Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4w Małopolsce
The BAden CulTure
Around The WesTern CArpAThiAns
Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostradinstytut Archeologii uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
instytut Archeologii i etnologii pAn, oddział w KrakowieMuzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie
The Cracow Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Constructioninstitute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian university
institute of Archaeology and ethnology polish Academy of sciences, Kraków BranchArchaeological Museum in Kraków
Redaktorzy seriiSeries editors
Jan ChochorowskiJanusz Kruk
Jacek rydzewski
Redaktor technicznyTechnical editor
Joanna Kulczyńska
prace wykopaliskowe wykonywane były w ramach ogólnopolskiego programu ratowniczych badań archeologicznych na trasach budowy autostrad, finansowanego przez Generalną dyrekcję dróg Krajowych i Autostrad.
opiekę merytoryczną sprawował Krajowy ośrodek Badań i dokumentacji Zabytków w Warszawie (obecnie narodowy instytut dziedzictwa)
Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4w Małopolsce
The BAden CulTuRe ARound The WeSTeRn CARpAThiAnS
edited by Marek nowak, Albert Zastawny
Krakowski Zespół do Badań AutostradKraków 2015
Copyright © by Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostrad
pracę do druku recenzowałReviewer of the volume
prof. dr hab. sławomir Kadrow
Redakcja seriiSeries editors
Jan ChochorowskiJanusz Kruk
Jacek rydzewski
Redakcja tomueditor
Janusz Kruk
Skład komputerowy, redakcja techniczna,projekt okładki i stron tytułowych
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ConTenTs
Marek Nowak, Albert Zastawnypreface .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Janusz K. Kozłowskiintroduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Settlement, chronology, typology, periodization Tünde Horváth, Éva SvingorThe spatial and chronological distribution of the so-called “Baden culture” .......................................................... 19 Miroslav Šmid, Pavlina Kalábkovápre-Boleráz, Boleráz, and post-Boleráz development in Moravia ......................................................................... 75
Jaroslav PeškaA small contribution to the knowledge of Baden culture in Moravia and the present state of research ................. 95
Albert ZastawnyThe Baden complex in lesser poland — horizons of cultural influences ............................................................. 119
Eva HorváthováThe current state of research on the Baden culture at slovakian areas in the northern basin of the Tisza river ..... 151
Robert Malčeksettlement of the Zvolen Basin in the context of late-Baden settling processes in the Western Carpathians and the surrounding areas ..................................................................................................................... 175
Albert ZastawnyAbsolute chronology of the Baden culture in lesser poland — new radiocarbon dates ........................................ 191
Janusz Boberpottery of the Baden culture in lesser poland on the basis of findings in the Kraków-nowa huta area ............. 221
Marián Sojákeneolithic settlement of spiš caves (northeast slovakia) ................................................................................... 261
Víťazoslav Struhár, Marián Soják, Michal ChebenThe Baden culture hilltop settlements in northern slovakia and their “socio-symbolic” importance ................... 275
new discoveries
Marta Kaflińska, Irena Wójcik, Damian Stefańskinew settlement of the Baden culture at site 8 in Kraków-Bieżanów .................................................................... 313
Marcin M. Przybyła, Piotr Szczepanik, Michał Podsiadłoeneolithic enclosure in Gniazdowice, proszowice district, lesser poland, in the light of non-destructive research methods .................................................................................................................................. 337
Elżbieta Trela-KieferlingWorkshop of Jurassic G flint core tools at site 7 in przybysławice, lesser poland ............................................. 353
Maciej NowakWorkshop of the tetrahedral flint axes discovered during rescue excavations at site 13 in Zakrzów, Wieliczka district, lesser poland ........................................................................................................... 361
Paweł Valde-Nowak, Agnieszka Gil-Drozd, Anna Kraszewska, Marcin PaternogaThe proto-Boleráz grave in the Western Beskidy Mts., lesser poland ............................................................... 371
Eva Horváthovánew data to the cognition of the Baden culture settlement in prešov (north-eastern slovakia, Šariš) ................ 381
Noémi Beljak Pažinová, Michaela Niklová, Ján Beljakdeserted castle – lower castle in Zvolen in the context of the Baden culture settlement
in Middle Gran region, slovakia ............................................................................................................. 395
Michal ChebenCollection of chipped industry of the Baden clay pit from Veľké Vozokany, sW slovakia ................................... 413
Alena Bistáková, Gabriel Nevizánskysettlements of the Baden culture in Bajč-Vlkanovo, sW slovakia ....................................................................... 427
Around the Baden Culture
Marzena SzmytThe Baden complex and the Globular Amphora culture. Case studies from three peripheral areas ................... 445
Agnieszka PrzybyłThe Baden complex and the Funnel Beaker culture in the polish lowlands. The problem of “lowland Badenization” ................................................................................................. 471
Kateřina PapákováThe settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture with Baden elements in Velké hoštice (opava district) ................ 495
Jana Mellnerová ŠutekováWestern slovakia during the period of post-Baden cultural development ........................................................... 501
Preface
In the history of international symposiums on the Baden culture in Europe, Poland has been the host of such meetings three times so far. The first “Polish” conference was held in Kraków–Nowa Huta in 1967, and its results were published the following year in a book entitled Studies of the Radial Decorated Pot-tery Culture (R. Jamka, J. K. Kozłowski eds.). The book included several papers which recapitulated the then state of knowledge about the Baden culture in Lesser Poland and Moravia.
For the second time, the issues connected with the Baden culture were addressed on the international session “The Baden Culture and the Outside World” which was organised in Kraków in 2006, within the frameworks of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Euro-pean Association of Archaeologists. The focus was put on the wide and many-directional Baden influences recorded in neighbouring areas, in the environment of other cultural units. These topics were recapitulated in a study entitled The Baden Complex and the Outside World (M. Furholt, M. Szmyt, A. Zastawny eds.), pub-lished in 2008 in Bonn as volume 4 of the Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa / Studia nad Pradzie-jami Europy Środkowej series.
The scholars investigating the phenomenon of European Baden met in Kraków for the third time be-tween 7th and 9th of November 2012. The international conference “The Baden Culture around the Western Carpathians” was organised by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University, in the cooperation with the Kraków Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Construction and the Polish Academy of
Arts and Sciences. Archaeologists from Poland, Slo-vakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary presented 26 papers, and the conference was accompanied by a tem-porary exhibition “The Baden culture in Lesser Po-land” presenting the Baden culture artefacts from Lesser Poland usually not on display in the Museum. The issues addressed during the conference are pre-sented in this book, which appears as special volume of Via Archaeologica, a series edited by the Kraków Team for Archaeological Supervision of Motorway Construction.
The book presents a range of issues related first of all to the territory of proper Baden culture settlement in the circum-Carpathian zone. This reflects our in-tention to emphasise the role of the Western Car-pathians as a catalyst or inhibitor of cultural contact which generated similarities and differences between particular regions within the Baden culture range. That is why, the characteristics of settlement clusters, settlements, and assemblages have been presented from various territorial and chronological perspec-tives by archaeologists from Lesser Poland, Grater Poland, Lower and Upper Silesia, Moravia, Slovakia, and Hungary.
Twenty three papers prefaced by the introduction by Janusz K. Kozłowski have been divided into three thematic sections.
The first section is entitled Settlement, chronolo-gy, typology, periodization and groups contributions marked by synthesising approach to the taxonomy and chronology of the Baden complex in various re-gions of the circum-Carpathian zone, from Hungary (paper by T. Horváth and É. Svingor), through central
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Preface
Slovakia (R. Malček) to Lesser Poland (A. Zastawny; J. Bober) and from north-eastern Slovakia (E. Hor-váthová; M. Soják), through northern Slovakia (V. Stru-hár, M. Soják, M. Cheben) to Moravia (M. Šmíd, P. Ka-lábková; J. Peška). What deserves particular attention in these contributions is the ongoing discussion on still conflicting assessments of the earliest, Boleráz stage of the Baden complex development, its connec-tion with the local cultural background, and the role of external influences. In this section of the book one can also find lists of radiocarbon datings for the clas-sic Baden stage and for the horizon that precedes its crystallisation, both available in literature and origi-nating from new research. Of particular value are also the maps of settlement ranges, presenting the most current state of research on the number and localisa-tion of Baden culture sites. In this context it is worth noting the opinions emphasising the regional specifi-city of the Baden culture in its core area (Moravia), peripheries (Lesser Poland), mountainous regions (Zips, Liptov), regions open to East European in-
fluences (eastern Slovakia), or finally the territories crucial for its genesis (Transdanubia, Great Hunga-rian Plain).
The second section, entitled New discoveries, is devoted to the most recent field research and the new analyses of materials from old excavations. Touching upon a wide range of issues, the papers present the results of rescue excavations preceding large-scale construction works (M. Kaflińska, I. Wójcik, D. Ste-fański; M. Nowak; P. Valde-Nowak, A. Gil-Drozd, A. Kraszewska, M. Paternoga) as well as small field-walking surveys (E. Trela-Kieferling) and non-inva-sive geophysical surveys (M. M. Przybyła, P. Szcze-panik, M. Podsiadło). Interesting results came from the investigation of “fortified” (E. Horváthová) and upland settlements (N. Beljak Pažinová, M. Niklová, J. Beljak). With particular satisfaction one should ap-plaud the publication of lithic assemblages from Baden sites in Poland (M. Kaflińska, I. Wójcik, D. Ste-fański; M. Nowak, E. Trela-Kieferling) and Slovakia (M. Cheben). One should also note the publication of
Conference participants during the trip to the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Ojców). Standing from the left: R. Malček, V. Struhár, M. Soják, M. Cheben, P. Kalábková, G. Nevizánsky, J. Bober, T. Horváth, A. Zastawny, J. Peška, M. Nowak, M. Šmíd, P. Rajca. Sitting from the left: E. Horváthová, J. Mellnerová Šuteková, A. Przybył, M. Szmyt, I. Wójcik, D. Stefański
Preface
the Boleráz finds from the well-known site of Bajč-Vlkanovo in western Slovakia (A. Bistákova, G. Nevi-zánsky) and the discovery of Proto-Boleráz grave in Zagórze site 2 in the Western Beskidy Mts. (P. Valde-Nowak, A. Gil-Drozd, A. Kraszewska, M. Paternoga).
The third section of the book is entitled Around the Baden culture and addresses the presence of Baden traits in other cultures and groups, including those that pre-date the Baden complex, those deve-loping contemporary with it, as well as post-Baden units. In this section one can find the discussion on the relationships between the Baden and Globular Amphora cultures (M. Szmyt), the nature of the “Ba-denisation” processes within the Funnel Beaker cul-ture (A. Przybył; K. Papáková), and the transitional stage dividing the decline of classic Baden and the rise of post-Baden groups of Bošáca and Jevišovice in western Slovakia (J. Mellnerová Šuteková).
The present volume raises a number of important issues that combine to the complex nature of the Baden phenomenon in Europe. We are aware that the full description and explanation of this complexity still remains a research postulate for the nearest fu-ture. Fortunately, the last several years has brought us closer to fulfilling this task. The completion of large-scale excavations accompanying road construction projects in Hungary, Lesser Poland, and Moravia have resulted in the constant flow of analyses presenting the materials from large, multi-phase Baden culture set-tlements, such as Balatonőszöd in Transdanubia. To-gether with the publication of other selected assem-blages and source materials from the most recent, but also old excavations (ceramics, lithic artefacts, an-thropological data, radiocarbon determinations) this allows for undertaking more comprehensive analyses
and syntheses of the chronological and cultural pic-ture of the Baden complex. Many such studies can be found in this publication. They include the analyses of periodization and chronology of the Baden culture in Hungary, Moravia, and Lesser Poland, the defini-tions of Baden “phenomena” in the uplands and moun-tains of Slovakia, or the presentation of lithic invento-ries from archaeological sites situated on both sides of the Carpathians.
The range of problems addressed in this book clearly indicate that, in many aspects, the investiga-tion of the Baden culture complexity still represents the stage of basic research, based on typo-chronolo-gical studies. Topics such as Baden flint working, economic systems and phenomena (e.g. the astound-ing ‘aversion’ of Baden people to copper objects), paleoenvironmental contexts of functioning and transformation, or social and ideological interpreta-tions, still obviously require researching. Addressing the mentioned topics will allow for a more compre-hensive picture of the Baden culture, and will contri-bute to our understanding of anthropological and his-torical phenomena hiding behind this archaeological category, even if this will also result (as it usually does) in some old problems becoming more complicated and will inevitably create new ones.
Recapitulating, we hope that “The Baden culture around the Western Carpathians” will become a source of information and provide an impulse for further, many-aspect research on the Baden “world”, in which the key role will be played by studies on regional dif-ferentiation of settlement and, in longer perspective, by syntheses set against wide comparative back-ground.
Marek Nowak, Albert Zastawny
