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Amazonia and ClimateAmazonia and Climate
A.D. Nobre, INPA
Side Event Institute for Environmental Security
UNFCC COP12
15 November 2006, Nairobi Kenya
Socrates Dream
Ani
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Greenhouse Earth 95% CO2
Present day Earth 0.037% CO2
30% output increase
The changes in atmospheric composition are highly correlated with climate stability
Biogeochemical Climate Thermostat
A multidisciplinary stroll through Earth evolution
See details in the GCP CD: Earth, a Living Planet
A multidisciplinary stroll through Earth evolution
See details in the GCP CD: Earth, a Living Planet
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The Green Ocean The Green Ocean
2 years data from TRMM satellite
Animation Credit NASA Goddard
TROPICAL RAINFALL
[DATA]
20 years of Surface Temperature
[DATA] Data & Animation Credit NASA
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Biosphere – Atmosphere relations
More Power than Meets the Eyes
Biosphere – Atmosphere relations
More Power than Meets the Eyes
300 liters of water transpired per day by a
single big tree !
300 liters of water transpired per day by a
single big tree !
Equivalent to 20 billion tons for the whole
Amazon !
Equivalent to 20 billion tons for the whole
Amazon !Or 135 years of Itaipu at full
power !!Or 135 years of Itaipu at full
power !!
RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFORESTRAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST
Photo Credit Antonio D Nobre
RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST
CLEAN ATMOSPHERE
VOCs
based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others
TROPICALATLANTICOCEAN
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
26%
H2OVAPORH2OVAPOR
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RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST
Volatile Organic Tree
Modified from Fall, R., University of Colorado, Boulder at http://www.rfall.net/
LightLight
LeavesLeaves
Isoprene
SesquiterpenesMonoterpenes
FormaldhydeFormic Acid
AcetaldehydeAcetic Acid
EthanolAcetone
Flowers
Floral Scents
Resin ducts or glands
Stored Terpenes
Resin ducts or glands
Stored Terpenes
Leaves, Stems, Roots
Cell Membranes
Defense + Herbivory
Cell Walls
by-products
Many Tissues
Phytohormones
Methanol
C5, C6
VOCs
Ethylene
100s of VOCs
Methyl Salicylate
Methyl Jasmonate
Polimerization: Terpenes
Metabolism
The Forgotten Droplets The Forgotten Droplets
RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST
CLEAN ATMOSPHERE
VOCs
PHOTOXIDATION
TROPICALATLANTICOCEAN
+Warm
Low LevelClouds
Heavy but GentleRainfall
based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others
BiogenicCloud Condensation
Nuclei (CCNs)
H2OVAPOR
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[MODEL]
RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST
CLEAN ATMOSPHERE
VOCs
PHOTOXIDATION
TROPICALATLANTICOCEAN
+
INTERCEPTION15%
WarmLow Level
Clouds
Heavy but GentleRainfall
based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others
H2OVAPORH2OVAPOR
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
26%
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BiogenicCloud Condensation
Nuclei (CCNs)
[MODEL]
Makarieva A. M., Gorshkov V. G., 2006, Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture and its importance for the water cycle on land, Hydrology Earth System Sciences Discussions, online now.
(e) Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture: transpiration fluxes regulated by naturalforests exceed oceanic evaporation fluxes to the degree when the arising oceanto-
land fluxes of moist air become large enough to compensate losses of water torunoff in the entire river basin.
FORESTED-LAND CIRCULATION [MODEL]
giraffes elephant
Paleoclimates and Vegetation:
Suggestions from the Mega fauna
Wildebeest
The Amazon Rainforest has a Powerful and Key
Influence on Climate
Photo Credit Antonio D Nobre
How does this Influence Plays Elsewhere on the
Globe?
Healthy forest–atmosphere exchanges can affect the
hydrological cycle elsewhere
Valuing Ecosystem Services
Global water vapor, one week mosaic
Click mouse here => <= to Start / Stop rain animation
Airborne Rivers of Vapor
Airborne Rivers of Vapor
[DATA]
?
?
Fonte mapa: material internet
[DATA]
Geography of ClimateGeography of Climate
First, let’s observe and understand
global atmospheric circulation
Surface heating on the equatorial
zone produces strong upwellings of air. Rising air cools and looses moisture, making these rainy areas
...when the dry air falls in the other extreme of the Hadley cells it warms up and takes moisture from
the surface... making these dry areas
The Hadley circulation
transports heat from the
equator to higher latitudes,
and explains the trade winds
near the surface, which
transport moisture from the ocean to the Amazon
Diagram source: internet material
[MODEL]
AMAZON ATLANTI C
HADLEY CONVEYOR BELTCO
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TRADE WINDS TRANSPORT MOISTURE
HIGH WINDS TRANSPORT HEAT
[MODEL]
The ENGINEThe ENGINE
30 years of South America Rainfall
Source: Willmot & Webber, 1998, http://daac.ornl.gov//LBA/guides/lba_willmott.html
[DATA]
Marengo et al, 2005
The Explanation : South American Monsoon
[MODEL]
RAINFALL MECHANISM IN A DISTURBED RAINFOREST
H2O VAPOR
DIRTY ATMOSPHERE
VOCsX
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
TROPICALATLANTICOCEAN
based on results of ABRACOS project 2000 and LBA: Andrea et al. Science,; others
People destroy the Garden of Eden…
What happens then?
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RAINFALL MECHANISM IN A DISTURBED RAINFOREST
H2O VAPOR+
DIRTY ATMOSPHERE
COLDToweringClouds
TROPICALATLANTICOCEAN
based on results of ABRACOS project 2000 and LBA: Andrea et al. Science,; others
SootDust
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Smoky Dissipative
Clouds
Suppression of
Rainfall
Dry Season or Drought
[MODEL]
(a) Deserts: evaporation on land is close to zero, so the low level air moves fromland to the ocean year round, thus "locking" the desert for moisture.
DESERT CIRCULATION
Makarieva A. M., Gorshkov V. G., 2006, Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture and its importance for the water cycle on land, Hydrology Earth System Sciences Discussions, online now.
[MODEL]
Amazon River, 2005Amazon River, 2005