Rebellion and ReprisalRoman Rule – Wales I

Conquest (Rape) of Britannia, Aphrodisias, Turkey

Ruling BritainTwo Queens and a King

Frontier

Roman Britain~47 CE

Client KingdomsBrigantesRegniIceni

What 1st Century Divorce Case Threatened Roman Britain?

CartimanduaWilliam Whitaker, 1990• Quisling?• Cruel, treacherous, immoral?• Counterpart to Claudius’ consort Messalina• Loyal?

CaratacusOut of the Fire Into the Frying Pan

• Caratacus escapes Claudius and Aulus Plautius• Allies with Ordovicians in Wales• Defeated• Seeks aid from Roman client, Cartimandua• Is turned over to Romans (51 CE)• Brought to Rome

Tribes

Tribes of Wales

Caratacus before Claudius

Divorce

• ~57 CE Cartimandua breaks with her consort Venutius who turns against her and Rome

• She keeps her throne thanks to Roman military intervention

• Venutius?

Tribes

Tribes of Wales

Roman Legions Client Kingdoms

Roman Britain~47 CE

Client KingdomsBrigantesRegniIceni

Southern Kingdom of the Regneses

Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus

• Perhaps successor to Verica• Granted status by Romans• Probably built “Palace” at Fishbourne• Still respected during lifetime of Tacitus

Tiberius Claudius (T,C)ogidubnus

Text

A temple to Neptune and to Minervaand for the safety of the Divine House (of the emperor) by the authority of Ti. Claudius Cogidubnus.[Great King] in Britain, (erected by)The Guild of fabri and its members at their own cost [Pudens?] son of Pudentmus, donated the site.

Cogidubnus-First House

Hayling Island Roman Temple, 60-70 CE

Plan compared with temple in Entrains, Gaul

Hayling Island Roman Temple reconstructionCella, Temple at Périgueux, Dordogne

Ritual Landscapes of Roman South Britain, David Rudling, editor

Hayling Island Temple: Brooches, British and Gallic

Roman Britain~47 CE

Client KingdomsBrigantesRegniIceni

Subject peopleTrinovantes and Camulodunum

Roman Legions Client Kingdoms

Camulodunum – Roman and native

Camulodunum

Gosbecks

Iron Age Dykes

Gosbecks

Gosbeck Theatre Reconstruction

Romano-Celtic Temple

Publius Ostorius Scapula

• First act was to disarm the Britons within the Roman controlled region

• 47 Fortification of Colchester• Attacks Deceangeli in Flintshire• Legio XX transferred to southwest• 49 Foundation of colonia at

Camulodunum (Colchester) Colonia Claudia Victricensis

Transformation of Colchester

Balkerne Gate

Temple of Claudius

Longinus

FacilisM FAVON[IUS] PO[LIA] FACILIS >LEG XX VERECVNDVS ET NOVICIVS LIB[ERTI] POSVERVNT

Marcus Favonius Facilis, son of Marcus, of the voting tribe Pollia, centurio of legio XX lies here. Verecundus and Novicius, his freedmen, put this here

Stanway, Colchester – Doctor’s burial

Other Graves

Warrior Educated person

Nero as Alexander

What 1st Century Briton joined 20th Century notables, Boy George, Princess Diana and Margaret Thatcher, in the list of “100 Greatest Britons”?

Question

Boudica in Ads

She had a reputation as a leader of men. A go-getter who inspired confidence. The sort of woman who'll find the Mitsubishi Colt.. irresistible.

Problems Behind the Lines

• Displacement of Trinovantes alarms Iceni• Temple of Claudius• Death of Prasugatus, King of the Iceni

– Inheritance• Loans

Iceni

Prasutagus?

Boudica in Revolt

)

Gaullish woman w. torc

Sedgeford torc, 500-200 BCE

Winchester torc 74-25 BCE

The Start of the Revolt

Omens

Temple of Claudius

Claudius: Remains of Equestrian Statue?

30 cm

Outside Colchester – burnt mattress

Colchester After Boudica

On to London

Attempt to relieve London

London – Evidence of burning

Burning of London

London remnants

Walbrook deposit

On to Verulamium

Routes of Roman TroopsBattle of Watling Street

Battle at Mancetter

Aftermath

• Harsh treatment of opponents• Support for Cartimandua through 69• Reward for T(C)ogidubnis• Absorption of Icenian territory• Rebuild and fortify

Julius Classicianus

Closing the Barn Door

Roman, Medieval, Modern ditch