Balancing Childcare, Elderly care and Work:

Double Responsibility of Care

JunkoYamashitaSchoolofSociology,Poli-csandInterna-onalStudies

UniversityofBristol

ThisresearchisfundedbytheJapanSocietyforthePromo-onofScience,undertheresearchproject-tled“ACompara-veStudyofDoubleResponsibili-esofCareinEastAsia”,Grand-in-AidforScien-ficResearch(Scien-ficResearch[B]:No.24310192)andbytheCenterforEconomicandSocialStudiesinAsia(CESSA)atYokohamaNa-onalUniversity.

Double Responsibility of Care

Situa-onsinwhichwomen(ormen)havetosimultaneouslyprovideelderlycareandchildcare

Mul-plecaringrela-onshipsinin-mate/familyrela-onships

Emerging Double Responsibility of Care: Background in Japan Latemarriage（29.2yearsold)+laterageatfirstbirth(30.3yearsold)Lowbirthrate(TFR1.43)Agingsociety(25.1%)Numberof“double-carehouseholds”

•  Smallersiblingandrela-venetwork•  Theexpansionofelderlyandchildcareinthelasttwodecadesàrelyingtosomedegreeonexis-nglong-termcareandchildcareservices.

Research on Double Responsibility of Care •  Insufficientresearchondoubleresponsibilityofcare

•  Socialcare• Worklifebalance/Newsocialrisks•  Sociologyoffamily/familypolicy•  Sandwichgenera-onandintergenera-onalrela-ons

　　　demographicalunderstanding;Processofbecomingdoublecarer;Life-workbalance;Well-beingandhealth•  lieleavailabledataexistsregardingdoubleresponsibilityofcare.

Double Responsibility of Care Project

Projectstartedwiththeaim•  Toexaminetheexperienceofwomenfacingthedoubleresponsibilityofcare

•  Toiden-fyfutureriskstowomen,family,communi-es,andsocialpolicyinJapanandotherEAsocie-es

•  Tocontributetothedevelopmentofsociologicalandsocialpolicyunderstandingofcareandintergenera-onalrela-onships.

Double ResponsibiliBes of Care Project

APartofawiderproject‘DoubleResponsibilityofCareinEastAsia’

• Prof.NaokoSoma(YokohamaNa-onalUniversity,Japan)=PI• Dr.RaymondK.H.CHAN,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong• Dr.DayoungSONG,IncheonNa-onalUniversity,SouthKorea• Dr.KateYeong-TsyrWANG,Na-onalTaiwanNormalUniversity,Taiwan

1stBabyboomersBornin1947-1949

2ndBabyboomersBornin1971-1974

Elderlycare

Childcare

Childrenof2ndBabyboomers

- Expansionofpubliccareprovision- Changesinfamilyrela-onshipsandhouseholdstructure- Transforma-onoflabourmarket

Care policy and pracBce in Japan ElderlycareTheintroduc-onofLTCIAct(2000),arela-velygenerouscoverage;17.46%ofover65areeligibletoreceivepublicallyfunded(LTCI)services,providingcomprehensiveins-tu-onalandhomebasedservices.Astrongerstate’sfinancialcommitmentsthanotherEAsocie-es.ChildcareThederegula-onofchildcareprovidersandthemechanismofquasimarkethavebeenpromotedsince1990sresultedintheexpansionoffor-profitorganisa-ons.Theproblemof‘caredeficit(wholedaynurseryandshort-termnursery)’hasbeenaseriousissueespeciallyinurbanarea,whileinlocalareaskindergartensdoNOTmeetchildren’squota.

People aged 65 and over living in institutions and receiving formal care at home as a share of people aged 65 and over, 2000 and 2006 (OECD 2009)

PopulaBon aged 65 years and over receiving long-term care 2011

22.1

20.3 19.1

17.6 17.4 16.7 16.3

14.5 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.7

12.3 11.7 11.2 11.2

7.2 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.9

4.1 3.7 3.4 3.2

0.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

Institutions Home % of population aged 65 years and over

Percent distribuBon of relaBonship between main caregivers and persons (65+) requiring care (Japan, 1998)

Living Together 86.1%

Basic Life Style survey 1998

Women

85.2%

Percent distribuBon of relaBonship between main caregivers and persons (65+) requiring care (Japan 2007)

FamilialisaBon and de-familialisaBon

• De-familialisa-on(Lister1994)• Varie-esofFamilialism(Leitner2003)

Threepaeernsalongfamilialism/de-familialisa-oncon-nuum(SaracenoandKeck2010)

•  Familialismbydefault/unsupportedfamilialism•  Supportedfamilialism• De-familialisa-on

FamilialisaBon and de-familialisaBon

•  Familialismbydefault•  Supportedfamilialism• De-familialisa-on

ElderlyCare ChildCare

Methodology: Mixed method approach Quan-ta-veapproach(1894cases)+(3375cases=notincludedintheanlaysis)

•  1stStage:quesAonnairesurveyat3childcaresupportcentresinYokohama,inlateSeptember2012.(n=559)

•  2ndStage:mobilesurveyofchildcareemailmagazinesubscribersinYokohama,Shizuoka,Kyoto,KagawaandFukuoka,betweenDecember2012andJanuary2013.(n=933)

•  3rdStage:quesAonnairesurveyatdaycarecentres,aser-schoolday-carecentres,andchildcaresupportcentresinYokohama,KanagawaandKyoto,fromNovember2013toFebruary2014.(n=402)

Qualita-veapproach(on-going)•  49semi-structuredinterviews•  13focusgroups

Methodology (ComparaBve)QuanAtaAvesurvey:purposivesampling,motherswhoarewithachildagedunder6(forTaiwanandHongKong,alsoparents/parents-in-lawtobetakencareof)in2012-2014.Samplesize(total3372):•  Japan–1,894(+3000bytheendof2016)• Korea–556•  Taiwan-331• HongKong–591

QualitaAvein-depthinterviewheldin2013/14fromrespondentsdrawnfromthesurveywhoarewith/haveexperienceddouble-careandagreedtobeinterviewed.20to30samplesineachcountries(total109cases).

3.6

2.2

2.3

10.1

10.2

9.7

8.5

10.4

10.0

8.7

7.9

1.6

2.2

3.5

4.3

9.3

2.8

8.5

9.8

8.8

6.5

6.3

11.3

9.4

8.7

29.3

16.7

27.6

22.5

16.4

16.2

21.7

17.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

DistrictA

DistrictS

DistrictT

Yokohama

Shizuoka

Kyoto

Kagawa

Fukuoka

Kanagawa,Yokohama

Kyoto

Firststage

Second

stage

Third

stage

Total

Currentlyexperiencing Haveexperiencedinthepast Willexperienceinthenearfuture

(infants'andtheirmothers'supportcentres)

(childrearingemailmagazine)

(nursery,short-termnursery,aserschoolservices)

Quan-ta-veSurveyResults(5)EmploymentStatusofrespondents

Regularfull--meemployee

Regularfull--meemployee

Part--meemployee

Part--meemployee

Housewife

Housewife

Unemployed

Unemployed

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Currentlyexperiencing

Experiencedinthepast

Willexperienceinthenearfuture

Notfacing

Regularfull--meemployee Part--meemployee

Temp,contract,orcommisionedworker Self-employedorfamilybusiness

Housewife Unemployed

Piecework(athome) Other

Quan-ta-veSurvey(7)Mul-facetedburdensassociatedwithdoublecare

01020304050607080

Psycho

logicalburde

n

Physicalburde

n

Can'ta

dequ

atelycarefo

rparents(parents-in-la

w)

Can'ta

dequ

atelycarefo

rchildren

Diffe

rencesinth

inking

amon

gsib

lingsorrela-

ves

Financialburde

n

Shortageofo

p-on

sfor

externalchildcare

Long-distancecare

Partne

rs'lackof

unde

rstand

ing.

Shortageoflon

g-term

care

services

Donotfe

elaburde

n

Currentlyexperiencing(N=145) Haveexperiencedinthepast(N=115)

Higher burden in Korea and Japan

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Korea

HongKong

Taiwan

Japan

Total

DegreeofDRCburden

Feelburdened ModeratelyburdenedAlieleburdened Notburdened

　

Currentlyengaged(N=145)

Previouslyengaged(N=115)

Husband 57.24 48.70Friends 22.76 26.96

Caremanager 19.31 16.52

Rela-ves 17.24 18.26

Homehelperoflongtermcareinsurance 13.10 13.04

Nooneavailabletohelp 12.41 16.52Nurseryschoolstaff 10.34 7.83

Staffofcommunitycomprehensivesupportcenters 6.90 5.22Preschool/kindergartenteachers 6.21 6.06

Parents/parents-in-law 5.52 5.22Staffofchildcaresupportcenters 2.76 2.61

Whosupportsdoublecareproviders?

Example of cases : YD

Cohabitate/Full-me-housewife/OnlyChild3children:7and4and1yearsold/36yearsoldDoubleCaresitua-on

Motherisdiabetes,almostblindandwheelchairuser.Husbandisnotaroundhomemuchduetohisoccupa-onasfire-fighters.Aweekscheduleisfilledwithdoublecareac-vi-es.

Highburdenandstress.Reallyexhausted.Financialburdenishighaswell.YD’spreviousjobiskindergartenteacher,sosheisdedicatedtochildcare,butshecannotdowhatshewantstodoforchildrenduetomother’scare.YDstrugglestogooutwithmotherandtwosmallchildren.

Example of cases : YBLivinginthesameneighbourhood(10minuswalk)/Full-me-housewife/Oneoldersister:2children6and2yearsold/38yearsold

DoubleCaresitua-onSuppor-ngfather’severydaylifewhohadastroke,andparalysisinhishalfbody,andmilddemen-a.Shevisitshimeverydayandhelpshimtogotodaycarecentretwiceaweek.Motheristhemaincarer,butiss-llworking.Hermotherisveryupsetabouthishealthsitua-on.YBlistenstohercomplaint.YBhadgoodrela-onshipswithfatherandrespectshim.

Highburdenandstress.Wishingifshedidnothavethesecondson,herlifewouldbebeeerandcouldhaveprovidedmorecaretoherfarther.Triedtouseshortterm/temporalnurseryservices,butwasdifficult.YBfeelssorryforthefirstsonasherinvolvementwithfather’scaregavehimsomeburdenandstress.Shecannottalkwithherfriendsaboutcaringfather,andisfeelingisolated.Shewantedto‘Disappear’whenherfirstsonwasreluctanttogotoschoolandrequiredherintensivesupport,buthadtokeeptakingcareoffatheraswell.

Example of case KA •  Livingapart(2hoursdrive)/3part-mejobs/onebrother/•  9,6and3yearsold/37yearsold

DoubleCaresitua-onFatherhadastroke,andphysicaldisabilityandlostspeech.Hewasrecommendedtobeinanursinghome,butKArespectsfather’spreferencetoliveathome.Whenhecamebackhomefromhospital,KAvisitedhimtwiceaweek,butnowrefrainsherselffromvisi-nghimasKAmanagedtoorganisedailycareservicesandalsocannotbearitsfinancialcost(petrol)KAwantstovisithimmore,butcannotafford.Shejuggles3part-mejobstosupportherownfamily.Sheisworriedaboutwhathappenswhenherfatherneedsmorecare.

Example of case YE •  Livingwithparents/part-mejobascarer/onlychild/singleparent/•  8,6and4yearsold/38yearsoldDoubleCaresitua-onTheyoungestchildhascerebralpalsyandrequiresfull-mecare.Othertwochildrenhavedevelopmentaldisorder.

•  Motherinherlate60sdevelopeddemen-a(Pick’sdisease).YE’sfartherwastakingcareofherathome.Howevershestartedtorejecthishelp,YEmovedtoherparent’shousetotakecareofmother.YE’sfatherhelpsYEwithchildcare.

•  YEexplainedthedisabili-esandthelevelofrequiredcareofherchildrenwhensheputhermother’snameonthewai-nglistforanursinghome.However,YEwassaidthatitwillbedifficultforhermothertohaveaplaceatanursinghomeasherdaughterandhusbandlivewithher.

Key factors for understanding double responsibility of care situaBon

• Ageandhealthoftheparents/parents-in-law• Rela-onshipwiththeparents/parent-in-law• Rela-onshipwithhusband• Householdfinancialcondi-on• U-liza-onofdifferenttypesofservices•  Livingcondi-on(co-habita-ng/livinginthesameneighborhood/livingapart)

•  Employment

CharacterisBcs of double responsibility of care

• Needtosimultaneouslyresponddifferenttypesofneedsfromchildrenandfrailelderly

•  Forcedtomakeprioritybetweenchildcareandelderlycare§ Socialnormsonelderlycareandchildcare§ Resources:husband,rela-ves,friends,localcommunity,finance§ Policyconfigura-on:availabilityandaccessibilityofcareservices,familialism/de-familialism

•  Forcedtomakeprioritybetweenchildcareandelderlycare1)Socialnormsonelderlycareandchildcare2)Resources:husband,rela-ves,friends,localcommunity,finance3)Policyconfigura-on:availabilityandaccessibilityofcareservices,familialism/de-familialism

• Whichpriorityissupportedbyabovethreedimensions?• Nego-a-onsandtensionsaroundintergenera-onal&caringrela-onships

Concluding comment

•  Doubleresponsibilityofcarecreates/mul-plesissuesfromprovidingbothcare

Weneed;

•  toconsiderchildcareandelderlycareasaunitinsocialresearchandprocess

•  todevelopourunderstandingofcareembeddedinintergenera-onalrela-onsandcrosshouseholds.

•  toexaminemul-plewomen’srolesinrela-ontowelfareasmother,wife,employeeanddaughter/daughterinlaw,andtensionsandnego-a-onsaroundwomen’sresponsibili-esandchoices.

DoubleCareResearchGroup

YokohamaCityPolicyPlanning

Dept,YokohamaWomen’sAssocia-onforNetworkingandCommunica-on,YokohamaNa-onaluniversity

2015～2016 AcBviBes developed from Double Responsibility of Care Project in Japan

[DoublecaresupportYokohama]• Peersupportcafé• Handbookondoubleresponsibilityofcare(2015)

[DoublecaresupportYokohama]• Doublecaresupportertrainingprogramme• Textbookandworkshopseries

（2015）

[SupportsforPeopleConfronAngDoubleResponsibilityofCare:ThroughanexchangeprogrammeamongJapaneseandKoreanprofessionalsandcarerswhosupportandprovidedoubleresponsibilityofcare]（ToyotaFounda-onInterna-onalGrantScheme,Nov2015-Oct2016)

[the5thDoublecaresurvey]Sonylifeinsurancecompany

Randomsampling（N=1000）August2015

[the6thDoublecaresurvey]Kanagawaworker’scollec-veassocia-on

(N=1000)Feb2016

SupportforMediumandSmallcompany/orgnaisaAontoprovidesupportservicesfordoublecarers.YokohamaShinkinBank,JapanUnisis,Yokohamacitycouncil(2015)

[the4thDoublecaresurvey]Webbasedsurvey

(N=375)Jun-September2015

Peersupportgroups,studysessionswithprofessionalsandnetworkingatcommunitycarecentresandchildcaresupportcentres

[Na-onalDoubleCareSurvey]CabinetOffice(N=1000)

December2015

Making process of ‘Double Care handbook’ July2015,brainstormingsession

August2015,anedi-ngworkshop

Double care supporter training workshops

＜par-cipant＞

Professionalsatchildren’scentre,aserschoolclubs,Minseiiin,caremanager,communityorganiser,careworker,

So why have Double Responsibility of Care drawn public a\enBon? •  Across-cuzngthemethatrequiresre-examiningoftheexis-ngsystemsandstructureofwelfare

E.X.)　GenderEquality(1990-)NEET/Supportforyoungpeople(2000-)Doublecare(2015-)•  Integra-onandrestructuringofdifferentpolicyarenas•  Rethinkingofresponsibili-essharedbythegovernment/LA,themarket,familyandcommunity