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Semiconductors in
Medical ApplicationsAngelo, Antolin, Arellano, Avila, Catibog, Dufourt
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MedicalApplications
Brain Data Collectio
Glucose Monitoring
Oxygen Saturation
Auscultation
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Brain Data Collectio
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Brain Computer Interfaa direct communication interface beteenan external device and t!e brain
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Brain Computer Interface
" directed at augmenting, assisting, or repairing sensory"motor or !cognitive functions#
" combines tec!nologies from t!e $elds of electrical engineering, co
science, biomedical engineering, and neurosurgery#
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%IS&O'( O) BCI
● Hans Berger’s discovery of electrical activit● Berger invented encephalography (EEG); h
to record human brain activity using that● Berger’s first recording device:
○ nserted silver wires under the scalps o○ !ilver foils attached to patients’ head b
bandages● !ensors:
○ "ippman capillary electrometer #$ disa
results
○ !iemens double coil recording galvanosuccess
● Berger analy%ed interrelation of alternation
wave diagrams with brain diseases&
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%IS&O'( O) BCI
● 'acues idal coined the term *B+,- produced the first peer.reviewed
publication●
Barac/ 0bama launched the B123
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%o BCI *or+s
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Maor &ypes of BCI
-# Invasive BCI. More direct signals
. /lanted it!in t!e brain0s grey matter
1# 2on"Invasive BCI
. 3asier and safer4# /artially Invasive
. /lanted it!in t!e s+ull but outside t!e brain
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C!allenges of BCI
-# &!e brain is incredibly complex#
. To say that all thoughts or actions are the result of simple ele
in the brain is a gross understatement.
1# &!e signal is ea+ and prone to interference#
. Reading brain signals is like listening to a bad phone connec
lots of static.
4# &!e e5uipment is less t!an portable#
http://health.howstuffworks.com/brain.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/telephone.htmhttp://health.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm
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C!allenges of BCI
6# 7sually invasive8# 'estricted to a small number of cells
9# Su:er from lo spatial resolution
;# arying distance beteen electrodes give di:erent electrical activity
neurons
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2on"Invasive and
/artially Invasive BCI0● 3lectroencep!alograp!y ?33G@
● 3lectrocorticograp!y ?3CoG@● %ippocampus cultured in semiconductor c!ip
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3lectroencep!alogram
33G is t!eelectrical braactivity recor
from electrodplaced on t!e
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3lectroencep!alogram ?33G@
➔ sync!ronous activity of t!ousands of cortical neur
➔ does not provide detailed information on t!e activ
single neurons
➔ c!aracteried by small signal amplitudes ?a fe
noisy measurements
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Mec!anism of 33G
-# Measurement of minute voltage di:erences by ele
1# Ampli$cation of signals
4# )iltering of signals
6# Interpretation by computer
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3lectrodes used in 33G
-# *et 3lectrodes
. 7sed it! a conductive gel andor abrasive paste
■ Conductive gel" loers impedance for ecient c!arge tra
■ Abrasive paste" removes Stratum Corneum
1# Dry 3lectrodes
. May be spi+y, non"contact, or !eterogeneous
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Spi+y Dry 3lectrodes ?examples@
● Array of Silicon microneedles coated it! Ag
● Array of Silicon microneedles coated it! AgAgCl
● Multialled carbon nanotube arrays
● Array of 6x6 microtips on Silicon substrate coated it! Iridium o
● -=E conical needles treated it! &itanium and Gold
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O&%3'S
● Hippocampus cultured on semiconductor chips
● Neural dust
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Semiconductor brain: Nerve tissue interfaced witcomputer tissue
● Published in 2006 by a group of scientists at the Max-Planck nstitute
!iochemistry● !efore" informational input percei#ed by the mammalian brain is stor
term memory" it is temporarily memorised in the hippocampus$
● n this study" a thin slice of a rat hippocampus region is culti#ated on
semiconductor chip %ith &6" '() sensory transistors per s*uare millim
as a multitransistor array$
● +he chips are made of silicon %hich %ere %ire-bonded to standard ce packages$
● +he chip maps the electrical acti#ity of the neuron$
● ,rom this biophysicists %ere able to #isualie the influence of pharm
compound on the neural net%ork$
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NEURAL DUST: The proposed solution
● Proposed by a group of researchers in the .ni#ersity of !● Ma/ority of neural recording is done through the direct el
measurement of potential charges near rele#ant neurons d
depolariation e#ents called action potentials 1P$
● .ses a lo%-po%er 3M45 coupled %ith ultrasonic h
and backscatter communication to allo% it to track amonitor a brains acti#ity
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● Here" thousands of of &0-&00 micrometer scale" free
floating" independent sensor nodes containing 3M4
circuits detect and report local extracellular
electrophysiological data
● A sub"cranial interrogator t!at establis!es poecommunication lin+s it! t!e neural dust
NEURAL DUST: The proposed solution
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Glucose Monitoring
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!ource: https:44www&lalpathlabs&com4blog4diabetes4
DIABETES
● 5iabetes 6ellitus is a chronic
metabolic disease that affects the
pancreas7 ability to produce or respond toinsulin&
● Has 8 types:○ 9ype : the beta.cells in the
pancreas that produce insulin are
gradually destroyed
○ 9ype : nsulin attaches to the
receptors of cells but glucose does
not get inside a condition /nown as
insulin resistance
● 0ver
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Insert p!otos and stu:
-# Blabla
1# blablabla
GLUCOSE MONITORING DEVICE:
GLUCOMETER
!ource: http:44www&n>p&com4files4microcontrollers4doc4user?guide4652@@A!G516=&pdftid#26dl51
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What is lucometer! "istor#
CD: Glucotest49estape 1oll licensed by Eli "illy to Boehring6annheim
CF’: 5iasti> +linisti> +hemstrip uG availa
CF: Earnest 2dams developed 5e>trosti> (2mes 6iles
"aboratories)
CI
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What is lucometer!
2 glucometer is a device for determining the
appro>imate concentration of glucose in the
blood& t is a /ey element of home.based blood
glucose monitoring for people with diabetes
mellitus (9ype and 8)&
Principle behind: +onductivity of blood is
affected by the uantity of glucose present&
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What is lucometer! $arts
Test strip
& Jor/ing electrode . Electrons are produced
here during the chemical reaction& t is
connected to the current to voltage amplifier&
8& 1eference electrode . Held at constant
voltage with respect to the wor/ing electrode to
push the desired chemical reactions&
K& +ounter electrode supplies current to the
wor/ing electrode
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What is lucometer! $arts
Bld Gl!cse Meter
& Analog to digital converter . @rovides the
signal biasing& 9he 25+ outputs specific digital
numbers from voltages (strips)&
8& Transimpedance amplifier . Ased to convert
the current inputs into voltages that can be read
by the 25+&
K& Operational amplifiers . +ompare mode set
for *greater than range, that initiates the
measurement algorithm& 9he compare mode set
for *inside range, easily identifies the pea/ of
the chemical reaction&
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What is lucometer! "ow it wor%s
!ample
6ounting
Blood Glucose
2nalysis
Lrom the
current
● !ample (blood) is placed on the test strip mounted onto the glucometer
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What is lucometer! "ow it wor%s
!ample
6ounting
Blood Glucose
2nalysis
Lrom the
current
● Glucose in the blood undergoes a series of
chemical reactions which then leads to
generation of a current (through the productionduring the reaction and flow of electrons) that is
directly proportional to the amount of glucose
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What is lucometer! "ow it wor%s
!ample
6ounting
Blood Glucose
2nalysis
Lrom the
current
● 9he electrons flow through the wor/ing electrode and into the blood glucose meter&● +urrent is measured through the internal op amp and the transimpedance amplifie
voltage conversion)&
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What is lucometer! "ow it wor%s
!ample
6ounting
Blood Glucose
2nalysis
Lrom the
current
● !ignals are passed onto the analog to digital converter ● Lrom the voltage values the concentration of glucose is obtained using a regression ●
9he value is then displayed on the "+5&
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Oxygen Saturation
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O"#GEN SATURATION
5efined as the ratio of o>ygenated hemoglobin to the total hemoglobin in the
blood&
CDM to ygen may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest ma/ing it
necessary to monitor the o>ygen saturation of patients in critical condition&
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/ulse Oximeter" A device used to measure oxygen
saturation by monitoring !emoglobin
" Basic components for detectionF to
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How it wor/s:
N 9he "E5s and photodiode are used to sandwich a part of
the s/in (usually the earlobe or finger) such that light
travels through the body&
N 9he photodiode is used to measure the intensity and
wavelength of the light passing through the s/in&
5eo>ygenated hemoglobin and o>ygenated hemoglobin
have pea/ absorptions at FF< nm and C< nm
respectively&
N 9he formula 1# log(a)4log(b) where a is the intensity at
FF< nm and b is the intensity at C< nm is used to
compute for 1 the o>ygenated hemoglobin level&
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Auscultation
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Auscultation "A medical term for einternal sounds of t!e
using a stet!oscope #
Auscultation of "eart
Landmar%s
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Auscultation Device: StethoTraditional
Acoustic " *or+s via transmissounds from a c!esill t!en o in t!eand t!en in t!e liste
" Guided by Doppler'eceived acoustic converted to electr
Di it l St th
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" 7ltrasonic /robe3lectrical /rotectionSignal Conditioning
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Di&ital Stethoscope: "ow it Wo
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'eferences
%o Stu: *or+sF Brain Computer Interface !ttpFcomputer#!ostu:or+s#combrain"interface#!tm
HDry 33G 3lectrodes by M# A# alle ?1