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Introduction to Organizations and
Management
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Organizations Defined
` Organizations are social units( or human groupings)deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek
specific goals- Amitai Etzioni
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More Definitions
` An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people toaccomplish some specific purpose
` Two or more people who work together in a structured
way together to achieve a specific goal or goals
` A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately
structured
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Organizations are characterized by
` Divisions of labour, power and communicationresponsibilities
` Presence of one or more power centers
` Substitution of personnel
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What is an organization?
` An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people toaccomplish some specific purpose
` Two or more people who work together in a structured
way together to achieve a specific goal or goals
` A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately
structured
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What is Management?
Management: The process of usingorganizational resources to achieve theorganizations goals by... Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling
The process of coordinating work activities so thatthey are completed efficiently and effectively with andthrough other people
Management is the process of designing and
maintaining an environment is which individualsworking together in groups efficiently accomplishselected aims
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Management Functions
` Planning
` Organizing
` Leading
` Controlling
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Planning
Management Function that involves the process ofdefining goals, establishing strategies for achievingthose goals and developing plans to integrate andcoordinate activities
Planning is the process used by managers to identifyand select appropriate goals and courses of action foran organization.
3 steps to good planning :1.Which goals should be pursued?2.How should the goal be attained?3.How should resources be allocated?
.
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Organizing
Management Function that involves the process ofdetermining what tasks are to be done, who is to dothem , how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports towhom, and where the decisions are to be made.
In organizing, managers create the structure of workingrelationships between organizational members that bestallows them to work together and achieve goals.
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Leading
Management function that involves motivatingsubordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they
work, selecting the most effective communication
channels, or dealing in any way with employee behaviour
issues.
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Leading
In leading, managers determine direction, state a clearvision for employees to follow, and help employeesunderstand the role they play in attaining goals.
Leadership involves a manager using power, influence,
vision, persuasion, and communication skills.
The outcome of the leading function is a high level of
motivation and commitment from employees to theorganization
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Controlling
Management Function that involves monitoring actual
performance, comparing actual to standard , and taking
action
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Controlling
` In controlling, managers evaluate how well theorganization is achieving its goals and takescorrective action to improve performance.
` Managers will monitor individuals, departments,
and the organization to determine if desiredperformance has been reached.` Managers will also take action to increase performance as
required.
` The outcome of the controlling function is the
accurate measurement of performance andregulation of efficiency and effectiveness.
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Management Process
The set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which
managers engage as they plan, organize , lead or control
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IMAGES OF ORGANIZATION
`
A variety of paradigms and metaphors to capture areused the essence of how organizations function
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Organizations as Machines
The term organization is derived organon meaning atool or an instrument
A tool has precision, efficiency, reliability, predictability
built into it.
Systems and procedures are introduced to routinizeactivities and reduce uncertainty of operations
Mechanical view of organizations- Adam Smith , Max
Weber, Henry Fayol and F.W.Taylor
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Organizations as Living Systems
Organizations have to change and adapt in response todemands from the external environment
Organizations continuously interact with the environment
and go through the phenomenon of growth, maturity and
decline Organizations are open systems
Primary goal of the organization is survival and
environmental adaptation
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Organizations as Brains
Organizations are proactive and not reactive to theenvironmental changes
They deliberately select their operating environment and
consciously plan their strategies and internal design.
Organizations receive, process and act upon informationemanating from the internal and external environment
Organizations learn, solve problems and innovate
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Organizations as Political Systems
Decisions made in organizations are not just solelydetermined by the logic of optimization but also by the
existing power equations among the organizational
members
Organizations with their built-in hierarchy and authorityrelationship are open to political processes
Power relationships among organizational members are
characterized by inherent anomalies and internal
contradictions
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Organizations as Cultures
` An organization has certain implicit norms of behaviour,certain shared values and ways of doing things
` The ritualistic behaviour patterns signify the dominant
and often implicit values and assumptions which people
hold regarding their work, relationships and organizations` Task of a manager- management of meaning
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Organizations as Psychic Prisons
` The organizations can also bring out the mostpathological tendencies into play
` Organizations provide an opportunities to people for
working out their neurotic impulses in an acceptable form
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Who is a manager?
` Someone who works with and through other people by
coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish
organizational goals
` Managers are the people responsible for supervising the
use of an organizations resources to meet its goals
` Managers give directions to their organization, provide
leadership and decide how to use organizational
resources to accomplish goals
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Classification of Managers
` First-line managers
` Middle Managers
` Top managers
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Management Skills
` Technical Skills
` Human Skills
` Conceptual Skills
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What is a role?
` A role is a set of specific tasks a person performs because ofthe position they hold
` Roles are directed inside as well as outside the organization
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Management Roles
` Interpersonal
Roles managers assume to coordinate and interact withemployees and provide direction to the organization.
` InformationalAssociated with the tasks needed to obtain and transmitinformation for management of the organization.
` Decisional
Associated with the methods managers use to plan strategyand utilize resources to achieve goals.
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Interpersonal
` Figurehead
` Leader
` Liaison
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Informational
` Monitor
` Disseminator
` Spokesperson
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Decisional
` Entrepreneur
` Disturbance handler
` Resource Allocator
` Negotiator
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Efficiency and Effectiveness
` Efficiency: The ability to do things right- an input-outputconcept ( Resource Usage)
` Effectiveness: Choosing the right goals.Doing the right
thing- High goal attainment
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ManagerialEffectiveness
` Effectiveness is the extent to which a manager achieves
the output requirement of his position.It is not so much
what a manager does but what he achieves
` It represents output, not input
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Efficiency versus Effectiveness
` Do things right
` Solve problems
` Safeguard resources
` Follow duties
` Lower costs
` Do right things
` Produce creative
alternatives
` Optimize resource
utilization
` Obtain results
` Increase profits
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Three kinds ofEffectiveness
` Apparent Effectiveness
` Personal Effectiveness
` Managerial Effectiveness
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ManagerialEffectiveness
Related
Separated
Integrated
Dedicated
RO
TO
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Three Managerial Skills
` Situational Sensitivity Skill
` Style Flexibility Skill
` Situational Management Skill