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� .Elementary. :��
Ter�p6:�t6gr�phyA PRACTICAL TREATISE FOR
AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS
By J. P. SAINT-CLAIR.
ILLUSTRATED.
PUBLISHED BY
THE CAMERA & DARK ROOM CO.,108 FULTON ST., NEW YORK.
(Montreal, P. Q. and San Francisco.)
No. " OF 'raE --PHOTOGRAPHIC HANDBOOK.
c. 0(,
Cop_vn'ght, WO'2
By W ALTER G. PI ERSO�.
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109.
ELEMENTARY
TELEPHOTOGRAPHY ..
I
)� �
�.,trodUCtiOn. T:w. 0 R P TEL�•
... PHOTOGRAPHY IS
lerived from the Greek tele, meaning far
'ff; photo, meaning light; and graphz"a,eaning to write. Literally translated,stands for "far off light writing," and
commonly translated, '�'photograph'g objects which are distant from the
'mera." While these definitions are
; od, they do not em brace all that can
�� accomplished by means of telepho-
tography.. While objects a great dis
tance from the camera 'can be .photographed and produce a picture of goodsize with plenty of minute detail, small
objects near the camera can also be
photographed in their natural sizes or
even larger in some cases, such as
flowers, small animals, architectural
detail, etc. To do telephotographicwork, special apparatus is 'required,such as camera, lens and tripod; but
the apparatus which can be used in
telephotography can also be made use
ful in ordinary photography, so if a
camera is bought it would be advan
tageous to purchase one which can
also be brought into service as a tele
photo-camera, as the cost is very little
more, and the tripod is the same as
.any, other tripod, with the exception2
that it should be rigid so as eliminatevibration of th� camera -during ex
posure.A good definition for
Definition.telephotography w 0 u 1 d
read something like this : Telephotography is the art of photographingobjects distant from the camera witha specially constructed lens or series of
"lenses by which larger and clearer pictures are obtained than with an ordi
nary lens, and the photographing ofnearer objects with. the view of ob
taining larger and better defined detailwithout the loss of Iocal depth.
The advantages. of teleAdvantages photography are s u c h
of that a photographer can
Telephotog- reproduce the beautiful intaphy. nature and the handiwork
of man, just as he likes without greatinconvenience. Objects at an infinitedistance from the camera may be pho-
3
tographed, as the sun, the moon, the
planets. and their satellites, and the,
fixed stars. Astronomy would be in a
very sore· plight if telephotographycould not be brought to its aid to produce accurate records of the positionsof the different planets at different
periods, and the many other changestoo numerous to enumerate here,which occur in the universe outside ofthe earth. The photographing of vol
canos, mountain peaks and ranges at a
distance of forty to sixty miles fromthe camera is only possible with tele
photography and results are obtainedthat would surprise even the most skeptical. Pictures can be produced of ob
jects and views, that would be <impossible to get with an ordinary camera
and lens, or sometimes a long and tedious walk is' saved by the use of the
telephoto outfit, whereas with an ordi
nary outfit the camera would have to
4
be placed at a particular point to pro ...
duce a desirable result. In some
cases the surrounding conditions andthe lay of the ground is such that ,it is
impossible to produce a good pictureand the photographer is compelled to
resort to the telephoto lens to obtainresults. The production of architectural detail, when in such a positionthat it could not be secured with an
ordinary lens, is another advantage ofthe telephoto lens. Since the adventof the isochromatic and orthochromatic dry plates great interest has beentaken in reproducing flowers by-photography, put with the use of a tele- ,
photo lens in 'addition to the iso dryplate and the ray filter, results can beobtained that surpass pictures madewith an ordinary camera, because thesebeautiful objects can be reproduced in'natural size and smaller flowers Can be
enlarged. Small animals, such as
Ii
squirrels and birds, can "be photo-·graphed in their native haunts without
having, to approach too near to disturb them.
The disadvantages atDisadvan-
tending the practice oftages of
telephotography are 'sevTelephotog- eral. The long focus ca-
mera, the extra heavy tri
pod, the large focusing cloth, telephotoattachment and its support, a ray filterand plate holders make quite a load to
carry about. The other disadvantagesof telephotography are those connectedwith the prolonged exposure, and the
atmospheric conditions. On account ofthe long exposure necessary it is almost
impossible to make pictures of objectsin motion, and it must not be verywindy as vibrations of the camera are
liable to be produced and objects to be
photographed are kept in constant mo
tion by the wind. In making pictures
raphy.
6
of objects a great distance from thecamera it is necessary' that the atmos
phere be absolutely clear and free from.
smoke.imist or dust, otherwise the picture will look foggy.· To get the best.results in telephotography it is policyto go out to make telephoto views on
a bright morning following a shower or
rain, as the air is then clearest. Duringthe hot season of the year telephotog..
raphy should be practiced before ten. A. M., or after three P. M., to avoid thevibrations in the air which occur duringthe heat of the day, and which are produced by air of different temperaturescoming together. Another disadvan
tage of telephotography .is the diffi
culty of focusing, especially the largermagnifications such as eight or ten
diameters of enlargement, which willbe explained later on. All the disad
vantages are not so great that they are
not readily overcome, with the excep-
7
tion of the making of telephotographsof objects ·in motion, although slow
snap shots of ships at sea have beenmade with the telephoto lens in brightweather.
The camera should havea fairly long bellows, from
Apparatus -three to six times the��quired. length of the focus of the
photo-objective used on the camera .
.It should· be strongly built. and the
parts should fjt rigidly, so that theycannot vibrate with the wind. Acamera with a back as well as a front
focusing device is preferable to one
that has only a front focusing adjustment, because the focusing is verydifficult and if the bellows .is extendedvery much it will be very inconvenientto have to get out from under the
focusing cloth every time the rackand pinion should .be brought intoservice. to adjust the focus.. I have in
.
The
8
service' a 5 x 7 long focus, reversibleback Premo of t'he 1901 style, with a
bellows extension of 36 inches, with a
back and a front focus, both of whichare supplied with rack and pinion, andfind that it answers the purpose most
admirably. The tripod s h 0 u I d be
strong and: rigid, so that with thecamera placed upon it there will be an
absence of vibration in quite a strongwind, because upon this point dependsyour success in telephotography.
The focusing- cloth should be large,that is it should be large e-n-ough to goall around the camera and come to
gether underneath, so all the light can
be shut out from behind.Most any' good ray filter will do to
shut out the blue haze which will benoticed when looking at distant ob
jects and which will make the picturelook foggy.
Another necessary adjunct- to the '
9
telephoto outfit is a support for thefront board of the camera, which becomes" taxed to the utmost by 'theheavy lens, shutter and telephoto at
tachment, and puts it on a tension,whichinvites vibration of the worst k-ind.The mere opening of the shutter or
touching of the camera and tripod willmake the front board vibrate for two
whole minutes, which means death to
the picture. Therefore the supportfor the front board is as essential in the
production of telephotographs as is the
tripod. This support may he a simpleblock of wood, fitted so as to reachfr-om the base of the camera to theunder side of the telephoto attachment
just back of the shutter and the photoobjective, or it may consist of a rodwhich extends from the top of the
. camera to the top of the front board,and provided with a slide and thumbscrew so it can be let out or shortened
10
at will, without much inconvenience.
I, for my part, prefer the little wooden
block, as it takes up very little room.in
carrying about.
Telephoto lenses on the market are
of various kinds. The little supplementary lenses which are used in front
of, or between the combinations of the
photo-objective, and magnify from one
and a half to two diameters are very
popular, but do not come under this
subject, neither do the convertiblelenses usually sold with long focuscameras. These lenses have becomeso popular that any camera that has
any pretention toward long focus must
be equipped with a convertible lens.I t is so constructed that if the rear
combination of the system is used
alone, or the front combination is used
alone, the focal length is increased fromone and a half to two times that of the,combined system.
11
Long focus lenses, such as would be
required to magnify the picture fromfour to eight diameters would requireas many different lenses, which' are
very expensive, .and would require a
camera with bellows extension of fromfour to eight times that necessary fo�a short focus length, consequently �ewill not consider these' any further withthe exception of showing the differencein bellows extension required in longfocus lenses and the use of a telephotoattachment, as; it is shown in my outfit
consisting of a photo objective, "TheCollinear" Series I I, NO.4, with a 7Y8inch focus and a telephoto attachmentof the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,with, a lens of a negative focus of
3 15-16 in. which is as follows :-
Diameters of enlargement.... 3Extension with telephoto t 8 inattachment I
.. .
With long focus lens 24 in.
Diameters of enlargement. . . • 7Extension with telephoto t 24 in
attachment I.. .
With long focus lens 56 in.
5 6
12 in. 16 in. 20 in.
82 in, 40 in. 48 in.
8 9
28 in. S2in.
64 in. 72 in.
12
. I will now describe the telephoto.attachment which I have been alludingto above. These instruments are man
ufactured by various firms who make
.lenses, such as Bausch & Lomb Optit cal Co., Carl Zeiss, Voigtlaender & Son
Optical Co., J. H. Dallmeyer, Steinheil.
& Son, R. &. J. Beck, and others, 'butI will limit my description to theinstrument made by the Bausch &Lomb .Optical Co., as it is their lensthat I am using. While the instruments made by the different firms are
all made on' the same principle .thedescription of one will practicallycover each make with the exception ofsome unimportant points. The Bausch& Lomb Optical Co. make two gradesof this instrument-one which is usedon a camera with a short bellows and
will produce enlargements up to two
and a half diameters, and up to fourdiameters with additional bellows ex-;
13
tension, and the other a higher class
. instr�ment which produces. enlargements from three diameters up to eightand ten. The cheaper instrument will
probably interest more amateur pho-
A HAND CAMERA TELEPHOTO LENS.
tographers than the more expensivekind and I will therefore consider it first.
The hand camera telephoto is the
ideal attachment for the amateur ph<;>-14
tographer as it can �e �M�M with a
camera with ia .bellows tha,t, racks, out
from one atlo4 i.��it i�q t?�j�� �h� '(o.i�length of the photo.objective, ,t\le bestcamera f�r its u�� 0 ��l�k:.�:·\�tlgOOf�cuscycle style. Any camera will answer
the purpose, although not as well.This attachment consists of two tubes,one sliding within the other, the largerhaving a negative lens in the end, of
just half the focal length of the photoobjective used, which is attached to thefront board in place of the shutter, andthe shutter holding the photo-objectiveis attached to the inner tube, whichslides within the larger tube, and on
which is engraved a scale of enlargements. The attachment can be orderedfrom any 'photo supply house by 'send
ing the exact focal length of the photoobjective and size and kind of shutter,the size of camera and length of bellows.
15
The mort�c�xlPensive attachment issimilar too.ofheo �hove' one with the ex-
��ii�J, °th�i' >tbeiibi�r(6.Iib� slides in
�nd' QUCt 'by ; �'�}:l{il'n<d 0 pf�ion, . and' also
ispro;'dd�.Wj£h�4ra�hJ.agms to shut out
reflectCi�ns: t'he�e' instruments are not
kept in stockby the manufacturers butare made to fit the particular photoobjective it is to be used with. The
photographer who desires one of thisclass of instruments is required to sendhis photo-objective to' the: lens makerso. that he can, make a' .negative lensthat will work withit at'�ll the enlargements.. The lens makers ,also assert
that none. but high class· photo-objectives will be. fitted to this instrumentas results will not.be satisfactory with
others; that is, any lack of sharpness inthe image produced by the photoobjective will be exaggerated by the
negative lens in the attachment. Hereis appended the manufacturer's table
16-
ELEMENTARY TELEPHOTOGRAPHY.
The small picture isa photograph of the German Building,Chicago, taken on July I at 1.30 P. M. after a rainstorm. The'air was clear, the sky dark and gloomy. The building was a
quarter of a mile from 'the camera. A 16-inch focus lens wasused, stop f/8, time 1/30 second on Cramer Crown plate,usiug g x 7 Premo camera. The picture shows the impossibilityof getting nearer to take the picture.
The large picture is a tele photograph of the same buildingtaken immediately after the other. Diameters of enlargement-6; bellows extension, 20 inches: exposure. 2 seconds onCramer isochromatic plate. through Burk e & James ray titter,same camera, B. & L. telephoto lens,tI
....--l
EQUIVA- MAGNIl<'ICATION.
SIZE. F:;{-';STOF Resul�ing Focus when used with Tele-Photo Attachment
'PaOTOLENS. 3 4 . 5 6 7 ·8
--- - ---' --- --- ---
Inches. . Jncbes. Inches. Juches. Inches. inches. Inches. Inches.
4 .
X 5 6� 6ra; 9f8 �- �2yB 16}'B 19� 22Ys5 X 8 0% 8ra ,13'
.
IJ 72 �2 26 � 316Yzx 8;%' :. ])}'2. II}�, 16� 2�Yz 28Yz. 34Yz 40Yz8 X io "I",iYz :!1$Yz." '�d� 2>Z�: :"34Yz '41,% 48Yz
SIZE. ili.\MEl'ERS OF IMAGE CIRCLE.
Inches. \Vhen used with T'ele-Photo Attachment.
4 X 5 5·ji . 7 Yz . 9 � r � 1.5 17 Yz.5 X 8 6Yz. 9%' 123� I6J.(. 19ra 22Yz6�x &Yz 8' ) I 14xt 18 22 26
8 X 10 9 12% 16Yz 20% 26 30-- �
of bellows extension required for thedifferent sizes of instruments, also a
table of the diameter of the imagecircle produced by them in .the various
enlargements.The Dry
The dry plates used in
Plates. telephotography shouldbe of the m 0 s t rap i d
brand because of the necessarily prolonged exposure and for long distances,of the iso or orthochromatic kind, and
exposed through a ray-filter, tocut out
the blue haze, which can be observedwhen viewing distant objects. All dryplates to be used should be of the non-
.
halation variety, because halation isnot desirable in pictures and the tele
photo lens exaggerates it quite a little.Non-halation dry plates are expensive,so the only way �o get around this is
to back regular plates with any goodnon-halation backing of which thereare many on the market. It requires.
18
considerable care but after getting usedto non-halation dry plates none otherwin 'be used again for any kind of photography. I back all my own dryplates with a backing I make myself;I do not consider it supedor to anyof those on the market, but just as
good. ' I purchase a pound of burntumber in dry powder, at the paint shop,at five cents, and a bottle of best mucil
age at the drug store at ten cents, andmix the two with the addition of
enough water to make a mass of the
consistency of- putty and then knead it
thoroughly as a baker does his bread
dough. [ then mould this mass into
small square cakes and lay it in thesun to dry. The backing is then readyfor use. Scrape from the edges of one
of the cakes enough in the form of fine
powder for immediate use, and mix it
with sufficient water to make it of the
consistency of house paint, and then
19
retire to the dark room and proceed to
cover the glass backs of the dry plates,being ..very careful the face of the
plate is kept perfectly clean, This
operation must be performed in a verydim ruby Iight.and the plates laid facedown on a black piece of cloth to dry:which takes about half an hour, when
they are ready· for the plate holders.After the plates have been exposedand _ are ready for development, the
backing can be removed by taking a
bit of soft cotton, or absorbent cotton,wetting it, wipe' all off carefully without wetting the face of the plate. I
have now described all the apparatusrequired to make telephotographs, andwe are ready to proceed with actualwork.
The selection of objects.
for telephoto views should
always be made before_
starting out with the outfit, so as to
StartingOut.
20
-lose the least time possible in gettingthe exposure during the proper timeof day and when the atmospheric con
ditions are satisfactory. The besttime to start out would be on a brightmorning after _ a shower, as the air isthen most free from fog, dust and
smoke; and if it is during the warm
season the .exposure should be madebefore 10 a. m. or after 3 p. m. to avoidthe vibration of the air previously men
tioned. It should also be a morningwhen the wind is not blowing, to avoidvibration of the camera, as there is
usually considerable bellows surface
exposed and the wind is also liable to
keep the trees, etc., in motion. Thecamera should be focused in a placeon a solid foundation and as much out
of the wind as possible, as it makes
very little difference in taking longdistance views whether the camera ismoved a few feet one _way or the other.
21
After the camera is set up the object to
be taken should be viewed on the focus
ing screen, without the telephoto com
bination, to ascertain the bearing andsize of the object so that the numberof diameters of enlargement can be
judged. The photo-objective should be
wiped clean with a piece of absorbentcotton, so as to remove all the dirt or
dust that may settle on the surface, as
the smallest particle of dirt will be
greatly magnified by the negative lensin the attachment and Cctuse a -spot on
the negative or plate. The shutter and
photo-objective can then be taken offthe front board and the telephotoattachment put in its place and theshutter and photo-objective adjustedto the end of the attachment and the
apparatus is ready for the most difficult part of the whole procedure-snamely, the focusing of the object on
the focusing screen.
22
This· without doubt isFocusing. the most patience-tryingordeal a photographer is asked to go
through. Having first ascertained the
magnification necessary, the telephotoattachment is set at the number ofthe scale, �hich is engraved on theinner tube, indicating the diametersof enlargement, and rack out the bellows to the required length as givenin the table on page 17. Now by the aidof the focusing doth the real work
begins, and with a little perseverancethe effort will be crowned with success.
The fine focusing is done with the rackand pinion of the telephoto-attachmentto get the desired enlargement on the
plate, and with the rack and pinion on
the bed of the camera to get the sharpness of the image on the plate. Thelatter may be done much easier if thecamera has a back focusing device.The greater the number of diameters
23
of enlargement the more difficult willbe the focusing, consequently one issometimes satisfied with a smaller·pict-ture to facilitate matters. It sorne-:
times happens that a lens cannot be
accurately fitted to the attacliment to
obtain all the diameters of enlarge-ment, especially in the cheaper gradesof lenses, and there will occur what isknown as spherical aberation, That is,when the object is focused on the'
focusing screen the edges of the pict-,ure will be out of focus when thecentre is in focus and vice versa, whichmakes things very aggravating.· Toobviate this the space between the two
combinations of the photo-objective.should be slightly increased by turningthe front combination a half a turn or
more to the left. The exact amount
must be ascertained for each lens andcan only be done during focusing so as
to get it exactly correct.· Before put-24
ting the plate holder into the camera
take another look at the focusingscreen to see if the picture is equallyfocused all over it and we are then
ready for the exposure.This is one of the most
.�xpo$ure. important considerations.The ·exposure is necessarily prolonged,but not as much as it seems at first
thought. The intensity of light diminishes directly as the square of the distance it travels, therefore a .lens of longfocus making a picture eight diameters
larger thah an ordinary lens of thesame diameter the exposure would be8 x 8=64 times that of the ordinary lens.This is not the case when using a tele
photo-attachment, because the bellowsextension for an eight diameter en
largement is not eight times as long,as will be seen on the table given on
page 17. I will take as example an
eight-inch photo-objective which would25
require, with a telephoto attachmentset at eight diameters enlargement,only 'twenty-eight inches bellows ex-.tension plus the four inches telephotoattachment, would make it thirty-twoinches from the photo-objective to the
. focusing screen, which is just one-half. the focus of an ordinary long focus lens,and requires sixty-four times the lengthof exposure, while this combination or
system requires the light to travel onlyfour times the distance of the eightinch photo-objective, and consequentlythe exposure is only multiplied by the
square of 4, (4x4=16) that is by 16.
This does not mean sixteen seconds or
any specified time, but simply that the
exposure will be sixteen times that of
the eight-inch photo-objective under
normal exposure. This is not all there
is to know about exposure in telephotography. The distance an object is
from the camera is an important factor
26
in exposure, as is also the color andthe light surrounding it. It is generallyknown that objects at a greater distancefrom the camera require a shorter ex
posure than those nearer, and objectsof a dark color require a longer exposure than those of a lighter color, whilethose in the shadow also require a
longer exposure than those in the light.These facts are also very much in evidence in telephotography as will beseen by the following tables which I
keep in my exposure record for readyreference and which I always carrywith me when I am out with a camera.
I will here again remark that this tabledoes not represent time of any kind,but the figures are multipliers of normal
photo-objective time..
If the photographer is not up on normal exposurehe should invest in a good exposuretable or meter. Following are the tablesfor exposures as I use them in telepho-tography.
.
27
For distances less than 800 feet multiply normal exposure time
bythe following factors:--,-
-Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j 10
Darkobjects in shadow, 9 Ib 25 36 49 64 81 100
.",00
Darkobjects in light and5 8 13 is 25 ,32 40 50light objects in shadow,
tightobjects in bright light,2 4 6 9 1,3 "i6 20, 25Darkobjects in intense light,
Lightobjects in intense light, I 2 3 5 7 9 II i3
For objects less than 1200 feet distance from the camera,
multiply the time of normal exposure by the following factors ,-
Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dark objects in shadow, 6 10 16 24 32 42 54 75
Dark objects in light and5 8 12
' 16 25 36I>:)light objects in shadow, '
3 20
c:o
Light objects in bright light,I 4 6 8 10 13 18
Dark objects in intense light, 3
Light objects in intense light, � I� 2 3 4 5 7 9_
Seaand sky, - - - 1/5 2/5 3/5 I IJ( I� 2 2�
Seaand sky with ships, - � I I�- 2 2,Yz 3 4 5
*For objects mote than r aoo teet distant from the camera,using isochromatic dry plates and ray screen. Multiply normal
exposure time by, the following factors:
.
Diameters of enlargement, 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dark objects in shadow, 9 J6 .25 36 49 64 8r 100
Dark objects in light and ..
light objects in shadow,6 10 16 24 32 42 54 68
ce0
Light objects in bright light,Dark objects in intense light, 3 5 8 12 r6 20 25 34
Light objects in intense light, :2 .. 6 9 13 i6 20 25
Sea and sky, - - - 3/10 � 41s 11/5 i� 2 2� 3t
Sea and sky with ships, )( I� 2 3 4 5 6 8
*NOTE.-If used without ray screen give one-quarter of the time thesefactors indicate.
These tables, do not contain factorsfor exposure as used in astronomy, because I have not taken the opportunityto experiment in making pictures of the
sun, the moon, the planets and the fixedstars. This will dose the notes on ex
posure, although a great deal could bewritten on the subject.
I am not going to giveDevelop-ment of the
a resume on the develop-Plate. ment of dry plates in gen-
eral, but will simply call·attention to one peculiarity in the de
velopment of the dry plate that hasbeen exposed through a telephoto lens.In the first place, if the dry plates havebeen backed, the backing should be
wiped off with a piece of wet absorbent
cotton,care being taken not to soil or wet
the face of the plate. These plates de
velop softer than plates exposed in an or
dinary camera, and workers who are ac
customed to make soft negatives should
31
be careful or they will have flat nega-tives. The developer should be con
siderably stronger than that used forother plates, and if contrasty negativesare desired a little bromide of potashshould be added. I am not confinedto strict formulee for developing dryplates as I vary the proportions of theconstituents in the developer to suit
conditions; viz: the time of the year,the exposure.and the kind of plate used.
The piotures produced byThe
Telephoto.. means of telephotography-graph. ar� such as to leave noth-
ing to be. desired. Theyare soft in appearance, yet full of detail,and have a perspective that can not be
produced by ordinary photography ..
Telephotography is a delightful sub
ject and as the prices of the attachments are now very moderate, I wouldadvise every amateur possessing a fold
ing hand-camera to purchase one a..dsee for himself.
COMPLETE WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.
PRICE
4 x 5'�";"T: $8.00f 6��8�, .12.00
,
.,
u. NI;HRINO,