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ABPL90267 Development of Western Architecture
basilicas & martyria
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the state and the church
the Roman Empire AD 362
Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988
[1967]), p 89
the advance of Christianity
c 200 many Christians in Rome313 Edict of Milan makes Christianity legal
314 Armenia becomes the first Christian state337 Christianity the official religion of the Empire
giant statue of Constantine from the Basilica (about ten times life size), now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome
Nigel Rodgers, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome (Hermes House, London 20108 [2004], p 35
principal forms of the Constantinian monogramDora Ware & Maureen Stafford, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ornament (London
1974), p 145
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 432-440, ceiling c 1500Scala 7622 (©1972)
Santa Maria Maggiore
planmodern view
reconstruction
James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of
Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 490
Scala 7622 (©1972)Richard Krautheimer, Rome:
Profile of a City, 312-1308(Princeton [New Jersey] 1980), p
48
the catacombs
the catacombs(underground burial galleries)
loculus [pl loculi] – a long slot for a body
arcosolium [pl arcosolia] – an arched space with the body in a trough across the bottom
cubiculum [pl cubicula] – a room or burial chamber with a number of loculi or arcosolia, and possibly serving as a chapel
decoration often includes pagan iconography recycled with Christian meanings; also the orans, a figure with its hands
raised in prayer, representing the soul of the deceased
plan of the Catacombs of San Callisto [Callixtus]
Pontificia Commissione Archeologia Sacra CSC/21
Catacombs of S Callisto,
Rome: gallery with loculi
Lewis, Architectura, p 96
Catacombs of S Callisto, Rome: arcosoliumPontificia Commissione Archeologia Sacra CSC/24
arcosolium in the Coemeterium Maius, Rome, C3rdJean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World (London 1967), pl 7
cubiculum, Catacomb of Sant' Agnese‘chapel’ in the Catacombs of S Sotere, plan chamber, S Sebastiano complex, Via Appia
Miles LewisCecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and
Romanesque Architecture, p 2Bussagli, Rome, pl 179
catacomb chapels, Rome
Salita del Cocomero, Via Latina
Sant’ Agnese
R de Lasteyrie,l’Architecture Religieuse
en France à l’Époque Romane (2nd ed,
August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 61
serving new religions, especially Mithraism
sometimes with a nave and aisles, resembling a basilica
a mithraeum (temple of Mithras) is often underground, and commonly has benches down either side
underground basilica at the Porta Maggiore,
Rome, AD C1stinterior & plan
Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture
(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), pp 29, 30
underground basilica of the Porta Maggiore: vaulted ceilingMiles Lewis
Mithraeum below the Church of San Clemente, Rome, AD ?C2ndview and detail of altar
Miles LewisNo 21, S Clemente set
Mithraeum at Tiddis, Algeriathe symbol & the chamber
Miles Lewis
Mithraeum at Tiddis
the initiation chamber
Miles Lewis
Mithraeum, London, AD c 150: plan
Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 30
house churchesearliest known at Dura Europos,
Mesopotamia, AD c 230
Roman tituli equitii (like parish churches)such as
S Martino ai MontiSS Giovanni e Paolo
scholae at PompeiiR de Lasteyrie, l’Architecture Religieuse en France à l’Époque
Romane (2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 368
house at Lagash, Isin Larsa period (2025-
1594): plan
house at Dura-Europos, A D c 230, axonometric
view
MUAS 14,621Jean Lassus, The Early Christian and Byzantine World (London 1967), p 10
Baptistery in the Christian house at Doura Europos, Syria, AD c 230
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 10
SS Giovanni e Paolo, Rome
reconstruction of the domus ecclesia below the present church: a two story dwelling and a hall built for the cult in the C4th, shown
in red
plan of the church built in 410
Fabrizio Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas: the Early Christians in Rome
(Florence 1981)Matilda Webb, The Churches and
Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: a Comprehensive Guide (Sussex
Academic Press, Brighton 2001), p 102
S Martino ai Monti, Romecutaway isometric of the hall used in the C6th
plan of the hall and the later churchGrabar, Beginnings of Christian Art, p 6
Webb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 73
the Roman basilica
the Roman basilica
the Roman basilica is a hall-like space, usually for public purposes such as
lawcourts, but the word can apply even to stables and warehouses
transverse (broad or eastern) type
longitudinal (Pompeiian or western) type
Basilica of Trajan, or Ulpian Basilica, AD 98-11unusually grand - double aisles, double apses
apses are screened by colonnades, so the space reads as rectangularentered from the long sides, not the end
Fletcher, History of Architecture, p 200
Basilica of Trajan, reconstructed interior view by Gorski & Packer James Packer, The Forum of Trajan at Rome: a Study of the Monuments (Los Angeles 1997)
late republican and early imperial basilicas of the 'broad' [eastern] type
J B Perkins, 'Constantine and the Christian Basilica', Papers of the British School at Rome, XXII (1954), p 73
Basilica Julia, Forum Romanum, Rome, reconstructionBodo Cichy, The Great Ages of Architecture: from Ancient Greece to the Present Day
(Oldbourne Press, London 1964 [1959]), p 22
late republican and early imperial basilicas of the
Pompeiian or western type
Pompeii
Corinth
Lepcis Magna
Perkins, 'Constantine and the Christian Basilica', Papers of the British School at
Rome, XXII (1954), p 72
the Christian basilica
the Christian basilica
longitudinal: it relates to the Roman ‘western’ type
plans of Roman basilicas of the western type (left); and Christian churches (right)E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 30
the Christian basilica
longitudinal: it relates to the Roman ‘western’ type
plans of Roman basilicas of the western type (left); and Christian churches (right)E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 30
basilica in the Flavian Palace (Domus
Augustana), Rome, by Rabirius, AD c 85plan and section
MUAS 15,434
S Crisogono, Rome, beginning of the C4th: reconstruction drawing
Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), p 1
S Sebastiano, Rome, 312-?313, excavation planWebb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 224
S Sebastiano, Rome, 312-?313reconstruction
model
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 19Krautheimer, Early
Christian and Byzantine
Architecture, pl 6A
church and monastery at Tebessa, Algeria, plan, from GsellR de Lasteyrie, l’Architecture Religieuse en France à l’Époque Romane
(2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929 [1911]), p 31
cantharus in the atrium of the basilca at Tebessa, C4thMiles Lewis
nave of the basilca at Tebessa, C4thMiles Lewis
chancel of the basilca at Tebessa, C4thMiles Lewis
nave ordonnance
of the basilca at Tebessa,
C4th
Miles Lewis
Basilica Julia, Forum Romanum, Rome, reconstructionBodo Cichy, The Great Ages of Architecture: from Ancient Greece to the Present Day
(Oldbourne Press, London 1964 [1959]), p 22
THECIRCULAR TRADITION
the circular temple(rare)
the Roman herouma tomb of or shrine dedicated to an
important figuregives rise the Christian martyriumtomb of, or shrine dedicated to, a
martyr or importantChristian figure
a circular temple
the Pantheon,Rome, AD 120-124
view & side elevation
photo © Paradoxplace.comBussagli, Rome, p 117
the PantheonLewis, Architectura, p 224
Pantheon
section& plan
Henri Stierlin, Encyclopædia of
World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 81
the heroum
Mausoleum of Diocletian at Spalato or Split, 284 plan & elevation
Robert Adam, Ruins of the Palace of the emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (London 1764)
Basilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus, Rome, with the mausoleum of St Helena (mother of Constantine) originally
intended for Constantine himselfWebb, Churches and Catacombs of Rome, p 280
a heroum / martyriumReconstruction of the Basilica of SS Marcellinus and Petrus,
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 40
a herooum /martyrium
Coemeterium Agnetis (cemetery of Sant' Agnese), with the
mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350,
and the church of Sant' Agnese fuori le
Mura, c 625-38
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 50
aerial view of the remains of the Coemeterium Agnetisand the mausoleum of Santa Costanza, c 338-350
photo Santagnese.org
Santa Costanza, Rome, c 360: views, section, plan
MUAS 15,445; Miles Lewis; E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 40
Santa Costanza, interiorLassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 16
Santa Costanza
view in the ambulatory
Bussagli, Rome, p 167
Santa Costanza, apse mosaic in the sanctuaryLassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 17
Santa Costanza, details of the ambulatory vault mosaicLassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 14; Bussigli, Rome, p 305
Constantinian churches
the great Constantinian basilicas
St John Lateran, Rome313 onwards
the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehembefore 333
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem328-336
St Peter’s, Rome333-360-390
eastern Christian sites, C4th-C6th, with the locations of the great Constantinian basilicas
indicated S15,417
Lateran Church and Palace, Romerestoration study as in c 1450 by K J Conant, with the
basilica at the top and the baptistery at the rightmodern view of Baptistery
K J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl VIIIB
MU Fine Arts c10097
Lateran Basilicabegun 313
isometric reconstruction as in 320
plan showing the foundations in relation to the
present building
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 251Mancinelli, Catacombs and
Basilicas, p 11
detail of the apse mosaic from the church of Sta
Pudenziana, Rome, c 400
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 20
apse mosaic from Sta Pudenzianashowing the jewelled cross on Golgotha, Jerusalem, church of the Holy Sepulchre at
Jerusalem, and the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem
Arnold Toynbee [ed], The Crucible of Christianity (London 1969), p 192
Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem, Jordan, 325-333 and laterinterior view & isometric reconstruction
Peter Bamm, The Kingdoms of Christ: the Story of the Early Church (London 1959), p 165Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 37
Church of the Nativity at
Bethlehem, nave elevation
R de Lasteyrie,l’Architecture
Religieuse en France à l’Époque Romane
(2nd ed, August Picard, Paris 1929
[1911]), p 11
basilican church on Golgotha(Church of the Holy Sepulchre),
Jerusalem, 328-336
reconstructed plan as in c 335isometric reconstruction of the rotunda
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture,p 39
Charles Couasnon, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (London 1974), pl XVII
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
plan & section 'as in the 4th century',
according to Lambert, including
the Anastasis Rotunda, c 350
reconstruction plan by Krautheimer, as
in c 335
Miohel Join-Lambert, Jerusalem (London 1958),
p 124Krautheimer, Early
Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 39
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem,
328-336
reconstructed plan & sectional perspective as in c 335
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pp 39,40
pre-Constantinian necropolis on the site of
St Peter's, Rome
view of façades to the roadway
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 13
early C4th mosaic from a chamber in the pre-
Constantinian necropolis under the Basilica of St
Peter, Rome
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, pl 13
shrine over the grave of St Peter, Rome, AD C2ndplan, with the adjoining tombs
reconstruction modelJ M C Toynbee & J B W Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter and the
Vatican Excavations (London 1956), p 139Bussagli, Rome, p 178
shrine over the grave of St Peter, Rome, AD C2ndreconstruction model, compared with a domestic shrine from Herculaneum
Bussagli, Rome, p 178; MUAS 840
St Peter's Basilica, Rome, isometric of the classical cemetery in relation to the structures of the lower church
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 15
St Peter's Basilica, Rome, 333-360-390longitudinal section through the foundations of the church; plan
Lees-Milne, St Peter's, p 71; MUAS 10,278
comparitive plans of the three
Constantinian churches which
combine a basilica and a martyrium
Perkins, 'Constantine and the Christian
Basilica', p 83
St Peter's, Romereconstruction view
as in ?c 400
MUAS 15,439
St Peter's Basilicainterior view from a fresco by Domenico Tasselli
reconstruction of the west end by LetarouillyX B i Altet [translated Lory Frankel], The Early Middle Ages from Late Antiquity to A.D. 1000
(Köln 1997), p 34 ; MUAS 14,807
St Peter's Basilica compared with the Church of the Nativity, BethlehemMUAS 14,807; Peter Bamm, The Kingdoms of Christ: the Story of the Early Church (London 1959), p 165
St Peter's Basilica, C4th apse mosaicas represented in a fresco in the present St Peter‘s
surviving fragment showing St PaulWalter Oakeshott, The Mosaics of Rome: from the third to the Fourteenth
Century (London 1967), pl 29, pl 19
St Peter's Basilica, one of
the original salmonic columns
Bamm, Kingdoms of Christ, p 118
St Peter's Basilica, one of the original salmonic columnsivory casket from Pola representing the baldacchino over the Shrine of St Peter
Bamm, Kingdoms of Christ, p 118 ; Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 15
St Peters Basilica, isometric reconstruction & plan of the C4th shrine, based uipon the casket
from Pola
Toynbee & Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter, p 202Lees-Milne, St Peter's, p 80
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 15
St Peter's Basilica: plan superimposed on the circus and necropolis, grottoes and present basilica
Mancinelli, Catacombs and Basilicas, p 12