1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring

2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine

3. James Joule (1842) established equivalence of work and heat (Joule)

A. DefinitionB. History

I. Introduction

Bioenergetics

6. Ludwig Boltzman late 19th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him.7. Albert Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations)

8. Ernest Rutherford (1910) and Neils Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom.

5. J. Gibbs (1878) proposed free energy or system energy to perform work when To and pressure are uniform throughout a system called Free Energy

4. Rudolph Classius (1850) states the first two laws of thermodynamics

1. Potential Energy = Stored Energy

Figure 8.2

C. Energy Forms

2. Kinetic Energy = Motion Energy Figure 8.2

1. Law of Conservation or Quantity of Energy

Figure 8.3

D. Energy Laws 2. Law of

Transformation or Quality of Energy

Figure 8.3

The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram.

Figure 9.2

1. Predicting reaction spontaneity = Free Energy (ΔG)

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔS =

entropy

ΔH = enthalpy

ΔG = free energy

T = absolute temperature

E. Energy Reactions

Figure 8.5

2. Exergonic reactions = release of free energy3. Endergonic reactions = absorbs free energy

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

4. Oxidation/Reduction reactions

1. Structure of ATP

Figure 8.9

F. ATP and Energy CouplingCycling of ATP

Figure 8.9

2. ATP Coupling Reactions

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

1. L. Pasteur vs. J. von Leibig (1890’s) Fermentation needs intact cells or not

2. E. Buchner late 1890’s Yeast yield EtOH and CO2 from catalyst in cells (yeast) coined the term “enzyme”3. J. Sumner (1926) isolated crystalline protein called urease

B. HistoryA. Definition

II. Enzymes

1. Overview

C. Function2. How?

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.16

3. Mechanism

4. Kinetics (Michaelis-Menton)

5. Line Weaver-Burk plot

Line Weaver-Burk plot

Figure 8.17Figure 8.18

6. Environmental Effects (To, pH, & Competition)

Figure 8.20

Figure 8.21

7. Regulation (Allosteric & Feedback Inhibition)