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Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
What is a Mineral?
Halite Crystal (NaCl)
•Natural, inorganic solid with a crystal structure.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Types of Minerals
•Minerals are grouped by the chemicals in them
•Silicate minerals contain silicon and oxygen.
Muscovite crystal under microscope
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Silicate Minerals
Muscovite crystal under microscope
•Over 90% of the minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Calcite (CaCO3)
•Nonsilicates are minerals that do not contain silicon.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Calcite (CaCO3)
•Nonsilicates are made of elements such as carbon, oxygen, iron and sulfur
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Calcite (CaCO3)
•Carbonates, such as calcite, are used in cement, building stone, and fireworks. Carbonates contain carbon and oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Halite (NaCl)
•Halide minerals are used in fertilizer, or to season your food. Halides contain a halogen, such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Corundum (Al2O3)
•Oxide minerals are used to make abrasives and aircraft parts. All oxides contain three atoms of oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O)
•Sulfates are used in cosmetics, toothpaste, and paint. All sulfates contain sulfur and oxygen.
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Nonsilicate Minerals
• Sulfides – All minerals in the sulfide group contain sulfur and a metal.
• Native elements – All minerals in this group are found on the periodic table.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Geologists use physical properties such as color, luster, streak, and many others to identify minerals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Quartz/Amethyst Scepter (SiO2)
•Quartz and amethyst are both SiO2, but amethyst contains impurities that give it a purple color.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Quartz/Amethyst Scepter (SiO2)
•Because a single mineral can be many colors, color is not a reliable way to identify a mineral.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Galena (PbS)- Metallic Luster
•The way the surface of a mineral reflects light is called luster
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Bauxite (Al2O3•2H2O)- Earthy Luster
•Bauxite, the ore of aluminum, has a nonmetallic luster
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Hematite’s color may change, but its streak is always the same
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Cleavage Planes
•Fluorite, halite, and calcite all have cleavage along flat
planes. Property of a mineral that allows it to break along smooth, flat planes is its cleavage.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
Fracture
•Sulfur has fracture, meaning it breaks unevenly
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•A mineral’s resistance to scratching it is called hardness
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Hardness is measured using Mohs’ hardness scale
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Density is another property used to identify minerals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•More ping-pong balls than golf balls are needed to balance the scale
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Identifying Minerals
•Which are more dense, golf balls or ping-pong balls?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
From Minerals to Rocks
Minerals of Granite
•Rock is a solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
From Minerals to Rocks
Coal Limestone•Some types of rock, such as coal and limestone are made of organic materials, not minerals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
The Rock Cycle
•The rock cycle is the continuous process by which new rock is formed from old rock material
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
The Rock Cycle
•Each type of rock can be changed into every other type of rock
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
The Rock Cycle
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
What are some positive and some negative effects that volcanoes have on
the people and places around them?
What Do You Think?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Lava Fountain
•All igneous rock starts out as magma inside the earth
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Lava “Freezes” into Igneous Rock
•When magma or lava cools down enough, it becomes igneous rock
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Intrusive Rock- Granite
•When magma cools beneath the earth’s surface, it forms intrusive igneous rock
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Intrusive Rock- Granite
•Large crystals form, and intrusive rock has a coarse texture because it cools very slowly
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Extrusive Rock- Obsidian
•Igneous rock that forms on the earth’s surface is called extrusive
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Extrusive Rock- Obsidian
•Extrusive rock cools quickly and does not have time to grow large crystals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Extrusive Rock- Obsidian
•Extrusive rock has a fine-grained texture
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
How are layers of sedimentary rock similar to the rings in a tree? How are they
different? What can geologists learn from studying sedimentary rock layers?
What Do You Think?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
•Wind, water, ice, and pressure all cause rock to break into pieces
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
Rivers Transport Sediment
•In the process of erosion, rivers move sediment from one place to another
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
Sedimentary Rock Layers
•Finally, the sediment is deposited in layers
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
Sedimentary Rock Layers
•After compaction and cementation, sedimentary rock is formed
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Sedimentary: Rock FromOther Rocks
Calcite Flowstone
•Chemical sedimentary rock forms when minerals crystallize out of a solution of minerals and water
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
From Minerals to Rocks
Coal Limestone•Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal and limestone form from the remains of living things
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
When you mix up cookie dough, the mixture of ingredients is similar to sedimentary rock. How does the cookie dough change when
you place it in a hot oven?
What Do You Think?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
Contact Metamorphism
•Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Let’s Review!
- 1 -What are the five
characteristics of a mineral?
How is a mineral different from a rock?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Let’s Review!
- 2 -How does the rate of
cooling affect the size of crystals in igneous
rocks?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Let’s Review!
- 3 -How does clastic
sedimentary rock form?How does chemical
sedimentary rock form?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Let’s Review!
- 4 -What changes occur when
heat and pressure are applied to a rock?
What kinds of rocks can become metamorphic?
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
http://webmineral.comhttp://mineral.galleries.comhttp://www.mindat.org/
Unit 3 : Chapter 15© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Pre-AP Extensions