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04/21/23 1Engineering & Technology Management Group
Eng
inee
ring
Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
SystemsEngineering
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
Economics
LogisticsSupply Chain
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Optimizing the Design & Integration of the (Early) 21st Century System
AIAA MDO TCThomas A. Zang
NASA Langley Research Center
1/5/03 2Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Objectives
• Summarize the 1990s view of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO)
• Illustrate the role MDO technologies have played in contemporary design decisions
1/5/03 3Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
A Dose of Humility
“the aerospace industry has done multidisciplinary design optimization since the days of the Wright brothers”
1/5/03 4Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
1991 MDO White Paper
MDO Development Tasks• Data exchange requirements
defined• Common, parameterized
geometry model• Data management system• Models for manufacturing,
reliability, supportability and life-cycle cost
• Design-oriented analysis• Discipline design sensitivities• Systems sensitivity analysis• Improved optimization algorithms• Post-optimum sensitivity analysis• Systematic design space search
methods
• The MDO TC published its first White Paper led by Daniel Schrage & Jarek Sobieski
• Concurrent engineering had just emerged and had not yet been assimilated by the MDO TC
http://endo.sandia.gov/AIAA_MDOTC/sponsored/aiaa_paper.html
1/5/03 5Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
1998 “White Paper” on Industrial Experience
No papers on MDO inConceptual Design!
Cost, manufacturingand -ilities models
fell out of scope
TradeStudies
Full MDO
Limited Optimization/Iteration
ConceptualDesign
IntermediateFidelity
High FidelityCFD, FEM
FrontierFidelityLevel
Level of MDO
F/A-18 E/F
F-16Agile Falcon
GM Auto
BWB
GE EngineRotocraft
Lrg A/C Incr
easin
g
Difficu
ltyF-22
SpaceTelescope
MDO ElementsDesign Formulations & Solutions
• Design Problem Objectives• Design Problem Decomposition, Organization• Optimization Procedures and Issue
Information Management & Processing
• MDO Framework and Architecture• Data Bases and Data Flow & Standards• Computing Requirements• Design Space Visualization
Analysis Capabilities & Approximations
• Breadth vs.. Depth Requirements• Effective Incl. of High Fidelity Analyses/Test• Approximation & Correction Processes• Parametric Geometric Modeling• Analysis and Sensitivity Capability
Management & Cultural Implementation
• Organizational Structure• MDO Operation in IPD Teams• Acceptance, Validation,Cost &, Benefits• Training
Additions to1991 Vision
10 papers on industry applications w. summary by
Giesing & Barthelemy, AIAA-98-4737
1/5/03 6Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
2002 Aero/Structures/Controls Applications Survey
Guruswamy & Obayasi, AIAA-2002-5638
CO
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SIC
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CO
MP
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Y I
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EO
ME
TR
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FLUIDS STRUCTURES
LOOK UPTABLES
LINEARANALYTICALMETHODS
TRANSONICSMALL DISTURBANCE
FULLPOTENTIAL
EULER
NAVIER-STOKES
SHAPEFUNCTIONS
MODALAPPROACH
EQUIVALENTPLATE
2D FINITEELEMENTS
SIMPLE 3DFINITEELEMENTS
DETAILED3D FINITEELEMENTS
INT
ER
FA
CIN
G
• Use of Euler/Navier-Stokes based CFD and 2D FEM based CSM methods have started impacting MDO
• Gradient approach is used extensively for MDO
• Genetic algorithm based MDO are in the early stages of research but are growing rapidly
• Use of parallel computers for large scale MDO is yet to be exploited
RAVEH EUL/500K 2D,W-B/1K GRD 16
GUMBERT EUL/50K 2D,W-B/5K GRD 16
KIM EUL/100K 2D,W-B/1K GRD/GA 11
GIUNTA EUL/300K 2D, PLATE/1K GRD 14
OYAMA NS/500K 1D, BEAM GA 16
KNILL EUL/500K 2D, E_PLATE GRD 15
RODRIGUEZ NS/500K 1-D NS GRD 17
BLAIR PANEL 2D,W-B/N-L GRD 10
MAUTE EUL/50K 2D,FEM/6K GRD 16
POCFluids/Grid
Structures/Elements
Propulsion/Controls
MDO/Method
F-CIndex
1/5/03 7Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Recipients of the MDO Award
• “… presented to an individual for outstanding contributions to the development and/or application of techniques of multidisciplinary design optimization in the context of aerospace engineering”
• Lucien A. Schmit, Jr. (1994): initialization and pioneering of the field of engineering optimization
• Jaroslaw Sobieski (1996): initialization and pioneering of MDO as a field
• Raphael T. Haftka (1998): depth and breadth of methodological contributions
• Vipperla B. Venkayya (2000): structural and aeroelastic optimization methods and tools
• Garret N. Vanderplaats (2002): bringing optimization to users through commercial software
1/5/03 8Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
MDO Then and Now
• The structural optimization community formed the core of the original MDO TC community (1989)
• During the 1990s the focus of the MDO community was on subjects such as– maturing structural optimization
– developing aerostructural analysis
– influencing aerodynamic sensitivity analysis & optimization
– deploying approximation-based multidisciplinary analysis & optimization methods
– researching & deploying MDO frameworks and architectures
– researching multidisciplinary decomposition
• Today, the c.g. of MDO is moving away from aeroelasticity at the preliminary design level, and towards encompassing other disciplines at the conceptual design level
1/5/03 9Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Early 21st Century Multidisciplinary Design Examples
• The emphasis is on 2002-2003 examples of broad multidisciplinary capabilities that organizations have used in real aerospace design decisions
• The selections are intended to illustrate a spectrum of design stages
• University-centric applications are not included for lack of time
• Many more examples exist– some that I know about but don’t have time to cover– many that I just don’t know about
1/5/03 10Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project Design Center (Team X for Proposal Development)
http://pdcteams.jpl.nasa.gov/
1/5/03 11Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
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ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
DDTE &Prod Cost
Safety and Reliability
Ops. Time & Cost
EconClosure
Geometry
Aero/Aerothermo-
dynamics
Ascent Trajectory
Optimization
Weights &Sizing andStructures
Propulsion
Entry & AbortsTrajectories
FlybacksTrajectories
LandingTrajectories
Upstream Feedback
Downstream Impact
NASA Advanced Engineering Environment (Launch Vehicle Technology Assessment)
D. Monell, AIAA-2004-0202
1/5/03 12Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Sandia SIERRA Framework
http://infoserve.sandia.gov/sand_doc/2002/023637p.pdf
FUEGO/ SYRINXPREMO
(SACCARA)
SALINAS
KRINO
ARIA (GOMA)
CALORE(COYOTE)
ADAGIO(JAS)
PRESTO(PRONTO)
ANDANTE
VIPAR
DAKOTA
Mechanics Mgmt
Field Mgmt Mesh Mgmt
Parallel Communications
SIERRA Kernel
Basic Framework Services
1/5/03 13Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
- Trade StudiesTrade Studies- Optimizations- Optimizations- Sensitivities- Sensitivities
CONCEPTUAL DESIGNER
PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEMODELINGMODELING
AERODYNAMIC AERODYNAMIC MODELINGMODELING
WEIGHTSWEIGHTSMODELINGMODELING
PROPULSIONPROPULSIONMODELINGMODELING
COSTCOSTMODELINGMODELING
INPUTSINPUTS
Common Design Variables & Data
- RequirementsRequirements- Constraints- Constraints- Etc.- Etc.
RCD provides the link between a common design environment &LM Aero/COTS analysis tools
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
Lockheed Martin Rapid Conceptual Design (RCD)
A. Carty, AIAA-2002-5438
1/5/03 14Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Pratt & Whitney/NASA Glenn Research Center(Conceptual Engine Design Using NPSS)
Configurator
Cycle
Flowpath
Mechanicals
Fixed
Aerodynamic
MechanicalDesign
Manufacturing
Propulsion System
Performance, Weight, &
Fab$
Reliability, DMC, O&S Cost
In- house Outsource SG&A NRE RSP
Airfoil Structure Accy Gearbox Plumbing
ComprComb Turb Nozz Fan
ROM
Similarto
Detaildesign
1-D
2-D
3-D
Blade Shaft Disk Bearing Housing
CAD
ThermodynamicComprComb
Turb Nozz Fan
1-D
2-D
3-D
1-D
2-D
3-D
Integration
Nested Feedback
Local optimization
Interconnectivity
Global Optimization
http://hpcc.grc.nasa.gov/npssintro.shtml
B. Staubach, AIAA-2003-2803
Global Optimization
Local Optimization
Nested Iteration
1/5/03 15Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
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inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
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LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Impacts 1
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory Team X– proposal development time
reduced from 6 months to 2 weeks
• NASA Space Transportation AEE– routinely employed by the NGLT
program to evaluate technologies applicable to future rocket-based launch systems
• Sandia SIERRA Framework– new multiphysics capabilities
developed in months instead of years
1/5/03 16Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
RCD
Standard
Planning
Tool Development TradesSetup
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics CompanyA. Carty, AIAA-2002-5438
Impacts 2
• Lockheed-Martin– enabled the identification
of optimal solutions that are counter-intuitive and functions of multiple design disciplines
• Pratt & Whitney– 5 times gain to first
mechanical assessment
– $100 M reduction in manufacturing cost on engine fleet
04/21/23 17Engineering & Technology Management Group
One Example of a Current MDO Development Project That Aims to Be both Broad and Deep
1/5/03 18Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Navy Integrated Hypersonic Aeromechanics Tool(Design and Assessment of Hypersonic Missiles)
StructuralStructural
AerodynamicsAerodynamics
GeometryGeometry
ThermalThermal
TrajectoryTrajectory
Optimize
PropulsionPropulsion
Outer Mold Line
Flowpath Geometry
FEM Mesh
Propulsive Loads
FEM Temperatures
Drag vs. M, , etc...
TSFC vs. M, , etc...
Propulsion Heating
Aerodynamic Loads
Stability & Control
Stability & Control
3-DOF Aero Database
Propulsion Database
Gain & Phase Margins
Fuel/Range/Speed
Geometric Variables
Installed Inlet Performance
Empty Mass Properties
Skin GagesEmptyWeight
Flight Profile Inertia Loads
Empty Mass Properties
TrajectoryConstraints
PropulsionVariables
Highlighted components are new in Build 2
Baker, et al, AIAA-2003-6952
Advatech Pacific, Inc .Technology Development & Support
TM
1/5/03 19Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Key “MDO” Technologies Used in These Examples
MDO Elements
Design Formulations & Solutions
• Design Problem Objectives• Design Problem Decomposition, Organization• Optimization Procedures and Issues
Information Management & Processing
• MDO Framework and Architecture• Data Bases and Data Flow & Standards• Computing Requirements• Design Space Visualization
Analysis Capabilities & Approximations
• Breadth vs. Depth Requirements• Effective Incl. of High Fidelity Analyses/Test• Approximation & Correction Processes• Parametric Geometric Modeling• Analysis and Sensitivity Capability
Management & Cultural Implementation
• Organizational Structure• MDO Operation in IPD Teams• Acceptance, Validation, Cost & Benefits• Training
1/5/03 20Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
Emerging “MDO” Technologies in the 21st Century
• The MDO TC has another White Paper under development that will provide a consensus view
• One man’s opinion on what you’ll see as additional MDO technologies in significant use in aerospace design by the 2009 Delta Forum:– distributed, collaborative engineering – risk assessment and mitigation– multidisciplinary design under uncertainty– multidisciplinary optimization using decomposition– multidisciplinary optimization visualization– parametric (geometry) models spanning concept to flight– multiprocessor computing enabling larger-scale MDO
1/5/03 21Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
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Acknowledgements
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory Team X– Robert Oberto
• NASA Advanced Engineering Environment– Michelle Garn (NASA LaRC)– Roger Lepsch (NASA LaRC)
• Sandia SIERRA– Jim Stewart
• Lockheed-Martin Rapid Conceptual Design– Atherton Carty (Palmdale)
• Pratt & Whitney and NASA Glenn NPSS– Steve Sirica (P&W)– John Lytle (GRC)
• Navy IHAT– Michael Munsun (NAVAIR, China Lake)
1/5/03 22Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
Society Legal Aspects
LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
References 1
• Current State-of-the-Art in Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, prepared by the MDO Technical Committee, January 1991
• J. P. Giesing and J.-F. M. Barthelemy, A Summary of Industry MDO Applications and Needs, AIAA-98-4737
• G. P.Guruswamy and S. Obayashi, Use of High Fidelity Methods in Multidisciplinary Optimization – A Preliminary Study, AIAA-2002-5638
• D. Monell, D. Mathias, J. Reuther, M. Garn, The Advanced Engineering Environment (AEE) Project for NASA’s NGLT Program, AIAA-2004-0202
1/5/03 23Engineering & Technology Management Group: MDO TC
Eng
inee
ring Technology
ManagementTracking the Constant of Change
ManagementHistory
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LogisticsSupply Chain
SystemsEngineering
Economics
Risk
TechnicalInformation
MultidisciplineDesign
ProductDevelopment
References 2
• J. R. Stewart and H. C. Edwards, Parallel adaptive application development using the SIERRA framework, in K.J. Bathe, ed., Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics. Proc. First MIT Conf., Cambridge, MA, 2001, Elsevier, Oxford, UK (2001), 1661-1664
• A. Carty, An Approach to Multidisciplinary Design, Analysis & Optimization for Rapid Conceptual Design, AIAA-2002-5438
• B. Staubach, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, MDO, the Next Frontier of CAD/CAE in the Design of Aircraft Propulsion Systems, AIAA-2003-2803
• M. L. Baker, M. J. Munson, K. Y. Alston and G. W. Hoppus, Integrated Hypersonics Aeromechanics Tool (IHAT), AIAA-2003-6952