2º ESO

UNIT 9

VOCABULARY

• Is there much TRAFFIC in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT• Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much NOISE in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT • Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much POLLUTION in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT, OPEN SPACES

• Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much GRAFFITI in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : PARK , YOUTH CLUB , OPEN SPACES

• Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much CRIME in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : SECURITY CAMERA • Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much LITTER in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : BIN • Advantages and Disadvantages

VOCABULARY

• Is there much VANDALISM in the streets ?

• Solutions or positive things : SECURITY CAMERAS• Advantages and Disadvantages

COUNTABLE WORDS UNCOUNTABLE WORDSMANY MUCH

Security cam Traffic

Open space Pollution

Graffiti ( there are two graffities in this wall)

Graffiti

Bin Litter

Park Noise

Sign Crime

Street light Public transport

Youth club Vandalism

Teenager Food

Sign Money

Problem

Burguer

People

Countable nouns are things that can be counted.A countable noun can be singular or plural: one apple, two apples...When we want to count them we use …..

• A/An (singular / just one) A/An … or any cardinal number ten housesAn apple A doctor A class three colleges A meal

• SOMESome cups Some books Some libraries Some flights

• ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)I don’t have any cups at home (I have some glasses at home)They bought some CDs but they didn’t buy any books

• A LOT OF (It means MUCHOS)A lot of questions A lot of problems A lot of issues

• MANY (As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)They didn’t asked many questions. (They asked a lot of questions)Do they have many problems with the baby? Yes, they have a lot of problems with him

• You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/my/the car...) but you can use plural countable nouns alone

Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted so they only have singular form:

some rice, some tea...They usually refer to abstractions (such as

confidence or advice) or collectives (such as equipment or luggage). Information, happiness, equipment…

• Some and Any are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

• COUNTING THE UNCOUNTABLES.• SOME

Some sugar Some money Some water Some time• ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative)

Have you got any salt? Yes I have some salt but I• A LOT OF

A lot of traffic A lot of time A lot of sleep A lot of confidence

• MUCH(As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative)There isn’t much traffic today because it is Sunday (There was a lot of traffic yesterday)They didn’t have much time to finish the project (they have a lot of time to finish it)

Expressions to count uncountable nouns.

a tube of a litre of a kilo of one carton/two cartons of a slice of a bottle of a packet of a tin of an item of a piece of a spoonful of a glass of a bowl of a loaf of a can of

Some uncountable nouns in English can be countable in other languages. Here you have a list of the most common uncountable English words:haven’t got any sugar

advice bread news luggage baggage furniture spaghetti pasta weather research work money grass scenery health progress º

A / AN / SOME / ANY

• Use a / an with singular countable nouns.• SOME.- with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in +

sentences.• ANY.- with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in – or ?

sentences.• We can also use some in ? to ask for and offerings:

– Can I have some coffee?– Do you want some biscuits?

Type of sentence Countable Uncountable

+ We need an applesome apples

some buttersome milk

- We don’t need a tomatoany tomatoes

any riceany sugar

? Do we need a tomato?any tomatoes?

any rice?any sugar?

AFFIRMATIVE

INTERROGATIVE

NEGATIVESUMMING UP

Choose a / an / some

• some• some• a• some• some• some• some• some / a

• some• some• some• some• some / an• an• some• some

MilkBiscuitsChairCoffeePastaMoneyStudentsToast

WineCarsPeopleHomeworkIce creamOrangeFruitFish

How much / how many…?

• Use How much…? with uncountable nouns.

• How much water do you drink?

• Use How many…? with plural countable nouns.

• How many students do you have?

• Possible answers:• I drink a lot of water.• I drink quite a lot.• I don’t drink much water. (not much)• I don’t drink any water.• None.• Not many (students).

COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

COUNTABLE

UNCOUNTABLE

AFFIRMATIVE

SOME

A LOT OF

NEGATIVE/ INTERROGATIVE

ANY

MANY

MUCH

The words expressing quantity or quantifiers used with countable and uncountable words are:

Some nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another meaning:

A fish/Some fish A paper (a newspaper)/Some paper An iron/Some iron A wood/Some wood A hair/Some hair A coffee (a cup)/Some coffee

A glass/Some glass A time/Some time

Exercises

• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/coun1.htmYou have to choose the correct quantifier depending

on the following word• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta/count2.ht

myou have to quantify the uncountable words

according to the pictures• http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta_mis/count

3.htmyou will see some typical mistakes of misuse of

quantifiers.

Indefinite pronouns • We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or

things without saying exactly who,what or where they are.

• We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things:

• -where PLACES• -one PEOPLE• - thing OBJETCS

We use SOME or ANY in affirmative and interrogative and negative sentences

•SOME AFFIRMATIVE•ANY NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS-ONE (people) -THING(objects) -WHERE(places)

AFFIRMATIVE SOMEONESOMEBODY

SOMETHING SOMEWHERE

NEGATIVE ANYONEANYBODYNOONE*

ANYTHINGNOTHING*

ANYWHEREANYPLACENOWHERE*INTERROGATIVE

Alguien Algo Algún lugar

Indefinite pronouns are singular, so the verb must wear “s” in the present simple and you must use “is” and “was” with “to be”. E.g:

• Somebody is at the door. (Alguien está en la puerta.)

• Everybody loves chocolate. (A todo el mundo le encanta el chocolate.)

• Nothing was ever the same. (Nada fue lo mismo.)

• Is there anywhere you want to go? (¿Hay un sitio dónde quieras ir?)

• Would you like something to drink?• I need nothing• I went nowhere• Nobody came to the meeting

Someone / Something/ SomewhereAnyone/ Anything / Anywhere

• She bought ____________ in the supermarket• I saw _______________there.(people)• I did not see _______________ there.• Did you see _______________ there? (people)• Would you like _______________ better?• I want _______________to eat.• Have you seen my car keys _______________?• ________________ phoned while we were out, but they did

not leave a message.• They are looking for ____________ to settle down and have

children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a quiet life.• "Is there ____________ at home?“

something someone

anything anyone

something something

anywhere Somebody

Somewhere

anybody

• I spent the night ______________________ near the beach.• There is ____________ to park here. Let's go ____________

else to park.• Would you like _______________________ to wash your

hands?.• They took him ________________ in London, and he never

returned.• Please don't leave __________________ behind at home.

We'll be away for a fortnight. • She needs _______________ to love. She's very lonely.

• There isn't _______________ you can do to help them. • We do not need _____________ else to run this department.

We can do it ourselves. • __________________ is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is

somewhere nowhere somewhere

something

somewhere

anything

Somebody anything

anyone

Someone

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Activities • Make the following sentences negative: x There is some milk on the floor. x There is some water in the refrigerator. x. Someone is at the door. x. Everyone is tired after the trip.

• Make the following sentences positive: x. There isn't anything good on TV tonight. x. No-one is at home. x. There aren't any books on the shelf.

• Answer the following questions positively and negatively: x. Are there any boys in your math class? x. Is anyone ready for the test? x. Are any of you Chinese? x. Are there any good book stores in your town? x Is anything better than chocolate ice cream?

• Ask questions for the following answers: x. Nobody is at the school today; it's Sunday. x. Yes, someone is in the kitchen with Dinah.

ONLINE ACTIVITIES

• http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/pronouns/pronouns-indefinite.php

• http://www.blueblocnotes.com/activities/grammar/quantity-expressions/some-and-any-compounds-activities

• http://www.grammarbank.com/indefinite-pronouns-exercise.html

• http://www.english-4u.de/some_any_ex4.htm

• http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/anything-someone-exercises.html

SHOULD / MUST

Modal verbs • Rules

– They are followed by a verb in the base form• I should study more

– They are the same for all the pronouns• She/they/I/ you should make it better

– They do not need auxiliars. They take direct negative and qestion forms

• You mustn’t smoke here – They never combine with another modal verbs

• You can’t must read**

SHOULD AND MUST

Should is used for advices and recommendations•You should read books in English if you want to improve your vocabulary •She shouldn’t smoke because she is always coughing•Where should we go next summer?

Must is used to talk about strong obligations and prohibitions. They are usually related with laws and rules.

• I must go now , I start working in five minutes • You must wear a helmet to drive a motorbike• He mustn’t drink alcohol, he is underage

STRUCTURESUBJECT + SHOULD/MUST+ BASE FORM OF THE VERB (without to)SUBJECT + SHOULDN’T/MUSTN’T + BASE FORM OF THE VERBSHOULD/MUST + SUBJECT + BASE FORM?

YOU MUSTN’T SMOKE HEREYOU MUSTN’T EAT IN THE CLASSROOM

YOU MUSTN’T SWIM IN THIS LAKEYOU MUSTN’T BRING A GUN, SMOKE, USE THE MOBILE AND BRING YOUR DOG AT THE SCHOOL

YOU MUST BRING A PHOTO IDYOU MUST THROUGH THE LITTER INTO A BIN

YOU SHOULD

YOU SHOULD…..

THIS IS THE ONE I LIKE THE MOST…

VOCABULARY

• WATCH OUT FOR• PUT ON • SLOW DOWN• GET ON• PUT DOWN• GO INTO

• RUN OVER• TAKE OF• SPEED UP• GET OFF• PICK UP• STAY OUT