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Activity / Tom Moran / Ivrea Symposium / November 12-13, 2003 1
Activity Analysis, Design, and Management
Thomas P. Moran
IBM Almaden Research Center
San Jose, California USA
Symposium on the Foundations of Interaction Design
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea
November 12-13, 2003
Activity / Tom Moran / Ivrea Symposium / November 12-13, 2003 2
Activity in Interaction Design
Interaction = Artifact + Person + Motivation
Use Activity
Context Activities
Meta-Activity
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Many Views of Activity
• Behavioral / Social TheoryDistributed cognition, ethnography, activity theory, etc
• Timestream (history)• Activity Management (things to do)• Workflow Process
design, control, manage
• Organizational Change (process re-engineering)analyze, design, monitor, adapt
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Many Representations of Activity
• Behavioral / Social Theory account• Timestream (history) log• Activity Management (things to do) surrogate• Workflow Process program• Organizational Change analysis
(process re-engineering) plan
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Activity Management
overviewing, orienting
organizing, planning, scheduling
reminding, alerting
contextual opportunistic triggering
setting up
executingperipherally monitoring, switching
reporting, documenting
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Hypothesis
In order to be managed:activities need to be explicitly representedas personal / social / organizational entities.
Activity-Centered Work Environment:• Ephemeral activities represented activities• Juggling tools carrying out activities• Managing information managing activities
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Rationale for Activity Centeredness
Studies of time management show …• People put a lot of effort into
• Planning longer-term goals (periodically)
• Managing shorter-term tasks (continuously)
• Multiplicity of tools are used – but people are not satisfied• Electronic: lack of coordination, availability, reliability
• Physical are better (paper, post-its, walls, desks)
• ToDo items are distributed in the natural flow of work• In both physical and electronic space
• Calendar and email is used to manage ToDos
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An Activity in Time
Need
Planning is fuzzy.
Reminding is contextually distributed.
Activities are intermittent.
Activities need to be accounted for.
Plan ExecuteRemember
Report
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Multiple Activities
Coordinate: delegate, wait, notify.
Be aware: peripheral activities.
Adapt: respond to new, shuffle tasks.
Manage contexts: setup and switch.
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An Activity…
…consists of mental/physical/computational actions:• at different time scales (minutes…months)• by one or more people (agents)• having coherence
• conceptually (goal-directed)• contextually (eg, a group meeting)
• related to other activities• using resources (people, tools, information)• in a socio/cultural/organizational context• from the perspective of an individual
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Example of an Activity:Chairing an Awards Committee
Run awards committee1. Set up committee
2. Decide on winners
3. Announce, coordinate, present, etc.
4. Hand it off
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emailpeopledocuments
tightly coordinated activityloose, parallel activitiesscheduled, sequential activitiesreuse and refinehand off
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Intentions Commitments Possibilities
Original Planning Tableau
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Revised Tableau Categories Contexts Communication / Schedule
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Plan
Plan + Calendar Activity Strip
Activity Shelf Activities Today
Mobile Activities
Integrated Tableau Configurations
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Enterprise Business process workflows
Team/group Places, project plans, bug lists, …
Interpersonal Email, “instant collaboration”
Personal ToDos, calendars
Levels involve:• scope of interaction• activity initiation, management, access, accounting• resource administration• degree of design
Levels of Activity Representations
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BAM regularize, monitor
TAM collect, share
IPAM coordinate
PAM plan, remember, respond
Levels need to be integrated …
… using activity structures as the common construct
Levels of Activity Representations
Enterprise
Team/group
Interpersonal
Personal
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Enterprise
Team/group
Interpersonal
Personal
Levels need to be integrated …
… using activity structures as the common construct
Levels of Activity Representations
Top down
Bottom up
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Facets of Activity-Centeredness
• Managing Personal Activities• Coordinating Inter-Personal Activities• Personalizing Business Processes• Reusing and Designing Activities
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Managing Personal Activities
ToDos must be extremely lightweight and flexible.• Provide an activity overview
for planning, monitoring,organizing, …
• Distribute activity structuresamong applications, components, and devices
• Allow emergent activities to be representedeasily, but optionally
• Collect resources into activity structuresboth manually and automatically
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Coordinating Interpersonal Activity
Jane’s Workplace
John’s Workplace
Johninformally
sharesactivity
withJane.
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Personalizing Business Processes
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
ActivityStart End
Business Process
Jane’s Workplace
John’s Workplace
Distributing control and adaptation: 1. Process generates activity for John.2. John alters activity to adapt it.3. John feeds back alterations, as well as results, to process.
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Reusing and Designing Activities
• Reusing activity structures• Making a copy• Using it as a template
• Designing by doing• Refining• Parameterizing• Publishing• Evolving