The Civil Rights MovementCh. 18

Segregation Divides AmericaDe jure segregation- segregation upheld by lawDe facto segregation- segregation by unwritten custom or traditionCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)African Americans could gain civil rights through nonviolent meansCommittee of Civil RightsFounded by TrumanInvestigate race relations

Emerging Civil Rights Movement1948 Jackie Robinson integrates MLB1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Last in a series of court cases related to segregation in educationOne was at the University of Oklahoma Law Schooloverturns separate but equal PlessyThurgood Marshall- head of the legal teamEmmett Tills murder1955-56 Montgomery Bus BoycottMrs. Rosa Parks1957 Little Rock CrisisEisenhower forced to deploy federal troops

Civil Rights in the 1960s

Nonviolent ProtestLunch counter sit-ins begin: Greensboro, NC February 1960Wade-insread-insKneel-insSNCC (Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee) created April 1960CORE Freedom Ride May 1961James Meredith integrates the University of Mississippi fall 1962Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama April 1963Eugene Bull Connor- used violence against protestersLetter from Birmingham JailGovernor George Wallace tries to block integration of the University of Alabama Fall 1963

Sit-ins

James Meredith University of Mississippi

Student Protesters and Ole Miss

200 arrested in riots at Ole Miss

High Schoolers jailed for marchingOh Wallace, you never can jail us all, Oh Wallace, segregation's bound to fall

March on WashingtonAug. 1963Martin Luther King JrI have a dream speechLed to the Civil Rights Act of 1964Banned segregation in public accommodationsGave fed. gov. the ability to compel states to desegregate their schools

And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last!Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

Voting RightsFreedom Summer 1964Black and white students focusing on registering African Americans to voteAnti-poll tax Amendment (24th) 1964Selma March March 1965Bloody SundayState troopers violently attacked the marchersVoting Rights Act of 1965Banned literacy testsFederal government controls voter registration

Thousands marched to the Courthouse in Montgomery to protest rough treatment given voting rights demonstrators. The Alabama Capitol is in the background. March 18,1965

Marchers cross bridge

Challenges of the late 1960sThe Rise of Black NationalismThe Black Power MovementMany goals had been achievedThe death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Attention of many diverted to VietnamIncreased rioting in African American communities decreases popular support

Black Nationalism BeliefsBlack people should have control of their own communitiesEx.: Black teachers, town council members, police officers, business ownersSeparatism not integrationEmphasis on racial pride and self respectEmphasis on African history and cultural heritageSelf-defense**Black nationalists DID NOT advocate violence or use riots to accomplish their goals

Black Nationalism (cont.)Appealing to young urban African AmericansAppealing to activists who believed things were not changing fast enough SNCC Stokeley CarmichaelMalcolm XNation of IslamDemanded separation of racesBlack PanthersFormed by Bobby Seale and Huey NewtonProtect people from police, antipoverty programs1968 Olympic Protest

The Womens Rights MovementCh. 23 Sec. 2

Womens Movement ArisesAfter WWII women gave up their jobs to returning servicemen and returned home to care for families and homes1960s- movement to gain sexual equalityFeminism- theory of political, social, and economic equality of men and womenCivil Rights movement prompted women to look at their own treatment from society

Women Find Their VoicesBetty FriedanWrote The Feminine MystiqueHelped establish the National Organization for Women (NOW)Dedicated to winning true equality of all womenWanted to pass Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)Guarantee gender equality under the lawProtect reproductive rightsGloria SteinemCo-founded Ms., a feminist magazine

OppositionPhyllis SchlaflyFelt feminism was an assault on family, marriage, and childrenWorked to defeat the ERA

Legal HeadwayCivil Rights Act included a clause that outlawed discrimination based on sexEqual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)Enforce federal prohibition on job discriminationRoe v. WadeAssured women the right to legal abortions

Latin MovementCh. 23 Sec. 3

Equal RightsCesar ChavezLatino activist for farm laborersFormed United Farm Workers (UFW)Nonviolent strikes and boycottsCalifornia passed a law requiring collective bargainingChicano MovementIncrease awareness of Latino history and culture

Native American EqualityAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)Fought for Civil Rights1973 Siege at Wounded KneeAIM took a village and refused to leave until the gov agreed to investigate the condition of reservation IndiansGovernment agreedIndian Self-Determination Act of 1975Gave tribes control over resources on reservations

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