21.3 CHANGES IN THE MOVEMENT

2 TYPES OF SEGREGATION• De facto: by practice/by choice

• People tend to live near others similar to themselves

• Esp. common in the North and today• De jure: by law

• Jim Crow laws in the South kept blacks out of white communities

• Civil Rights laws attacked de jure well, but de facto is much harder to change

2 TYPES OF SEGREGATION• “Race riots” in Harlem, NYC and Watts, Los

Angeles

• Showed Americans that blacks outside the South were angry about housing, jobs, and education

MALCOLM X• Converted to Islam by following the teachings of the

Nation of Islam

• An aggressive black Muslim group• Encouraged blacks to fight violence with violence

• Once he went on his Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, he began to preach peace

• He was killed by a member of the Nation of Islam who disagreed with his peaceful approach in 1965

BLACK POWER• Stokely Carmichael encouraged African-

Americans to be proud of their race and culture

• He called for self-defense and “Black Power”• He appealed to young blacks who felt that

change was not happening fast enough

BLACK POWER• The Black Panthers also called for violence

against white police officers

• Wanted African Americans to create their own, self-sufficient society in the U.S.

• They even ran day-care centers, homeless shelters, soup kitchens, etc.

BLACK POWER• The FBI was very concerned about these “Black

Power” groups

• FBI chief J Edgar Hoover had their phones wiretapped

• He had been doing the same for Dr. King for years

• These phone taps and other tactics were often conducted without a warrant

1968 AND BEYOND• Dr. King was assassinated April 3, 1968 at a

hotel in Memphis, TN by a white supremacist

• Some evidence points to FBI involvement…• His death sparked race riots in over 100 cities,

including Cleveland

1968 AND BEYOND• 1968 Civil Rights Act bans segregation in

housing

• Banks and real estate agents can’t discriminate with their customers

• But due to poverty and unequal schools, many blacks could afford to move into nicer suburbs

1968 AND BEYOND• In the 1970s, affirmative action policies took hold

• This gave special consideration to job/college applicants from groups who have long been persecuted

• Increased the number of minorities in higher education and higher paying jobs

• Some whites felt that the special treatment was unfair