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Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE
Books and Journals
Lee ML, Markides KE (1990) Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction. Chromatography Conferences Inc Provo, Utah
Yoshioka M, Parvez S, Miazaki T, Parvez H (1989) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Micro-HPLC Progress in HPLC. VSP, Utrecht
Smith RM (1988) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. RSC Chromatography Monographs White CM (ed) (1988) Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Chromatographic Meth
ods. Dr. Alfred Hiithig Verlag, Heidelberg Charpentier BA, Sevenants MR (1988) Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography,
Techniques and Applications. ACS Symposium Series 406 Stahl E, Quirin KW, Gerard D (1987) Verdichtete Gase zur Extraktion und Raffination.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Introductory Journals
Angewandte Chemie intern eng edit 1978, 10, whole issue
General Journals
Analytical Chemistry Fresenius J Anal Chern
Chromatography and Extraction Journals
J Chromatogr J High Res Chrom Chromatographia J Microcolulll,n Sep J Supercritical Fluids
Theoretical Journals
Ber Bunsenges Phys Chern Fluid Phase Equilibria J Chern Eng Data J Chern Thermodynamics J Solution Chemistry
204 Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE
Reviews
SFE
Hawthorne SB (1990) Analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction. Anal Chern 62:633A Vannoort RW, Chervet JP, Lingeman H, Dejong GJ, Brinkman UATh (1990) Coupling of
supercritical fluid extraction with chromatographic techniques. J Chromatography 505:45
SFC
Janssen HG, Cramers CA (1990) Some aspects of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 505:19
Klesper E, Schmitz FP (1988) Gradient Methods in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Supercritical Fluids 1 :45
Applications and Proceedings
McHugh M (ed) (1991) 2nd International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids McHugh M (1991) Dept of Chern Eng, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218. Inter
national Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extractions, Abstracts. Park City, Utah
Markides KE (ed) (1991) European Symposium on Analytical SFC and SFE. Wiesbaden, December 4-5
Perrut M (1988) International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Tome 1+2. Societe fran<;aise de chimie, october 17 -19, Nice
SFC Applications (1988) Workshop, Park City, Utah SFC Applications (1989) Workshop, Snow Bird, Utah
Instrumentation
Kohler J, Rose A, Schomburg G (1988) Instrumentation for SFC Systems: Different Sampling and Restriction Designs. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications 11:191
Injection
Tuominen JP, Markides KE, Lee ML (1991) Optimization of Internal Valve Injection in Open Tubular Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol 3:229
Lee ML, Xu B, Huang EC, Djordjevic NM, Chang HCK, Markides KE (1989) Liquid Sample Introduction Methods in Capillary Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcolumn 1:7
Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE 205
Detection
Webster GK, Carnahan JW (1992) Atomic Emission Detection for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Moderate-Power Helium Microwave-Induced Plasma. Anal Chern 64:50
Luffer DR, Novotny MV (1991) Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Microwave-Induced Plasma Detection of Cyclic Boronate Esters of Hydroxy Compounds. J Microcol 3:39
Munder A, Christensen RG, Wise StA (1991) Microanalysis of Explosives and Propellants by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Chromatography with Triple Detection. J Microcol 3:127
Howard AL, Taylor LT (1991) Ozone-Based Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection: Its Applicability to Gas. Supercritical Fluid, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14:785
Huang MX, Markides KE, Lee ML (1991) Evaluation of an Ion Mobility Detector for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Solvent-Modified Carbon Dioxide Mobile Phases. Chromatographia 31: 163
Fields StM, Grolimund K (1989) Evaluation of supercritical Hexafluoride as a mobile phase for polar and non-polar compounds. J Chromatography 472:197
Bornhop DJ, Schmidt St, Porter NL (1988) Use of simultaneous detectors in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 459:193
Later DW, Bornhop DJ, Lee ED, Henion JD, Wieboldt RC (1987) Detection techniques for capillary supercritical Fluid chromatography. LC GC 9:804
Eatherton RL, Morrissey MA, Siems WF, Hill HH (1986) Ion Mobility Detection after Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J High Res Chromatogr & Chromatogr Comm 9:154
Novotny M (1986) New Detection Strategies Through Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J High Res Chromatogr & Chomatogr Comm 9:137
Johnson CC, Jordan JW, Taylor LT (1985) On-Line Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Detection Employing Packed Columns and a High Pressure Lightpipe Flow Cell. Chromatographia 20:717
Fjeldsted JC, Richter BE, Jackson WP, Lee ML (1983) Scanning Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatography 279:423
Mobile/Stationary Phases
Malik A, Jinno K (1991) Retention Behaviour of Aromatic Compounds in Liquid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Coarse-Particles of Bonded pCyclodextrin Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 31 :561
Roder W, Ruffing F-J, Schomburg G, Pirkle WH (1987) Chiral SFC-Separations Using Polymer-Coated Open Tubular Fused Silica Columns Comparison of Enantiomeric Selectivity in SFC and LC Using the Same Stationary Phase of the Pirkle Type. J HRCC 10:665
Mourier P, Sassiat M, Caude M, Rosset R (1986) Retention and Selectivity in Carbon Dioxide Supercritica~ Fluid Chromatography with Various Stationary Phases. J Chromatography 353:61
Leren E, Landmark KE, Greibrokk T (1991) Sulphur Dioxide as a Mobile Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 31:535
Berger TA, Deye JF (1991) Efficiency in Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Modified Mobile Phase. Chromatographia 31 :519
Crow JA, Foley JP (1991) Formic Acid Modified Carbon Dioxide as a Mobile Phase in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 3:47 - 57
Lochmiiller CH, Mink LP (1990) Comparison of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical propane as mobile phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 505:119
206 Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE
Raynor MW, Shilstone GF, Clifford AA, Bartle KD, Cleary M, Cook BW (1991) Xenon as a Mobile Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 3:337
Ong ChP, Lee HE, Yau Li SF (1990) Chlorodifluoromethane as the Mobile Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography of Selected Phenols. Anal Chern 62:1389
Geiser FO, Yocklovich SG, Lurcott SM, Guthrie JW, Levy EJ (1988) Water as a stationary phase modifier in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 459:173
Kuel JC, Markides KE, Lee ML (1987) Supercritical Ammonia as Mobile Phase in Capillary Chromatography. JHRCC 10:257
Yonker CR, Smith RD (1986) Studies of Retention Processes in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Binary Fluid Mobile Phases. J Chromatography 361:25
Recommended Literature
SFC 1992
Verillon F, Heems D, Pichon B, Coleman K, Robert JC (1992) Supercritical fluid chromatography - With independent programming of mobile- phase pressure, composition and flow rate. International Laboratory, July/Aug., 29
Jagota NK, Stewart JT (1992) Separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 604:255
Zhang X, Martire DE (1992) Characterization of a supercritical fluid chromatographic retention process with a large pressure drop by the temporal average density. J Chromatogr 603:193
Giddings LD, Okesik SV, Pekay LA (1992) Retention characteristics of high-molecular-weight compounds in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 603:205
Pasch H, Kriiger H, Much H (1992) Analysis of benzyloxy-terminated poly(1,3,6-trioxocane)s by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 589:295
Laintz KE, Shieh GM, Wai CM (1992) Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic and Antimony Species in Environmental Samples using Bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate Chelation and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatographic Science 30:120
Janssen HG, Snijders H, Cramers C, Schoenmakers P (1992) Compressibility Effects in Packed and Open Tubular Gas and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:458
Thomson JS, Rynaski AF (1992) Simulated Distillation of Wax Samples Using Supercritical Fluid and High Temperature Gas Chromatography. JHRC 15:227
Jones BA, Shaw TJ, Clark J (1992) The Effect of Temperature on Selectivity in Capillary SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:215
Injection
Koski 11, Markides KE, Richter BE, Lee ML (1992) Microliter Sample Introduction for Open Tubular Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Packed Capillary for Solute Focusing. Anal Chern 64:1669
Oudsema JW, Poole CF (1992) Some Practical Experiences in the Use of a Solventless Injection System for Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:65
Cortes HJ, Campbell RM, Himes RP, Pfeiffer CD (1992) On-Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Large-Volume Injection System for Capillary SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:239
Berg BE, Flaaten AM, Paus J, Greibrokk T (1992) Extended Use of Solvent Venting Injection Techniques for Large Sample Volumes and Coupled Capillary Columns in SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:227
Stationary/Mobile Phases
Berger TA, Deye JF (1992) Correlation between column surface area and retention of polar solutes in packed- column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 594:291
Johnson DF, Bradshaw JS, Eguchi M, Rossiter BE, Lee ML (1992) Synthesis of (1R-trans)N,N'-1,2-cycIohexylenebisbenzamideoligodimethylsiioxane copolymers for use as chiral stationary phases for capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 594:283
208 Recommended Literature
Petersson P, Markides KE, Johnson DJ, Rossiter BE, Bradshaw JS, Lee ML (1992) Chromatographic Evaluation of Chiral (1R-trans)-N,N'-I,2- Cyclohexylenebisbenzamideoligodimethylsiloxane Copolymeric Stationary Phases for Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 4:155
Page StH, Sumpter SR, Lee ML (1992) Fluid Phase Equilibria in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with C02-Based Mixed Mobile Phases: A Review. J Microcol Sep 4:91
Detection
Pinkston JD, Delaney TE, Morand KL, Cooks RO (1992) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Using a Quadrupole Mass Filter/Quadrupole Ion Trap Hybrid Mass Spectrometer with External Ion Source. Anal Chern 64:1571
Webster OK, Carnahan JW (1992) Atomic Emission Detection for Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Moderate-Power Helium Microwave-Induced Plasma. Anal Chern 64:50
Sye WF, Zhao ZX, Lee ML (1992) Comparative Application of Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection in Oas and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 33:507
Upnmoor D, Brunner 0 (1992) Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Light-Scattering Detection. II. Retention Behavior of Squalane and Olucose with Mixed Mobile Phases. Chromatographia 33:261
Upnmoor D, Brunner 0 (1992) Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Light-Scattering Detection. I. Optimization of Parameters with a Carbon Dioxide / Methanol Mobile Phase. Chromatographia 33:255
Ashraf-Khorassani M, Levy JM (1992) Evaluation of thermionic detector for packed capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of nitrogen-containing compounds. Fresenius J Anal Chern 342:688
Yang Y, Baumann W (1992) Chromatography with dense gases - I. On the sensitivity of a flame ionisation detector in a supercritical fluid chromatograph. Fresenius J Anal Chern 342:684
Morin-Allory L, Berbreteau B (1992) High-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography of monosaccharides and polyols using light-scattering detection. J Chromatogr 590:203
Hill HH, St Louis RH, Morrissey MA, Shumate CB, Siems WF, McMinn DO (1992) A Detection Method for Unified Chromatography: Ion Mobility Monitoring. JHRC 15:417
Lafosse M, Elfakir C, Morin-Allory L, Dreux M (1992) The Advantages of Evaporative Light Scattering Detection in Pharmaceutical Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:312
SFE 1992
Hawthorpe StB, Langenfeld n, Miller OJ, Burford MD (1992) Comparison of Supercritical CHCIF2, N20, and C02 for the Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Anal Chern 64:1614
Thomson CA, Chesney DJ (1992) Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of 2,4-Dichlorophenol from Food Crop Tissues. Anal Chern 64:846
Hawthorne StB, Miller OJ, Nivens DE, White DC (1992) Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polar Analytes Using in Situ Chemical Derivatization. Anal Chern 64:405
Alexanddrou N, Lawrence MJ, Pawliszyn J (1992) Cleanup of Complex Organic Mixtures Using Supercritical Fluids and Selective Adsorbents. Anal Chern 64:301
Kiippers St (1992) The Use of Temperature Variation in Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polymers for the Selective Extraction of Low Molecular Weight Components from Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate). Chromatographia 33:434
Recommended Literature 209
King JW, Hopper ML (1992) Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Current Trends and Future Vistas. Journal of AOAC International, 75:375
Smith RM, Burford MD (1992) Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of volatile constituents from a model plant matrix. J Chromatogr 600:175
Lee H-B, Peart TE (1992) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of resin and fatty acids from sediments at pulp mill sites. J Chromatogr 594:309
Langenfeld JJ, Burford MD, Hawthorne StB, Miller DJ (1992) Effects of collection solvent parameters and extraction cell geometry on supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies. J Chromatogr 594:297
Messer DC, Taylor LT (1992) Development of Analytical SFE of a Polar Drug from an Animal Food Matrix. JHRC, 15:238
Slack GC, McNair HM, Wasserzug L (1992) Characterization of Semtex by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Off-Line GC-ECD and GC-MS. JHRC 15:102
Liu Z, Farnsworth PB, Lee ML (1992) High-Speed, Thermally Modulated SFE/GC for the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Solid Matrices. J Microcol Sep 4:199
King JW, List GR, Johnson JH (1992) Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Spent Bleaching Clays. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 5:38
Maxwell RJ, Hampson JW, Cygnarowicz-Provost (1992) Comparison of the Solubility in Supercritical Fluids of the Polycyclic Ether Antibiotics: Lasalocid, Monensin, Narasin, and Salinomycin. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:31
Cygnarowicz-Provost M, O'Brien DJ, Maxwell RJ, Hampson JW (1992) Supercritical-Fluid Extraction of Fungal Lipids Using Mixed Solvents: Experiment and Modeling. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:24
Raghuram GV, Srinivas P, Sastry SVGK, Mukhopadhyay M (1992) Modeling Solute-Co-solvent Interactions for Supercritical-Fluid Extraction of Fragrances. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:19
Bulley NR, Labay L, Arntfield SD (1992) Extraction/Fractionation of Egg Yolk Using Supercritical C02 and Alcohol Entrainers. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:13
Li S, Hartland St (1992) Influence of Co-Solvents on Solubility and Selectivity in Extraction of Xanthines and Cocoa Butter from Cocoa Beans with Supercritical C02. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:7
Jennings DW, Deutsch HM, Zalkow LH, Teja AS (1992) Supercriticai Extraction of Taxol from the Bark of Taxus Brevifolia. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:1
Others
Sin CH, Linford MR, Goates StR (1992) Supercritical Fluid/Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy with a Sheath-Flow Nozzle. Anal Chern 64:233
Dahl S, Dunalewicz A, Fredenslund A, Rasmussen P (1992) The MHV2 Model: Prediction of Phase Equilibria at Sub- and Supercritical Conditions. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:42
Betts TA, Zagrobelny JA, Bright FV (1992) Investigation of Solute-Fluid Interactions in Supercritical CF3H: A Multifrequency Phase and Modulation Fluorescence Study. J of Supercritical Fluids 5 :48
Hamdi RM, Bpcquet JF, Chhor K, Pommier C (1992) Solubility and Decomposition Studies on Metal Chelates in Supercritical Fluids for Ceramic Precursor Powders Synthesis. J of Supercritical Fluids 4:55
Warzinski RP, Lee CH, Holder GD (1992) Supercritical-Fluid Solubilization of Catalyst Precursors: The Solubility and Phase Behavior Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Application to the Direct Liquefaction of Coal. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:60
Killilea WR, Swallow KC, Hong GT (1992) The Fate of Nitrogen in Supercritical-Water Oxidation. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:72
De Haan AB, De Graauw J (1992) Separation of Alkanes and Aromatics with Supercritical C2H6, C02, CCIF3, and CHF3. Sep Sci and Technol 27:43
Subject Index
adsorption 90 monolayer 90 multilayer 90
adsorption isotherms 84, 89 APS (aminopropyl) columns 81
backpressure device 85 binary system 15, 21
critical curve 15, 21
capacity ratio 9, 26, 27, 28, 76 capillary column 82
diameters 83 carbon dioxide 36
dipole moment 36 chemical ionization 155
negative CI 155 positive CI 155
chiral phases 127 chiral resolution 138 chromatographic peak 9
peak position 9 peak profile 9, 10
column 116 conditioning 125 density drop 91 inlet pressure 92 outlet pressure 92 overloading 102 packings 116 pressure drop 91, 93
complexation chromatography 146 compressibility 11 contamination 70 cosolvent 32, 37, 38, 46
entrainers 37 moderator~ 37
critical point 10, 38
Darcy's law 91 density 2, 12
focusing 103 program 87
derivatization 134 off column 134
detector 5, 178 atomic emission 178
electron capture 178 flame ionization 5, 178 flame photometric 178 fluorescence detection 178 Fourier Transform infrared 178 mass spectrometry 178 nuclear magnetic resonance 178 thermionic 178 ultraviolet 5, 178
diffusion coefficient 2, 12, 28, 55 dipole moment 11 dynamic extraction 101
elutropic strength 116 enantiomer analysis 134 enantiomer separation 135 enantioselectivity 143 endcapping 119 equation of state (EOS) 23, 24, 25, 92
Redlich-Kwong equation 24, 26 Carnahan-Starling-Redlich-Kwong 24
extraction efficiency 50 extraction cells 47
Fermi resonance 178 FT-IR 178, 183, 187
COz-windows 183, 178 matrix isolation 184 modifiers 183, secondary detector 187
Gibbs energy 25 Gibbs-Helmholtz relationship 135 Gram-Schmidt chromatograms 179 Guldberg's rule 2
HETP 28,29 Hildebrand solubility 3, 85 injection 104, 105, 109, 111
delayed split 109 gas purging 111 internal standard 105 open split 104 postinjection solvent venting 111 purged splitless 111 time 101 timed split 105
212 Subject Index
injector 101, 114, 132 leak 114 solventless 132 temperature 101
interdiffusion coefficients 74
Joule-Thompson cooling 153 Joule-Thomson expansion 48
laser induced fluorescence 192
Mach number 191, 192 Mass spectrometry 151, 164
interfaces 151 open tubular column 151 packed-column 151 plasma desorption 164 secondary ion 164
minimum identification limit 183 miscibility 21 mobile phase 84, 89
adsorption 89 sorption 84
moderator 21 modifier 124, 138, 154
flame ionization detector 124 UV detection 124
multidimensional chromatography 89
ODS (C-18) columns 81
p(T) phase diagrams 15 of CO2 + alkane systems 15
p(x) diagrams 21 isothermal 21
packing reactions 123 packings 127, 130
Alumina 127 liquid organic salts 130 polymeric 127
partition coefficient 10, 26 peak distortion 106 peak shoulder 106 peak splitting 106
phase diagram 1, 10, 11, 21, 22 isothermal p(x) and p( c) 22 mole fractions 21
phase ratio focusing 103 polarisation 11 precolumn 107, 108, 113
partitioning mechanism 107 partitioning 113
pressure diagrams 23 pressure gradient 83 pressure program 87 pTx phase diagrams 13
pump 4,46 diaphragm compressor 46 gas booster pumps 46 high pressure 46 piston pump 4, 5 reciprocating piston 46 syringe pumps 4, 47
quadrupole ion trap 161 quadrupole mass spectrometer 157 quaternary system 19
resolution 76, 82, 128, 137 maximum 82
resonant two-photon ionization 192 restrictor 6, 71, 85, 153
frit restrictor 6 Guthrie restrictor 6, plugging 71 tapered restrictor 6 temperature 153
retention gap 102
sample matrix 51 sample preparation 32 saturator column 125, sector mass spectrometer 158 selectivity focusing 103 separation factor 37, 38, 136 separation number 138 SFC 139
enantioselectivity 139 SFC 44, 74, 76, 97
diffusion 44 gradients 74, 76 optimum linear velocity 97 physicochemical data 44 virial coefficient 44
SFC/FT-IR 185 sampling techniques 185
SFC/MS 153 flow restrictor 153
SFC/MS 152, 155, 165, 171 charge exchange 155 chemical ionization 154 direct fluid injection direct liquid introduction 165 effluent splitting 166 electron ionization 155 flow rates 162 interface 152 Moving Belt Interface 162 off-line 164 packed column 163 Particle Beam Interface 163 post-expansion splitting 165-167
post-ionization splitting 171 quadrupole 152 thermospray 162
SFE 33, 61, 163 additives in plastics 54 anthracene oil 65 collection device 47 effect of moisture 52 efficiency 52 engineering applications 33 experimental factors 55 extraction model 53 flow rates 66 off-line 46, on-line 46 on-line SFC/MS/MS 163 pesticide 33, 56 rate of mass transport 53 sample size 70 sediment 65 selectivity 41 setup 7 standards 67 terpenoid 65 toxicants 33 trapping 62
SFI/MS 173· calibration 173 tuning 173 two-photon ionization 173
sheath-flow nozzle 85 solid phase extraction 32 solubility 34, 85
crossover region 37 lipids 36 opium alkaloids 35 parameter 42 rules 36 sterols 38 theory 42 triglycerides 36
solubility 37 solubilization 33 solubilizing power 74 solute 43
miscibility pressure 43
Subject Index 213
solvation effects 11 solvent power 12, 22 solvent strength 3, 124 Soxhlet extraction 33 Spectroscopy 190
line narrowing' techniques 190 selectivity 190
speed of analysis 136 splitter assembly 104 static extraction 101 stationary phase 84, 119
Alumina 120 bonded phases 117 chiral 134 graphic carbon 120 physical and chemical interactions 124 polymer encapsulated 119 polymeric 84 polymers 120 silica 117 surface 117 swelling 120 zirconia 120
supercritical fluid 3, 34, 54 chemical effect 34 critical constants 35 physical parameters 3 solvent power 35, 54 solvent properties 34
supersonic expansion 190, 191 Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy 199
direct expansion nozzle 199 sheath-flow nozzle 199
temperature gradients 79 negative 79 positive 79
temperature program 77 negative 77, 80 positive 81
ternary system 16, 21 ternary critical curve 18
triple point 10
van Deemter plot 94, 96 viscosity 2, 12