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Great Britain Russia China Mexico Nigeria Iran
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Political Culture Nationalism: pride inbeing English
Insularity: feeling ofseparation from rest ofEurope
Nobless oblige: duty ofthe upper class to takeresponsibility for thewelfare of the lowerclasses
Multinationalism:boundaries includeEngland, Scotland,Wales, and NorthernIreland.
Small size: limitedresources shapedefforts to colonizeother lands andbecome an imperialpower
Factors thatshape PoliticalCulture:GeographicSetting- Russia isthe largestcountryin the world
geographically.Russia is also oneof the coldestcountries oneearth. Warm portsare few, and it'shistory has beenshaped by thedesire to conquercountries thathave blocked
Russian access tothe sea. Russianshave manynatural resourcesalthough they arevery difficult toextract. EasternOrthodoxy- TheRussian EasternOrthodox religionis inextricably
linked to thestate, so theprinciple ofseparation ofchurch and statenever developed.Even when thecommunist stateforbade its citizensto practicereligion, the
acceptance ofgovernmentcontrol remained.Equality of result-The Russiansappreciate thevalue of equalityrather than theof equalopportunity. As aresult, the Russianpolitical culture isnot particularlyconductive to thedevelopment ofcapitalism.
Political culture shaped byperiod of dynastic rule,control by imperialistnations, and finallycommunist rule.ConfucianismMaoism stresses
democratic centralism(responsibility of ruler tothe people), ideal societybasedon self reliance andstruggle, egalitarian socialstructure, the mass line,and loyalty to the state.Geography also influencespolitical culture--concentration on easternseaboard influences
politics, and isolation ofwest has caused problems.Chinese nationalism: ideaof"Middle Kingdom,"sense of entitlementamong Han Chinese.(mandate of heaven, socialhierarchy, goal ofharmony, loyalty to family)influences politics today.Patron-client system,
concept ofguanxi typifiedin Chinese politics
Have a longhistory ofauthoritarianrule, stability firstbrought by PRI'slong dictatorshipand centralization
of power.Mexico'sPatron-client(camarillasystem)mainlygot itssupport fromrural areas whereit is still incontroltoday; thissystem is a hugepart of Mexico's
political culturethat helped thePRI stay in powerfor so long.systemMexico also has ahistory ofcorporatism,which means thatthe governmentgained control
over interestgroups, andinterest groupleaders gotgovernmentpositions. Thissystem alongwith Mexico'spatron-clientsystem hascreated a history
of corruption.Mexico's politicalculture is nowbecoming moredemocratic andthe governmentmore legitimate.There are socialcleavages withinMexico that helpshape it's politicalculture includingthe north andsouth regionalcleavage and thehuge gap
Prebendalism: (Patron-clientrelations)- the practice of exchangingpolitical and economic favorsamong patrons and clients.-invites corruption and onlyprovides benefits for few while
hurting the majority. Ex. NigerianPresident giving oil revenuesforsupport.
State Control/Rich civil society- (Civil Society)- the sectors ofacountry that lie outsidegovernment control.British and Military tried tocompletely control Nigeria's civilsociety.
-Formal + Informal ethnic andreligious associations, professionaland labor groups, and NGO's havelong influenced Nigerian society.
-Groups mainly related throughcorporatism and clientelism.
Tension b/w modernity andtradition: Modernity difficult toobtain due to ethnic-based military
conflicts and personalized corruptleadership practices.-Values established in pre-colonialera now conflict with valuesobtained during the colonial era.
Religion: Muslim North vs.Christian South.
-Identitiycentered onnationalism
-Encounterswith Westernmodernity
-Shiism
-Very dividedwith manysocialcleavages
Sovereignty,Authority,Power
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Skepticism aboutpower-Russiansare hostile towardtheir leadership.Russians havelittle trust in theirpolitical system
and little trust innongovernmentalleaders as well.The importance ofNationality-People tend tocategorize othersbased on theirethnicity anddiscriminate.Russians generally
admire the Balticpeople for their'civility' andexpress distastefor Muslim-Turkishpeople. Anti-Semitism is strongin Russia andmany blame theJews for theirproblems.
between rich andpoor.
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Political History Gradualism:establishedstrong traditions,explains transitions inpolicymaking powerfrom King toParliament
Magna Carta: limitedthe power of themonarchy
Bill of Rights: listsrights retained byParliament, notindividual citizens
Common Law: basedon local customs and
precedent than formallegal codes, developedgradually
Industrial Revolution:changed fuedalsystem, increased theneed for moreresources which led tothe...
Colonial Era: increasedBritish wealth andpower"sun never sets on theBritish Empire"
Reform Acts of 1832and 1867: morepeople allowed to vote
The first rulers ofRussian wereTsars who ruledin Moscow andcooperated withMongrol Rulers.The Tsars also
headed theRussian OrthodoxChurch. In thelate 17th and18thcentury TsarPeter The Greatintroducedwesterntechnologyand culture. Also,Catherine TheGreat managed to
gain warm wateraccess to theBlack Sea.Alexander the 2was assasinated in1881 by hiscritics. By the1890s, Marxistshad arisen.VILenin changed themeaning of
Marxism when heargued fordemocraticcentralism, or a"vanguard"leadership groupthat would leadthe revolution inthe name of thepeople. Lenin'sfollowers werecalled Bolsheviks.In 1918 a civil warbroke out betweenthe White Army,led by Russianmilitary leadersand funded by theAllie powers, andthe Red Army ledby Lenin. TheReds won in 1920and Lenin tookpower. Stalin tookpower from 1927until his death in1953.After Stalin
Dynastic cycle before the20th century. Has rankedas one of the mostinfluential political systemsin the world for centuries.During the 19th century,the last dynasty, the Qing
Dynasty, suffered thepresence of imperialisticnations (i.e., England,Germany, France, andJapan), calledspheres ofinfluence. In1911 was theBoxer Rebellion, wherepeasants rose up againstforeign powers, but werecrushed. Then,ChiangKai-shekNationalist
Party orKuomintang andMaoZedong established theChinese Communist Party.Mao gained strength forhis party throughtheLongMarch. Both partiesunited in defense of theJapanese invasion, butMao emerged as a hero. In1949, the Nationalists
along with Chiang fled toTaiwan and claimed that itwas the true China whileMao created the People'sRepublic of China. Maoengaged in economicmodels calledFive YearPlans that mimicked theSoviet technique andinstilled quotas foreconomic productivity.The Great LeapForward was a massivefailure for communistChina. The CulturalRevolution was a purge of"decadent" elements ofChinese society and wasmeant to rally youtharound the hardliners'communist cause.DengXiaopingTiananmenSquare. Fornow, China isunder the rule of PresidentHu Jintao and Premier WenJiabao. established thecame to power in the '70s
Mexico's politicalhistory has beenviolent andunstable. Theimpact of Spanishcolonialism canbe seen in the
largely Catholicpopulation andthe socialcleavage betweenmestizos andAmerindians.AfterindependenceMexico has seenmany failedregimes andmilitarycoups,
causinginstability.SantaAnna led arepressiveregime, he losthalf of Mexico'sterritory andbrought evengreater socialunrest andinstability.
Porfirio Diazbrought the ideaofnon-reelectionPRIwas created byCalles and hisfollowers, theyneeded a way totransfer powerfrom onepresident to thenext without acomplete changein government.They created thePRI so that theparty couldnominate itscandidate for thenext election.This broughtcontinuity andstability foreighty years, butthe corruptionand centralizationof power of the
Pre-Colonial Era (800-1860C.E.)- gradual diffusion of Islam throughCultural Diffusion (Contact with andspread of customs and beliefs ofother people.)Colonial Era (1860-1960)
- Indirect rule from British (trainednatives to fill the Euro-stylebureaucracy in South)-North governmental structuresleft untouched due to politicalhierarchies according to Islamictradition.- North Vs. South cleavage growslarger.
Modern Nigeria (1960-Present)
-Independence obtained in 1960-Parliamentary governmentreplaced by a military dictatorshipin 1966, set the stage forgovernment to change quickly andviolently. Parliamentarygovernment has been changed to apresidential system which modelsthe US. There is a Senate andHouse of Representatatives-Ethnic identities now the major
basis for conflict in Nigeria.-Institutionalization of corruptionamong the political elite.-NationalQuestion posed towards Nigeria(Possibility that Nigeria would notsurvive as a country.1960-66 Tafawa Balewa66-75 Yakubu Gowon75-76 Murtala Muhammed76-79 Olusegun Obansanjo79-83 Shehu Shagari83-85 Muhammed Buhari85-93 Ibrahim Babangida93-98 Sani Abacha99-2007 Olusegun Obasanjo2007-Present Umarau Yar'Adua/GoodluckJohnathan
-Safaviddynasty1501-1722
-Qajardynasty1794-1925
-Reza KhanShah Pahlavi1925-1941
-MuhammadRezah Shah1941-1971
-1979Revolution:
Founding ofIslamicRepublic
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died in 1953,Nikita Khrushchevbecame premierof the USSR.Leonid Brezhnevtook power from1956 until 1982.
Mikhail Gorbachevthen took controlfrom 1985 until1991. Then, in1991 Boris Yeltsinwas in charge. In1993 a newconstitution wasput in place.
and made China moremoderate, aside from the1989 incident in
PRI regime wasended whenVicente Fox waselected president.Now Mexico hasbecome moredemocratic and
much of thecorruption fromthe patron-clientsystem has beenweeded out, but,Mexico is stillfraught withcorruption andfraud.to Mexicanpolitics and
brought thirtyyears of stabilityto Mexico. But hewas alsorepresive andforced millions ofpeasantsintoservitude. The
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Sovereignty
Sovereignty in the UKcomes from theparliamentary system,the more powerfulhouse of commons and
the honorable house oflords. Also moreregional governementshave been allowed togovern and makedecisions on the locallevel
For most of the20th century,public authorityand politicalpower emanatedfrom one place:The Politiburo of
the CommunistParty. Thepolitburo was asmall group ofmen who climbedthe ranks of theparty throughnomenklatura, anordered path fromlocal party sovietsto the
commandingheights ofleadership. Whenthe USSRdissolved, it'sauthority andpower vanishedwith it, leaving inplace a newgovernmentstructure with
questionablelegitimacy. Still,the politicalculture andhistoricaltraditions ofRussia are firmlyentrenched andhave shaped thegenesis of the newregime, andundoubtedly willdetermine thenature ofit'sfuture.
Cultural influences ofConfucianism and Maoism,history of authoritarianpower; Chinesenationalism aids insovereignty, as seen in theresistance to the spheres
of influence
Sovereignty inMexico comesfrom it'spresidentialdemocracy. Thepeople directlyelect the
president, therepresentatives inlegislature andmany state andlocal leaders.
Sovereignty in Nigeria lies in it'sPresidential system similar to thatof the United States and before, aparliamentary system similar tothat of the British.
-Reformershave a lot ofpopularauthority
-The clericshave political
authority
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Sources ofPower
Legitimacy hasdeveloped gradually.
The Prime Ministerholds most the powerin the parliament asleader of the majority
party.
The main sourceof power lies inthe President. Hehas the power toappoint the primeminister and thecabinet, issue
decrees that havethe force of law,and dissolve theDuma.
The President is head ofstate. The Premier is headof government. They bothare aligned with theChinese Communist Party,which retains the greatestamount of power, which is
concentrated in thePolitburo, specifically theStanding Committee
The head ofgovernment andhead of state isthe president.The legislaturemakes legislationand can vote
down legislationmade by thepresident;historically thelegislature hasbeen a rubberstamp, butrecently that hasbegun to change.
The President holds the majority ofthe power with the ability toappoint the Head Minister of theFederal Ministry and also holds thepositions of Head of Governmentand Head Of State.
-Elections
-Appointments
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ConstitutionHas an unwrittenconstitution.
Constitution of theCrown- "constitution"evolved over time with
important documentscombining to form theC of the C.
The RussianConstitution wascreated in 1993. Itcreated a 3branchgovernment, witha president, a
prime minister, alower legislaturehouse called theDuma, and aConstitutionalCourt.
The fourth constitution ofthe PRC was created in1982, with four revisionsthus far. It created agovernmental system thatis paralleled by the partysystem.
Constitution of1917 resemblesthe U.S.Constitutions, thegovernment isseparated intothree branches
and theoreticallythe president,legislature and
judiciary checkand balance eachother butConstitution islong and easilyamended whengovernment hasneed to change
something.
The current constitution is the1999 Constitution. It was adoptedin its original form on May 29, 1999in Abuja, at the dawn of theNigerian Fourth Republic.
-Establishedin 1979during theIslamicRevolution
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Regime typeUnitary state withpolitical authoritycentralized in London.(Whitehall).Parliamentary system,
Russia has afederalgovernmentstructure, butpracticesasymmetricfederalism. Some
regions are muchstronger than theothers, so poweris devolvedunequally acrossthe country.
China has a centralizedgovernment with someregional power in ruralareas concerning localelections.Communist government
with Chinese
characteristicsadvocatescapitalism; has parallelparty system alongsidegovernment.
Mexico has afederalpresidentialsystem and is anilliberaldemocracy.
Nigeria isa federal presidential representativedemocratic republic, whereby thePresident is both head of state andhead of government, and of amulti-party system.
TheocraticDemocracy
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EconomicSystem
Liberalism- philosophythat emphasizespolitical and economicfreedoms for theindividual and themarket.
Until 1970's collectiveconsensus philosophy-supports a great dealof gov control of theeconomy
Neoliberalism underMargaret Thatcher-revival of old liberalismideals
Russia practices acentralizedplanningeconomy. TodayRussia's economyis fueled by it'shuge oil and gas
reserves.
Capitalism, butgovernment providessocial services, socommunist. Combinesprivate sector and socialistgovernment. Economy isbased on cheap
manufacturing, highlyconcentrated inSpecialEconomic Zones (SEZs)
Mexico has afree marketeconomy andobtains most ofits income fromoil. NorthernMexico is largely
industrialized andsouthern Mexicois largely ruraland agricultural.There is a hugeeconomic gapbetween the richand the poor, andthe poverty hasbeen a hugesocial and
political problem.
Nigeria is arentier state. Nigeria,like Iran, receives income byexporting their oil and leasing outoil fields to foreign countries.
-Stateownership ofresources
-Trying tonationalizeindustries
-Fueled by oil
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Legitimacythrough gradualism.
Historically,political legitimacyhas been based onstrong, autocraticrule, first bycenturies of tsars,then by the firm
dictatorship ofmany of the partyleaders during the20thcentury.Undercommunism rule,Marxism-Leninismproved thelegitimacy basefor the party. TheConstitutions
legtmacy hasbeen seriouslytested byattempted coupsand intenseconflicts. As awhole, thegovernment lackslegitimacy.
Modern China drawslegitimacy from Maoismand its ideals (collectivism,struggle and activism, themass line, egalitarianism,and self-reliance).
Communist Party Politburois legitimate power inChina, but leadership hascome under a lot ofcriticism in recent years;Party is said to be corruptand irrelevant, holdingauthoritarian power overan increasingly market-based economy. Questionsof legitimacy include the
Tiananmen Squareincident in 1989 and theunrest in Tibet that hascontinued in the past fewyears.
Mexico drawslegitimacythrough itscontinued liberalreforms of theeconomy andgovernment.
elections havebecome morelegitimate, andthe legislaturehas been able tobe more than justa rubber-stampfor the presidentbut its ownidentity. Thesecontinued
reforms bringlegitimacy of it'sdemocracy toother countriesand it's people.
-some checks and balancesbetween government branches
-some independent decisions in thecourts
-revival of civil society
-Independent Media
-the recent peaceful succession ofpower
Comes formboth God andpopularsovereignty
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Belief Systems:Religion/Ideology
Separation of Churchand state. Populationis mostly Christian.Many Muslims havemoved to the UK andhave been subject toracism.
Tsarist Russia wasRussian Orthodox,with the Tsar alsobeing the head ofchurch. BorisYeltsin alsoencouraged
Russian Orthodox.Today most ethnicRussians identifythemselves asRussian Orthodox,but they are stilllargelynonreligious withonly a smallpercentageregularly
attending church.
Confucianism, Taoism,Buddhism all influenceChinese beliefs, howeverthe most prominentideology is the communistideals (see above
Maoism.) More recently isDeng Xiaoping Theory:
It doesnt matter whethera cat is white or black, aslong as it catches mice,ideology that encouragesthe private sector whileupholding communistideals.
Mexico is largelyCatholic becauseof the Spanishinfluence.Thereare some Indianrelgions practicedamong the
Amerindians butCatholicism is themain religion.
Islam and Christianity.Islam was originally spread aroundthe 11th century while Christianitymade its debut with the British'sindirect rule of southern Nigeria.
Islamic-Sunni &Shiites
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Governance andAccountability If the constituents
disagree with the waythings are beinggoverned, they simplyelect different officialsduring the next
election.
A vote of confidenceoccurs when themajority party loses.In such an instance,the cabinet and PrimeMinister, by tradition,step down. Election fornew MPs must be heldimmediantly.
Polls have shownthat most peopledislike theircurrent politicalsystem and havegreat mistrust ofthe government.
Many people aremore in favor ofdemocratic ideals.Alienation is alsoindicated by a lowlevel ofparticipation ininterest groups.Vladimir Putin isth e onlypresident who has
shown highapproval rates.
Due to the lack oftransparency, thegovernment cannot beheld accountable by thepeople. There is a lack ofpolitical efficacy in
China, as the populace haslittle effect on how thegovernment operates, asmost policy is set not onlywithin the CCP, butspecifically in thePolitburo StandingCommittee. There hasbeen feedback in favor ofa democratic system inChina, but the government
has proven to onlyliberalize in the economy,not politics.
There aretheoretical checksand balancesbetween thepresident,legislature, and
judiciary but the
judiciary is stilllargely controlledby thegovernment andis not yetcompletelyseparate.growingtransparancy andlegitimacy withinthe bureaucracy
and legislaturehave led to largeramounts ofgovernmentaccountability.Protests andelections are alsoused by thepeople to keeptheir governmentin check.
Citizens have a low level of trust inthe government. Due to previousfalse promises, promises ofdemocracy usually are taken with agrain of salt. Most Nigerians believethat elections are not honest andfair.
Most Nigerians are consideredcynical of their government.
All of the distrust of thegovernment originates from theoverwhelming amount of corruptionwithin the Nigerian Government.
-Moreliberalization,but less thanduringKhatami'spresidency
-Someofficialsappointed(esp byGuardianCouncil),thereforeloyal to theappointer
=
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Citizens,Society, andthe State
Great Britain Russia China Mexico Nigeria Iran
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Cleavages andPolitics Ethnic: only
about 7.1% arenot of EuropeanOrigin. Of the7.1%,
23% Undiain16% Pakistani12% Afro-Caribbean10% BlackAfrican
there are alsocleavagesbetweenEngland,
Scotland, Wales,and NorthernIreland.
Social Class hasalways been andimportantcleavage inEngland
ReligiouscleavagesbetweenChristians andMuslims arepresent. In NI,the Catholics andProtestants reallydont get alongand there hasbeen a decentamount ofviolence between
the two sides
Ethnic- 80% are ethnicRussians. The northernMuslim region of Chechnyahas fought many years fortheir freedom.Racial- Russians tend to lookdown upon Muslim-Turkish
people.Class-There is a big gapbetween the rich and thepoor because the rich arepolitical elites who havegained their wealth throughnomenklatura. Most citizensare middle class.Gender-There is no gendercleavage in Russia.Religious- Most Russians
don't practice a religion.15-20% are RussianOrthodox. 10-15% areMuslim. and 2% are OtherChristian.Regional-City dwellers aremore likely to be welleducated and in touch withwestern culture. The northernregion of Caucaus hasconstantly been fighting forit'sfreedom.
Ethnic Cleavage: tensions between theHan, who are the majority with around90%, and the 55 other ethnic groups.Specific hostile tensions btween the
Han and Uigher and the Han andTibetans
Religious: the Chinese government isnonreligiousRegional Cleavage: very important;correlates with industry and wealth.Coastal region is better offeconomically than the Western portion
Ethnic cleavages: mestizo v. AmerindianClass: cleavage between social classes, the gapbetween the middle class and the poor is huge
Regional: north v. south cleavageurban v. ruralCleavages in Mexico are very coinciding, it is often the
urban middle-class from the north v. the poor ruralsoutherners.
EthnicCleavagesIgbo, TheYoruba and TheHausa-Fulani. Allthree of thesecultures had
powerful, well-establishedcultures prior to cfocus around thethree main ethnicgroups: Theolonization. Theyhave remainedstrong and are themain forcesbehind many
political parties.
ReligiousCleavages can befound betweenthe mostly MuslimNorth and thepredominantlyChristian South.The greatestexamples of thetensions that thiscleavage createscan be found inthe use ofShariaLaw in Abuja, thefederal district,and any state thatwishes to use it,as well as theviolence that canbe found in suchMiddle Belt cities
as Jos.
RegionalCleavagesmostly fall alongthe same linesthat the Ethnicand ReligiousCleavages havealready created.The North Vs TheSouth can be
defined inReligiously(Muslim Vs.Christian,
Religion:ChristianBaha'i
Ethnicity:Mostly Pe
Social Clclass supbenefittesocial proclass peoare oppo
ReformerConservaregime aclerics an
want secto be infu
Pragmaticlerics: Pfavor libeConservapropertyare protelaw
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respectively),Ethnically (Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, andYoruba), or as thesplit between thePopulous NorthVs. Resource-filled
South.
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Civil Society QUANGOS-(quasi-autonomousnongovernmentalorganizations)interest groupsthat together
with gov officialsdevelop publicpolicy
Political Parties:
Labour-generallysupported by theworking class
Tories-
supported by theupper class
LiberalDemocrats-formed byLiberals andSocial Democratsalliance, headedby Nick Clegg
Russia has a relativelyundeveloped civil society. Forexample, most Russiansdon't attend church.Only 1%report to belonging to apolitical party. Any groupsthat do exist, the
government has placedsevere restrictions on theiractivities, especially ongroups that are openlycritical of the government'spolicies. Vladimir Putinheads a youth movementcalled Nashi who support thegovernment.
very weak civil society press censored government opponents
suppresed e.g. Tiannmen Square Interest groups must register
with the government, thus
undermining theirindepedence and utility regional groups only
nominally represented
There is a long history of a "lively" civil society inMexico which provided an atmosphere where publicprotests were acceptable. Under the PRI, interestgroups were controlled under state corporatism. PANwas created from an interest group that opposed thePRI's rule. Interest groups in Mexico are foundeverywhere, as the individual parties, unions, trade
organizations like the Educational Workers' Union whichis Latin America's largest trade union.
Most Civil societyis based aroundethnic lines, andinterest groupsthat have beenmade by suchethnic gatherings
have always triedto shape politicaldecisions. Thesegroups haveserved bothunifying anddivisive forces,and they havestrengethenedsince 1999. Somenon-ethnically
based groupsinclude tradeunions andprofessionalorganizations,who work toprotect the rightsof their members.
Civil sociunder thAhmadinnewspapbooks antolerate pthat civil
seen ampopulatio
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Media Roles has a free press,governmentcontrolled newsagency, BBC,despite this lotsof transparency.Specific parties
have blatantnews agenciesthat provideparty rhetoric.
Under Soviet Rule, the officialnewspaper, Pravda, was onlyprinted when the governmentwanted it to. Now, media isprivately owned and is free tocriticize the government.
The internet is limited bygovernment regulations. Forinstance, Google searches ofTiananmen Square in Chinaresult in no results about themassacre of 1989.
in recent years, the media is
gaining small steps forward,by gaining some ability tocriticize the government. in2010, 12 newspapers wrote a
joint crique of thegovernment.
internet censored (GoogleScandal 2010)
Under the PRI media was controlled and any oppositionto the regime was not allowed. The media began tobecome more independent with the fall of the PRI. Nowthere are several major television networks in thecountry and foreign networks such as the BBC and CNNare accessible.
The Media inNigeria has almostalways beenrelatively free,despite militaryrulers. There areseveral nation
wide Newspapers,but this issurprisingly not avery used form of
journalism, asabout only twothirds ofNigerian's areliterate. Instead, amore importantnews source isfound in Radioand Television.The Governmenthas tried to turnthis use of Mediainto a unifyingforce, but theConstitutionalright of states tohave their ownStations makesthis difficult.These stationsinstead become adivisive forcebetween thestates of Nigeria.
Radio anby the IRand magComparethe regiomore fregovernm
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PoliticalParticipation
high voterturnout, highpolitical efficacy:general partyallegiance forlabour andconservative,
consistantfollowing.
Voter turnout is fairly high,higher than in the UnitedStates. Citizens can vote inthe presidential elections andin the Duma elections.
Grassroots Village electionssince late 1980s
voter turnout quite high inHong Kong
voter turnout higher in urbanareas (more education)
Political participation has historically beencharacterized with protest and revolution. But nowcitizens through increasingly legitimate, regularelections. President, legislature and many localgovernment officials are directly elected.
Elections inNigeria have beenconsistentlyplagued by fraudand corruption,which has mademany Nigerians
unhappy withtheir government.There have beenmany protestsand ethnicviolence. Mostinterest groupshave beenorganized alongethnic lines, butthere have been afew that have notbeen, which giveshope for Nigeria.
While mreliativelyAhmadin
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SocialMovements
National HealthService- ratherleftist. ColletiveConsesus earlytwentiethcentury up to70's in the
seventees therewas a radicalleftward shift andthis lead to thecountries swingto Thatcherism-veryconservativepolitics andcracking down onthe Unions.eventually therewas a third waywhen the LabourParty waselected withBlair.
There aren't many notablesocial movements in Russia,besides Nashi. A groupcreated by Putin to attemptto foster an acceptance forthe government within youngpeople. Also, Nashi has a
procreation day in which thekids are forced to procreate.
- Three reform protest movementssince Mao.----1978-79 = Democracy movement.*call for the fifth moderization(democracy) on the "democracy wall"*initially tolerated by Deng*reformist leader eventually sentenced
to 15 years in prison*led to the CP's 4 principles of protest---- 1986-87---- 1989 Tiananmen Square---------------------Student led protestdemanding democracy, later leading toa disaster and many deaths*initiated in May '89 on the death ofousted reformer Hu Yaobang.*protest about openness of leadership/corruption*became well organized as studentsand workers coordinated outside CP*June 4th, 91989 = PLA sent in by LiPeng to end protests.
Urban popular movements concerned with socialwelfare spending, city services, feminism, neighborhoodimprovements, economic development and so on havegained strength. Now, government has been forced tonegotiate and bargain with the groups leading thesesocial movements.
Many socialMovements havesprung up sincethe 1999 election.Often basedaround religiousor ethnic groups,
these movmenttry to pressurethe federalgovernment toreact to theirgreivances. Afavoite target hasbeen the foreignbased Oilcompanies thatdrill for oil aroundNigeria. Groupslike MEND andMOSOP try to getthe Oil companiesto promote fairbusiness practicesand adhere toenvironmentalstandards,through methodseither violent orpeaceful.
The Gredemocrainfluencesystem,moveme
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Citizenshipand socialrepresentation
autonomousinterest groupsyet neo-corporatism isexistant.quango's areunique to Britain
, quasinongovernmentalorganizations."winner take all"Parliamentarysystem, and safedistricts for highmembers ofparty.
less than 40 percent of partymembers come from thepeasantry, although peasantsstill make up the largestsingle group within the CCP.
The fastest growingmembership categoryconsists of officials,intellectuals, technicians, andother professionals.
Women make up only about20 percent of themembership and only about4 percent of the CentralCommittee.
Populism has always been a key theme w/ charasmaticleaders w/ a significant peasant base. Interest groupsrepresent citizens stemming from labor unions.Camarrilla patron client system is important indetermining the nature of politcalparticipation.
Most socialrepresentationoccurs throughthe patron clientsystem known asPrebendalism, inwhich all public
offices are treatedlike PersonalFeifdoms.
Growing
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Political and EconomicChange
Great Britain Russia China Mexico Nigeria Iran
Revolution, coups, warGrEATBRITAINDKJFDK:LJFL
Magna Carta started trend towards democracyand legitimacy. Glorious Revolution of 1688started giving power to parliament. generally
a gradualist approach to deomcracy andfreedom.
RUSSIARUSSIARUSSIAThe Decemberist
Revolt of 1825 tookplace Russianintellectuals and
Nicholas the first whoruthlessly crushed therevolt. The Revolutionof 1917 caused thestate to collapse. In1918 a civil war brokeout between the WhiteArmy, led by RussianMilitary leaders andfunded by the Alliepowers, and the RedArmy led by Lenin. TheReds won in 1920. In1991 theconservatives led acoup that tried toremove Gorbachevfrom office. The coupfailed when popularprotests broke out andsoldiers from themilitary deflectedrather than support
their leaders.
1644-1912:Qing Dynasty
1912: End ofdynastic rule,founding of
the Republicof Chinaunder Sun YatSen.
1919: MayFourthMovementagainstEuropeanpresence andcontrol
1921:Founding oftheCommunistParty ofChina.
1927: Startof the ChineseCivil Warbetween theChineseNationalist
Party,Kuomintang(KMT) and theChineseCommunistParty (CCP).
1937:Beginning ofthe SecondSino-Japanese War
aka WorldWar II
1949:Founding ofthe PeoplesRepublic ofChina underMao Zedongand theChineseCommunist
Party; KMTretreats toTaiwan
Mexico uses therevolutions of1821 and 1921as sources ofpride and
nationalidentity. Mexicohas had fewercoups incomparison toother latinamericancountriesbecause of PRIhampering ofmilitaryinfluence. Diazcoup broughtstablility, atradition ofauthoritarianism,economicgrowth, andeconomicdisparitybetween rich andpoor.
Nigeria has a longhistory of bouncingbetween MilitaryCoup d'etats andCivilian
Governments.There has been atotal of 4 civiliangovernments thatsince the country'sindependence in1960, and eightMilitary leaders, aswell as a secessionof Biafra.
The 1979revolutioninstituted atheocratic republicthat is currently in
place today, inwhich AyatollahKhomeini becamethe SupremeLeader and ShahReza Pahlavi wasoverthrown. Theshah's Father/Predecessor, RezaKhan, came topower in a 1921coup, withassisstance fromthe Britishgovernment. Hewas forced toabdicate in1941after Britainand the SovietUnion invadedIran, due to theShah's pro-nazileanings. In 1953,
MuhammadMossaddeq, thePrime Minister ofIran, wasoverthrownthrough a CIA/British plot.
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1960:Chinese andSoviet Uniongovernmentssplit overcommunistpolicies.
1966: Startof the ChineseCulturalRevolution
1976: MaoZedong dies.
1979:Governmentbegins one-child policy.
1989:TiananmenSquare.
1997: HongKong returnsto Chineserule after 156years underthe BritishCrown.
Trends and types ofpolitical change(democratization)
ComponentsPromoting or inhibitingfactorsConsequences
Gradualism, a steady movement towardsdemocracy, Nobles Oblisse or the social needfor the wealthy to take care of the power, why
top down change works.
Any regime changecreates legitimacyissues, but Russia's
case was extreme,with public policydirected at some verytough issues andseemingly intractableproblems. The abruptchange in leadershipgoals and stylebetween Yeltsin andPutin also has made itdifficult to follow
continuous threads inpolicy over the years,although alternatingbetween reform andauthoritarianism is anold theme that goesback to the days of thetsars. Russia has nottried to democratizeand has kept theircentralized
government. Factorsinhibiting them fromdoing so is a lack oflegitimacy and trust in
The nationalgovernment isstill very elite
and self-electing, butlocalprovinces arebecomingmore andmoredemocratic.
economicliberalizationdoes not
equate withpoliticalliberalization
PRI no longerholds completecontrol over
government dueto electoralreform a factorpromotingdemocratization.Recent judicialreform is alsonoteworthy as apanel, versus asingle judge,tries in law.
Nigeria has alwaystried to movetowards a
democracy, butthe fragmentednature, combinedwith the winnertakes all attitude ofpolitics and therampant corruptionby those in powerhas made suchmovements veryslow, with many
steps backwards.The political trendof Military Rule hasalso has had anadverse effectupondemocratization ofthe Nigeriansociety.
Under the Pahlavidynasty, bothShahs did nothing
to aid democracy.Reza Khanestablished anauthoritarianstate. In 1975,Muhammad Rezaannounced theformation of theResurgence Partyand declared Iranto be a one-party
state with himselfas its head. Afterthe 1979revolution, alongwith the SupremeLeader, apresidential postwas created, whowas electedthrough popularvote. From 1979 to
1989 there wasalso a PrimeMinister, butfollowing the 1989
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their government,widespread corruptionwithin their politicalsystem, andcharismatic leaders.
constitutionalamendment thepost was removedand the PrimeMinister's powerswere divided.Following the 2009
Iranian elections, itis believed
Trends and types ofeconomic change
mixed economy with quangos and recentdenationalization of industry, mostly in theservice sector, post industrial nation.
Mikail Gorbachevenacted hisperestroika reforms,primarily consideringof marker economyprograms inserted intothe traditionalcentralized stateownership design ofthe Soviet Union.Between 1997 and2007 the economysteadily improved.Today Russia'seconomy is fueled byit's huge oil and gasreserves.
FourModernizations: In1973 Zhou Enlai'sproposed a system ofgovernment thatfocused on developingindustry, military,agriculture, and sciencein China. It was mostnotably used by DengXiaoping. The FourModernizations havebeen the focus of thecountry's official policygoals every since.
Characterizedby PendelumTheory--shiftingpresidents whoset off a backand forth effectof socialistreform--likeprivitazation ofoil under PEMEXand importsubstitution--andchanges toentrepreneurshipand foreigninvestment withopen trade withamerica.
Nigeria in 1960took on a strategyof ImportSubstitution, thatlasted until 1999.However, theextended period ofImportsubstitution, alongwith brokenpromises by othergovernments andthe instableexchange rate ofthe Naira hasproduced theincredible statisticthat the NigerianTotal Debtincreased by about1,000 percent
during the last 20years of the 21stcentury.
Iran's nuclearenergy programhas led to it facinga variety ofsanctions fromcountries like theUS. Oil exportsaccount for a largeamount of theGov't revenue, andIran was a Rentierstate under thePahlavi Dynasty.Inflation is high,around 11%. 16thin terms of PPP.Risingunemploymentamong the youthrepresents a majorhurdle for the
gov't. Taxes arekept low, as thegovernment earnsa large sum fromoil.
Relationships betweenpolitical and economicchange
Thathcher stopped negotiations with tradeunions. Clause 4-changed the political views oflabour party on the economic sector.
Between 1997 and2007 the Russianeconomy steadilyimproved, due torecent privitizations.Today Russia's
economy is fueled byit's huge oil and gasreserves.
"I don't care if it's awhite cat or a black cat.It's a good cat so longas it catches mice." --Deng XiaopingThis quote from China's
economic modernizerindicates his belief thatprogress is moreimportant thanfollowing specificallycommunist or capitalistbelief.With China's rapideconomic growth, it isnow said that Chinafunctions under
capitalism withCommunist tendencies.
w Since the newestregime change, inwhich the fourthrepublic wascreated, thechange to a
structuraladjustment systemhas allowed formore economicdevelopment, butthe long termtraditions ofcorruption and newstyles of attackupon Foreign oilcompanies have
made thedevelopment
Under the Pahlavidynasty, Iran hadmuch economicsuccess, due totrade with the USand other
countries.Following the 1979revolution, Irancontinued to earnmoney from oil,but economicsanctions due tonuclear powerhave hurt its gdp.
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slower than cannormally be found.
Globalization andFragmentationGlobal economiesInterlinked economiesGlobal culture
Reaction againstglobalizationRegionalism
Increase in muslim minorities. EU's powerover economy and Euroskeptics fear of EUsovereignty. Northern Irelands independancemovement, no longer very violent./,
,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,k,kbnb vgh-
Vladimir Putin set outto redefine Russia'splace in the world, atwo-dimensional taskthat requires a new
interpretation of thecountry's relationshipwith the west, as wellas it's role among theformer soviet states.
promotedcapitalistspirit withinChina
formation of
SpecialEconomicZones (SEZs)such as HongKong wherefree trade ispermitted.
Because ofSEZs, Chinahas a mixedeconomy
these zonesare mostly onthe port citiesor near them.Wealth isconcentratedin port cities
Globalizationhas alsobroughtwealth to theentire
country,predominantlythe portcities.
Pressure fromforeigncountries onChina'senvironmentalissues
Mexico is highlydependent onAmericaeconomically asreflected with
maquilladorasand free tradew/ americathrough NAFTA.Mexicans havesome animosityto the strongAmericaninfluence.
The increased useof StructuralReadjustment inNigeria has madeglobalization an
increasinglyimportant part ofNigerianeconomics.
Iran has grownincreasinglyisolationist overthe years followingthe 1979
revolution.Sanctions from theUN and othernations
Political Institutions Great Britain Russia China Mexico Nigeria Iran
Supranational OrganizationsEU economicallyand NATO as far asmilitary isconcerned.
UN UN Member of WTO andNAFTA
OPEC - Organization of PetroleumExporting CountriesECOWAS - Economic Communityof West African StatesAU-African UnionOATUU - Organization of AfricanTrade Union Unity
-Commonwealth-Nonaligned Movement
OPEC - oil cartel
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Unitary/FederalUnitary withprivate educationand almost all oggovernmenthappening inlondon, in thesouthern part of thecountry causing anorth southcleavage.
Federal-Someregions arestronger thanothers, sopower isdevolvedunequallyacross thecountry(asymmetricfederalism).Current regimecontains 89regions/republics
Federal, butthe majority ofpower is in theparty, whichcontrols thenationalgovernment.Thegovernmentwas originallybased on theidea ofdemocraticcentralism, butit has becomemore federal inrecent years.
Federal butfed. gov has alarge influenceon regionaldecisions.
-- federal system- under militarygovernment federalism didn'twork b/c goverment didn't allowstates to have separatesovereignty
Unitary
Centralization/Decentralizationvery centralized acompact country tobegin with.
Because ofYeltsin's weakleadership inthe Federation'searly stages,many republicsruledthemselvesalmostindependently.This has led tosomedecentralization.
However,Russia'sprevious regimeof a highlycentralizedgovernment hascreated acentrallyoriented statetoday.
China beganas a centralizedstate, but hasmoved towardsdecentralizationin recent years.There has beena push to givelocalgovernments alittle morepower becauseit gives the
governmentmorelegitimacy.
Under PRIhighlycentralized w/legislaturerubberstampingexecutivedecisions.Recentlymexcio hasbecome moredecentralized(gridlock nowexists in
legislature) butb/c of a weakand corruptbureacracy theexecutive is stillprettycentralized.
- centralized under military rule- decentralized in new regime-
state governments have beengetting more power.
Executives Prime Minister:
Gordon Brown
President-
DimitryMedvedev-Headof State-Appoints PrimeMinister andCabinet, issuesdecreesPrime Minister-Vladimir Putin-Head ofGovernment
Premier- Wen
JubioPresident- HuJintao
President who
serves asexenio--6 yearterm for thosenon spanishspeakers outthere.Incumbentused to choosethe succesor.Felipe Calderon
- (acting) president-Goodluck
Jonathan- vice president- currently noneb/c Jonathan was vice pres butafter Yar'Adua stepped down dueto health problems, Jonathanbecame pres.
Supreme Leader:
Ali Khamenei
President:
Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad
l h f l l l / h h l
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Legislatures house of commonsis their legislature
they mostly debateand vote alongparty lines becausea vote of noconfidence wouldmean thatparliament wouldhave to be brokenup,and therewouldneedtobeanewprime minister
house of lords canonly delay passingof bills so not realpower there
Bicameral
Duma-LowerHouse-450Deputiesselected byproportionalrepresentation(as of 2007)-technicallypasses bills,approvesbudget, andconfirmspoliticalappointments.Really serves asa rubber stampfor President's
actions
FederationCouncil-UpperHouse-Consistsof two membersfrom each ofthe 89republics. Since2002 one rep isselected by the
governor ofeach region andanother isselected byregionallegislature.Power to delaylegislation
NationalPeople'sCongress-2,591members.Elections arefirst past thepost. THecongress has astandingcommittee,similar to thepolitburostandingcommittee,which contains159 members.The congressalso picks thepremier, state
council andboth maincourts.
Bicameral w/500 Chamberof deputies anda 128 membersenate. alllegislators aredirectlyelected. 300deputies aredirectly elected,200 areproportionaland 4 senatorscome fromeach of the 31states andmexico city.
- Senate has 109 senators- threefrom each of the 36 sts and onefrom the capital (Abuja)- Senators are elected by popularvote- House of Representativescontains 360 members, who comefrom single-member districts-Representatives are elected byplurality and are of variousethnicities
Majilis: 290 seatsSingle MemberDistrict - Approved byGuardian Council torun
Parliamentary/Presidential paliamentary Mixed-stronglypresidential
Presidential Presidential - presidential Presidential
Elections
Presidential Parliamentary Referendum Noncompetitive
free and fair
mainly party basedvoting
President-
Directly electedfor a four yearterm. Twoconsecutiveterm limit. Tworound votingsystem
Prime Minister-Appointed byPresident
For most of
the elections,especiallypresidential,the CCPcontrols whothe citizens canvote for. Non-partymembers,includingcapitalists, can
now be electedto thelegislature, and
Elections have
becomecompetitiveafter 71 yearsof PRI controlthroughbribery, andballot stuffing.With electionreform, and anindependentvoting agency
in charge ofimplementingfair elections,
- mostly competitive elections- as
seen w/ ballot box stuffing inYar'Adua's election, corruption isever present (especially high in2007)
All elected officials
must be approved bythe Guardian Council.-Majilis-President-Assembly ofReligious Expertsare all directlyelected.
-Supreme Leader-Judiciary
-Expediency Council-Guardian Council-Cabinet
D ma elected the local me ico no A e all appointed
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Duma-electedby proportionalrepresentation
President cancall for anationalreferenda bypopular vote onimportantissues
TechnicallyRussia is amultipartysystem, butPutin's parties,mainly UnitedRussia,
dominate theKremlin.
the localelections areeven lessrestricted. Thelocal electionsarecompetitive,while thenationalelections arenot.
mexico nowdirectly electstheirgovernment ina fair way.
Are all appointed.
Electoral System Proportional FPTP
single memberdidtrcit andproportional
plurality
FPTP
Proportional inthe lowerlegislativehouse (Duma)
Executive-Tworounds
The electionsystem ishighlycompetitiveand first pastthe post inrural areas,however it isnot competitive
in nationalelections. Theparty controlsalmost allelections, butthere are signsthat theelections aregetting morecompetitiveand fair. This is
shown by thefact thatcapitalists arebeginning to beelected to thenationalpeoplescongress.
The presidentis directlyelected viapopular vote.The legislatureis elected in acombination ofproportionaland direct
election.
- elections are first-past-the-post- if none of the candidates obtaina majority of votes, a 2nd electionis conducted (this has yet tooccur)- presidents must receive at least25% of the votes in 2/3 of thestates so that the president ispopular among different
ethnicities and religions
Single MemberDistrict
Political Parties Organization, membership,institutionalization, ideological position
three main parties
Labour- more
liberal appeal tomiddle class
United Russia-Putin's Party.Sponsors Nashi
(Political youthgroup)-Dominant
TheCCP, orChineseCommunist
Party, is themain party,and has a
PRI- used tocontrol gov. for71 years. rural,
less educated,old thinkingpopulace.
-People's Democratic Party(PDP)
- has had candidates since 1998
- noregional ties- pres and vicepres "switch off", w/one Christianand one Muslim
-The Alliance ofBuilders of IslamicIran: Conservative
and MahmoudAhmadinejad
Tories more structure that Obesanjo ('03) and Yar'Adua The Iranian Reform
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Tories-moreconservative, somesay morepragmatic, upperclass
liberal dems- acompromise of thetwo major parties,it falls near thecenter
because of singlemember pluralitysmaller parties dontget a lot of rep
The CommunistParty of theRussianFederation(CPRF)-Remnant ofSovietCommunistParty. Secondstrongest party.Opposedreforms,emphasizesnationalism andcentralizedplanning.
Liberal
Democrats-Radical partyheaded byVladimirZhirinovsky.Sexist, anti-Semitic, pronuclear warfare.Branch ofPutin's party
Fair Russia-Ledby Speaker ofthe FederationCouncil SergeiMironov. Branchof Putin's Party.
Yabloko(Apple!)-Reformist party.Pro democracy.
Does bestamongintellectualswho supportedGorbachev. Lostall of its Dumarepresentationwith 2007electoralreforms
structure thatmimics that ofthegovernment.Most of thepower is reallyfocused in theparty. TheGeneralSecretaryis HuJintao, he isfollowed by thePolitburostandingcommittee- 9members, frompolitburo-made up ofcentral
committeemembers, whocome from thenational partycongress.
PAN-northern,middle class,better educatedMexicanssupport thisparty.
PRD- younger,politicallyactive,populace frommiddle states.these are abunch of rebelsand thank godthis is my lastentry because iam going crazy.
- Obesanjo ( 03) and Yar Adua('08) have been elected president-All Nigeria People's Party
(ANPP)- party of former military general
Muhammadu Buhari- got 32% votes in '03 and 19%
votes in '07- Action Congress (AC)- merger of several political
parties- ran Atiku Abubakar as pres
candidate in '07- initially disqualified by
Independent Nat'l ElectionCommission (at Obesanjo'srequest) but Supreme Courtoverturned it
- received 7% votes
-The Iranian ReformMovement: HosseinMousavi
Party Systems ideological and
social differences
Mostly gain
power throughrelationship toPutin. Reformistparties are
The only party
allowed inChina is theCCP except fora few members
- parties usually form on
regional/ethnic bases and arecentered around leaders, so theyare not permanent
Conservative vs
Reformer parties
mainly of capitalist
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mainlyideological
of capitalistparties.
Leadership and Elite Recruitment pretty much likeU.S. political parties
Recruit fromyouth groups(Nashi, YouthGuard, Locals)
Encouragesstrong andwidespreadparty loyalty
Mostrecruitment isthrough thenomenklatura,and the idea ofguanxi, whichis the Chineseversion of apatron-clientrelationship.Many of theelites arereferred to as"technocrats,"because theparty wants
better educatedpeople.Recruitment isno longerbased on classor ideology.Currently, theleaders of thegovernmentare allengineers of
some type.
- technically anyone can joinpolitics, but people really advanceup the ranks through joining themilitary
Religion plays a largerole in politics. Mostpoliticians are clerics.Revolutionary Guardis also a power base.
Interest Groups and Interest Group systems Quangos
interest groupshave about thesame amount ofpull that they dohere
same types ofissues
Oligarchs-Maybe defined asinterest groupbecause theyhave had majorinfluence inpolicymakingdue to economicpower.
StateCorporatism-statedetermineswhich groupshave input intopolicymaking
No interestgroups areallowed, thereare no groupsfor workersrights, andmost groupsget broken upif thegovernment
doesnt likewhat they aredoing. Ifprotests getout of hand,the leadingprotesters getarrested. TheChinesegovernmentcompletely
controlls thevast majority ofall civil society.
- interest groups have had impacton politics even under military rule- examples
- labor unions- business interests- human rights groups- religious-based groups
Revolutionary Guardreally has most of theinfluence
Falun Gong-
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gStarted as aspiritual group,grew too large,and thegovernmenttried to destroyit, however afew membersstill remain.
Bureaucracies stable and powerful Huge, butinefficient,bureaucracy.Corrupt
Merit based,members owetheir job to theperson abovethem. Thepartysstructure isvery similar tothe
bureaucracythat has beencarried overfrom the olddynasties.
-British established bureaucracysystem during colonial rule- people obtain jobs throughbribery andprebendalism(rewards system for obtainingjobs)- are mostlyparastatals(companies owned by thestate that provide social/
commercial welfare)- seen as corrupt and inefficient
Clergy dominated it.Nepotism common.Plays a large role inmaintainingconservative Islamicvalues.
Military and other coercive institutions The army wasa veryimportantsource ofstrength during
the cold war erafrom 1945 to1991. Themilitary did notusually take alead in politics,and generalsdid notchallenge thepower of thepolitburo. Under
the RussianFederation, thearmy shows noreal signs ofbecoming apolitical force.The Russianmilitary is oftenknown for poorperformance.Recently,
militaryspending hasincreased and
PLA- manyparty leadershave been atthe top of themilitary
hierarchy. It isseen as astepping stoneinto the upperparty. Thepolice are usedto violentlysuppressdemonstrationsalong with themilitary. The
TiananmenSquareprotests wereput down bythe military.
During Mao's"CulturalRevolution" theRed Guard wasused to stop
anyone whoopposed Mao.
The military themilitary ingovernment andthe military inbarracks
Military in thebarracks is a strongforce behindpolicymaking inNigeria. By becomingso active in politicalaffairs, it lost itscredibility as atemporary, objectiveorganization that
maintains order
Distinction betweenfulfills traditionalroles of the military,an their leaders havebeen critical ofmilitary control ofpolitical power
One of the few
institutions in thecountry that is trulynational in character
-Army is forconventional warfare-Revolutionary Guardis to protect theSupreme Leader and
is also a politcalpower base-Basij malitia are thepolitical thugs withsome distancebetween them andthe Supreme Leader
has become
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more active inareas such asGeorgia andChechnya.
Able to transcend thedeep ethnic andreligious cleavages ofthe country
Many of the brightestand most ambitious
Nigerians make theirway up through theechelons of themilitary
Judiciaries Degrees of autonomy Judicial review (including EU inrelation to states, citizens) Types of law
parliamentarysovereignty haslimited judicialreview
common law
law lords is highestcourt in the land
In 1993 aconstitutionalcourt wascreated in aneffort to build a
judicial system
that is notcontrolled bythe executive.The court has19 membersappointed bythe presidentand approvedby thefederationcouncil. The
courts haveboth beenactive in policy-making,however theirindependencefrom theexecutive isquestionable.Putin regimeput a lot of
money intolegal reform.There is still alot of corruptionin the system.
The Chinesejudicial systemis notautonomous,and they donot have
judicial review.The judges arepicked by theNationalPeoplesCongress.There is aSupremePeoples Court,and a SupremePeoples
Procuratorate.The legalsystem is beingused bycitizens toincrease theirpower, and totry to makesure the lawsare beingapplied fairly.
Because thejudiciary is nottrulyindependent,these attemptsare not verysuccessful.
Nigerian courts originally had agreat deal of autonomy in theearly years of their independence.
However, military rule underminedthe judiciary by establishing
military decrees. Under thispolitical system, judicial reviewwas suspended.
Presently, the strength of thejudiciary has grown, as proven bythe tribunals established to hearaccusations of voter fraud in 2007
States now have the option ofcreating sharia law courts to deal
with Islamic cases
-Sharia law: Islamiclaw courts-Qanun: law made bythe legistlator
Final interpretation of
the law is by theSupreme Leader,Guardian Council andthe Assembly ofReligious Experts
Public Policy Great Britain Russia China Mexico Nigeria Iran
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Common Policy Issues GREATBRITAINUKpost blair policy onminorities, terrorism, EUnegotiations onsovereignty,
Uncertainty in theregimes future.Legitimacy issues. Trendsin policy issues havebeen difficult to followdue to abrupt changes inleadership. Thealternation betweenreform andauthoritarianism,however, has been atrend since the days ofthe czars.
Policy issues can bebroken up into fourgroups: democracy/human rights issues,population issues,economic issues, andforeign policy/international trade issues.
Democracy/humanrights: ethnic cleavagescause uprisings which areoften stifled in anundemocratic way, suchas military force. Also,the struggle fordemocracy has alsocaused the governmentto engage in questionablestrategies for restoringstability.
Population issues: onechild policy, now facing adepletion of populationthat will not be able tosustain larger oldergeneration; lack offemales
Economic issues:Unemployment andinequality, inefficiency ofthe state sector, pollution
Foreign policy: tensionswith Japan and Taiwan,
Military rule in Nigeriahas resulted in top-downpolicy making. Power isconcentrated in thePresidency, and muchinput comes from thechannels of patronclientelism."Loyaltypyramid" involves seniorgovernment officials whoare supported by abroader base of loyal
junior officials. Elitesmake policies out of selfinterests frequently.
-Power struggle betweenorthodox and moderatefactions-Nuclear energy/weapons-Hate of Israel, theUnited States, and theWest
international protest overTib t US Chi l ti
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Tibet, US-China relations
Economic Performance conservative or Keynsianview points oneconomics, dealing withgloabl recession.
The heart of the demiseof the Soviet Union waseconomic problems.Gorbachev enactedperestroika reforms butthey never actuallyfollowed through.Yeltsins shock therapy,and abrupt shift awayfrom the centrallyplanned economy,created chaos. Thegovernment defaulted onbillions of dollars indebts. From 1997 to2007, the economysteadily improved, but ittook a sharp fall in 2008when oil priced declined.The rubble fell in value,unemployment grew andproduction dropped. TheRussian economy is
fueled by its huge oil andgas reserves. In 2009,Medvedev outlinedeconomic priorities forRussia to improve anddiversify their economy.
What we know aboutChina's economy comesdirectly from them and issuspect. However, theirrecent numbers areshowing that they havebeen performing quitewell, and have notsuffered during therecession.
Nigeria's economy isstrongly tied to a singlecommodity -- oil. Due tothis, their recenteconomic performancehas been poor, as theprice of oil has beenrelatively low. In recentdecades, Nigeria hasattempted to reform theireconomy, as in the caseof Babengide's economicprogram of "structuraladjustment." This soughtto restructure anddiversify the Nigerianeconomy.
-Largely based on oil;economy fluctuates withoil prices-Largest manufacturer inthe region, makes ofcars, appliances, andmore-subsidies
Social Welfare standard of living is high Government has giventhe responsibility of social
There is some inequalityand unemployment and
-Almost 60% of Nigerianslive beneath the poverty
-High subsidies, charitiesrun by religious
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some social problems arelack of integration byminorities, minority/majority cleavages, socialclass differences(muslims)
the responsibility of socialwelfare mainly tosubnationalorganizations. Socialsecurity and welfareprograms provide modestsupport for the most
vulnerable segments ofRussia's population. Manyhave begun to rely onthese sources.
and unemployment, andthe government isundoubtedly repressive.However, literacy isabove 90%, remarkablyhigh for such a populouscountry, the life
expectancy is high for anAsian country, and thestandard of living is highin the cities(comparatively.) Ofcourse, rural areas facethe issues of poverty anddeprivation that the citiesdo not.
live beneath the povertyline.-Similar to Mexico in theway that both have ahuge disparity betweenthe wealthy andimpoverished
-Government requiresonly minimal taxes, in aneffort to relieve theburden-Social services areprovided for a portion ofthe population
run by religiousinstitutions
Civil Liberties, Rights,Freedoms have extensive liberties The Russian Constitutiongrants citizens civilliberties very similar tothe ones stated in theU.S. constitution. Civilliberties in Russia areshrinking as freedoms arebeing restricted.
Very limited. Some civilrights are moreprominent in rural areasoutside of Beijing'scontrol, but as a whole,civil liberties are quiterestricted in comparisonwith first world nations.
-Has extensive interestgroups that engageactively with politicalparties-Labor unions haverecently regained theirstrength-Most basic rightsguaranteed under thefourth republic-Media is surprisinglyindependent (was soeven under military rule)
-Media is controlled-Government runs radioand TV-Civil rights and libertiesare heavily restricted-Sharia Law-Women heavilyrestricted
Environment Air pollution from heavyemissions, transportationin major cities.Agricultural pollution,
deforestation, radioactivecontamination, groundwater contamination.Russia has a great wealthof natural resources. Oiland gas extractions arehard on the environment.Pollution, especiallyradioactivecontamination, hasresulted in many health
defects.
The environment is interrible condition inChina, Beijing is often sopolluted that it is not safe
for the citizens to be onthe streets. However, inrecent years the Chinesegovernment has made ita priority to reduceemissions (especially inpreparation for the 2008Beijing Olympics.) Chinacurrently is the leader inwind turbine usage. Still,16 of the 20 most
polluted cities in theworld are in China.
-Major environmentalissues are occurring inthe Niger Delta, wherefrequent oil spills have
resulted in the death ofthe fishing industry-Has the highestdeforestation rates in theworld-In late 1995, Nigeria'sexecution of eightenvironmental activists,notably Nobel Peace Prizenominee Ken Saro-Wiwa,made international
headlines
-polution, possiblynuclear waste, oil spills,etc.
Population and Migration Many immigrants to theUK come from India
In recent years, Russiahas suffered a dramatic
Population: 1.3 billion -The most populouscountry in Africa (about
-Persians-Azeris
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UK come from India.
Muslim immigrants seemto have the hardest timeassimilating into theBritish population.
Pop.- roughly 61 million
has suffered a dramaticdrop in overallpopulation, nowaveraging at about an18% decline. Economichardship has notencouraged large
families, and healthissues have created ahigh death rate. Tocombat this, Russia isencouraging Russianswho live abroad to returnto their homeland,however the financialcrisis has lessened theappeal.
Most migration occurs inChinese emigrating toother countries (mostlyUnited States.) Manymigrants to Hong Kong
Very slim minorities ofimmigrants who havemoved for business
country in Africa (about140 million)-As of 1999, there weresome 6,000 refugees inNigeria-The net migration rate in2000 was negative 0.2
migrants per 1,000population
Azeris-Kurds-Arabs
Economic Development UK has yet to adopt theeuro
Liberalism: emphasizespolitical and economicfreedoms for theindividuals and themarket
In 2009, Medvedevoutlined economicpriorities for Russia toimprove and diversifytheir economy.
Has recently encouragedprivatizing industry andcapitalism; has tried todevelop economic sectorsbesides manufacturing(companies such asLenovo expandingquaternary sector)
Has booming serviceindustry
In 1985, Babangidaregime developed aneconomic structuraladjustment program withthe support of the WorldBank and theInternational MonetaryFund.This program has hadmixed results, but Nigeriaremains heavily in debt.
Para-statals remain stateowned, and the privateeconomic sector has notgrown significantly.
-Moving to nationalizeindustry and expandeconomy-Increasing militaryspending and "spaceprograms"-Increasing inmanufacturing and self-reliance
Factors influencing publicpolicymaking and
British relationship withthe EU
Relations with the US &EU.
-Population, pollution,corruption, ethnic
-Cleavages:-Ethnicity: Hausa-Fulani
-Bad relations with theU.S.
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policymaking andimplementation
DomesticInternational
the EU
Terrorism and cohesion
upcoming elections
devolution and
constitutional reform
EU.
Economy
Minority regions such asChechnya
Corruption
corruption, ethniccleavages-Political image,economic tradingpartners
Ethnicity: Hausa Fulani(north), Igbo (southeast),Yoruba (west)
Religion: north isprimarily Muslim, whilesouth is predominantly
Christian
Other factors:-Corruption amongst highlevel officials-Violence in Niger Delta(causes foreigninvestment to pull out ofthe country)-Lack of governmentallegitimacy
-International price of oil-Human developmentindex
U.S.
-Sharia law-Strong sense ofnationalism-Shiite and Persiancultural influences