Post on 16-Jan-2016
transcript
+Tuesday, November 12th
4 day week
Starting motivation/emotion today
Get back grades!!!
1
+Matt Foley- Motivational Speaker
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCLnWUQyIm0
It is not the WHOLE video….but it is a classic Chris Farley
2
+What makes people motivated??
3
+
Perspectives on Motivation
+Motivation and Emotion
Motivation Specific need or desire,
such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy,
or surprise, that underlies behavior
5
+Motivation Motives are triggered by a
stimulus (Incentive) Bodily conditions (low blood
sugar) Cue in the environment (AP
Test/College Success) Emotion - Feeling, such as fear,
joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior
When the stimulus creates goal-directed behavior it motivated the person
6
+What?
Motivates you to study?
To practice?
To go to work?
To do chores?
7
Perspectives on Motivation
Five perspectives to explain motivation include the following:
8
1. Instinct Theory2. Drive-Reduction Theory3. Incentive Theory4. Arousal Theory5. Cognitive Theory
+
Instinct Theory
9
Instincts & Evolutionary PsychologyInstincts are complex behaviors that
have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
10Where the woman builds different kinds of houses
the bird builds only one kind of nest.
© A
riel Skelley/ M
asterfile
Tony B
randenburg/ Bruce C
oleman, Inc.
+Instincts
Natural or inherited tendencies of an organism to make a specific response to certain environmental stimuli without involving reason.
Examples: Salmon Humans- cleanliness,
curiosity, parental love, sociability, sympathy
11
+Flaws with this theory
Fell out of favor Human behavior is rarely inflexible and
found throughout the species Simply label behaviors
Humans have reflexes but not instincts?
12
+
Drive Reduction Theory
13
Drive-Reduction Theory(Bodily Needs)A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
14
Tension
+Need
Biological or physiological requirement of an organism
Results from a lack of something desirable or useful
Physiological need= oxygen, food to survive
Psychological= self-esteem, social approval
15
+Drive
An internal condition that can change over time and orients an individual toward a specific goal or goals
Hunger=?
Curiosity=?
Rest=?
16
+ Homeostasis17
FoodDrive
Reduction
Organism
The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Stomach FullEmpty Stomach(Food Deprived)
+Drive Reduction
When something is deprived of something it needs, it becomes agitated and tense.
To release the tension, it engages in more or less random activity
18
+Two types of drives
Primary drive Unlearned drive based on a physiological
state found in all animals Motivate behavior necessary for survival Hunger, thirst and sex
Secondary drive Learned drive – wealth or success
• Problem with Drive-Reduction – once homeostasis is achieved we’d never do anything
• Not just balance we’re looking for
19
+
Incentive Theory
20
+Incentive Theory
The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might
be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid.
21
+Kind of like Operant Conditioning…
You can liken incentive theory to operant conditioning. Just as in operant conditioning, where behaviors are
performed in order to either gain reinforcement or avoid punishment, incentive theory states that your actions are directed toward gaining rewards.
22
+Sandwich Example
You may be really hungry; walk to the cafeteria; incentive is the sandwich we intend to eat
Sometimes the drive is so great, we do not care that the incentive is weak
If your drive is weak, the incentive must be strong
23
24
So… What is the difference between drive theory and incentive theory?
Drive theory – Biological internal motivation (homeostasis)
Incentive theory – Environmental motivation (not as much homeostasis, more outside factors)
+ 25When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, “Because I’ve always liked biology and being a doctor will allow me to make a good salary to take care of my family.” His answer is most consistent with which of the following theories of motivation?1. Drive Reduction
2. Incentive
3. Hierarchy of Needs
4. Arousal
5. Instinct
+
Arousal Theory
26
27
Arousal Theory:
Arousal – level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the CNS.
The optimal level of arousal varies with the person and the activity.
Yerkes-Dodson Law – We usually perform most activities best when we are moderately aroused.
Challenge – moderately low level
Easy – moderately high level
The law also states that we perform worse when arousal is either to low or too high.
Think about sports or driving a car
Optimum Arousal
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.
Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the
absence of a need-based drive.
28
Harlow
Prim
ate Laboratory, U
niversity of Wisconsin
Randy F
aris/ Corbis
+Yerkes-Dodson Law
29
+
Cognitive Theory
30
+Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation Motivation for a behavior is the behavior
itself Playing basketball; football Children playing is an example
Extrinsic motivation Behavior is performed in order to obtain
a reward or to avoid punishment To reduce biological needs A bonus program is an example
31
+Over justification Effect
The overjustification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
32
+Venn Diagram…
Using pages 312-317….
33