Approaches to Management

CLASSICAL APPROACHES: Focus on developing universal principles for use

in various management situations. Assumes that people are rational and

economically oriented.

1. Scientific Management

-Designjobsandmethodsthatmaximizeaperson’sperformancepoten8al-Useresults-basedcompensa8onasanincen8ve-Carefullyselectemployees,basedonabili8es-Trainpeopleforspecifictasks-Provideworkerswithsupervisorysupport

2. Administrative Management

-Foresight:Completeaplanofac5on;prepareaschemeforthefuture-Organiza5on:Provideresourcesforplan;mobilizeeffortinsupportofplan-Command:Getthebestoutofpeople;selectandevaluateworkers-Coordina5on:Ensurethatsubunitsfittogether-Control:Verifyprogress;takenecessarycorrec5veac5on

3. Bureaucratic Management

-ClearDivisionofLabour.Specializedintorou5neandwell-definedtasks-Well-definedhierarchy-FormalRulesandProcedures-Impersonality:Impar5al,anduniformlyapplied-CareersBasedonMerit:Managersarecareeremployees.Promo5onbasedonabili5esandaccomplishments

BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH: Focuses on human needs, the

work group, and the role of social factors in the workplace.

1. HAWTHORNE STUDIES

-People’sfeelings,aQtudes,andrela5onshipswithco-workersshouldbeimportanttomanagers-Contributedtothehumanrela*onsmovement-HawthorneEffect:TendencyofpeoplesingledoutforspecialaTen5ontoperformasan5cipatedsimplybecauseofexpecta5ons

2. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

-Physiological,Safety,Social,Esteem,Self-Actualiza5on-DeficitPrinciple:Asa5sfiedneedisnotamo5vatorofbehaviour-ProgressionPrinciple:HierarchyofPrepotency.Nextlevelisonlyac5vatedoncethelowerlevelissa5sfied.-Roleofmanageristoremoveobstaclesbetweenlevelsforemployees

3. MCGREGOR’S SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES

…THEORYX- Believesthatsubordinates: -dislikework -lackambi*on -areirresponsible -areresistanttochange -prefertobeled,featherthantolead

…THEORYY-Believesthatsubordinatesare: -willingtowork -willingtoacceptresponsibility -capableofself-direc*on -capableofimagina*onandcrea*vity

4. PERSONALITY AND ORGANIZATION

!-Theworkplacecommontotradi5onalandhierarchicalorganiza5onmayconflictwithanindividual’sneedsandcapabili5es

QUANTITATIVE/MANAGEMENTSCIENCEAPPROACHES:Focusesontheuseofmathema8caltechniquesformanagementproblem-solving.

QUANTITATIVE / MANAGEMENT

!-simula5ons:totestvarioussolu5ons-forecas5ng-inventorymodelling-re-alloca5ngpersonnelformaximumefficiency-NetworkModels:breakingdowntaskforgreateranalysis

MODERN APPROACH: Focuses on total systems thinking and

contingency thinking, and an awareness of global developments

in management.

MODERN!-Nooneapproachappliesuniversally(requireacomboofclassical,behavioural,quan5ta5ve)-ask:whenandhowcanmanagersusetheinsightsofthevariousapproachestoachieveproduc5vityandacompe55veadvantageinadynamicenvironment-Con5ngencyThinking:Triestomatchresponseswithuniqueproblemsandopportuni5esposedbydifferentsitua5ons