Post on 03-Mar-2019
transcript
A good ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE regime paves the path for sustainable growth of a nation. It assures quality environment, equitable growth, health & safety for its people while promoting growth.
Environmental Governance
Emerging economies: Environmental Governance issues
• Weak pollution norms • Shortage of regulatory manpower and infrastructure• Poor monitoring and reporting practices • Non- transparency • Scope of action against defaulters are limited • Lack of self regulation or market based pollution control mechanism
(like emission trading).
Consent orders of SPCBs/PCCs specify standards to becomplied by industries
Industries submit analysis reports to SPCBs/PCCs andinvariably copies are marked to CPCB
Reports submitted by industries largely comply with theconsent standard limits in contrast to the samplescollected by SPCBs/PCCs/CPCB that by and largeremains non complying.
Actions (based on manual monitoring methodology)against industries are not leading to improvement intreatment processes by the units besides the willingnessof persistent defaulters remains non committal.
Monitoring mechanism is weak due to lack oflogistics, manpower and resources among theSPCBs/PCCs/CPCB obviously due to vastness of thejurisdiction area for regional offices and Zonal offices.
Remedy is to put in place alternate monitoringmechanism on self monitoring methodology byindustries and provide online data to regulatoryregime.
National Policy on Online Monitoring
In “National Environment Policy” it is envisaged that to strengthen the testing infrastructure and network for monitoring ambient environmental quality and progressively ensure real-time, and online availability of the monitoring data
• Credible pollution monitoring- less manual intervention • Transparency• Better regulatory hand- continuous vigil• Immediate corrective measures• Process optimization• Basic framework for market based pollution control• Paves path for Self- monitoring regime
What real time monitoring brings ?
• CEMS in 17 category of industries and wasteincineration plants started with CPCB’s direction inFeb 2014.
• Common effluent quality monitoring system(CEQMS) started in Feb 2014 for 17 categories, CETPand grossly polluting industries (generate 100kgBOD/day).
•
CEMS in India- regulation
CEMS in India- Who needs to Install?
17 highly polluting categories of industries1. Aluminium Smelter2. Caustic Soda3. Cement4. Copper Smelter5. Distilleries6. Dyes & Dye
Intermediates7. Fertilizer8. Integrated Iron & Steel9. Tanneries
10. Pesticides11. Petrochemicals12. Drugs & Pharmaceuticals13. Pulp & Paper14. Oil Refineries15. Sugar16. Thermal Power Plants17. Zinc Smelter
• 17 highly polluting categories of industries - 3206 Units• Common Effluent Treatment Plans - 175• Common Hazardous Waste Incinerator-25• Common Bio Medical Waste Incinerator- 179• Grossly Polluting Industries (> 100kg BOD/day) - 764
Self Monitoring mechanism within the industries
Increased management responsibility forregulatory compliance
Increased cost-effectiveness
Fast corrective action
Improved control over impacts on the environment
Higher environmental awareness
Increased public access to information (public
CEMS device selection
Data acquisition system or Data logger
Data acquisition & handling at CPCB
•Device and Vendor selection
•Device installation, software and hardware setup
Real-time pollution monitoring
•Emission monitoring
•Data collection through compatible software
•Periodical calibration, zero and span drift test
•Calibration validation/audit
•Regular maintenance
•Secure data collection and storage at server or directly
transfer to servers installed at regulators
•Data of stack emission, effluent monitoring and
ambient air quality monitoring can be handled and
transferred together
Se
cu
red
D
ata
Tra
ns
fer
Data acquisition & handling at SPCBs/PCCs
Display at Web-portals
•Data from industry is stored at servers/ internet storage
facility at state and central regulatory bodies
•Industry receives relevant auto response/instruction
from servers
Installation and calibration
• Suitable CEMS, CEQMS device selection by industry
CEMS in India: How does it work?
• Incomplete installation• Wrong installations- no clear idea on
where to install CEMS- which stack ?Which location ?
• Many non-functional- poormaintenance
• No clarity on suitable technologyselection. to comply the directionmany industries installed cheaperdevices irrespective to theirsuitability
• Data supply to regulators was poor• Data was not credible
Issues identified in implementation
Real time monitoring device
Disturbance: Duct joining the stack
Disturbance: Bent and joining of two
ducts
Devices installed in dry effluent channel
Data reporting issues
• Compliance
• Ensuring Reliable Data
• Legal Frame Work
• Actions Proposed
Self -regulationregime
Quality assured-Certified/ Performance checked
Correct installationRight location/position/ platform
Right equipment selection
Tamperproof data transfer system
Compliance check system
Regular operation& maintenance
(i) Monitoring Methodology
(ii) Calibration
(iii) Sampling Location
(iv) Exceedance
(v) Data Acquisition system
Online Effluent Monitoring
Monitoring Station
Jajmau Bridge Kanpur-FixedVaranasi Downstream-Floating
Automatic Water Quality Monitoring of
River Ganga
Sensor Cage with sensors
Online TOC Analyzer
Available TechnologiesParameters
MeasuredApplications Limitations
UV Spectrophotometry
(Single/two/four
wavelengths)
COD, BOD Fresh Water &
Waste water with
constant matrix
Suitable for fresh water and not for
waste water applications.
Interference of colour &high
turbidity.
Operates on stable matrix.
UV-Vis
Spectrophotometry
40 wavelength
COD, BOD, TSS Fresh Water &
Waste Water with
constant matrix
Many organic compounds are
unattended due to lesser scanning of
UV spectra.
Operates on stable matrix.
Sample pumping limitation
UV-Visible
Spectrophotometry
(Single Beam)
COD, BOD, TSS Fresh Water &
Waste Water
Fresh Water & Waste Water
Interference due to colour & high
turbidity affects the analyzer
operation. Reference beam
compensation not available.
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
UV-Vis
Spectrophotometry
(Double Beam)
COD, BOD, TSS Fresh water to
Waste water
Fresh water to Waste water
Interference of colour & turbidity is
compensated in visible spectrum
Available
Technologies
Parameters
MeasuredApplications Limitations
Combines
Combustion Catalytic
Oxidation at 680°C
and NDIR Method
TOC
(Co-relation
with BOD &
COD)
Fresh Water
and Waste
Water
-Carrier gases required
-Continuous High power requirement
-Analyzer: Infrastructure required
-More than 10-15 minutes sampling frequency
-Only TOC can be measured
-Any matrix change requires fresh correlation
to COD & BOD
UV Persulfate NDIR
Detector
TOC
(Co-relation
with BOD &
COD)
Fresh Water
& Waste
Water
-Carrier gases required
- Continuous High power requirement
-Analyzer: Infrastructure required
-More than 10-15 minutes sampling frequency
-Only TOC can be measured
Any matrix change requires fresh correlation to
COD & BOD
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
Persulfate
Oxidation at 116-
130degC
NDIR Detector
TOC
(Co-relation
with BOD &
COD)
Fresh
Water &
Waste
Water
-Fresh Water & Waste Water
Applicable for moderate polluted effluent
-Carrier gases required
-Analyzer: Infrastructure required
Any matrix change requires fresh correlation to
COD & BOD
Available Technologies
Parameter
s
Measured
Applications Limitations
Measuring COD using
Potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7)
+ Calorimetric
COD Fresh Water &
Waste Water
Fresh Water & Waste Water
Discharge of hazardous chemicals
Electrode /Electrochemical
method
pH Fresh water &
Waste Water
Fresh water & Waste Water
Scattered Light Method (IR) TSS Fresh water &
Waste Water
Fresh water & Waste Water
Nephelometry Method TSS Fresh Water &
Less turbid water
Fresh Water with Low turbidity
Colorimetric
(645-655nm)
NH3 Fresh Water &
Waste Water
Turbidity interference is there which
can be overcome.
3-15 min cycle time
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
Ion Selective Electrode method
With temp correction
NH3 Fresh Water &
Waste Water
Potassium interference
Requires additional measurement of
potassium for compensation
UV Absorbance or Multiple
Wavelength UV Absorbance
Spectrophotometers (200-
450nm)
NH3 Fresh Water &
Waste Water
Turbidity interference is there which
can be overcome.
Available TechnologiesParameters
MeasuredApplications Limitations
Colorimetric method
Reaction of Cr-VI with
diphenyl carbazide in
acid solution
Chromium Fresh Water & Waste
Water
Fresh Water & Waste Water
Voltammetry (Anodic
Stripping Voltammetry)
Chromium,
Nickel
Fresh Water & Waste
Water
Fresh Water
Dual Beam UV-Visible
Spectrophotometry
Chromium
Hexavalent and
Trivalent in full
spectrum
Fresh water & waste
water
Experience in Indian
condition is not available
Voltammetry (Anodic
Stripping Voltammetry)
Arsenic Fresh Water & Waste
Water
Fresh Water
Colorimetric (SDDC)
(Lab Method)
Arsenic Waste Water
Certain metals chromium,
coboit, copper, mercury
nichel, selemium, silver
influence, generation of
arsenic, H2 sintufers
Turbidity interference is
there which can be
overcome.
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,
mercury nickel, selenium,
silver influence generation
of arsenic. H2S interfers in
measurement
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
Available
Technologies
Parameters
MeasuredApplications Limitations
Two stage Advance
Oxidation technology
(biotector)
Total
Nitrogen
TOC, COD,
BOD
Waste Water,
fresh water
Fresh Water & Waste Water
TOC< 6.5m, Time required
for analse of TOC&TN 7
minutes, system
concentrator required,
Ambient Temperature 5-45 Z
Ammonium &
Nitrogen Sensor
Model I.Q. Verion
Ammonical-
Nitrogen
Waste Water Fresh Water
Low Temperature wet
chemical oxidation
(Applitech)
Total
Phosphate &
Total
Nitrogen
Waste Water,
fresh water
Fresh water
UV Fluorimetric TOC, COD,
BOD, TSS
Waste Water Turbidity interference is
there which can be
overcome, Fresh Water
Photo flex system Supercritical
water
oxidation
(SCWO)
BOD, COD Water & waste
water
Sample temperature above
600C require the optional
high temperature sampler
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
Available TechnologiesParameters
MeasuredApplications Limitations
Insitu UV spectrometry
sensor technology
pH, TDS, COD,
BOD, TOC,
Turbidity
Waste water Low measuring capacity of
COD ((i.e. 5000 mg/l) and
TSS (200 mg/l)
UV/Visible spectrometry,
probe & by-pass style
Flow, pH, BOD,
TSS, COD, NH3,
Cr, As, TOC,
Nitrate, Nitrite
Waste water The frequency of cleaning
varies widely depending on
the turbulence in the process
Wet chemical oxidation
(K2Cr2O7) method with
colorimetric
determination
COD Waste water Applicable only for COD
High temperature
catalytic combustion
oxidation
COD, BOD,
TOC
Waste water Fresh Water
IR light absorption at 880
nm
TSS Waste water Turbidity interference is
there which can be
overcome.
LAR Tech High
Temperatures
Thermal
Oxidation
Effluent Monitoring Technologies Available
B. Effluent Quality Monitoring (i) The instruments/analysers for real time monitoring of effluent discharges/
shall be calibrated with respect to their functioning, drift, linearity detection limit, output, response time, repeatability of temperature and other relevant parameters before installation.
(ii) After six months of operation, the analysers/ instruments /sensors shall be checked for their health, data accuracy and reliability following multi point calibration (at least at 3 span concentrations) using standard laboratory methods and certified reference materials.
(iii)Comparison of the values of pH, COD, BOD, TSS and TOC as recorded by the analysers/instruments/sensors shall be done on a fortnightly basis i.e, second Friday of the monthly, at fixed time, starting 10.00 am., using standard reference materials.
(iv)In case deviation of the comparison values exceeds the target accuracy specified for the parameter, the analyser/instrument/sensor shall be rechecked for its accuracy again on the next day, following standard laboratory methods and standard reference materials.
(v) In case the deviation of the comparison values is beyond the target accuracy for the specified parameters for 2 consecutive days, the system shall be recalibrated in the laboratory following multi point calibration (at least 03 span concentration) using standard laboratory methods and certified reference material.
vi. In case of any change in effluent matrix, the correlation between TOC: COD & TOC: BOD with laboratory reference method in case of TOC analyser and for COD and BOD with laboratory reference method in case of UV-Visible Spectroscopy shall be rechecked.
(vii) The data capture rate shall be more than 85%.
(viii) The data comparison/calibration verification shall be done by laboratories empanelled by CPCB using standard reference methods and certified reference standard material as specified and at a frequency specified.
(contd….)
Criteria for Empanelment of Laboratories (i) Laboratories recognised under the Environmental (Protection) Act, shall
only be considered for empanelment. (ii) The EPA recognised Laboratory having achieved robust statistical Z score
more than 70% in the laboratory proficiency testing shall only qualify for empanelment.
(iii) The empanelled Laboratory shall participate in the proficiency testing programmes organised by CPCB twice a year.
(iv) The empanelment of Laboratories, failing to achieve the required Z score in the proficiency testing shall be kept in abeyance, till their performance in the next round of proficiency testing meets the prescribed score.
(v) Laboratories failing consecutively twice in achieving the desired Z score in proficiency testing shall not be considered for empanelment and/or their empanelment withdrawn
(vi) CPCB shall arrange for Analytical Quality Control Proficiency Testing programmes for Air Pollutants along with the Water Quality parameters.
(vii) The Head Quarter/ Zonal Office laboratories of CPCB shall verify performance of atleast 2% of the installed real time monitoring systems every year.
(viii)The data comparison/calibration shall be done by empanelled laboratories at frequency specified under para-“Calibration”.
QUALITY CONTROL OF EMPANELLED LABORATORIES
Laboratories Recognized Under E(P) Act, 1986 Will Only Be Empanelled
CPCB Will Arrange Analytical Quality Control Exercise For Air Pollutants
Participation In AQC For Both Air And Water Is Mandatory For All The
Empanelled Laboratories
The Qualifying Criteria Will Be Decided On Robust Statistic (Z)
Score
Quality Control Exercise Will Be Conducted On Six Monthly Basis
CONTINUOUS EMISSION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (CEMS)
LEGISLATIVE BACK UP
Amendment May Be Needed To Make Real Time Monitoring
A Legal Proposition
Data Obtained From Real Time Monitoring Shall Be Used
For Regulatory Purposes
Industry Submitting Wrong Information/Data Is Liable For
Action
Data Logger connected to Sensors
Data use as of now
Industries had connected these CMS instrument’s output totheir control rooms through PLC (Programmable LogicControllers) to check on emission levels (Every process-wise,parameter-wise Limits are already prescribed by SPCBs/CPCB),to check the performance of plant and if required, change thecombustion element ratios.
Safe System RequirementThe system should be capable of
1. Data collection on Real Time basis without humanintervention.
2. Data Collection from any REAL TIME SYSTEM.
3. Providing data to all stake holders without delay .
4. Collection of Performance criteria parameters & Healthstatus
5. Providing tamper proof mechanism.
6. Providing facility for online calibration of systems.
7. Providing a system of change request management withrecording mechanism for data validation purpose.
8. Having Dashboards for facilitating SPCBs/PCCs/CPCBintelligent surveillance display for meaningful application ofdata.
9. Generating ALERTS in case of violation of stipulatedstandards.
Safe system Requirement (contd.)
10. Accommodating existing technology based Systems(Digital) with minimum variation.
11. Accommodating any new requirements of additionalparameter monitoring in future.
12. Continuous Transfer of Real Time data for display onindustry website & Industry main gate.
13. Data storage effortlessly without data loss.
14. Easily Deployable.
15. Creating a National Database for Policy & Decision Makers at a single GIS map.
Functioning of the system
Records
1. Continuous Data2. Validation events3. Calibration 4. Cross verification issues
Existing Systems
SPCBs/PCCs
New SystemsData
Transmission
Data Synchronization
CPCB
Data on Website
Delayed Checks
Scrutiny
WEBData available for Policy makers/Public
INDUSTRIES
Data Transmission Transmission Medium: Preferential order
Wireless connection
Leased Circuit of 512 Kbps or 1Mbps
Broadband telephone connection
GSM/GPRS
Leased Line
Broadband
123
Satellite Comm.4
Data ViewingData received from real-time monitoring systems
viewed regularly
Dedicated teams of experts monitor the data 24X7
Daily, Weekly, Monthly and Yearly data trendsviewed to ensure correct data is being generatedand transmitted
In case of irregularities in the data verification ofthe monitoring systems is done.
System Verification
Checking the diagnostics of the instrument
SO2 diagnostics is ok…..
Report on Calibration
By Geo-referencing monitoring stations on GIS Platform
Different layers on map as per type of monitoring stations,sector & category of the industries
Dash Board – summary of data of all monitoring stations
Report Generation
Station Report (Hourly, Weekly, Monthly, Yearly,Periodic)
Multi station reports
Diurnal reports
Wind Rose
Pollution rose etc.
Data Presentation
Flow of Information
Summarizing, Analysis and Interpretation
Use of Real-time Environmental Data
Summarizing
Analysis
Interpretation
Use of Real-time Environmental Data
By Regulators
By Industries
Others Uses
Use of Real-time Environmental Data
By
RegulatorsA
• Regulatory Compliance
• Pollution Prevention and Control
B
• Policy Designing, Planning and Siting
• Mitigation and Response
C
• To Keep Track of Project / Program Success
• Cleanup and Remediation Science
Use of Real-time Environmental Data
By
IndustriesTo Avoid Non-Compliance
Real-time Data Acquisition & Analysis Tools
Market Trading Systems
Responsible Corporate Citizenship
Leveraging Enterprise + ERP Systems
Use of Real-time Environmental Data
Other
Uses
Integration of Real-time Environmental Data with
GIS
Study Impact of Pollution and Benefits and Costs of
Pollution Control
Measures
Use by Common People to
know Environment
al Impacts and
Awareness
Whatsoever way the data may be gathered andanalyzed, the data itself reflects processes that areoccurring in the real world.
Factors such as pesticide in drinking water or changesin ambient air quality may be represented by numbersor charts, but in reality they represent impacts onindividual organisms, on human and biologicalcommunities, and on entire ecosystems.
Scientists, policy makers and the public should do wellto realize that decisions based on data, howeverarcane, ultimately translate back to the real world asactions and outcomes.
Conclusion
Thank You