Post on 26-Sep-2018
transcript
Please consider the
environment before printing this
presentation
A Decade of Environmental
Regulations and New Technologies
July 2011
Jackie Adams, Senior Technical Staff
Member
Global Lead for the Center of Excellence
for Product Environmental Compliance
SMTA Carolinas
July 27, 2011
Agenda and contents
Product Compliance
– Global Business Structure, Resources and Schedule
– Strategic Alignment: across the supply chain and the
– Operational Alignment: Material handling, Design, Supply Chain,
Manufacturing and Business
– Overview technology alignment to various regulations
– E.g. EU REACH substances, lead and halogen reduced
technologies, batteries and external power supplies
– Life cycle assessments when choosing alternatives
Conclusion
Global product compliance can effect all products and services a company manufactures/sells/imports
Types of Environmental Regulations
7/27/2011
Energy/Power
Substances
Climate change
Global Product Environmental Regulations
7/27/2011
US and Canada
Asia Pacific
Customers
Governm’al
Orgs
Effects more and more of the total electronic supply chain
OEM Semi/Raw Mfr Sub Assemblers
Mining
Fabless
Foundry
Electronic
Mfg
Supplier
Component
Suppliers
Semicon
Distribution
Channel /
Partner
Retailers
Resellers
Distributors
Consumers
GO’s/ NGOs
Headquarters
In\outbound Warehousing
Factories Contract Mfr
Original
Design Mfr
Product Regulations and Complexity Overtime Geographies vs. Type of Regulation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Co
mp
lexit
y Documents of Conformance
J Adams; IBM page 7
Data Collection
Labelling
Reporting/ Registration/
Tracking
EU ROHS Recast
CE Marking
Packaging
Compliance
Compliance effects the value chain
DfE Manufacture Supply Chain Take-Back, Disposal,
& compliance
Design for
Environment
Material
Compliance
for RoHS
Design
For RoHS
Design
For EuP
Design
For IPP
Disposal
Operations
Lead Free
Compliant
RoHS /REACH
Compliant
Safety
Compliance
Proof Of
Compliance
Compliant
Processes
Batteries
Identify Parts
& Assemblies
Alternative
technologies
Substance
Data mining
(IT)
Material
Declaration
(PCD)
Ship to
Restrictions
HazMat
Country Specific Legislation
Waste Water
and Energy
WEEE
Recovery
Treatment
Disposal
Confirmation
HazMat)
Material
Manifest
Destruction
Certificate
Audit
Non-
Conformance
Corrective
Action
Process
Categorize Identify Treatment Reporting/
Analysis Site
Inspection
Air Quality
Transportation
Design
For PS
Design
verification
ESI Package
distribution
Areas I will touch on in the next series of slides
External Power Supplies, Monitors, Stand alone Systems etc. Labeling by Type and Energy Criteria - dependent on country requirements
Taken from the website of the – World Energy Council
Member Countries
Founded in 1923, the World Energy Council is the only truly global
and inclusive forum for thought-leadership and tangible
engagement committed to our sustainable energy future. Our
network of 93 national committees represents over 3000 member
organizations including governments, industry and expert
institutions
Existing or emerging
Energy regulations
Example of batteries that have initiatives, labeling, and take back
Battery Type
Cost $ per Wh
Wh/kg Joules/kg Wh/liter
Lead-acid $0.17 41 146,000 100
Alkaline long-life $0.19 110 400,000 320
Carbon-zinc $0.31 36 130,000 92
NiMH $0.99 95 340,000 300
NiCad $1.50 39 140,000 140
Lithium-ion $0.47 128 460,000 230
DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 January 2003 - on the *restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic equipment
Lead-free (Pb)
Cadmium (Cd)
Mercury (Hg)
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+)
PBDE (Polybrominated biphenyl ethers)
PBB (Polybromobiphenyl)
*Restrictions with diminimus level and exemptions
Example, Lead restriction–
ELEVATED LEAD-FREE PROCESS WINDOWS
SnAgCu based alloys continue to be the leading choice for
surface mount technology (SMT) assembly interconnections.
With this change from eutectic SnPb solders to SnAgCu based solders has
come a 34 degree Celsius increase in melt.
Elevated Temperature SnAgCu Process Window
*M. Kelly et al 2011
SMTAi Toronto
Hexavalent Chromium- Testing challenges
In a controlled experiment, IBM scientists were able to further demonstrate that antimony
trioxide, a synergist to enhance the activity of halogenated flame retardants, reacts with
hexavalent chromium by converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III)4, leading to an artificially low detected
hexavalent chromium levels.
. However, in the presence of trivalent antimony, Sb(III), color formation is completely
absent. Therefore, simultaneous extraction of both the trivalent antimony flame retardant and
the hexavalent chromium pigment in plastics results in facile reduction of Cr(VI) leading to
erroneous quantification of hexavalent chromium.
The discovery of antimony(III) synergist matrix interference is key to unlocking the Cr(VI)
recovery puzzle; there are still challenges ahead to research and develop methods to
counteract the effect of the antimony synergist. IBM and IEC experts will continue to
collaborate on developing viable solutions to this industry challenge, but with this discovery,
are one step closer to a reliable test standard for Cr(VI) in plastics to confirm regulatory
compliance.
http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/progress-made-test-
standard-identifying-hexavalent-chromium
Joe Kuczynski - STG Packaging Engineering for Adhesives, elastomers, polymers
Sophia Lau - ISC Center of Excellent for Product Environmental Compliance
14 IBM Confidential 14
2011 European Union Restriction
of Hazardous Substances RoHS RECAST: Directive 2011/65/EU Published on July 1, 2011 in the Official Journal of the European Union. Entry into force July 21, 2011.
Member States are required to transpose the Directive into National law by Jan. 2, 2013
The first operative date of the Directive is Jan. 3, 2013 No additional substances added
All Electronic Equipment is now in scope, Medical devices (category 8), monitoring & control instruments (category 9) & “other EEE” (category 11) added to the scope. Compliance dates vary depending on the application.(2017)
Manufacturers are required to complete a conformity assessment and EC Declaration of Conformity (DOC). CE mark is required on all finished products.
In support of this requirement one will need to demonstrate there is a process in place that ensures on-going compliance of products and supplier deliverables.
Technical documentation and the EU DOC needs to be retained for 10 years.
Exemptions that were not assigned an expiration date (eg. 7a – lead in high melting temp. type solders ; 7b – lead in Server/Storage.; 15 -lead in flip chip) are projected to expire July 21, 2016. There is a chance that companies may request an earlier expiration if an alternative technology exists. Requests for renewing an exemption must be submitted no later than 18 months prior
to the expiry date. There is a transition period of 12 – 18 months from when an exemption renewal is
rejected or exemption is deleted.
EU REACH – Restriction evaluation and authorization of chemicals - Substance of very high concern(SVHC) candidate list
1,2,3-Trichloropropane | 96-18-4
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (DHNUP) | 68515-42-4
*1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (DIHP) | 71888-89-6
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone | 872-50-4
2-Ethoxyethanol | 110-80-5
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate | 111-15-9
2-Methoxyethanol | 109-86-4
Acrylamide | 79-06-1
Aluminosilicate | 00-00
Ammonium dichromate | 7789-09-5
Anthracene | 120-12-7
*Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) | 85-68-7
*Bis (2-ethyl(hexyl)phthalate) (DEHP) | 117-81-7
Bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) | 56-35-9
Boric acid | 10043-35-3
Boric acid | 11113-50-1
Chromic acid | 231-801-5
Chromium trioxide | 1333-82-0
Cobalt (II) carbonate | 513-79-1
Cobalt (II) diacetate | 71-48-7
Cobalt (II) dinitrate | 10141-05-6
Cobalt (II) sulphate | 10124-43-3
Cobalt dichloride | 7546-79-9
*Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) | 84-74-2
Dichromic acid | 236-881-5
Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous | 1330-43-4
Disodium tetraborate, decahydrate | 1303-96-
4
Disodium tetraborate, pentahydrate | 12179-
04-3
Hydrazine | 302-01-2
Hydrazine | 7803-57-8
Lead hydrogen arsenate | 7784-40-9
Potassium chromate | 7789-00-6
Potassium dichromate | 7778-50-9
Sodium chromate | 7775-11-3
Sodium dichromate, dihydrate | 7789-12-0
Strontium chromate | 7789-06-2
.etraboron disodium heptaoxide, hydrate |
12267-73-1
Trichloroethylene | 79-01-6
Triethyl arsenate | 15606-95-8
Zirconia Aluminosilicate | 00-00-00
* Substances used in some of the formulations
of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
No legislation driving halogen free initiative.
Certain halogens are restricted by EU RoHS and similar laws.
Phthalates are not restricted but monitored and reported in REACH SVHCs
Halogen-free initiative is in focus for many reasons most due to the non regulated
incineration of parts these substances are exposed to. This inappropriate
incineration releases Furans and Dioxins that are carcinogenic
Many global IT consumer and enterprise OEMs have had objectives to be flame
retardant (BFR) and (PVC) free in 2009 and now in 2012 respectively
Removing PVC reduces flexibility (inherent in the phthalates) including flammability
attributes of (Cl-)
When developing an alternative typical attributes being considered are low smoke,
product safety, electrical and mechanical properties
Most companies do not consider trade offs on cost, quality or availability
Why target Halogens, PVC and Phthalates with non regulations
Driver
Global Environmental Responsibility
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) pressure to address environmental issues
Commodities Cable Jacketing, Connectors, BGA substrate /Mold compounds,
Printed Wire Boards, Polymeric Enclosures
Materials Involved
All Halogenated Flame Retardants
Brominated Flame Retardants (TBBPA is main FR in substrate & PCB Materials)
All Chlorinated Flame Retardants and PVC
Standards
(PCB Material Only)
IEC 61249-2-21
JPCA-ES-01-1999
IPC - 4101B
Publication
(Solid State Devices Only)
JEP - 709
Standards
(Passives, Connectors and Solid State Devices)
J-STD-709
(Replaces JEP-709) (Joint JEDEC – ECIA Standard)
Low-Halogen Flame Retardant (FR) Standards
Low Halogen Roadmap
1985 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
IEC / JPCA / IPC
Standards
(PCB Laminates) Nov 1999
Consumer products
Increase business applications
EHS concerns with use
of certain halogenated
flame retardants Mid 1990s
Industry
discussions &
studies begin Late 1990s
Greenpeace
1st revision Guide to
Greener Electronics August 2006
J-STD-709
(System Level) June 2010
X-Industry movement
in this direction
More to look for in the next decade when evaluating alternative materials Sustainable development is a trend in the coming decade
Life Cycle Assessments for new technologies
Close cooperation across the value chain is key to have the right
materials available in time.
Connectors/ Sockets and Cables/Wires remain the two top critical
aspects in the halogen free conversion.
High melt solder technologies, Flip chip technologies, with respect to
lead reduction
Green design will evolve from a differentiator to a qualifier for most
industry segments the environment needs a joint commitment of
the industry to make it happen
IBM engineering &
manufacturing
standards
Government
Environmental
Regulation
IBM Environmental
Standards
Engineering Data
Mngt System
Material Content
Declarations
Design for Environment Supplier Compliance
Design engineering Data collection
validation, retention
Compliance Validation 2 1
3
Product top-
level BOM lists
Product Environmental Profile
Product Environment
Profile
4
Automated
Compliance
Determination
Automated
Compliance
Analysis
BOM & Part design
data and documents
BOM Scrub
Environment
al
Compliance
attributes
Data
loadin
g
Mfg
6
Logistics
7
Shop Floor
Control
Shipping
Customer Fulfillment
Pricing and Invoice
(via Announce process)
5
Service
8 Service
Parts
Data
loadin
g
Demands on Material and Engineering Data : Data Integrity tools/process(s)
Envi
ron
men
tal P
rod
uct
Co
mp
lian
ce P
ort
folio
Product environmental compliance through 2015 – Examples
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2011 2013 2014
Product take back – started with WEEE ( 2002) now many geo’s adopted , track sales by geo
and pay a recycle fee or prepare a third party - include commercial system and peripherals
Rare Earth and Conflict metals -
DoC
Data collection -, requirement has expanded Proof of material composition and origination
(testing, DoCs, CE markings)
EU REACH SVHC, can not import articles with controlled substances
(~1000) from the SIN List (Substitute It Now). This means permission to
import into the EU or resource
Battery regulations, recycling and product take back, material data collection for batteries on OEM cards, and in OEM products
2015
Restriction of Hazardous Substances - 30 Exemptions requiring future replacement technologies
a) Material initiatives in the industry is removal and or restriction of PVC, BFRs, CFRs - Cables, PCBs, connectors, logo and non logo systems solutions
b) Labeling and certification
c) Global requirements may vary
RoHS/
Recast
Energy Certification and Reduction –Increase in requirements to decrease standby and power utilization
Battery
Traceability
Energy and Water
Conservation
PTB for
Systems
EU REACH Substances
Maintaining a consistent and performance driven supply chain
Concluding Thoughts New global environmental requirements continue to multiply – fast and
the industry must work together to effectively respond
Many various types are developed globally
– battery and chemical restrictions, hazardous substance eliminations, electronic and electrical recycling, product take back, power and energy regulations.
Industry needs to be more proactive in developing solutions that:
– Are based on science and engineering, delivering value to customers
– Are available in advance of new regulations
– Can influence future regulations and stakeholder groups for more sustainable results
Sustainability in HFR and PVC alternatives has been a major undertaking for the electronics industry similar to Lead free/reduction and other required substances changes
Where the technology exists it will be important for the electronic supply chain to use them where ever applicable
Thank you
For questions
contact:
jackiea@us.ibm.com
J Adams page 23