Hydrology and geohydrology ecological and botanical surveys, geomorphology, soil fertility and classification, soil - plant - water relationships, agronomy, afforestation, irrigation, pasture ecology (Agrostology), animal grazing, management and adaptation, nomadism, settled population, ecology of human factors, locust ecology, control. rodent ecology, physiology, control, mineral Resources and their exploitation, geography of desert, climatic factors, water balance and selection of species, saline water conversion, domestic use (solar energy), electrical generator (wind power).

2296 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. (1977) Desertification and its control. New Delhi, ICAR. pp.358

The present publication brought out on the occasion of the United Nations Conference on Desertification provides a synoptic account of the work done in India on problems relating to the Rajasthan desert. The research papers presented in the conference have been divided in the following themes : climate, land, water, resources, vegetation, agriculture, rodents and insect pests, livestock, other natural resources, demography and sociology, cold desert, and extension.

2297 Kar, A., Abichandani, R.K., Anantha Ram, K. and Joshi, D.C.

(1992) Perspectives on the Thar and the Karakum. New Delhi, Dept. of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology. pp.329

Since the signing of the Integrated Long Term Programme (ILTP) of cooperation in Science and Technology between India and erstwhile USSR at the highest level in July, 1987, ecology of arid zone and control of desertification have constituted an important item of collaboration under the area "Ecology and Environment". The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur and Institute of Deserts, Ashkhabad, Turkmenis are the principal agencies. The programme comprises four well defined studies, namely, dynamics of sand movement, desertification assessment and mapping, ecology, physiology and rangeland improvement. Two studies, namely Organisation of structure of small vertebrate communities in the thar desert and Ecology of important insect pest, have already been completed. The programme further envisages organisation of joint seminars for across the table exchange of approaches, achievement and technologies in the area of arid zone research. The first such meeting was held at Jodhpur in March

1991. It has resulted in the preparation of a joint monograph pertaining to the state-of-art in relation to the Thar and Karakum deserts.

2298 Kaul, R.N. (1970)

Afforestation in arid zones. The Hague, Dr.W..Junk.N.V. Publishers. pp.435

The Southern Fringe of Europe-Italy A.de Philippis;Spain-Jose Luis Allne Andrade and Mignel Navarro Garmica;Northern Afric-The maghrets of Afric North of the Sahara- A. Metro; The Southern Sahara-Sahel-R.W.Fishwich; The near East- The United Arab Republic-K.H.Oedekoven; Iraq- K.H.Oedekoven; Jordan- K.H.Oedekoven; Kuwait-K.H.Oedekoven; Iraq-K.H.Oedekoven; Israel- J.Kaplan, M.Kollar and R.Karschon; The Indian Subcontinent- Indo-Pakistan- R.N.Kaul; Central Eurasia- The USSR- M.Petrov; Central Asia- M.Petrov; The American Continent- The United States of America- J.H.Stoeckeler; Peru and Bolivia- C.M.Flinta; Argentina- Rodolfo Yussem Favre; Australia-Australia- R.D.Johnston and Norman Hall.

2299 Kaushish, S.K. (1994) Sheep production in tropics and subtropics. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.387

The book presents a lucid exposition of various aspects of sheep production in tropics and sub-tropics. The sketchy and desultory information on different aspects of sheep production has been a perpetual inconvenience to those dealing with sheep production in a holistic manner. The publication of this book is an attempt of resolve this problem.The author has collected data on production of sheep, wool, meat, milk and pelts from various journals/periodicals. The remarkable synthesis out of the diverse data is the real significance of this book.d This book would fill the long felt need of teachers, researchers, graduate and post graduate students and extension workers dealing with sheep production in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. This book covers almost all aspects of sheep husbandry; general aspects including breeds; housing; establishment and migration; farm calendar, sheep and land management; reproduction and embryo technology; production of wool; pelt, mutton and milk; health management; nutrition; pasture. There is a glossary of terms and appendices listing (I) lamb body weight in various Indian breeds and crosses (II) preweaning growth rate in some breeds in various countries and (III) botanical and common name of fodder trees.

2300 Kolarkar, A.S., Joshi, D.C. and Kar, A. (1996) Land resources and their management for sustainability in arid regions. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.316

The contents of the book include the concepts of sustainability land resources constraints of arid regions, their vulnerability to degradation as a result of modern technological applications and sustainable management of land resources through agriculture, horticulture, silviculture and pasture development. The socio-economic considerations and transfer of technologies for sustainability have also been discussed in the Indian context.

2301 Kolarkar, A.S., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, K.C. (1992)

Rehabilitation of degraded arid ecosystem. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.203

The land degradation process like soil erosion, salinization and loss of top and fertile soil are of common and wide spread nature and are operative even in the humid and sub-humid zones also. The technologies developed for their rehabilitation are known and these have been widely applied there in the fields with good success. Rehabilitation of arid ecosystem, however, is a far more challenging task and general technologies developed else where, often fail to give the dividends; as paucity of water dessicating heat and hostile wind regime offset any such effort made to check the degradation processes. This compendium encompasses the contents of one of such Regional Training Programmes, recently sponsored by UNESCO and conducted at the Institute.

2302 Kothari, D.V. and Ojha, D.C. (1978)

Fifteen years of annals of arid zone: a cumulative index of Vol. 1-15, 1962-1976. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.114

This cumulative index, covering the volumes 1-15 (1962-1976) of quarterly journal "Annals of Arid Zone" is a premier source of information for the contents of the volumes published during last 15 years. This comprehensive index covering a period of time has been divided into 5 parts viz., Subject Index, Author Index, Title Index, Index to Book reviews and Reviewers' Index. The index serves as a vehicle for the dissemination of new knowledge on arid lands.

2303 Kumar, D. (1991) Crop response to abiotic stresses. Volume 1. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.685

The compilation is an attempt to collect and condense the vast published literature from a large number of journals of national and international repute. The literature in complete annotated bibliographic form has been presented by incorporating 2085 abstracts on 12 important pulse legumes (bean, bengal gram, black gram, broad bean, cowpea, clusterbean, lens, moth bean, mung bean, pea, pigeon pea and soybean) along with some minor pulses. These abstracts represent the period of a quarter of century (1965-1990). The abstracts for each crop have been arranged into 6 major abiotic stresses: 1. drought and waterlogging conditions, 2. saline, sodic and acidic conditions, 3. nutritional stress, 4. photoperiodic and temperature effects, 5. pollutants and sludge water effects and 6. other stresses (population, physical, mechanical, soil crust etc). Abstracts serialed from beginning to end have been arranged in strict alphabetical order for each crop and each stress. It has been tried to include and effectively condense world's nearly 90% pertinent literature on the aforesaid aspects. Author index has also been provided after subject index. The compilation would be of great use in furthering the cause of research and updating the knowledge of both scientists and other professionals in the fields of Agronomy, Breeding, Physiology and Soil Science.

2304 Kumar, D. (1995)

Oilseeds response to abiotic stresses : International review and annotated bibliography. Jodhpur, Agricultural Publishing Centre. pp.620

In this book the world literature (1965-1993) on important annual oilseeds (castor, linseed, peanuts, Indian mustard, rapeseed, swede rape, safflower, sesame, niger and sunflower) collected from more than 30 national and international sources has been presented in respect of the 6 abiotic stresses. The book has been divided into two parts. In part 1, the aforesaid more than 25 years literature has been reviewed in most concised, convenient and recommendatory form dealing with the crop husbandry, improvement, physiology, quality aspects etc, for individual crop and the stress as well. In part II, the literature has been concised in the form of 1771 abstracts alongwith respective references and the working addresses in perfect CAB format. The author and subject indices have also been provided. The book is credited with the world's 90% pertinent oilseed literature of fundamental and practical significance. The book is specifically useful for writing thesis, formulation of research projects, writing review, having present status of knowledge world-over and for using it as a reference book.

2305 Kumar, D. and Rai, M. (1992) Advances in oilseeds research : Rapeseed and mustard. Volume 1 Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.408

The compilation with wide coverage of Brassica crop viz., Indian mustard toria, taramira and yellow sarson is credited with 16 chapters written by the eminent Brassica workers in their respective fields. The chapters relate to oilseeds mission, genetic improvement, crop husbandry (irrigated and rainfed), plant protection (Entomology and plant pathology), germplasm status and its management, specific traits (quality, frost and salinity), extension approaches and rodent control. The book covers complete package of present status of research and developmental activities being done in India in view to enhance seed yield and oil quality improvement under varied agro-climatic situations. The book provides information on the oilseed mission's contribution in enhancing seed yield of oil crops since its inception till 1991. All research results and the management aspects related to frost damage have been provided alongwith short term forecasting of frost. The contents are credited with complete research results related to all salinity and alkalinity aspects. The book therefore appears quite informative convenient and has great practical relevance.

2306 Mann, H.S. (1980) Arid zone research and development. Jodhpur, Scientific Publications. pp.531

This volume is based on the proceedings of International Symposium on Arid Zone Research and Development held at Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur on February 14-18, 1978. The research papers presented in the symposium have been under the following themes :

Session I. Environmental Analysis: Palaeo-environment, Evaluation of Arid Zone; Climatological Studies, Water Balance, Drought Analysis, and Micro-Climatic Features; Land Resource Survey, Remote Sensing, Soil and Land Use Mapping; Phyto- Geography, Ecosystem Studies, Successional Changes, Desertification and Critical Indicators; Physiological Behaviour and Responses of Some Arid Zone Plants; Session II. Resource Utilization: Crop Production Under Limited Moisture Conditions and Soil Management; Saline Water Use in Irrigation; Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants; Grassland Management and Forage Crop Production; Silvical and Silvi-Pastoral Studies; Arid Horticulture; Livestock Production, Nutrition and Physiology; Arid Zone Agro-Technology and

Engineering; Session III. Wildlife Conservation, Desert Zoology and Plant Protection; Session IV. Human Resources and Socio-Economic Constraints; Session V. Desert Management Technology and its Adoption; Session VI. Desertification- A Panel discussion and a Plenary Session.

2307 Mann, H.S. (1983)

Scientific reviews on arid zone research. Volume 1. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.377

The main purpose of the Scientific Reviews on arid zoner esearch is to bring an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of desert development.

CHAPTERS:- Desert adaptations in the spiders:- J.L. Cloudsley- Thompson; Helminthic contamination in foodstuffs of arid zone and methods of dehelminthisation. H.S. Nama and G.R. Soni; Microbial gut symbionts and desert detritivores:- Elsa C. Taylor and C.S. Crawford; Monitroing and controlling ecological degradation in the semi-arid zone of Sudan:- F.N. Ibrahim; Vertebrate pest problems in the Indian desert and their biotoxicological management:- Ranjan Advani; pastoral economics in arid lands:- K.F. Galvin; Adaptations to arid environment by wildlife of the thar desert:- Indra Kumar Sharma; History of India's flora and vegetation:- P. Legris and V.M. Meher-Homji; Water harvesting in arid lands:- M. Hollick; Survival mechanisms of desert winter annual plants in the Negev highlands of Israel:- Y. Gutterman; Desertification: Cause and control:- Randall Baker; Land resources inventory of Rajasthan by using composites of space imagery:- R.S. Murthy and R.M. Pofali; Guar : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. its distribution genetics, breeding, agronomy and pathology:- S.S. Arora, K.S. Arora and A.K. Misra; Seasonal variation in Community of soil mesofauna under annual field crops in the Mariut desert in Egypt:- S.I. Ghabbour and S.H. Shakir.

2308 Mann, H.S. (1984) Scientific reviews on arid zone research. Volume 2. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.265

The main purpose of the Scientific Reviews on Arid Zone Research is to bring an inter disciplinary approach to the problems of desert development.

CHAPTERS:- The Combined use of Remote-Sensing and Environmental Isotope Data for Establishing Hydrogeological Conceptual Models in Arid Regions With Scarce Hydrological Data:-

A. Issar; Environmental Conservation and Development of Israel's Arid and Semiarid Regions:- J. Schechter; Wind Erosion on Arid Cropland:- D.W. Fryrear; Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Natural Resources and Monitoring of Desertification:- T.S. chouhan; The Arid Zones: Resources, Research and Land Management:- Randall Baker; Energy Flow in Arid Grazing land Ecosystem:- Vinod Shankar; Faunistic Survey of Helminh Parasites of Vertebrates of Rajasthan with Special Reference to Arid Zone:- H.S. Nama; Armoured Warfare and The Desert Environment:- J.L. Cloudsley- Thompson; Using Saline Waters For Irrigation:- J.D. Rhoades.

2309 Prakash, I. (1988)

Desert ecology. Proceedings of National Symposium on Desert Ecology. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.313

National Academy of Sciences and the University of Rajasthan decided to pool their intellectual and material resources for organizing a National Symposium on Desert Ecology in Jaipur during Oct. 24-27, 1986. The choice of the theme for this symposium was most appropriate, "conquest of the desert" or "combating desertification" being enormously challenging tasks, particularly in view of the steep growth rates of both human and livestock population in the Thar desert. The ever increasing demands on this scarcity stricken arid land for resources for one sustenance of life have been stressing the Desert ecosystem beyond its limit of resilience. And then, when drought strikes here as it does almost every 3 years famine stalks the land, bringing untold miseries to man and his beasts alike Ecologists believe that we are fast approaching the point of no return when the productivity of desert biome in Rajasthan, even in good rainfall years, will be far below its potentiality and, as the human and livestock pressure on the land increases, the desertification process would intensify. The potentially disastrous end result of this web of man-animal environment interactions warrants through and pragmatic analysis by experts drawn from various disciplines.

2310 Prakash, I. (1988)

Rodent pest management. Florida, CRC Press. pp.480

The objective of this multi-authored compendium is to bring together the state of Art Reports in one place written by specialists in various fields of rodentology, and to suggest future lines of research. It is also felt that this work on rodent pest management will trigger more research effort for the benefit of mankind.

CHAPTERS:- Rodent problems on the North American continent:- Rex E. Marsh; The rodent problem in Latin America:- Donald J. Elias and Michael W. Fall; Rodent problems Europe:- M. Lund; Rodent problems in Africa:- Lynwood A. Fiedler; Rodent problem in Asia:- Ishwar Prakash and R.P. Mathur; Rodent problems in selected countries in Southeast Asia and islands in the Pacific:- M.M. Hoque, F.F. Sanchez, and E.A. Benigno; Rodents and human disease: A global appreciation:- Norman G. Gratz; Population principles:- David E. Davis; Changing patterns of rodent populations in India:- Ishwar Prakash; Prevention of plagues of house mice in rural Australia:- T.D. Redhead; Reproduction:- G.I. Twigg; Behavior:- Robert M. Timm and Terrell P. Salmon; Methods for estimating the losses caused in rice and other crops by rodents:- B.D. Rennison and A.P. Buckle; Selection of baits and their distribution:- M. Lund; Large-scale evaluation of rodent control technologies:- C.G.J. Richards; Rodent pest management: The principles:- Walter E. Howard; Exploring, sampling, neophobia, and feeding:- S.A. Barnett; Bait shyness and poison aversion:- Ishwar Prakash; Non-anticoagulant rodenticides:- M. Lund; Anticoagulant rodenticides:- M. Lund; Chemosterilants for rodent control:- Rex E. Marsh; The potential for pheromonal involvement in rodent control programs:- D. Michael Stoddart; Biological principles, development, and perspectives of the use of bacteria and viruses:- V. Bykovskii and N.V. Kandybin; Natural resistance of plans of pest rodents:- Lenart Hansson; Chemical repellents:- Adrian P. Meehan; Ultrasound devices:- M. Lund; Predation:- Sam Erlinge and Lennart Hansson; Non-lethal methods in rodent control:- William D. Fitzwater; Integrated pest management, principles in rodent control:- Heimo Posamentier; Transfer of rodent pest control technology:- M.M. Hoque and R.C. Saxena; Areas of further research:- Walter E. Howard; Ecology and economics of rodent pest management: The need for research:- S.A. Barnett.

2311 Prakash, I. (1994) Mammals of the Thar desert. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.114

The book introduces various mammalian species of Thar desert to non-zoologists through line drawings and by providing brief description of their external appearance, colour, size, distribution, habits and behaviour. The book also fills in the need felt gap in the requirement of reading material on nature, the biodiversity and the animals living around man.

2312 Sen, A.K. (1972)

Agricultural atlas of Rajasthan. New Delhi, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. pp.52

The main objective of the Atlas is to help in regional planning, with special reference to agricultural development in Rajasthan. There are 34 maps/plates in the Atlas showing different aspects related to Rajasthan state.

2313 Sen, A.K. and Kar, A. (1993) Desertification and its control in the Thar, Sahara and Sahel regions. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.478

The aim of this book is to discuss the combating soil erosion, drought and subsequent desertification require considerable pre-investment in the field of scientific research and technological development. It also calls for a regular exchange of ideas between the researchers in different countries and between researchers and the technocrats. Realising the need for such a meeting for the commonwealth African Countries the commonwealth secretariat at London arranged a workshop at CAZRI Jodhpur from the 13th to 29th March 1989. The research papers presented during the workshop have been published in the form of this book.

2314 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1988) Wastelands development and their utilisation. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.496

A number of organizations and scientists, who have been working in this field, had shared their experiences in a National Seminar on Wastelands Development and their Improvement, held at CAZRI Jodhpur during December 1986. This publication presents the viewpoints of these specialists from diverse fields in the hope that synthetic approach for solving location specific problems wastelands. The papers presented during the seminar have been brought out in this seminar volume.

2315 Sharma, C.D. and Ojha, D.C. (1989)

Advances in library and information science. Jaipur, RBSA Publishers. pp.215

Importance of information lies in its provision, accessibility and utilization by its users for work productivity and effort, decision making for various developmental activities and better understanding of the problem and work situations. Therefore, to cope with the ever increasing mass of information well organised Information Systems are required at the international, national and

subject levels to make information available pin-pointedly, expeditiously and comprehensively. This book presents plans and prospects for National Information Systems in the fields of Agriculture and Environment. The next volumes would deal with National Information Systems in the fields of Science and Technology. Important topics covered in this volume are: National Information System for Agriculture; Land and Soil Information System; Data Bank for Farm Management Information; Environmental Information System; Distributed Information System; Distributed Information Center under ENVIS; Information support for R & D in Environmental Engineering and Science.

CHAPTERS:- Introduction:- C.D. Sharma; Advisory Editorial Board Contributors; National Information Systems for Agriculture:- P.C. Bose; Levels of National Information System for Agriculture:- S.C. Joshi and A.K. patel; Information Systems for Agriculture Science and Technology:- M.B. Bankapur; Land and Soil Resources Information Management in India:- Y.M. Patil; Integrated Agricultural Information System for India:- nandu Dulal Bask and Binod Bihari Dass; Resource Sharing in Agriculture Libraries:- D.C. Ojha; Data Bank for Indigenous Farm Management Information Technology:- M.B. Bankapur; Environmental Information in Retrospect and Prospect:- P.S. Kawatra; Distributed Information Center Under ENVIS - A Draft proposal:- D.C. Ojha; Plan and Policy for Environmental Information System:- G.L. Trehan; Need for Environmental Information System:- S.P. Agarwal; Information Support for R & D in Environmental Engineering and Science in India:- S.K. Kesarwani and S.G. Bhat; Information Systems: Agriculture and Environment:- M.B. Bankapur and B.S. Hemamalini.

2316 Singh, S. (1992)

Geomorphology and Remote Sensing in Environmental Management. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.281

The findings of the study conducted on environmental degradation and its management using geomorphological and remote sensing techniques have been discussed in this book under five chapters viz., Introduction, Environment, Natural Resources Inventroy, Environmental Problems and Environmental Management. The distribution and extent of natural resources and environmental hazards have been highlighted. Based on the concept of Major Land Resources Units (MLRUs), the resources and problems have integrated and the sustainable land-use planning for each resource

unit has been suggested along with the soil and water conservation measures.

2317 Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1997)

Desertification Control in the Arid Ecosystems of India for Sustainable Development. Bikaner, Agrobotanical Publishers. pp.393

In this book articles have been grouped into five major themes (1) Basic frame work, (2) Natural endowment, (3) Risk assessment, (4) Management and Improvement strategies, and (5) Technology transfer. Two articles on the problems of desertification and strategies for combating it have been included in the first theme. Eight articles dealing with natural, human and animal resources have been put in the second theme. This is followed by nine articles on various problems of environmental degradation which have been put under third theme. The largest theme fourth includes twenty articles, dealing with land and water management including agricultural improvement. The fifth theme has three articles which deals with the problems faced in transferring the scientific technologies to the farmers' fields, the socio-economic constraints and improved mechanism for technology transfer.

2318 Singh, S., Vats, P.C. and Kaith, D.S. (1983)

Some aspects of desert geomorphology of Bikaner district, western Rajasthan. Geological survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication No. 49.

In the district six landforms created by fluvial and aeolian processes have been identified and delineated. These landforms have different physical potentials. The wind erosion deposition and water erosion are the major hazards affecting the production potentials of different landforms. About 85% area is affected by wind hazards and only 5% is subjected to water erosion. Suitable soil and water conservation measures to check the menace of these hazards have been suggested.

2319 Singh, S.D. (1993)

Arid land irrigation and ecological management. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.441

This book details water distribution and management in arid regions. Eleven chapters provide a great deal of information on the topics of: water use to crop yield, prediction of water needs, desalinization of water for crop use, trickle irrigation, nutrient management to help water management, and arid land irrigation

and desertification. Each chapter is individually authored and referenced. Charts and graphs are provided.

CHAPTERS:- Water for agriculture: Facing the limits:- Postel Sandra L.; Field water balance for irrigation planning:- Hanks R. John and Melvin D. Campbell; Meteorological approaches for predicting irrigation needs:- Steiner J.L. and T.A. Howell; Yield to water-use relationships and use of the concepts in managing a limited water supply:- S.D. Singh and Y.V. Singh; Managing salt affected waters for crop production:- R.K. Gupta and P.S. Minhas; Deficit irrigation and strategy for optimizing yield:- Miller David E.; Efficient use of water in irrigated agriculture and limitations to increasing water-use efficiency:- Stockle Claudio O. and Joshep M. Villar; Trickle irrigation design and evaluation based on the statistical uniformity:- Bralts Vincent F. and I-Pai Wu; Nutrient management in response to irrigation:- Miller Raymond W.; Ecological III-effects of arid land irrigation and some combating measures:- Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar; Arid land irrigation and desertification:- Zaletaev Vladimir S.

2320 Yadav, M.S., Singh, M., Sharma, S.K., Tewari, J.C. and

Burman, U. (1997) Silvipastoral systems in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Jodhpur, CAZRI. pp.472

Recognizing the pioneering work of Central Arid Zone Research Institute in the field of silviculture, agrostology, agroforestry and range management, UNESCO entrusted the task of organizing an international training course on "Silvipastoral systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems" to the institute. This course organized from November 15 to December 5,1995 attracted a number of participants from seven Asian countries. The lectures delivered during the training programme by a galaxy of scientists and other professionals on various aspects of silvipastoral systems have now been brought out in form of present compendium.

2321 Yadav, N.D. and Vyas, N.L. (1994 )

Arid legumes. Bikaner, Agrobotanical Publishers. pp.125

The book entitled Arid legumes is a compendium of arthenic information of legume crops i.e. moth bean, clusterbean, cowpea and horsegram which have recently been classified as arid legumes grown mostly in arid and semi-arid areas under very limited resource conditions. The book covers production and protection technology of crops and each crop has been deeply discussed with their origin, botanical characteristics, advanced agronomic practices

and plant protection measures. The association and importance of these legumes in different cropping system has also been highlighted.

2322 Yadav, N.D., Gupta, I.C. and Pal, S. (1994)

Cropping system research in India (1980-91). Delhi, Indian Publishers Distributor. pp.259

The bibliography contains about 700 abstracts summarising the research work conducted on the subject in question. The abstracts have been arranged alphabetically by name of author(s) followed by title of the paper/publication, name of the journal, year of publication, volume of journal and page range. In case of books/monographs, the name of the publisher has also been given. In the end 4 indexes have been provided viz. author index, subject index, source index and geographical index. The subject index is quite elaborative and describes the different systems crop-wise.

MONOGRAPHS 2323 Chatterji, P.C. and Kar, A. (1992)

Integrated natural and human resources appraisal of Jaisalmer district. CAZRI Monograph No. 39. pp.122

The region has very low potential for natural resources, resulting in low biological productivity. The system can not sustain the increasing biotic pressure. Inventory and appraisal of the basic resources is the first step towards an overall process of resource management of the region. This is why the emphasis is being laid on the detailed analysis of the existing and potential resources and formulation of scientific plans for their development and sustained productivity. A multidisciplinary team of scientists undertook this challenging task and came out with the present volume for undertaking the developmental programme, mostly in the areas not to be covered by the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana command. On request from the Desert development commissioner, Jodhpur, a detailed report on the natural resources of the Sam development block has been prepared.

2324 Chouhan, K.N.K., Singh, R.N. and Kokate, K.D. (1988) Impact of transfer of agricultural technology in ORP villages ( A case study). Monograph No. 34. pp.30

This publication presents the impact of improved agriculture technology at the farmer's field of the O R P of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. It is based on the case studies supported by relevant data. It has brought an existing, stimulating and visible impacts. This provides an objective evidence that productivity can be increased even in areas endowed with poor natural resources by the application of improved agriculture technology. The results are very conclusive. It is very essential to pay simultaneous attention on improved agriculture of sand dune fixation, pasture development, biogas etc. for better results. The results of the impressive performance of the agriculture technology at farmer’s field reported herein will be of great value to administrators, planners, scientists, extension workers and is also bound to have a multiplier effect on other farmers. It is indisputably an excellent text for training programme organised by the CAZRI, Jodhpur from time to time. This report has been presented in simple lucid style with accent on meaningfulness rather than sophistication. Much of the information is in terms of farmers, effective response, graphs, photographic coverage and percentages. This report, will be of great assistance in extension work resulting

in improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants of the arid areas subjected to hostile environment and biophysical stress.

2325 Garg, H.P. (1975) Solar energy utilisation research. CAZRI Monograph No. 4. pp.47

This monograph describes the solar energy potential and its utilization research carried out during the last three years in the Division of Wind power and Solar Energy Utilization of CAZRI. It presents some details of the investigations undertaken in the fields of solar water heating, solar distillation, solar drying and solar cooking. Plans of future research in this field to be carried out at this Institute have been indicated.

2326 Ghosh, P.K. and Abichandani, R.K. (1981) Water in the eco-physiology of desert sheep. CAZRI Monograph No. 17 pp.42

Different breeds of sheep, when subjected to various degrees of water stress, lost around 27% of their body weight without any physiological dysfunction, and on rehydration, they regained the lost body weight quickly. When sheep are deprived of water, the food intake decreases. The food intake is also retained longer in the gastrointestinal tract when the sheep are given restricted amounts of water. The sodium concentration in the urine increases significantly during dehydration in the Australian Merino. In desert breeds also, during water restriction, the concentration of total electrolytes in the urine increases. When desert sheep are watered twice a week, or are allowed 50% of the normal daily water intake, there is a saving of 50% in the water expenditure, while there are no ill effects on the physiological functioning of the animals. Saving of drinking water to the tune of 50 to 85 liters per sheep per month has been found achievable by resorting to watering of the animals twice every week instead of daily, the corresponding saving in the case of lambs being about 25 to 30 liters per lamb per month. It would, therefore, seem that it will be possible to maintain around 200 sheep on the normal water ration of 100 sheep, if the animals are allowed to drink twice every week, instead of daily.

2327 Ghosh, P.K. and Khan, M.S. (1980) The goat in the desert environment. CAZRI Monograph No. 12 pp.26

Sizable goat population of the desert areas of Western Rajasthan has rightly attracted the attention of the scientists working in the Divisions of Plant and Animal Studies at CAZRI. While the range

scientists are monitoring the impact of the goat on range vegetation, the animal scientists have been mainly looking into the goat's peculiar physiological characteristics. In particular, the desert goat's water use economy- a matter of vital importance from the survival point of view- has been investigated in depth and comparative studies on the desert sheep have been conducted. The information in this monograph will be useful to animal production specialists and desert development agencies.

2328 Gupta, J.P. (1983)

Soil and moisture conservation for increasing crop production in arid lands. CAZRI Monograph No. 20. pp.41

Two major problems of plant production in arid areas of western Rajasthan, are scarcity of water and high evaporative demand of the atmosphere. These factors coupled with sandy soils having poor moisture retention and storage characteristics and higher vulnerability to wind erosion make plant production difficult. Different techniques of moisture conservation like water harvesting, subsurface moisture barriers, soil amendments, soil cultivation and the mulches were evolved and used for increasing and stabilizing the agricultural production. Efforts were also made to quantify the movement of sand and the nutrients associated with it. Different techniques were evolved and used for checking the movement of sand. An attempt has, therefore, been made in this monograph to describe the effect of above mentioned soil management and conservation technologies in increasing plant production in arid lands of western Rajasthan.

2329 Harsh, L.N., Tewari, J.C., Patwal, D.S. and Meena, G.L. (1987)

Package of practices for cultivation of jojoba (Simmondisa chinenis) in arid zone. CAZRI Monograph No. 32 pp.19

Jojoba pronounced as Ho-Ho-Ba, is a native of the Sonoran desert; of Mexico, California and Arizona. It can tolerate 54° C temperature in summer and -5° C temperature in winter. Seeds of jojoba contain about 45-55% liquid wax with chemical properties similar to those of the body fat obtained from sperm whales. It was introduced at CAZRI, Jodhpur, from Isreal in 1965. At the institute, different experiments were conducted to standardize the packages of practices for nursery techniques, field plantation and soil, water and fertilizer requirements. More over, publication also contain utilization aspect of jojoba produce.

2330 Malhotra, S.P., Trivedi, H.S. and Mathur, Y.N. (1985)

Agro-forestry : a judicious use of desert eco-system by man. CAZRI Monograph No. 27. pp.40

Agro-forestry is currently being adopted for intensive scientific researches but the resource use being the decisive factor, the desert dwellers had adopted the system of agro-forestry since ancient times. Desert dwellers are the repository of this great knowledge, and history has it on record, that this system not only carried them through the vulnerable situations of the desert but it well maintained them. A pioneering attempt has been made by the authors to collect and present this existing knowledge among the desert dwellers which will be quite fruitful for building up any research or extension programmes in the field of agro-forestry.

2331 Mann, H.S. (1974)

Desert eco-system and its improvement. CAZRI Monograph No. 1. pp.390

The symposium was divided in following main and sub-themes

Climate and hydro-Geology, land use and Characteristics; Soil and Salinity; Man and the Desert; Natural Vegetation and Crops; Animal Ecology; Animal Husbandry.

CHAPTERS:- Preface:- H.S.Mann; Desert ecosystem and its improvement:- H.S.Mann; Climate:- A.Krishnan; Ground water resources:- K.Dasgupta; Geology and hydrogeology:- V.B.Khilanani; Eco-climatological features:- A.Krishnan; Solar energy and wind power utilisation:- H.P.Garg; An introduction to desert geomorphology:- Bimal Ghose; Aerial photo-interpretation and photo-grammetric techniques and their application in geomorphological studies:- S. Singh; Land-use mapping by aerial photo interpretation technique:- A.K. Sen; Basic resource surveys in relation to resource development of arid lands:- C.T. Abichandani; Land use capability classification:- R.P. Dhir and S.N. Bhola; Soils:- R.P. Dhir; Socio-economic structure and life style of settled population:- S.P. Malhotra; Nomads and nomadism:- S.P. Malhotra; Vegetation of Indian desert biome and primary productivity of grassland:- S.K. Saxena; An approach to system analysis:- S.C. Pandeya; Ecosystems in arid zone:- C.P. Bhimaya; Physiological aspects of crop yields in relation to water stress:- A.N. Lahiri; Dryland farming technology:- R.P. Singh; Horticulture in the arid zone eco-system fruit growing:- O.P. Pareek; Physiological adaptations of plants in desert eco-system:- A.N. Lahiri; Genetic improvement of pulse and oilseed crops:- M.V.R. Prasad; Genetical improvement possibilities for important cereal crops:- M.B.L.

Saxena; Pasture improvement, selection of high yielding grasses, their seeding, development and utilization:- R.B. Das; Role of forestry in sand dune stabilisation:- K.D. Muthana; Economic evaluation of arid land management technology:- J.C. Kalla; Grassland and range management:- L.D. Ahuja; Termite ecology:- M.L. Roonwal; Ecology of insect pests:- J.N. Sachan; Role of consumers in the functioning of desert ecosystem:- S.S. Bains; Population dynamics of rodents and their control:- Ishwar Prakash; Role of sheep in the desert eco-system and drought proofing through improved sheep production:- R.M. Acharya and B.C. Patnayak; An introduction to sheep and cattle ecology:- Brahma Chowdhary; Animal production in the desert eco-system:- Mohan Singh and A.L. Chaudhary; Physiological adaptations of animals to the desert eco-system:- P.K. Ghosh.

2332 Mann, H.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1984)

Arid zone forestry. (with special reference to the Indian arid zone). CAZRI Monograph No. 23. pp.42

The extent of problem areas in western Rajasthan has been determined by the study on desertification jointly carried out by the Central Arid Zone Research Institute and the UNESCO. The study revealed that about 9520 km² or 4.35% of the western Rajasthan has already been affected by the processes of desertification. About 1,62,900 km² or 76.15% of the area has been categorised as highly and moderately vulnerable and 41,692 km² or 19.5% of the area is moderately to slightly vulnerable to the various processes of desertification. The productive plant communities have been gradually reduced to degraded vegetation type with the increase of unpalatable species. Certain areas of the slight vulnerability category are also associated with water erosion.

2333 Mann, H.S. and Saxena, S.K. (1980)

Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in the Indian desert- its role in agroforestry. CAZRI Monograph No. 11. pp.76

CHAPTERS:- Khejri in the Indian Scriptures:- Vinod Shanker; Taxonomy, morphology, growth and reproduction of Khejri and its succession in N. W. India:- S.K. Saxena; Distribution of Khejri in Western Rajasthan:- Vinod Shankar; Silvicultural aspects of Khejri:- K.D. Muthana; Herbage growth under Khejri canopy:- S.K. Saxena; Grass production under Khejri tree:- L.D. Ahuja; Physico-chemical status of soil under Khejri:- R.K. Aggarwal; Prosopis cineraria in relation to soil water and other conditions of its habitat:- A.N. Lahiri; The nurtritive value and digestibility of loong:- H.C. Bohra

and P.K. Ghosh; Trace element concentrations in the foilage:- R.P. Dhir and B.K. Sharma; Insect-pests of Khejri:- D.R. Parihar; Socio-economic dimensions of Khejri:- M.L. Purohit and Wajid Khan; Role of Khejri in agro-forestry:- H.S. Mann and S.K. Saxena; Salient features of Khejri.

2334 Mann, H.S. and Saxena, S.K. (1981) Bordi (Zizyphus nummulria) a shrub of the Indian arid zone- its role in silvi-pasture. CAZRI Monograph No. 13. pp.93

CHAPTERS:- In the Indian Scriptures:- Vinod Shankar; Morphology and Ecology:- S.K. Saxena; Distribution pattern of Jharber and its leaf fodder and bush-wood production on different habitats and land-use types:- Vinod Shankar; Silvi-cultural aspects:- K.D. Muthana; Physiological aspects:- S. Kathju and A.N. Lahiri; Productivity of the shrub:- S.K. Saxena and S.K. Sharma; Horticultural qualities:- B.B. Vashishtha; Mineral elements in relation to animal requirement:- B.K. Dutta and R.P. Dhir; Distribution of trace elements in foliage:- B.K. Sharma and R.P. Dhir; Nutritive value of pala for ruminants:- H.C. Bohra and P.K. Ghosh; Important food centre for Indian desert animals:- Ishwar Prakash; Associated insects and their management:- D.R. Parihar; Diseases:- Saroj Singh; Socio-Economic aspects:- M.L. Purohit and W.A. Khan; An opinion survey:- M.L. Purohit and W.A. Khan; Bordi in Indian desert- An overview:- H.S. Mann; Animal production in Dhaman-bordi grassland:- L.N. Harsh and K.A. Shankarnarayan; A shrub for silvi-pasture:- S.K. Saxena and H.S. Mann.

2335 Mann, H.S. and Sen, A.K. (1983)

Ground water atlas of Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 18 pp.61

The Rajasthan has been classified into five agro-climatic regions. A large part of the state, as it has been shown in this atlas, is affected by aridity with all its attendant handicaps particularly low water table, increase in the water salinity and scarcity of drinking water both for human beings and the live-stock. All the information from various sources has been collected and analysed and cartographed to depict the ground water situation both quantity and quality wise in maps on 1:2,000,000 scale. All these data, in all their manifestations, have been under intensive study at the CAZRI. These maps are compiled and presented in the form of an atlas. The atlas presents a good deal of the vital information that has so far been collected on the ground water resources: estimated ground water potential, ground water utilized, surplus ground water potential available, quality of ground water, trend of ground water utilization, etc. The atlas pinpoints the areas where there is a scope

for further development of ground water utilization and also the areas where there is an urgent need for the survey of ground water.

2336 Mertia, R.S. (1992)

Studies on improvement and utilization of range-lands of Jaisalmer region. CAZRI Monograph No. 38. pp.45

The Jaisalmer region covers an extreme arid tract of the Indian desert with sprawling natural grazing lands which constitute about 43% of the total geographical area of western Rajasthan. Pasture based animal husbandry is the mainstay of the economy of the desert peasantry. Although the grass covers typified by Lasiurus sindicus, Panicum antidotale is highly adaptive as well as productive. It is in most of the area, is by and large, in degraded conditions primarily due to past misuse and present neglect. Carrying capacity of the grazing lands of the Jaisalmer region can be restored and improved further if suitable improvement and utilization practices are perfected and applied. It is in this context that Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur established a chain of Range management and Soil Conservation areas in Jaisalmer region at Lawan, Khetolai, Chandan and Jaisalmer all of which are located along Jodhpur-Jaisalmer highway. Results of the studies on the improvement and utilization conducted in these Range Management and Soil Conservation areas of Jaisalmer region are described and discussed in this monograph. It is hoped that the information contained in the monograph will be of use to researchers, agriculture and animal husbandry agencies and to development planners of the Jaisalmer region.

2337 Murthy, K.N.K., Issac, V.C. and Bohra, D.N. (1982) Water proofing of field irrigation channels in desert soils. CAZRI Monograph No. 15. pp.23

In arid and semi-arid areas, crop productivity is generally limited by water availability for crops. Water availability for crops is dependent on the efficiency of irrigation systems. Farmers depend upon open earthen channels for carrying water to the fields. Impounding and conveying of water is costly and therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the transportation of water to the land is done without much losses. Also excessive seepage of water from the field channels may create problems of water logging, which is happening at present in the Rajasthan canal area. Measures and strategies are required to efficiently control seepage losses in field channel and to increase the crop production. Practical recommendations for the control of seepage losses using various indigenous materials have been evolved at CAZRI and the same

have been summarised in this publication. It is hoped that this monograph will serve the needs of the agricultural sector in arid regions.

2338 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1983) Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C., a fast growing tree to bloom the desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 22. pp.21

Prosopis juliflora. is a thorny, large crowned, ever-green tree having deep as well as lateral root system, native of south western America, Mexico, Venezuela, , Israel, Peru and Colombia. It was introduced in India in 1877 and 1913 in Jodhpur with great success. It proved to be the most versatile plant for afforestation of shifting sand dunes and dry degraded, wastelands. It reproduces by coppicing and through root suckers. It is highly esteemed fuel wood source, and is also valued for shade and small timber to some extent and nutritious pods for feeding of live-stock in arid region of Rajasthan. It can be grown as a tree, shrub and as a hedge. It is drought resistant and has the ability to withstand diverse conditions. Various package of practices for nursery raising, field planting, and harvesting have been developed. It has performed equally better when compared with other important arid zone trees. Ripe pods are of high nutritive value containing 12 to 13% crude protein and are rich in a sugar and nitrogen. Wood is hard, durable and has good fuel wood value. Good quality charcoal is prepared from the branches and main stem. Tree exudes gum from the sap wood, which is used in industries like sizing paper, calico printing, cosmetics etc. Rodents and white ants are the main pests.

2339 Pal, S.K. (1977) White grubs and their management. CAZRI Monograph No. 5. pp.36

Scientific findings have revealed that for effective control of this pest, control measures are more effective on beetles than on the grubs which have a peculiar behaviour and are difficult to control. Soil application of pesticides in heavy doses has been found to be expensive and also poses residue problem in the soil as well as in the plants. However, the pest can be managed effectively through an integrated approach and the details concerning the nature and extent of damage, behaviour of different species and the effective control measures are described in this monograph. The objective of this monograph is to collate the knowledge on this pest including its management.

2340 Parihar, D.R. (1981)

Termite pests of vegetation in Rajasthan and their management. CAZRI Monograph No. 16. pp.24

Faunal distribution, species composition of some of the important termites of Rajasthan desert were investigated. It was found that 14 out of 39 species recorded have acquired pest status of crops, trees and grasses. Range and extent of damage to plantations were evaluated. Various strategies like cultural practices, biological and chemical control were attempted for ecofriendly management of the notorious termites of crops and tree species.

2341 Parihar, D.R. (1987) Grasshopper pests of grazing land vegetation and their management in Indian desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 29. pp.50

Grasshopper fauna of grazing lands of the Indian desert was investigated, 26 genra and 29 species were recorded. Eco-biology of some important pest species was studied. Seasonal losses to grasses were reported. The population of grasshopper was the highest in monsoon (August - September) season. Integrated pest management by utilizing various control strategies with, cultural, biological and chemical methods was attempted.

2342 Prakash, I. (1976) Rodent pest management principles and practices. CAZRI Monograph No.4. pp.27

Rodent control is a tricky job as the operator has to tackle a variety of rodents living together in the rural as well as the urban environment. All species of rodents do not have similar habits and they occupy different micro-habitats apparently to minimize interspecific competition. It is, therefore, necessary to evolve a strategy which should effectively control all the resident species of a particular area. This is a rather difficult proposition and to fulfill this requirement. A great deal of basic information pertaining to the behaviour, food and breeding habits, habitat selection, range of movements etc. of the species involved should be available with the control planner. Clearly, we need to know a good deal more than what we do now in order to achieve a reasonable degree of success. In this monograph, an attempt has been made to briefly present the current status of our knowledge with regard to the habits of the rodents of economic importance and to discuss the principles and practices of rodent pest management under various situations. The precautions needed to be observed, and the antidotes to be used in case of accidents, have also been discussed in detail.

2343 Prakash, I. (1977) The amazing life in the Indian desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 6. pp.18

The Thar desert is an unique arid zone which blooms ephemerally during monsoon with a colourful range of trees and grasses and abounds in an amazing variety of bird and animal life. Biogeographically the majority of biodiversity found in this most populated desert of the world exhibits Saharan affinities. However in the extreme arid 100 mm region, vegetation is external sparse but it is a preferred habitat of a lizard, first time separated from India, and desert adapted rodents. Thar is unique in having Bishnoi community which protects nature and wildlife on religious ground, a solitary example in the universe. With the population and grazing pressure, the face of the desert will change sooner or later. Many of the specialised form of plants and animals associated with Thar will eventually vanish. This will be a great loss to natural science and to our cultural heritage. Strong efforts should be made to consume the highly specialised and endemic biodiversity of the Thar desert.

2344 Prakash, I. (1981)

Ecology of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae. CAZRI Monograph No. 10 pp.79

Rodents aggravate the desertification processes by depredating upon the sparse vegetation and disturbing the soil through their fossorial propensity. Due to their sheer numbers and omni-presence in almost all the desert habitats, they have assumed a severe pest problem. Rodents are physiologically and behaviourally well adapted to climatic vagaries and fluctuation in food supply. Realising their potential as one of the desertification factor, CAZRI initiated intensive studies in early sixties on vertebrate pests of the Indian arid zone. The CAZRI has been designated as the National coordinating and Monitoring Centre for Rodent Research and Training in the Country. This monograph, Desert Gerbil (Meriones hurrianae) is one of the first species in India.

2345 Sen, A.K. Land-use classification system in Indian arid zone. CAZRI Monograph No. 9 pp.43

Land -use survey and mapping deals with the classification of lands according to their present use. This is an obvious requirement to assess the use and misuse of land which is the pre-requisite to plan the utilisation of resources. In the arid zones, where the resources have either not been fully assessed or the available resources are not

being properly utilised, the need for this survey and mapping has been strongly felt. To deal with the problem, the Basic Resources Studies Division of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur is carrying out land use survey and mapping, as a part of integrated basic resources surveys in different arid and semi-arid regions of India since 1967. This monograph deals with the problems of land use classifications in the arid zone and the methods and techniques evolved and standardised by this Institute for land use survey and their cartographic expressions.

2346 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1982-83)

Agro-demographic atlas of Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 19. pp.45

The atlas aims at classifying the agro-demographic regions of Rajasthan. The quantitative relationship between agricultural characteristics and demographic factors are determined in close examination of four variables: i) demography, ii) rural economic structure, iii) agriculture, and iv) human agricultural relationship. These variables have been used to generate a variety of indices, which, in turn have formed the basis of sub division of the area into agro-demographic regions. Accordingly, the levels of agro-demographic development of the different districts and agro climatic regions in Rajasthan state have been worked out and mapped on the basis of the efficiency of rural occupational structure and rural production. The details are clearly shown in the various maps cartographed and included in the atlas. Each map has been designed to represent a number of interrelated and associated factors to depict vividly the various characteristics of the region. the complex maps are, however, easy to read, although the explanatory notes accompanying the maps give detailed description and original sources of the data.In presenting this atlas to the wider public and specially to the planners, the CAZRI feels confident that it will be useful to Rajasthan Government to identify areas for undertaking development programmes which can generate self replicating and self propelling growth.

2347 Sen, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., Gupta, K.N. and Bohra, H.C. (1981) Sheep in Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 14. pp.38

In the extreme climatic conditions in arid grasslands, the sheep is probably the most appropriate animal. In these areas sheep husbandry is the major occupation for livelihood. In Rajasthan, 61% of its geographic area covers net arid zone. Although, western Rajasthan has 12.8% and 60.3% area of the whole country and the state, respectively, but it produces as high as 22.7% and 68.3% of

the wool produced from the whole country and to Rajasthan state. The average wool produced per sheep from western Rajasthan is around 1.56 kg/year, whereas, the corresponding values for the state and the country has been calculated to be 1.30 kg and 0.88 kg, respectively. Sheep is probably the most appropriate animal for the grassland situated in extreme climatic conditions both for hot and cold arid grasslands, ecosystem, and thus the sheep husbandry is the major occupation for livelihood of the human beings of such areas. The monograph has been divided into 4 chapters, devoted to livestock population and grazing land per head of animal, sheep concentration zones in Rajasthan, distribution of sheep breeds in Rajasthan and production of wool in Rajasthan have been well supported with 3 tables and detailed, 11 maps, and a few plates. This monograph is much valuable for the planners as well to the executives and all associated with the sheep husbandry and the wool industry as well.

2348 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1984)

Agro-forestry in arid and semi-arid zones. CAZRI Monograph No. 24. pp.294

The concept of agro-forestry/farm forestry has long been recognised as a valuable device to help develop optimal land uses under different agro-climatic situations, particularly in the drought-prone areas in the tropics and sub-tropics. The National commission on Agriculture has also given considerable emphasis on agro-forestry in their Report (1976). Introduction of tree component in cropping systems in arid areas which suffer acutely from water stress, and also nutrient stress, offers a valuable cushion against total crop failure to provide fuel, fodder and even food under certain situations. While the broad principles of agro-forestry are well known and awareness about the significance of agro-forestry is increasing, there are also obvious gaps in our knowledge when it comes to actual practice of agro-forestry particularly on the social and ecological aspects. There is considerable scope for multi-disciplinary research in this field. The Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (ICAR) has already taken a lead in this direction. With support from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the CAZRI organised a Summer Institute in 1981 to review the current status of knowledge in the field of agro-forestry, its relevance to our farming systems and future needs for research. The Summer Institute brought out many important points and made valuable recommendations to the scientists and development workers alike.

2349 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Vinod Shankar. (1986)

Desert environment conservation and management. CAZRI Monograph No. 26. pp.133

CHAPTERS/ARTICLES:- World Environment Day:- K.A. Shankarnarayan; Combating Desertification:- K.A. Shankarnarayan; Environmental conservation through utilisation of alternate energy sources:- Jagdish P. Gupta; Wildlife resource and its management:- Ishwar Prakash; Bishnois- their role in conservation of desert eco-system:- S.P. Malhotra; Vegetation recovery under protection:- Vinod Shankar; Wind erosion and its control:- Jitendra P. Gupta; Where to look for water in the Indian desert:- Bimal Ghose; Desert plants used as human food during scarcity and famines:- S.K. Saxena; Transmission losses during the energy flow in the grazing food-chain of the arid ecosystem:- Vinod Shankar; Animal husbandry in the arid zone environment:- R.K. Abichandani & P.K. Ghosh; Economics of crop fodder and fuel production in desertic environment:- J. C. Kalla; Energy plantations for the Indian desert:- K.D. Muthana; Evaluation of environmental pollution through rainwater analysis:- R.K. Aggarwal; Textile pollution problem in Pali-Marwar:- S. Mauria; Environmental problems of Pali district:- P.C. Vats; Prediction of droughts and dust storm activity in the Indian arid zone:- B.V. Ramana Rao, Y.S. Ramakrishna & G.G.S.N. Rao; Water pollution: some observations on sheep mortality near gypsiferous evaporites a long-burried drainage channels in western Rajasthan:- Bimal Ghose; Hazards of the pesticides and measures to combat them:- Satya Vir; Protecting the environment need for people's initiative:- B. Venkateswarlu; Utilization of ecological expertise in resource management and regional planning of arid regions:- K.A. Shankarnarayan; Environmental degradation in the Indian desert:- A. K.l Sen.

2350 Sharma, S.K. (1987) Improvement and grazing management of arid rangelands at Samdari and Jodhpur. CAZRI Monograph No. 30. pp.39

In arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan pasture based animal husbandry has remained main source of livelihood of the rural folks. These pastures and grazing lands, having been so long overused and misused, have turned into wastelands of unpalatable thorny species. A number of experiments on range regeneration improvement and utilisation were conducted in different range Management Sub stations of CAZRI Jodhpur over 30 years. The monograph summerises the results of studies conducted on Range management, pasture establishment, grazing management, trails of improved grasses, legumes species, introduction of suitable tree and shrub

species, Horti and silivi pastoral systems at Samdari (Barmer District) and Jodhpur Range management stations.

2351 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1988) Pearl millet in arid zone- A retrospect. CAZRI Monograph No. 36. pp.55

Pearl millet has continued to be the singular predominant cereal widely grown in these regions. This crop has amazing qualities to withstand long drought, higher moisture utilization efficiency and capacity to extract moisture from deeper soil profile. It also has an excellent photosynthetic mechanism ensuring efficient transfer of energy from leaves to grains. The grains have high nutritive value and form the staple food of the hard working robust people of arid regions. In 1950's it was cultivated in nearly 3 m ha area, constituting about 80% of the total area of pearl millet cultivation in Rajasthan. But, the average productivity was merely 188 kg ha-1 against the state and country averages of 215 kg ha-1 and 310 kg ha-

1, respectively. Considerable research has since been accomplished and published in various scientific journals. Despite all the voluminous research work, pearl millet yields still reel under unstability, largely due to several production constraints like the diseases, lack of resistant cultivars and a lack of region specific production technologies. Most of our farmers cannot afford high cost inputs and yield stabilization needs to be achieved only through suitable cultivars and appropriate management practices. There still exists a large gap between attainable and attained yields. Scientists are containing their efforts in this direction. At Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), researches on various aspects of pearl millet production have continued for the last three decades and there is no parallel work done on this crop under arid conditions in India. In this publication, an attempt has been made to comprehensively review the entire research work carried out at CAZRI on all aspects of this crop for the benefit of research workers and subject matter specialists concerned with the production technologies of pearl millet.

2352 Singh, S. (1977) Geomorphological investigation of the Rajasthan desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 7. pp.44

Survey and mapping techniques which are essential pre-requisites for the rational assessment and management of the physical potentials and hazards of the different landforms and for the overall development of arid lands, have been satisfactorily worked out. Methodology for study of the dynamics of sand dunes and the river

system has been developed. Techniques for locating and exploiting the sub-surface water potentials and commercial salts and evaporites in different landforms, especially along the buried courses of the prior drainage channels, have also been evolved. Attention has also been focused on small agricultural drainage basins for harvesting their surface water potential at suitable sites.Basic questions on the palaeoclimate and spread of the Thar desert have also been accorded due recognition in the research programme.The findings of the basic and applied geomorphological researches, conducted in Rajasthan desert over the past sixteen years, have been synthesized in the present monograph.

2353 Singh, S.D. (1988) Water harvesting in arid tropics. CAZRI Monograph No. 37. pp.67

Water is a severe constraint in the arid tropics. Therefore, research priorities were given to the optimum use of rainwater, ground water, conjunctive use of rain-water and ground water to the modern and sophisticated system of drip irrigation that squeezes every drop of the limited water resources, and to cropping patterns that complete life cycles during the rainy season. Researches on these thrust areas were initiated simultaneously in the late sixties. Aspects other efficient use of rainwater have been published in various national and international journals. However, the paper had to be withdrawn from that prestigious journal at the very last moment due to certain unavoidable circumstances. Subsequently, it was decided to publish the material in the CAZRI publication series. The papers are being presented here in the same style as set by the Style Manual of the Agronomy Journal.

2354 Vangani, N.S., Sharma, K.D. and Chatterji, P.C. (1988) Tanka - a reliable system of rainwater harvesting in the Indian desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 33 pp.16

The study revealed that the traditional practice of water harvesting in the form of tanka must have played an important role in meeting the drinking water requirement of the desert people in the past. However, at present the tanka alone is not capable of meeting the increased demand for drinking water of the burgeoning population. It can at best be viewed as an important component of an integrated drinking water supply scheme, involving other water resources viz., well, pipeline supply, nadi etc. Hence, tankas will continue to play an important role now and in the future to meet the drinking water demands of the rural populace, especially for people living in scattered dhanis.

2355 Vinod Shankar. (1983) Depleted vegetation of the desertic habitats: studies on its natural regeneration. CAZRI Monograph No. 21 pp.21

This monograph is the outcome of a series of studies on vegetation analysis of long term exclosures established on a variety of desertic habitats. These studies aimed at 1. providing information on the time-sequence of the development of vegetation on various desertic habitats, 2. identification of the temporal limits to the desired state of vegetation development, and 3. effect of contour bunding around the habitat and of the pattern of vegetation utilisation on the botanical composition of desired grass and tree species. Data to this effect have been generated from a chain of exclosures established at various forestry and range management stations of CAZRI. Further supplementation of data has been done from the observations recorded from the relict vegetation that is generally designated to some local deity and also from wildlife sanctuaries and farmers' holdings that are preserved for hay. A wide spectrum of habitats located in rainfall zones ranging from 100 to 500 mm find coverage. The results obtained have been related to the objectives and this finds place in the description of each habitat type. This is primarily a basic study but inferences have application for formulating land development plans for each category of habitat. For example, the study reveals the stages of vegetation development from range management and forestry angles. It also identifies the species that represent the stable vegetation and so stabilize the productivity. Suitable species for introduction have also been indicated. It is therefore hoped that consolidation of information in this monograph will induce researchers for further study and will help the development planners in formulating a sound programme for regeneration of desertic vegetation and its subsequent utilization.

2356 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1987)

Grazing resources of Jaisalmer ecology and developmental planning with special reference to sewan grass lands. CAZRI Monograph No. 28. pp.92

The coverage of information on vegetation resources is fairly comprehensive and has application value. It should be particularly useful to the planning and development agencies, e.g., DRDA (District Rural Development Authority), Desert Development Board, IGNP Canal Development Authority and to financing institutions like NABARD and lead banks. The academic part will be useful to botanists, researchers and individuals interested in the vegetation ecology of this extreme desert belt.

2357 Yadav, N.D. and Singh, P.M. (1992)

Tumba and mateera cultivation in the Indian arid zone. CAZRI Monograph No. 40 pp.21

The monograph covers the production technology of tumba and mateera crop grown extensively in arid tract of Rajasthan. Both the crops have been thoroughly discussed in relation to their botanical characteristics and advanced agronomic practices as tested at CAZRI RRS Bikaner farm for continuously more than three years. It gives the recommendations of spacing, fertilizer, irrigation etc.