Period 1 AP World History Notes

ANCIENT STUFF: AROUND 8000 BCE TO

AROUND 600 CE

What are civilizations all about?How does change occur within a society?How are people impacted by, and how do they

impact, geography and climate?

THE BIG PICTURE

Basic needs – shelter and foodForaging Societies – hunters and gathersPastoral Societies – taming animals

NOMADS FOLLOW THE FOOD

“New Stone Age” or Agricultural RevolutionSmall, independent groups or communitiesCultivation means staying in one place

Water and good soilDomesticated animalsSimple tools Ideas of property and ownership

SETTLING DOWN: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

Once nomads started interacting with sedentary societies through trade or conflicts, things started to get complicated

Organized economiesGovernmental structuresReligious organizationsCIVILIZATION

Specialization of labor is key to civilization

CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE

Farming villagesDiversion of waterClearing landAnimals used for food, clothing, and labor

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE

Metal tools began replacing stone toolsBronze metal works Iron working

TECHNOLOGY

River valleysLarge land areaLarge populations Included:

Mesopotamia Egypt India China

BIG, EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

“Land between the rivers” – Tigris and Euphrates Included civilizations of:

Sumer Babylon Persia

Fertile crescent

MESOPOTAMIA

First major Mesopotamian CivilizationDeveloped CuneiformTrade and introduction of the wheelPolytheistic - Ziggurats

SUMER

King HammurabiCode of Hammurabi – set of legal codeBabylon fell to other invaders: Assyrians, Medes, and

ChaldeansKing Nebuchadnezar – rebuilt Babylon – architecture

and cultureFell to the Persian Empire

BABYLON

Nile River Valley in Egypt to modern day Turkey and Greece to Afghanistan

Great Royal Road

PERSIA

Lydians Coined money for trade

Phoenicians Naval city-states Simple alphabet

Hebrews Judaism Monotheistic God’s chosen people

OTHERS IN MESOPOTAMIA

Nile RiverPyramidsSmaller towns

ANCIENT EGYPT

Control flood watersDrainage and irrigation systemsConstructionHieroglyphicstrade

ACHIEVEMENTS

PolytheisticAfterlifeMummificationpyramids

EGYPTIAN BELIEFS

Queen Hatshepsut – expanded tradeHigh status – many rights and opportunitiesSubservient to menMore value after having children

WOMEN OF EGYPT

PharoahPriestsNoblesMerchants and skilled artisansPeasants (generated the most wealth)

SOCIAL STRUCTURE (PYRAMID)

Around 1100 BCEConquered by the Assyrian and PersiansGreeks occupied Absorbed into Roman Empire

FALL OF EGYPT

Indus River systemMountains allowed limited outside contactHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro – major citiesStrong central governmentPolytheisticTechnologies: potter’s wheel, clothtraders

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (INDIA)

Nomads from Caucasus Mountain regionsHorses and advanced weaponsGave up nomadic lifestyle in the Indus ValleyEstablished their religious beliefs

Reincarnation Vedas and Upanishads HINDUISM

Caste system

ARYAN ARRIVAL IN INDIA

Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River)Agriculture surpluses led to trade centered civilizationLimited contact – traded with MesopotamiaBelieved they were the center of the world

EARLY CHINA (SHANG CHINA)

Extended family important in most ancient civilizations

Patriarchal – led by eldest maleGods controlled all aspects of liveDead ancestors “middle men” to the gods

FAMILY FOCUS

Replaced Shang around 1100 BCERuled 900 yearsMandate of Heaven – power as long as rulers

governed justly and wiselyFeudal system in China

King and nobles bureaucracies

ZHOU CHINA

Farmers of Niger and Benue River Valleys began migrating south and east

Things they took with them… Language Agriculture metallurgy

Moved to lands of the nomads – nomads either joined in or left

Not all Bantu migrated

BANTU MIGRATIONS

Bantu left due to climate changes and the growing Sahara Desert

Jenne- Jeno – first city in sub-Saharan AfricaBantu are proof that not all human societies followed

the same path toward sophistication, and that urbanization doesn’t always mean civilization

Two early civilizations: Olmec (Mexico) and the Chavin (The Andes)

Urban societiesPolytheisticDeveloped similarly to other earlier civilizations in

different parts of the worldNeither developed in a river valley- disproves the

idea that river valleys are necessary

MESOAMERICA

MesoAmerica Maya

India and China Mauryan Empire Gupta Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty

Mediterranean Greece Rome

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

Southern MexicoCity-states ruled by the same kingPyramid buildersHieroglyphicsCalendar systemTikal – political center, 100,000 plus populationPolytheistic - ritualistic beliefs

MESOAMERICA – MAYAN CIVILIZATION

Cosmos into three parts Heavens Middle Underworld

Warfare was to gain slaves not territoryNo large animals- humans did the farmworkAdvanced agriculture – cotton and maizeMayan calendar – based on a number system that

included 0

The Mauryan EmpireGupta DynastyQin DynastyHan Dynasty

INDIA AND CHINA

IndiaDepended on trade

Silk Cotton elephants

Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – unified Aryan kingdom into civilization

Buddhism – nonviolence and moderation

MAURYAN EMPIRE

Decentralized and smaller than MauryanGolden Age – peace and advances in arts and societyMath advances = pi, zero, and decimalsArabic numeralsHinduism dominate religion in India, reinforced the

caste system

GUPTA DYNASTY

Lasted less than 10 yearsStrong economy based on agriculturePowerful army with iron weaponsGREAT WALL OF CHINAEmpire – organized, centralized, and territorialpatriarchial

QIN DYNASTY

Trade along the Silk RoadCivil service based on teachings of ConfuciusGovernment workers should be educations and well

spoken Invented paper, accurate sundials, calendars, use of

metals

HAN DYNASTY

GreeceRome Beginnings of “western civilization”Representative governmentContributed to art, architecture, literature, science

and philosophy.

MEDITERRANEAN

Peninsula – Agean and Mediterranean SeasMountainous – not good for agricultureLocation aided in trade and cultural diffusionReplaced barter system with money systemColonial nation – large empire

Powerful military Transportation Communication governance

GREECE

City-States (polis) Athens – political, commercial, and cultural center Sparta – agricultural and militaristic region

Polis had 3 groups Citizens (adult men) Free people with no political rights Noncitizens (mostly slaves)

GREEK CITIZENSHIP

Open decision making- all citizens participatedDraco and Solon – aristocrats that worked to create

democracy in Athens

GREEK DEMOCRACY

Many godsGreek gods possessed human failings

Anger Drunkeness Took sides petty

horoscopes

GREEK MYTHOLOGY

United Greek city-states against PersiaTwo Greek victories

Marathon Salamis

Golden Age of Pericles – Greek era of peace and prosperity

PERSIAN WARS

Delian League- alliance against common enemiesPhilosophy and arts flourished

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Drama- comedies and tragedies Sculpture Architecture Homer

Math and science Inspired European Renaissance and Enlightenment

GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES

Many city-states allied themselves with Sparta forming the Peloponnesian League

Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) – Spartan victoryBUT Sparta was left weakened and vulnerableMacedonians invaded – but respected

TROUBLE FOR ATHENS

Macedonian kingConquered Persian Empire Greek empire expanded into Indus River ValleyDivided empire into 3 parts

Antigonid – Greece and Macedon Ptolemaic - Egypt Seleucid – Bactria and Anatolia

Adopted Greek ideas and spread them Hellenism- culture, ideals, and patterns of Classical Greece

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Greek/Macedonian empire started to crumble with the death of Alexander the Great

Romans to the west became a new world force

Good geographic location Alps to the north Surrounded by sea Easy access to Northern Africa, Palestine, Greece, Iberia

ROME

PolytheisticMany gods of Greek origin - renamed

ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

Patricians (land owning nobles), plebeians (all other free men) , slaves

Representative Republic – Very similar to USCivil laws to protect individual rightsTwelve Tables of Rome – Roman law codeSocial structure

Pater families – eldest male Women did have influence within the family and could own

property Slaves – better conditions in the city than the country

ROMAN STRUCTURE

Carthage (North Africa) – Rome’s first enemyPunic Wars

First to control Sicily – Rome Second – Hannibal attacked from the north using elephants,

attack on Carthage forces Hannibal back – Roman victory Third – Roman invasion of Carthage – Roman victory

Rome continued expansion through the Mediterranean Fought the Macedonians (Greece) and Gauls (Iberia)

All Roads Lead to Rome

ROMAN MILITARY DOMINATION

After Punic Wars – Roman influence around the world grewRestlessness in Rome

Landowners begin using slaves from lands taken over Inflation – Rome’s currency losses value Political leaders fighting among themselves

Power of Senate weakend First triumvirate – power shifted to Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar

Second Triumirate – Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus Octavius known as Augustus Caesar and became emperor

Rome becomes capital of the Western worldAugustus established

Common currancy Civil service Secured travel for merchants

COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC LEADS TO IMPERIALISM

Pax Romana – peaceGroups within Roman Empire maintained their

identities Hebrews Egyptians

Arts, literature, architecture, science flourished

Paganism was state religion Sacrifices to traditional Roman gods Christians persecuted and killed at the Colosseum, threat to

PaganismChristianity takes hold in Roman Empire after

AugustusReligious tolerance – conquered territories allowed to

keep their faith391 CE – Christianity becomes official religion of

Roman Empire

RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY

Collapse of Empires/Dynasties Maya Han China Gupta Empire Western Roman Empire

Cultural diffusion

LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD

No one is exactly sure what happened: Disease Drought Internal unrest and warfare

Began to desert their cities in the 800s CE

COLLAPSE OF THE MAYA

Xin dynasty seized throne using the Mandate of Heaven

During Xin rule: Land ownership reforms failed Chaos in the economy

Taxes inflation

Famines Peasant uprisings

Xin dynasty ended 23 CE and Han Dynasty back in power – unable to recover back to former power the government collapsed

Regional kingdoms for the next 400 years

COLLAPSE OF HAN CHINA

INDIA Invaded by the White Huns India’s culture (Hinduism and the caste system)

survived the Hun invasion, the empire did not.

COLLAPSE OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE

Reasons for Collapse Internal decay combined with external pressure Size of the empire Expense of maintaining the empire Weak leaders

Diocletian, emperor, in 284 tried to fix problems Divided empire into two parts with co-emperors Army under imperial control Strengthen currency Budget on the government

Civil war erupted upon Diocletian’s retirement f

COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN PORTION OF ROMAN EMPIRE

322 Constantine comes to power Built Constantinople Able emperor After his death empire divided again into east and west

Eastern portion of Roman Empire thrivedWestern portion struggled

Pressure for Attila and the Huns Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 476, Roman emperor deposed

Eastern portion of empire renamed the Byzantine Empire

Trade routes successful Cultures, religion spread

Silk Road – China to Roman Empire Pastoral communities provided protection, shelter, and

suppliesDisease traveled as well

Black death, measles, small poxReligions spread

Buddhism from India to East and Southeast Asia via trade routes

Christianity spread into Mediterranean

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

PolytheismConfucianismDaoismLegalismHinduismBuddhism Judaismchristianity

MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS THROUGH 600 C.E.

Up to 600 C.E. all religions except Judaism and Christianity were polytheistic

Gods played many roles in various regions of the world

Center of art and architecture Grand works were dedicated to the gods

Rise and fall of city-states was seen as drama on earth and in the heavens between the gods

POLYTHEISM

Developed for the Chinese culture, practiced from about 400 C.E on

Confucianism is a political and social philosophy NOT a religion

Focuses on 5 fundamental relationships Ruler – subject Parent – child Husband – wife Older brother – younger brother Friend - friend

Values stressed Ren – humanity, kindness, benevolence Li – propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders Xiao – respect for family obligation

Compatible with most religions

CONFUCIANISM

The way of nature, the way of the cosmosBased on eternal principle governing the workings of

the worldAdvocated formation of small, self-sufficient

communitiesCounter-balance to Confucian activismPromoted scientific discovery

DAOISM

Practiced in China – Qin DyanastyPeace and order were achievable through a

centralized, tightly governed stateDidn’t trust human nature, advocated need for tough

lawsTwo most worthy professions: Farming and MilitaryCompleted unification of ChinaCompleted the Great Wall of China

LEGALISM

Practiced in India and Indian SubcontinentOne supreme force – BrahmaPolythesitic- gods are manifestations of BrahmaLife goal is to merge with Brahma

Cannot be done in one lifetime REINCARNATION

No sacred text, Vedas and Upanishads guide HindusReligion AND social system (Caste system)Buddhism came from Hinduism

HINDUISM

Practiced in India, China, Southeast AsiaNo supreme being Four Noble Truths

All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire One can be freed of this desire One is freed of desire by following the Eightfold Path

Life goal is to reach nirvana – state of perfect peace and harmony

Rejected social hierarchies, so appealed to those of lower rank

BUDDHISM

Practiced by the HebrewsGod selected a small group and made himself known

to themFirst monotheistic faithBeliefs:

Afterlife Set of traditions and doctrines Philosophy Personal salvation Awareness of unique relationship with God

Humans task to honor and serve God by following Laws of Moses

Beginnings of Christianity and Islam

JUDAISM

Started with a small group of Jews, expanded through the Roman Empire

Based on Old and New Testaments of the BibleBelieve that Jesus Christ is the son of GodForgiveness of sins is possible through the death of

ChristMonotheisticBy 200 C.E. most influential religion in the

Mediterranean basin

CHRISTIANITY

Farming tools Plows Hoes Rakes Wheel

Metal tools and weaponsFirst civilizations developed at the same time as iron

technologyPublic works projects

Irrigation Dikes and canals

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS

Women typically lose power as societies settle in one area

Women’s freedoms depended on social class. Upper-class – restricted in public appearances Lower-class, peasants, slaves – worked outside the home

Wearing of veils in upper-class women began in the Babylonian Empire

Rights of women differed by religions – Christianity and Buddhism considered women equal in

ability to achieve salvation and/or nirvana Hinduism – women not allowed to read the Vedas or

participate in prayers

CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES IN THE ROLE OF WOMEN