Post on 06-Aug-2015
transcript
Animal Agriculture’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Outline
• U.S. inventory of greenhouse gases
• Carbon Footprint - Life Cycle Assessment
• How they are calculated
• Why they vary
• How they are used
US Greenhouse Gas Emissions
EPA 2013
Agriculture Sources
Energy use15%
Enteric fermenta-tion28%
Manure management14%Rice cultivation
1%
Cropland soils30%
Grassland soils12%
Adapted from Archibeque, S. et al., 2012.
Animal Agriculture GHG Emissions
USDA 2011
HOW DO WE FIND A CARBON FOOTPRINT?
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
What is a carbon footprint?
• Total GHG emissions for a given person, place, event, or product
• Created using a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)"Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the
potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle“ (ISO 2006)
• Extraction and treatment of raw materials• Product manufacturing• Transport and distribution• Product use• End of life
ISO 2006
How a carbon footprint is created:Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Not all analysis come up with the same “answer”…
0.7 1.0 1.35 2.05
WHY DO FOOTPRINTS VARY?
Boundaries• Boundary definition
• Cradle – to – grave• EPA: only manure management• Cradle – to – farm gate
Manure
GHGs
Inputs
GHGsGHGs
GHGsGHGs
Use & Disposal
GHGs
Thoma et al. 2012
Assumptions
“Generic” Dairy Carbon
Footprint
Units
Capper 2009
Per cow Per gallon of milk
• Per cow• Per gallon (kg) of milk• Per gallon (kg) of energy corrected milk (ECM)
• Fat and protein
HOW ARE FOOTPRINTS USED?
Pork Carbon Footprint Thoma et al. 2011
Supply Chain Analysis
Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy 2010
Supply Chain Analysis
Geographical Comparisons
Regional Dairy Carbon Footprints Thoma et al. 2012
Historical comparisons
dairy beef0
5
10
15
20
251944/19772007
kg
CO2
eq/
kg p
rodu
ct
Capper et al. 2009, 2011
Product Comparisons
EWG 2011
Benbrook et al. 2010
Intensive + rBST Conventional Intensive, Organic Grass-based, Jersey
-1.66533453693773E-16
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
ManureEnteric
kg C
O2e
q /k
g EC
M
Systems comparisons
Dairy Type
Management comparisons
slurry open storage enclosed storage anaerobic digester
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
kg C
O2
eq/
kg E
CM
Rotz 2010
no-till solids separation, tillage incorporation
Dairy Manure Management options
Available Carbon Footprint Tools
• DairyGEM – Gas Emissions Model• Basic tool to evaluate feed and manure management
options• http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?
docid=21345
• Shades of Green (SOG) Dairy Calculator• More advanced tool looks at feed, manure, fertility,
health, and economic return, multiple environmental factors, currently only methane
• http://www.organic-center.org/sog.download.html
More Carbon Footprint Tools
• Live Swine Carbon Footprint Calculator• http://www.pork.org/Resources/1220/
CarbonFootprintCalculatorHomepage.aspx#.UHg2K66s971
• Poultry Carbon Footprint Estimation Toolkit• https://www.uspoultry.org/uspforms/cdrom/CarbonFootprint/start.cfm
• Cool Farm Tool• All species• Includes emissions from fields, inputs, livestock, land use and land use
change and primary processing• http://www.unilever.com/aboutus/supplier/sustainablesourcing/tools
Outline
• U.S. inventory of greenhouse gases
• Carbon Footprint - Life Cycle Assessment
• How they are calculated
• Why they vary
• How they are used
For a full list of references cited in this presentation, please visit:
www.animalagclimatechange.org
This project was supported by Agricultural and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No. 2011-67003-
30206 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Graphic SourcesU.S. EPA. 2013. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2011.”
Archibeque et al., 2012. “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Opportunities for Livestock Management in the United States.”
USDA. 2011. U.S. Agriculture and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990-2008.
ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework
Graphic SourcesU.S. EPA. 2010. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008”UN-FAO 2010. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment”Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167Thoma et al. 2010. ”Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S.”
Thoma et al. 2012. International Dairy Journal (2012) 1-12“Greenhouse gas emissions from milk production and consumption in the United States: A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment circa 2008”
Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167
Thoma et al. 2011. “National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for Production of US Swine.”
Graphic Sources
Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman. 2009. “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167Capper, J.L. 2011. “The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007.” J. An Sci. 2011.89:4249-4261
Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. 2010. “Greenhouse Gas LCA for Fluid Milk”
Thoma et al. 2012. “Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from USA dairy farms: A cradle to farm-gate assessment of the American dairy industry circa 2008”
Graphic Sources
Environmental Working Group. 2011. “Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change + Health”
Benbrook et al. 2010. “A Dairy Farm’s Footprint: Evaluating the Impacts of Conventional and Organic Farming Systems”
Rotz, C.A., Montes, F., Chianese, D.S. 2010. The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment. Journal of Dairy Science. 93(3):1266-1282.