1

THE ENVIRONMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Scale/Effect CO VOC NOx CO2 Lead Other toxic airpollutants

LOCAL High concentrations of Toxic pollutants Urban ozone (smog)

REGIONAL Ozone concentrations

Acid Deposition

GLOBAL Climate change Accumulation of persistentpollutants

Major contributor Contributor

2

• Motor vehicle emissions are major contributors to health risks and environmental damage at the local, regional and global levels

• The rapid growth in vehicle use expected over the next few decades will impair current efforts to control emissions of conventional pollutants while substantially increasing highway emissions of greenhouse gases.

Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

3

• Long-term solutions to environmental problems such as tropospheric ozone concentrations and CO2 emissions will require substantial reductions in fossil fuel use through a combination of fuel efficiency improvements, substitution of new, cleaner fuels and moderate, controlled levels of annual traffic growth.

Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

4

• An integrated approach to transport, energy and environmental issues will become increasingly essential to an emissions control policy capable of achieving long term goals.

Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

5

Transport sector contribution to atmospheric emissions

OECD Europe and North America, 1986

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

CO VOC NOx CO2

Other Sectors

Fuel Use for PowerGeneration

Residential /Commerce

Industry

Transport

6

Share of annual U.S. cancer cases related to air pollution

Industry25%

Motor Vehicles

56%Product

Use19%

7

Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants

Acetaldehyde1%

Formaldehyde 4%

Benzene10%

Gasoline Particulate

13%

Diesel Particulate

15%

1,3-Butadiene57%

Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants

8

Urban air quality and motor vehicle emissions research at

Carleton University

• the measurement and characterization PM and VOCs in urban micro-environments

• the measurement and characterization of motor vehicle emissions

• the use and development of emission receptor and dispersion models to arrive at quantitative relations between emissions and urban air quality.

9

Collaborative Research

• Environment Canada’s Environmental Technology Centre (ETC) in Ottawa: well equipped laboratories, state of the art research capability.

• Researchers in Environmental Engineering at Carleton University are collaborating with the Emissions Research and Measurement Division at ETC in applying experimental and modelling techniques in each of these areas.

10

DISTANCE / SPEED

LOAD (force)

Critical Flow Venturi

Dilution Air

Dilution Air Filter

Particulate Sampling

Particulate Pump

Unregulated Emissions Sample

Regulated Emissions Sample

Dilute Exhaust

Filter Box

Heated NOxHeated Fid (NDIR)

Carbon Monoxide

(NDIR)

Carbon DioxideNitrogen OxidesTotal Hydrocarbon

Analyzer Bench

Concentrations

Temperature, Abs. Pressure

grams/mileCO CO2NOx HC

Vehicle Exhaust

LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE TESTING

11

Vehicle Emission Testing

12

Ambient air quality monitoring in urban micro-environments such as sidewalks, bus stations,

parking garages, under different climate conditions

- Slater Street, Ottawa

13

• Ambient sampling stations constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds

14

• Oznur Oguz, a visiting researcher from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, taking measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa

15

• Measuring concentration of VOC and carbonyl compound pollutant levels inside vehicles

16

Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modelling to determine contribution of different sources to measured pollutant concentrations

Source 1xi1 i=1,n

Source 2xi2 i=1,n

Source 3xi3 i=1,n

Receptoryi i=1,n

1

2

3