Post on 14-Apr-2018
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Volatile Oils
Essential oils
volatilize and distilled in steam
chemically and physically different from fixed oils
not glyceryl esters of fatty acids
do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper
not saponified with alkali
not become rancid but on exposure to air and light
becomes oxidized and resinify
frequently associated with other substances likegums, resins
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Volatile Oils
generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and
oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons
the odor and taste is mainly determined by the
oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in
water but more soluble in alcohol many of them are terpenoids in origin with some
containing aromatic derivatives
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Volatile Oils
volatile oils chemical constituents are divided
into 2 classes based on their biosyntheticorigin:
1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acidpathway
2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenylpropanoid pathway
many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids andothers phenylterpenoids
constituents are responsible for their characteristicodor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties
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Oil of TurpentineSynonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of turpentine
Origin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the oleoresinofPinus palustris (Pinaceae)
Constituents: terpene ((+), (-),(-) pinene,camphene)
Use: externallycounterirritant, rubefacient- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticide
Note: - rarely given internally
- for inhalationterebene is preferred (terebene is
prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid--- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (limonene)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons
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Canada turpentine
Synonym: Canada balsam
Origin: oleoresin from the stem ofAbies
balsamea (Pinaceae)
Constituent: contains 2324% volatile oil
Use: use as microscopic mount
Note:
Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and largecavities
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Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oil
Origin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves ofPinusmago var.pumilio (Pineaceae)
Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-camphene, pinene, dipentene, borneol,cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate
Use:
- decongestant inhalant
- prep. of compound thymol glycerin- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder
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Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation ofthe woody portions ofJuniperus oxycedras(Cupressaceae)
Constituent: sesquiterpenecadinene- phenolic compoundsguaiacol, ethyl guaiacol
and cresol
Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)
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Cubeb NF X (1955)
Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubeba
Origin: dreid nearly fullgrown but unripe fruit ofPipercubeba (Piperaceae)
Constituents:
- 2028% volatile oil containing terpenes andsesquiterpenes
- cubebininodorous crystalline substance
- cubebic acidwhite amorphous substance
- Amorphous resinUse: stimulant, carminative, condiment
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Pepper NF V (1926)
Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, Paminta
Origin: dried unripe fruits ofPiper nigrum(Piperaceae)
Constituents:
- terpenelimonene, sabinene, camphene,
bisabolene, caryophylene, pinene,thujone
- alkaloidspiperine and piperitine (pungency)
Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea andchronic bronchitis
- condiment
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Pepper
Note:- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretionof saliva and gastric mucosa
- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during
smoking
white pepperremoval of the outer part of the pericarp
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Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile,
lupulin (drug), common hopsOrigin: glandular hairs separated from the
strobile ofHumulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae
Constituents:
- humuleneacids (phlorogluctinolderivative)
- lupulone - acid
- 2methyl3butene2 ol (sedativehypnotic property
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Lupulin
Use:
- bitter tonic, mild antibacterial (gm +)- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tensionetc.)
- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid
- Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNSsedation; Resp.bronchial irritation; Skincontact dermatitis
Interactions: CNS depressantsadditive
Phenothiazinetype antipsychotic - additive
Ma Asuncion S Cobar:
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Peppermint NF18(1995)Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa
Origin: dried leaves ofMentha piperita (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves,partially or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene,terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone
- 2acetyl4isopropenyl pyridine - odor
Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,stimulant, counterirritant
- commercial importance, flavor forconfectionery(chewing gum)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol
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Peppermint Antibacterial, antiviral
Enteric antispasmodic, antiflatulence
Interactions: Cal. Blockers - effect
Adverse:
gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,
severe liver damage
Face and nostrils of infants and children
Note:
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var.
piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor
compared to peppermint oil
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Peppermint
Menthol
- used as topical antipruritic in burns and
sunburn preparations- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant
- internally, depressant effect to the heart
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Cardamon NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon
Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit ofElettaria
cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)
- dried ripe seeds recently removed from thecapsules ofElettaria cardamomum
(Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:
- volatile oillinalol and terpenes
- cineol , - terponyl acetate
Use:- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of
liqueurs
- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon
- anti- viral
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Sage
Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadowsage
Origin: dried leaves ofSalvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)
Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,diterpenes, camphor
Use: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic andastringent)
- topicalitchinginsect bite, herpes lesions,shingles, psoriasis
- vaginal doucheyeast infection- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color
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Sage
Has cholinergic activity treatment of
Alzheimers disease
Mild antioxidant property
Adverse: seizure
Interaction: disufiram
Those with epileptic history